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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents</title><author><name sortKey="Mccrae, Robert R" sort="Mccrae, Robert R" uniqKey="Mccrae R" first="Robert R." last="Mccrae">Robert R. Mccrae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Terracciano, Antonio" sort="Terracciano, Antonio" uniqKey="Terracciano A" first="Antonio" last="Terracciano">Antonio Terracciano</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Fruyt, Filip" sort="De Fruyt, Filip" uniqKey="De Fruyt F" first="Filip" last="De Fruyt">Filip De Fruyt</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Bolle, Marleen" sort="De Bolle, Marleen" uniqKey="De Bolle M" first="Marleen" last="De Bolle">Marleen De Bolle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gelfand, Michele J" sort="Gelfand, Michele J" uniqKey="Gelfand M" first="Michele J." last="Gelfand">Michele J. Gelfand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Paul T" sort="Costa, Paul T" uniqKey="Costa P" first="Paul T." last="Costa">Paul T. Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aguilar Vafaie, Maria E" sort="Aguilar Vafaie, Maria E" uniqKey="Aguilar Vafaie M" first="Maria E." last="Aguilar-Vafaie">Maria E. Aguilar-Vafaie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Chang Kyu" sort="Ahn, Chang Kyu" uniqKey="Ahn C" first="Chang-Kyu" last="Ahn">Chang-Kyu Ahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Hyun Nie" sort="Ahn, Hyun Nie" uniqKey="Ahn H" first="Hyun-Nie" last="Ahn">Hyun-Nie Ahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alcalay, Lidia" sort="Alcalay, Lidia" uniqKey="Alcalay L" first="Lidia" last="Alcalay">Lidia Alcalay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allik, Juri" sort="Allik, Juri" uniqKey="Allik J" first="Jüri" last="Allik">Jüri Allik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Avdeyeva, Tatyana V" sort="Avdeyeva, Tatyana V" uniqKey="Avdeyeva T" first="Tatyana V." last="Avdeyeva">Tatyana V. Avdeyeva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blatn, Marek" sort="Blatn, Marek" uniqKey="Blatn M" first="Marek" last="Blatn">Marek Blatn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bratko, Denis" sort="Bratko, Denis" uniqKey="Bratko D" first="Denis" last="Bratko">Denis Bratko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunner Sciarra, Marina" sort="Brunner Sciarra, Marina" uniqKey="Brunner Sciarra M" first="Marina" last="Brunner-Sciarra">Marina Brunner-Sciarra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cain, Thomas R" sort="Cain, Thomas R" uniqKey="Cain T" first="Thomas R." last="Cain">Thomas R. Cain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chittcharat, Niyada" sort="Chittcharat, Niyada" uniqKey="Chittcharat N" first="Niyada" last="Chittcharat">Niyada Chittcharat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crawford, Jarret T" sort="Crawford, Jarret T" uniqKey="Crawford J" first="Jarret T." last="Crawford">Jarret T. Crawford</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Lima, Margarida P" sort="De Lima, Margarida P" uniqKey="De Lima M" first="Margarida P." last="De Lima">Margarida P. De Lima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fehr, Ryan" sort="Fehr, Ryan" uniqKey="Fehr R" first="Ryan" last="Fehr">Ryan Fehr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fickova, Emilia" sort="Fickova, Emilia" uniqKey="Fickova E" first="Emília" last="Ficková">Emília Ficková</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gulgoz, Sami" sort="Gulgoz, Sami" uniqKey="Gulgoz S" first="Sami" last="Gülgöz">Sami Gülgöz</name></author><author><name sortKey="H Ebi Kova, Martina" sort="H Ebi Kova, Martina" uniqKey="H Ebi Kova M" first="Martina" last="H Ebí Ková">Martina H Ebí Ková</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jussim, Lee" sort="Jussim, Lee" uniqKey="Jussim L" first="Lee" last="Jussim">Lee Jussim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klinkosz, Waldemar" sort="Klinkosz, Waldemar" uniqKey="Klinkosz W" first="Waldemar" last="Klinkosz">Waldemar Klinkosz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knezevi, Goran" sort="Knezevi, Goran" uniqKey="Knezevi G" first="Goran" last="Kneževi">Goran Kneževi</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Figueroa, Nora Leibovich" sort="De Figueroa, Nora Leibovich" uniqKey="De Figueroa N" first="Nora Leibovich" last="De Figueroa">Nora Leibovich De Figueroa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lockenhoff, Corinna E" sort="Lockenhoff, Corinna E" uniqKey="Lockenhoff C" first="Corinna E." last="Löckenhoff">Corinna E. Löckenhoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Thomas A" sort="Martin, Thomas A" uniqKey="Martin T" first="Thomas A." last="Martin">Thomas A. Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marusi, Iris" sort="Marusi, Iris" uniqKey="Marusi I" first="Iris" last="Maruši">Iris Maruši</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mastor, Khairul Anwar" sort="Mastor, Khairul Anwar" uniqKey="Mastor K" first="Khairul Anwar" last="Mastor">Khairul Anwar Mastor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakazato, Katsuharu" sort="Nakazato, Katsuharu" uniqKey="Nakazato K" first="Katsuharu" last="Nakazato">Katsuharu Nakazato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nansubuga, Florence" sort="Nansubuga, Florence" uniqKey="Nansubuga F" first="Florence" last="Nansubuga">Florence Nansubuga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Porrata, Jose" sort="Porrata, Jose" uniqKey="Porrata J" first="Jose" last="Porrata">Jose Porrata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Puri, Danka" sort="Puri, Danka" uniqKey="Puri D" first="Danka" last="Puri">Danka Puri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Realo, Anu" sort="Realo, Anu" uniqKey="Realo A" first="Anu" last="Realo">Anu Realo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reategui, Norma" sort="Reategui, Norma" uniqKey="Reategui N" first="Norma" last="Reátegui">Norma Reátegui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rolland, Jean Pierre" sort="Rolland, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Rolland J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Rolland">Jean-Pierre Rolland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Vanina" sort="Schmidt, Vanina" uniqKey="Schmidt V" first="Vanina" last="Schmidt">Vanina Schmidt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sekowski, Andrzej" sort="Sekowski, Andrzej" uniqKey="Sekowski A" first="Andrzej" last="Sekowski">Andrzej Sekowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shakespeare Finch, Jane" sort="Shakespeare Finch, Jane" uniqKey="Shakespeare Finch J" first="Jane" last="Shakespeare-Finch">Jane Shakespeare-Finch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shimonaka, Yoshiko" sort="Shimonaka, Yoshiko" uniqKey="Shimonaka Y" first="Yoshiko" last="Shimonaka">Yoshiko Shimonaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simonetti, Franco" sort="Simonetti, Franco" uniqKey="Simonetti F" first="Franco" last="Simonetti">Franco Simonetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siuta, Jerzy" sort="Siuta, Jerzy" uniqKey="Siuta J" first="Jerzy" last="Siuta">Jerzy Siuta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Szmigielska, Barbara" sort="Szmigielska, Barbara" uniqKey="Szmigielska B" first="Barbara" last="Szmigielska">Barbara Szmigielska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanno, Vitanya" sort="Vanno, Vitanya" uniqKey="Vanno V" first="Vitanya" last="Vanno">Vitanya Vanno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lei" sort="Wang, Lei" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lei" last="Wang">Lei Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yik, Michelle" sort="Yik, Michelle" uniqKey="Yik M" first="Michelle" last="Yik">Michelle Yik</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20573127</idno><idno type="pmc">2919276</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2919276</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2919276</idno><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00634.x</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001451</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001451</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents</title><author><name sortKey="Mccrae, Robert R" sort="Mccrae, Robert R" uniqKey="Mccrae R" first="Robert R." last="Mccrae">Robert R. Mccrae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Terracciano, Antonio" sort="Terracciano, Antonio" uniqKey="Terracciano A" first="Antonio" last="Terracciano">Antonio Terracciano</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Fruyt, Filip" sort="De Fruyt, Filip" uniqKey="De Fruyt F" first="Filip" last="De Fruyt">Filip De Fruyt</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Bolle, Marleen" sort="De Bolle, Marleen" uniqKey="De Bolle M" first="Marleen" last="De Bolle">Marleen De Bolle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gelfand, Michele J" sort="Gelfand, Michele J" uniqKey="Gelfand M" first="Michele J." last="Gelfand">Michele J. Gelfand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Paul T" sort="Costa, Paul T" uniqKey="Costa P" first="Paul T." last="Costa">Paul T. Costa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aguilar Vafaie, Maria E" sort="Aguilar Vafaie, Maria E" uniqKey="Aguilar Vafaie M" first="Maria E." last="Aguilar-Vafaie">Maria E. Aguilar-Vafaie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Chang Kyu" sort="Ahn, Chang Kyu" uniqKey="Ahn C" first="Chang-Kyu" last="Ahn">Chang-Kyu Ahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Hyun Nie" sort="Ahn, Hyun Nie" uniqKey="Ahn H" first="Hyun-Nie" last="Ahn">Hyun-Nie Ahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alcalay, Lidia" sort="Alcalay, Lidia" uniqKey="Alcalay L" first="Lidia" last="Alcalay">Lidia Alcalay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allik, Juri" sort="Allik, Juri" uniqKey="Allik J" first="Jüri" last="Allik">Jüri Allik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Avdeyeva, Tatyana V" sort="Avdeyeva, Tatyana V" uniqKey="Avdeyeva T" first="Tatyana V." last="Avdeyeva">Tatyana V. Avdeyeva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blatn, Marek" sort="Blatn, Marek" uniqKey="Blatn M" first="Marek" last="Blatn">Marek