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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in <italic>Fusarium</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Ma, Li Jun" sort="Ma, Li Jun" uniqKey="Ma L" first="Li-Jun" last="Ma">Li-Jun Ma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Does, H Charlotte" sort="Van Der Does, H Charlotte" uniqKey="Van Der Does H" first="H. Charlotte" last="Van Der Does">H. Charlotte Van Der Does</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borkovich, Katherine A" sort="Borkovich, Katherine A" uniqKey="Borkovich K" first="Katherine A." last="Borkovich">Katherine A. Borkovich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coleman, Jeffrey J" sort="Coleman, Jeffrey J" uniqKey="Coleman J" first="Jeffrey J." last="Coleman">Jeffrey J. Coleman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daboussi, Marie Josee" sort="Daboussi, Marie Josee" uniqKey="Daboussi M" first="Marie-Josée" last="Daboussi">Marie-Josée Daboussi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Paris, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Pietro, Antonio" sort="Di Pietro, Antonio" uniqKey="Di Pietro A" first="Antonio" last="Di Pietro">Antonio Di Pietro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dufresne, Marie" sort="Dufresne, Marie" uniqKey="Dufresne M" first="Marie" last="Dufresne">Marie Dufresne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Paris, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freitag, Michael" sort="Freitag, Michael" uniqKey="Freitag M" first="Michael" last="Freitag">Michael Freitag</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabherr, Manfred" sort="Grabherr, Manfred" uniqKey="Grabherr M" first="Manfred" last="Grabherr">Manfred Grabherr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henrissat, Bernard" sort="Henrissat, Bernard" uniqKey="Henrissat B" first="Bernard" last="Henrissat">Bernard Henrissat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">CNRS, Universités Aix-Marseille, 13628 Aix-en-Provence, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Houterman, Petra M" sort="Houterman, Petra M" uniqKey="Houterman P" first="Petra M." last="Houterman">Petra M. Houterman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, Seogchan" sort="Kang, Seogchan" uniqKey="Kang S" first="Seogchan" last="Kang">Seogchan Kang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shim, Won Bo" sort="Shim, Won Bo" uniqKey="Shim W" first="Won-Bo" last="Shim">Won-Bo Shim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woloshuk, Charles" sort="Woloshuk, Charles" uniqKey="Woloshuk C" first="Charles" last="Woloshuk">Charles Woloshuk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Xiaohui" sort="Xie, Xiaohui" uniqKey="Xie X" first="Xiaohui" last="Xie">Xiaohui Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Jin Rong" sort="Xu, Jin Rong" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jin-Rong" last="Xu">Jin-Rong Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antoniw, John" sort="Antoniw, John" uniqKey="Antoniw J" first="John" last="Antoniw">John Antoniw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Scott E" sort="Baker, Scott E" uniqKey="Baker S" first="Scott E." last="Baker">Scott E. Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bluhm, Burton H" sort="Bluhm, Burton H" uniqKey="Bluhm B" first="Burton H." last="Bluhm">Burton H. Bluhm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Breakspear, Andrew" sort="Breakspear, Andrew" uniqKey="Breakspear A" first="Andrew" last="Breakspear">Andrew Breakspear</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Daren W" sort="Brown, Daren W" uniqKey="Brown D" first="Daren W." last="Brown">Daren W. Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butchko, Robert A E" sort="Butchko, Robert A E" uniqKey="Butchko R" first="Robert A. E." last="Butchko">Robert A. E. Butchko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Sinead" sort="Chapman, Sinead" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Sinead" last="Chapman">Sinead Chapman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coulson, Richard" sort="Coulson, Richard" uniqKey="Coulson R" first="Richard" last="Coulson">Richard Coulson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coutinho, Pedro M" sort="Coutinho, Pedro M" uniqKey="Coutinho P" first="Pedro M." last="Coutinho">Pedro M. Coutinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">CNRS, Universités Aix-Marseille, 13628 Aix-en-Provence, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Danchin, Etienne G J" sort="Danchin, Etienne G J" uniqKey="Danchin E" first="Etienne G. J." last="Danchin">Etienne G. J. Danchin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">CNRS, Universités Aix-Marseille, 13628 Aix-en-Provence, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diener, Andrew" sort="Diener, Andrew" uniqKey="Diener A" first="Andrew" last="Diener">Andrew Diener</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gale, Liane R" sort="Gale, Liane R" uniqKey="Gale L" first="Liane R." last="Gale">Liane R. Gale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gardiner, Donald M" sort="Gardiner, Donald M" uniqKey="Gardiner D" first="Donald M." last="Gardiner">Donald M. Gardiner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4067 Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goff, Stephen" sort="Goff, Stephen" uniqKey="Goff S" first="Stephen" last="Goff">Stephen Goff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond Kosack, Kim E" sort="Hammond Kosack, Kim E" uniqKey="Hammond Kosack K" first="Kim E." last="Hammond-Kosack">Kim E. Hammond-Kosack</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hilburn, Karen" sort="Hilburn, Karen" uniqKey="Hilburn K" first="Karen" last="Hilburn">Karen Hilburn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hua Van, Aurelie" sort="Hua Van, Aurelie" uniqKey="Hua Van A" first="Aurélie" last="Hua-Van">Aurélie Hua-Van</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Paris, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonkers, Wilfried" sort="Jonkers, Wilfried" uniqKey="Jonkers W" first="Wilfried" last="Jonkers">Wilfried Jonkers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kazan, Kemal" sort="Kazan, Kemal" uniqKey="Kazan K" first="Kemal" last="Kazan">Kemal Kazan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4067 Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kodira, Chinnappa D" sort="Kodira, Chinnappa D" uniqKey="Kodira C" first="Chinnappa D." last="Kodira">Chinnappa D. Kodira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koehrsen, Michael" sort="Koehrsen, Michael" uniqKey="Koehrsen M" first="Michael" last="Koehrsen">Michael Koehrsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Lokesh" sort="Kumar, Lokesh" uniqKey="Kumar L" first="Lokesh" last="Kumar">Lokesh Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Yong Hwan" sort="Lee, Yong Hwan" uniqKey="Lee Y" first="Yong-Hwan" last="Lee">Yong-Hwan Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Liande" sort="Li, Liande" uniqKey="Li L" first="Liande" last="Li">Liande Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manners, John M" sort="Manners, John M" uniqKey="Manners J" first="John M." last="Manners">John M. Manners</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4067 Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" sort="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" uniqKey="Miranda Saavedra D" first="Diego" last="Miranda-Saavedra">Diego Miranda-Saavedra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mukherjee, Mala" sort="Mukherjee, Mala" uniqKey="Mukherjee M" first="Mala" last="Mukherjee">Mala Mukherjee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Gyungsoon" sort="Park, Gyungsoon" uniqKey="Park G" first="Gyungsoon" last="Park">Gyungsoon Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jongsun" sort="Park, Jongsun" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jongsun" last="Park">Jongsun Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Sook Young" sort="Park, Sook Young" uniqKey="Park S" first="Sook-Young" last="Park">Sook-Young Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Proctor, Robert H" sort="Proctor, Robert H" uniqKey="Proctor R" first="Robert H." last="Proctor">Robert H. Proctor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Regev, Aviv" sort="Regev, Aviv" uniqKey="Regev A" first="Aviv" last="Regev">Aviv Regev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Roldan, M Carmen" sort="Ruiz Roldan, M Carmen" uniqKey="Ruiz Roldan M" first="M. Carmen" last="Ruiz-Roldan">M. Carmen Ruiz-Roldan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sain, Divya" sort="Sain, Divya" uniqKey="Sain D" first="Divya" last="Sain">Divya Sain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" sort="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" uniqKey="Sakthikumar S" first="Sharadha" last="Sakthikumar">Sharadha Sakthikumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sykes, Sean" sort="Sykes, Sean" uniqKey="Sykes S" first="Sean" last="Sykes">Sean Sykes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, David C" sort="Schwartz, David C" uniqKey="Schwartz D" first="David C." last="Schwartz">David C. Schwartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turgeon, B Gillian" sort="Turgeon, B Gillian" uniqKey="Turgeon B" first="B. Gillian" last="Turgeon">B. Gillian Turgeon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wapinski, Ilan" sort="Wapinski, Ilan" uniqKey="Wapinski I" first="Ilan" last="Wapinski">Ilan Wapinski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoder, Olen" sort="Yoder, Olen" uniqKey="Yoder O" first="Olen" last="Yoder">Olen Yoder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">17885 Camino Del Roca, Ramona, California 92065, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Sarah" sort="Young, Sarah" uniqKey="Young S" first="Sarah" last="Young">Sarah Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Qiandong" sort="Zeng, Qiandong" uniqKey="Zeng Q" first="Qiandong" last="Zeng">Qiandong Zeng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Shiguo" sort="Zhou, Shiguo" uniqKey="Zhou S" first="Shiguo" last="Zhou">Shiguo Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galagan, James" sort="Galagan, James" uniqKey="Galagan J" first="James" last="Galagan">James Galagan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kistler, H Corby" sort="Kistler, H Corby" uniqKey="Kistler H" first="H. Corby" last="Kistler">H. Corby Kistler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rep, Martijn" sort="Rep, Martijn" uniqKey="Rep M" first="Martijn" last="Rep">Martijn