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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A new-generation 5-nitroimidazole can induce highly metronidazole-resistant <italic>Giardia lamblia</italic> in vitro</title><author><name sortKey="Dunn, Linda A" sort="Dunn, Linda A" uniqKey="Dunn L" first="Linda A." last="Dunn">Linda A. Dunn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burgess, Anita G" sort="Burgess, Anita G" uniqKey="Burgess A" first="Anita G." last="Burgess">Anita G. Burgess</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krauer, Kenia G" sort="Krauer, Kenia G" uniqKey="Krauer K" first="Kenia G." last="Krauer">Kenia G. Krauer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eckmann, Lars" sort="Eckmann, Lars" uniqKey="Eckmann L" first="Lars" last="Eckmann">Lars Eckmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanelle, Patrice" sort="Vanelle, Patrice" uniqKey="Vanelle P" first="Patrice" last="Vanelle">Patrice Vanelle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universités d’Aix-Marseille I, II et III – CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crozet, Maxime D" sort="Crozet, Maxime D" uniqKey="Crozet M" first="Maxime D." last="Crozet">Maxime D. Crozet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universités d’Aix-Marseille I, II et III – CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillin, Frances D" sort="Gillin, Frances D" uniqKey="Gillin F" first="Frances D." last="Gillin">Frances D. Gillin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Upcroft, Peter" sort="Upcroft, Peter" uniqKey="Upcroft P" first="Peter" last="Upcroft">Peter Upcroft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Upcroft, Jacqueline A" sort="Upcroft, Jacqueline A" uniqKey="Upcroft J" first="Jacqueline A." last="Upcroft">Jacqueline A. Upcroft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20456926</idno><idno type="pmc">3103471</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103471</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3103471</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.03.004</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001472</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001472</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A new-generation 5-nitroimidazole can induce highly metronidazole-resistant <italic>Giardia lamblia</italic> in vitro</title><author><name sortKey="Dunn, Linda A" sort="Dunn, Linda A" uniqKey="Dunn L" first="Linda A." last="Dunn">Linda A. Dunn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burgess, Anita G" sort="Burgess, Anita G" uniqKey="Burgess A" first="Anita G." last="Burgess">Anita G. Burgess</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krauer, Kenia G" sort="Krauer, Kenia G" uniqKey="Krauer K" first="Kenia G." last="Krauer">Kenia G. Krauer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eckmann, Lars" sort="Eckmann, Lars" uniqKey="Eckmann L" first="Lars" last="Eckmann">Lars Eckmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanelle, Patrice" sort="Vanelle, Patrice" uniqKey="Vanelle P" first="Patrice" last="Vanelle">Patrice Vanelle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universités d’Aix-Marseille I, II et III – CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crozet, Maxime D" sort="Crozet, Maxime D" uniqKey="Crozet M" first="Maxime D." last="Crozet">Maxime D. Crozet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3"> Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universités d’Aix-Marseille I, II et III – CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillin, Frances D" sort="Gillin, Frances D" uniqKey="Gillin F" first="Frances D." last="Gillin">Frances D. Gillin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Upcroft, Peter" sort="Upcroft, Peter" uniqKey="Upcroft P" first="Peter" last="Upcroft">Peter Upcroft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Upcroft, Jacqueline A" sort="Upcroft, Jacqueline A" uniqKey="Upcroft J" first="Jacqueline A." last="Upcroft">Jacqueline A. Upcroft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1"> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International journal of antimicrobial agents</title><idno type="ISSN">0924-8579</idno><idno type="eISSN">1872-7913</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">The 5-nitroimidazole (NI) compound C17, with a side chain carrying a remote phenyl group in the 2-position of the imidazole ring, is at least 14-fold more active against the gut protozoan parasite <italic>Giardia lamblia</italic> than the 5-NI drug metronidazole (MTR), with a side chain in the 1-position of the imidazole ring, which is the primary drug for the treatment of giardiasis. Over 10 months, lines resistant to C17 were induced in vitro and were at least 12-fold more resistant to C17 than the parent strains. However, these lines had ID<sub>90</sub> values (concentration of drug at which 10% of control parasite ATP levels are detected) for MTR of >200 μM, whilst lines induced to be highly resistant to MTR in vitro have maximum ID<sub>90</sub> values around 100 μM (MTR-susceptible isolates typically have an ID<sub>90</sub> of 5–12.8 μM). The mechanism of MTR activation in <italic>Giardia</italic> apparently involves reduction to toxic radicals by the activity of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) and the electron acceptor ferredoxin. MTR-resistant <italic>Giardia</italic> have decreased PFOR activity, which is consistent with decreased activation of MTR in these lines, but C17-resistant lines have normal levels of PFOR. Therefore, an alternative mechanism of resistance in <italic>Giardia</italic> must account for these super-MTR-resistant cells.