Blatn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bratko, Denis" sort="Bratko, Denis" uniqKey="Bratko D" first="Denis" last="Bratko">Denis Bratko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunner Sciarra, Marina" sort="Brunner Sciarra, Marina" uniqKey="Brunner Sciarra M" first="Marina" last="Brunner-Sciarra">Marina Brunner-Sciarra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cain, Thomas R" sort="Cain, Thomas R" uniqKey="Cain T" first="Thomas R." last="Cain">Thomas R. Cain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chittcharat, Niyada" sort="Chittcharat, Niyada" uniqKey="Chittcharat N" first="Niyada" last="Chittcharat">Niyada Chittcharat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crawford, Jarret T" sort="Crawford, Jarret T" uniqKey="Crawford J" first="Jarret T." last="Crawford">Jarret T. Crawford</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Lima, Margarida P" sort="De Lima, Margarida P" uniqKey="De Lima M" first="Margarida P." last="De Lima">Margarida P. De Lima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fehr, Ryan" sort="Fehr, Ryan" uniqKey="Fehr R" first="Ryan" last="Fehr">Ryan Fehr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fickova, Emilia" sort="Fickova, Emilia" uniqKey="Fickova E" first="Emília" last="Ficková">Emília Ficková</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gulgoz, Sami" sort="Gulgoz, Sami" uniqKey="Gulgoz S" first="Sami" last="Gülgöz">Sami Gülgöz</name></author><author><name sortKey="H Ebi Kova, Martina" sort="H Ebi Kova, Martina" uniqKey="H Ebi Kova M" first="Martina" last="H Ebí Ková">Martina H Ebí Ková</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jussim, Lee" sort="Jussim, Lee" uniqKey="Jussim L" first="Lee" last="Jussim">Lee Jussim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klinkosz, Waldemar" sort="Klinkosz, Waldemar" uniqKey="Klinkosz W" first="Waldemar" last="Klinkosz">Waldemar Klinkosz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knezevi, Goran" sort="Knezevi, Goran" uniqKey="Knezevi G" first="Goran" last="Kneževi">Goran Kneževi</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Figueroa, Nora Leibovich" sort="De Figueroa, Nora Leibovich" uniqKey="De Figueroa N" first="Nora Leibovich" last="De Figueroa">Nora Leibovich De Figueroa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lockenhoff, Corinna E" sort="Lockenhoff, Corinna E" uniqKey="Lockenhoff C" first="Corinna E." last="Löckenhoff">Corinna E. Löckenhoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Thomas A" sort="Martin, Thomas A" uniqKey="Martin T" first="Thomas A." last="Martin">Thomas A. Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marusi, Iris" sort="Marusi, Iris" uniqKey="Marusi I" first="Iris" last="Maruši">Iris Maruši</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mastor, Khairul Anwar" sort="Mastor, Khairul Anwar" uniqKey="Mastor K" first="Khairul Anwar" last="Mastor">Khairul Anwar Mastor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakazato, Katsuharu" sort="Nakazato, Katsuharu" uniqKey="Nakazato K" first="Katsuharu" last="Nakazato">Katsuharu Nakazato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nansubuga, Florence" sort="Nansubuga, Florence" uniqKey="Nansubuga F" first="Florence" last="Nansubuga">Florence Nansubuga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Porrata, Jose" sort="Porrata, Jose" uniqKey="Porrata J" first="Jose" last="Porrata">Jose Porrata</name></author><author><name sortKey="Puri, Danka" sort="Puri, Danka" uniqKey="Puri D" first="Danka" last="Puri">Danka Puri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Realo, Anu" sort="Realo, Anu" uniqKey="Realo A" first="Anu" last="Realo">Anu Realo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reategui, Norma" sort="Reategui, Norma" uniqKey="Reategui N" first="Norma" last="Reátegui">Norma Reátegui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rolland, Jean Pierre" sort="Rolland, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Rolland J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Rolland">Jean-Pierre Rolland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, Vanina" sort="Schmidt, Vanina" uniqKey="Schmidt V" first="Vanina" last="Schmidt">Vanina Schmidt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sekowski, Andrzej" sort="Sekowski, Andrzej" uniqKey="Sekowski A" first="Andrzej" last="Sekowski">Andrzej Sekowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shakespeare Finch, Jane" sort="Shakespeare Finch, Jane" uniqKey="Shakespeare Finch J" first="Jane" last="Shakespeare-Finch">Jane Shakespeare-Finch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shimonaka, Yoshiko" sort="Shimonaka, Yoshiko" uniqKey="Shimonaka Y" first="Yoshiko" last="Shimonaka">Yoshiko Shimonaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simonetti, Franco" sort="Simonetti, Franco" uniqKey="Simonetti F" first="Franco" last="Simonetti">Franco Simonetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siuta, Jerzy" sort="Siuta, Jerzy" uniqKey="Siuta J" first="Jerzy" last="Siuta">Jerzy Siuta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Szmigielska, Barbara" sort="Szmigielska, Barbara" uniqKey="Szmigielska