Rep</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">20237561</idno><idno type="pmc">3048781</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048781</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3048781</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature08850</idno><date when="2010">2010</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001414</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001414</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in <italic>Fusarium</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Ma, Li Jun" sort="Ma, Li Jun" uniqKey="Ma L" first="Li-Jun" last="Ma">Li-Jun Ma</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Does, H Charlotte" sort="Van Der Does, H Charlotte" uniqKey="Van Der Does H" first="H. Charlotte" last="Van Der Does">H. Charlotte Van Der Does</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Borkovich, Katherine A" sort="Borkovich, Katherine A" uniqKey="Borkovich K" first="Katherine A." last="Borkovich">Katherine A. Borkovich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coleman, Jeffrey J" sort="Coleman, Jeffrey J" uniqKey="Coleman J" first="Jeffrey J." last="Coleman">Jeffrey J. Coleman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A4">University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daboussi, Marie Josee" sort="Daboussi, Marie Josee" uniqKey="Daboussi M" first="Marie-Josée" last="Daboussi">Marie-Josée Daboussi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Paris, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Pietro, Antonio" sort="Di Pietro, Antonio" uniqKey="Di Pietro A" first="Antonio" last="Di Pietro">Antonio Di Pietro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dufresne, Marie" sort="Dufresne, Marie" uniqKey="Dufresne M" first="Marie" last="Dufresne">Marie Dufresne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Paris, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freitag, Michael" sort="Freitag, Michael" uniqKey="Freitag M" first="Michael" last="Freitag">Michael Freitag</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A7">Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabherr, Manfred" sort="Grabherr, Manfred" uniqKey="Grabherr M" first="Manfred" last="Grabherr">Manfred Grabherr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henrissat, Bernard" sort="Henrissat, Bernard" uniqKey="Henrissat B" first="Bernard" last="Henrissat">Bernard Henrissat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">CNRS, Universités Aix-Marseille, 13628 Aix-en-Provence, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Houterman, Petra M" sort="Houterman, Petra M" uniqKey="Houterman P" first="Petra M." last="Houterman">Petra M. Houterman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, Seogchan" sort="Kang, Seogchan" uniqKey="Kang S" first="Seogchan" last="Kang">Seogchan Kang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shim, Won Bo" sort="Shim, Won Bo" uniqKey="Shim W" first="Won-Bo" last="Shim">Won-Bo Shim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woloshuk, Charles" sort="Woloshuk, Charles" uniqKey="Woloshuk C" first="Charles" last="Woloshuk">Charles Woloshuk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Xiaohui" sort="Xie, Xiaohui" uniqKey="Xie X" first="Xiaohui" last="Xie">Xiaohui Xie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A12">University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Jin Rong" sort="Xu, Jin Rong" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jin-Rong" last="Xu">Jin-Rong Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antoniw, John" sort="Antoniw, John" uniqKey="Antoniw J" first="John" last="Antoniw">John Antoniw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Scott E" sort="Baker, Scott E" uniqKey="Baker S" first="Scott E." last="Baker">Scott E. Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A14">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bluhm, Burton H" sort="Bluhm, Burton H" uniqKey="Bluhm B" first="Burton H." last="Bluhm">Burton H. Bluhm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A11">Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Breakspear, Andrew" sort="Breakspear, Andrew" uniqKey="Breakspear A" first="Andrew" last="Breakspear">Andrew Breakspear</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Daren W" sort="Brown, Daren W" uniqKey="Brown D" first="Daren W." last="Brown">Daren W. Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butchko, Robert A E" sort="Butchko, Robert A E" uniqKey="Butchko R" first="Robert A. E." last="Butchko">Robert A. E. Butchko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chapman, Sinead" sort="Chapman, Sinead" uniqKey="Chapman S" first="Sinead" last="Chapman">Sinead Chapman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coulson, Richard" sort="Coulson, Richard" uniqKey="Coulson R" first="Richard" last="Coulson">Richard Coulson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A17">European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coutinho, Pedro M" sort="Coutinho, Pedro M" uniqKey="Coutinho P" first="Pedro M." last="Coutinho">Pedro M. Coutinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">CNRS, Universités Aix-Marseille, 13628 Aix-en-Provence, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Danchin, Etienne G J" sort="Danchin, Etienne G