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">9111860</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">20952</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Antimicrob Agents</journal-id><journal-title>International journal of antimicrobial agents</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0924-8579</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1872-7913</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20456926</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3103471</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.03.004</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS209959</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A new-generation 5-nitroimidazole can induce highly metronidazole-resistant <italic>Giardia lamblia</italic> in vitro</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dunn</surname><given-names>Linda A.</given-names></name><xref rid="A1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burgess</surname><given-names>Anita G.</given-names></name><xref rid="A1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krauer</surname><given-names>Kenia G.</given-names></name><xref rid="A1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eckmann</surname><given-names>Lars</given-names></name><xref rid="A2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vanelle</surname><given-names>Patrice</given-names></name><xref rid="A3" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crozet</surname><given-names>Maxime D.</given-names></name><xref rid="A3" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gillin</surname><given-names>Frances D.</given-names></name><xref rid="A4" ref-type="aff">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Upcroft</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><xref rid="A1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Upcroft</surname><given-names>Jacqueline A.</given-names></name><xref rid="A1" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>a</label> Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Qld 4006, Australia</aff><aff id="A2"><label>b</label> Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA</aff><aff id="A3"><label>c</label> Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universités d’Aix-Marseille I, II et III – CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France</aff><aff id="A4"><label>d</label> Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="FN1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author. Present address: The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Qld 4029, Australia., Tel.: +61 7 3362 0369; fax: +61 7 3362 0105., <email>Jacqui.Upcroft@qimr.edu.au</email> (J.A. Upcroft)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>3</day><month>6</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>4</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>7</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>36</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><abstract><p id="P1">The 5-nitroimidazole (NI) compound C17, with a side chain carrying a remote phenyl group in the 2-position of the imidazole ring, is at least 14-fold more active against the gut protozoan parasite <italic>Giardia lamblia</italic> than the 5-NI drug metronidazole (MTR), with a side chain in the 1-position of the imidazole ring, which is the primary drug for the treatment of giardiasis. Over 10 months, lines resistant to C17 were induced in vitro and were at least 12-fold more resistant to C17 than the parent strains. However, these lines had ID<sub>90</sub> values (concentration of drug at which 10% of control parasite ATP levels are detected) for MTR of >200 μM, whilst lines induced to be highly resistant to MTR in vitro have maximum ID<sub>90</sub> values around 100 μM (MTR-susceptible isolates typically have an ID<sub>90</sub> of 5–12.8 μM). The mechanism of MTR activation in <italic>Giardia</italic> apparently involves reduction to toxic radicals by the activity of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) and the electron acceptor ferredoxin. MTR-resistant <italic>Giardia</italic> have decreased PFOR activity, which is consistent with decreased activation of MTR in these lines, but C17-resistant lines have normal levels of PFOR. Therefore, an alternative mechanism of resistance in <italic>Giardia</italic> must account for these super-MTR-resistant cells.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase</kwd><kwd>Tinidazole</kwd><kwd>Ronidazole</kwd><kwd>5-Nitroimidazole</kwd><kwd>Cross-resistance</kwd></kwd-group><contract-num rid="AI1">U01 AI075527-04
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