B" first="Barbara" last="Szmigielska">Barbara Szmigielska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vanno, Vitanya" sort="Vanno, Vitanya" uniqKey="Vanno V" first="Vitanya" last="Vanno">Vitanya Vanno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Lei" sort="Wang, Lei" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lei" last="Wang">Lei Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yik, Michelle" sort="Yik, Michelle" uniqKey="Yik M" first="Michelle" last="Yik">Michelle Yik</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of personality</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-3506</idno><idno type="eISSN">1467-6494</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P1">We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (<italic>N</italic> = 5,109) aged 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, eight of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor, but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">2985194R</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">5145</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Pers</journal-id><journal-title>Journal of personality</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0022-3506</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1467-6494</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20573127</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2919276</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00634.x</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS215190</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Validity and Structure of Culture-Level Personality Scores: Data From Ratings of Young Adolescents</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McCrae</surname><given-names>Robert R.</given-names></name><aff id="A1">National Institute on Aging</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Terracciano</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><aff id="A2">National Institute on Aging</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Fruyt</surname><given-names>Filip</given-names></name><aff id="A3">Ghent University</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>De Bolle</surname><given-names>Marleen</given-names></name><aff id="A4">Ghent University</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gelfand</surname><given-names>Michele J.</given-names></name><aff id="A5">University of Maryland</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Paul T.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><aff id="A6">National Institute on Aging</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aguilar-Vafaie</surname><given-names>Maria E.</given-names></name><aff id="A7">Tarbiat Modarres University, Islamic Republic of Iran</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahn</surname><given-names>Chang-kyu</given-names></name><aff id="A8">Pusan National University, South Korea</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahn</surname><given-names>Hyun-nie</given-names></name><aff id="A9">Ewha Womans University, South Korea</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alcalay</surname><given-names>Lidia</given-names></name><aff id="A10">Pontificia Universidad Catolica De Chile, Chile</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Allik</surname><given-names>Jüri</given-names></name><aff id="A11">University of Tartu, Estonia</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Avdeyeva</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name><aff id="A12">University of St. Thomas, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blatný</surname><given-names>Marek</given-names></name><aff id="A13">Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bratko</surname><given-names>Denis</given-names></name><aff id="A14">University of Zagreb, Croatia</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brunner-Sciarra</surname><given-names>Marina</given-names></name><aff id="A15">Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cain</surname><given-names>Thomas R.</given-names></name><aff id="A16">Rutgers University, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chittcharat</surname><given-names>Niyada</given-names></name><aff id="A17">Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crawford</surname><given-names>Jarret T.</given-names></name><aff id="A18">The College of New Jersey, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Lima</surname><given-names>Margarida P.</given-names></name><aff id="A19">University of Coimbra, Portugal</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fehr</surname><given-names>Ryan</given-names></name><aff id="A20">University of Maryland, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ficková</surname><given-names>Emília</given-names></name><aff id="A21">Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gülgöz</surname><given-names>Sami</given-names></name><aff id="A22">Koç University, Turkey</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hřebíčková</surname><given-names>Martina</given-names></name><aff id="A23">Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jussim</surname><given-names>Lee</given-names></name><aff id="A24">Rutgers University, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klinkosz</surname><given-names>Waldemar</given-names></name><aff id="A25">The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Knežević</surname><given-names>Goran</given-names></name><aff id="A26">Belgrade University, Serbia</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Figueroa</surname><given-names>Nora Leibovich</given-names></name><aff id="A27">University of Buenos Aires, Argentina</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Löckenhoff</surname><given-names>Corinna E.