J" uniqKey="Danchin E" first="Etienne G. J." last="Danchin">Etienne G. J. Danchin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">CNRS, Universités Aix-Marseille, 13628 Aix-en-Provence, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diener, Andrew" sort="Diener, Andrew" uniqKey="Diener A" first="Andrew" last="Diener">Andrew Diener</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gale, Liane R" sort="Gale, Liane R" uniqKey="Gale L" first="Liane R." last="Gale">Liane R. Gale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gardiner, Donald M" sort="Gardiner, Donald M" uniqKey="Gardiner D" first="Donald M." last="Gardiner">Donald M. Gardiner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4067 Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goff, Stephen" sort="Goff, Stephen" uniqKey="Goff S" first="Stephen" last="Goff">Stephen Goff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A20">BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hammond Kosack, Kim E" sort="Hammond Kosack, Kim E" uniqKey="Hammond Kosack K" first="Kim E." last="Hammond-Kosack">Kim E. Hammond-Kosack</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A13">Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hilburn, Karen" sort="Hilburn, Karen" uniqKey="Hilburn K" first="Karen" last="Hilburn">Karen Hilburn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hua Van, Aurelie" sort="Hua Van, Aurelie" uniqKey="Hua Van A" first="Aurélie" last="Hua-Van">Aurélie Hua-Van</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A5">Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Paris, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonkers, Wilfried" sort="Jonkers, Wilfried" uniqKey="Jonkers W" first="Wilfried" last="Jonkers">Wilfried Jonkers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kazan, Kemal" sort="Kazan, Kemal" uniqKey="Kazan K" first="Kemal" last="Kazan">Kemal Kazan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4067 Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kodira, Chinnappa D" sort="Kodira, Chinnappa D" uniqKey="Kodira C" first="Chinnappa D." last="Kodira">Chinnappa D. Kodira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koehrsen, Michael" sort="Koehrsen, Michael" uniqKey="Koehrsen M" first="Michael" last="Koehrsen">Michael Koehrsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, Lokesh" sort="Kumar, Lokesh" uniqKey="Kumar L" first="Lokesh" last="Kumar">Lokesh Kumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Yong Hwan" sort="Lee, Yong Hwan" uniqKey="Lee Y" first="Yong-Hwan" last="Lee">Yong-Hwan Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Liande" sort="Li, Liande" uniqKey="Li L" first="Liande" last="Li">Liande Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manners, John M" sort="Manners, John M" uniqKey="Manners J" first="John M." last="Manners">John M. Manners</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A19">CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4067 Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" sort="Miranda Saavedra, Diego" uniqKey="Miranda Saavedra D" first="Diego" last="Miranda-Saavedra">Diego Miranda-Saavedra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A22">Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mukherjee, Mala" sort="Mukherjee, Mala" uniqKey="Mukherjee M" first="Mala" last="Mukherjee">Mala Mukherjee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A10">Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Gyungsoon" sort="Park, Gyungsoon" uniqKey="Park G" first="Gyungsoon" last="Park">Gyungsoon Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jongsun" sort="Park, Jongsun" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jongsun" last="Park">Jongsun Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A21">Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Sook Young" sort="Park, Sook Young" uniqKey="Park S" first="Sook-Young" last="Park">Sook-Young Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A9">Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Proctor, Robert H" sort="Proctor, Robert H" uniqKey="Proctor R" first="Robert H." last="Proctor">Robert H. Proctor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A16">USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Regev, Aviv" sort="Regev, Aviv" uniqKey="Regev A" first="Aviv" last="Regev">Aviv Regev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz Roldan, M Carmen" sort="Ruiz Roldan, M Carmen" uniqKey="Ruiz Roldan M" first="M. Carmen" last="Ruiz-Roldan">M. Carmen Ruiz-Roldan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A6">Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sain, Divya" sort="Sain, Divya" uniqKey="Sain D" first="Divya" last="Sain">Divya Sain</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A3">University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" sort="Sakthikumar, Sharadha" uniqKey="Sakthikumar S" first="Sharadha" last="Sakthikumar">Sharadha Sakthikumar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sykes, Sean" sort="Sykes, Sean" uniqKey="Sykes S" first="Sean" last="Sykes">Sean Sykes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, David C" sort="Schwartz, David C" uniqKey="Schwartz D" first="David C." last="Schwartz">David C. Schwartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turgeon, B Gillian" sort="Turgeon, B