</given-names></name><aff id="A28">Cornell University, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>Thomas A.</given-names></name><aff id="A29">Susquehanna University, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marušić</surname><given-names>Iris</given-names></name><aff id="A30">Institute for Social Research, Zagreb, Croatia</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mastor</surname><given-names>Khairul Anwar</given-names></name><aff id="A31">Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nakazato</surname><given-names>Katsuharu</given-names></name><aff id="A32">Iwate Prefectural University, Japan</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nansubuga</surname><given-names>Florence</given-names></name><aff id="A33">Makerere University, Uganda</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Porrata</surname><given-names>Jose</given-names></name><aff id="A34">San Juan, Puerto Rico</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Purić</surname><given-names>Danka</given-names></name><aff id="A35">Belgrade University, Serbia</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Realo</surname><given-names>Anu</given-names></name><aff id="A36">University of Tartu, Estonia</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reátegui</surname><given-names>Norma</given-names></name><aff id="A37">Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Peru</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rolland</surname><given-names>Jean-Pierre</given-names></name><aff id="A38">Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, France</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>Vanina</given-names></name><aff id="A39">University of Buenos Aires, Argentina</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sekowski</surname><given-names>Andrzej</given-names></name><aff id="A40">The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shakespeare-Finch</surname><given-names>Jane</given-names></name><aff id="A41">Queensland University of Technology, Australia</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shimonaka</surname><given-names>Yoshiko</given-names></name><aff id="A42">Bunkyo Gakuin University, Japan</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simonetti</surname><given-names>Franco</given-names></name><aff id="A43">Pontificia Universidad Catolica De Chile, Chile</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Siuta</surname><given-names>Jerzy</given-names></name><aff id="A44">Jagiellonian University, Poland</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Szmigielska</surname><given-names>Barbara</given-names></name><aff id="A45">Jagiellonian University, Poland</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vanno</surname><given-names>Vitanya</given-names></name><aff id="A46">Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Lei</given-names></name><aff id="A47">Peking University, People's Republic of China</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yik</surname><given-names>Michelle</given-names></name><aff id="A48">The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong</aff></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Robert R. McCrae, 809 Evesham Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21212. <email>RRMcCrae@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>24</day><month>6</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>6</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>78</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>815</fpage><lpage>838</lpage><abstract><p id="P1">We examined properties of culture-level personality traits in ratings of targets (<italic>N</italic> = 5,109) aged 12 to 17 in 24 cultures. Aggregate scores were generalizable across gender, age, and relationship groups and showed convergence with culture-level scores from previous studies of self-reports and observer ratings of adults, but they were unrelated to national character stereotypes. Trait profiles also showed cross-study agreement within most cultures, eight of which had not previously been studied. Multidimensional scaling showed that Western and non-Western cultures clustered along a dimension related to Extraversion. A culture-level factor analysis replicated earlier findings of a broad Extraversion factor, but generally resembled the factor structure found in individuals. Continued analysis of aggregate personality scores is warranted.</p></abstract><contract-num rid="PHS2">NIH0010409438
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