Gillian" uniqKey="Turgeon B" first="B. Gillian" last="Turgeon">B. Gillian Turgeon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A24">Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wapinski, Ilan" sort="Wapinski, Ilan" uniqKey="Wapinski I" first="Ilan" last="Wapinski">Ilan Wapinski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoder, Olen" sort="Yoder, Olen" uniqKey="Yoder O" first="Olen" last="Yoder">Olen Yoder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A25">17885 Camino Del Roca, Ramona, California 92065, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Sarah" sort="Young, Sarah" uniqKey="Young S" first="Sarah" last="Young">Sarah Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeng, Qiandong" sort="Zeng, Qiandong" uniqKey="Zeng Q" first="Qiandong" last="Zeng">Qiandong Zeng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Shiguo" sort="Zhou, Shiguo" uniqKey="Zhou S" first="Shiguo" last="Zhou">Shiguo Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A23">University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galagan, James" sort="Galagan, James" uniqKey="Galagan J" first="James" last="Galagan">James Galagan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuomo, Christina A" sort="Cuomo, Christina A" uniqKey="Cuomo C" first="Christina A." last="Cuomo">Christina A. Cuomo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A1">The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kistler, H Corby" sort="Kistler, H Corby" uniqKey="Kistler H" first="H. Corby" last="Kistler">H. Corby Kistler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A15">USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rep, Martijn" sort="Rep, Martijn" uniqKey="Rep M" first="Martijn" last="Rep">Martijn Rep</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A2">University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P3"><italic>Fusarium</italic> species are among the most important phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi. To understand the molecular underpinnings of pathogenicity in the genus <italic>Fusarium</italic>, we compared the genomes of three phenotypically diverse species: <italic>Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides</italic> and <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>lycopersici</italic>. Our analysis revealed lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions in <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> that include four entire chromosomes and account for more than one-quarter of the genome. LS regions are rich in transposons and genes with distinct evolutionary profiles but related to pathogenicity, indicative of horizontal acquisition. Experimentally, we demonstrate the transfer of two LS chromosomes between strains of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, converting a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogen. Transfer of LS chromosomes between otherwise genetically isolated strains explains the polyphyletic origin of host specificity and the emergence of new pathogenic lineages in <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>. These findings put the evolution of fungal pathogenicity into a new perspective.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0410462</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">6011</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nature</journal-id><journal-title>Nature</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0028-0836</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1476-4687</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20237561</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3048781</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature08850</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS272183</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes in <italic>Fusarium</italic></article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Li-Jun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van der Does</surname><given-names>H. Charlotte</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN2">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Borkovich</surname><given-names>Katherine A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coleman</surname><given-names>Jeffrey J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Daboussi</surname><given-names>Marie-Josée</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Pietro</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dufresne</surname><given-names>Marie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Freitag</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grabherr</surname><given-names>Manfred</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henrissat</surname><given-names>Bernard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Houterman</surname><given-names>Petra M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>Seogchan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shim</surname><given-names>Won-Bo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woloshuk</surname><given-names>Charles</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xie</surname><given-names>Xiaohui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Jin-Rong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Antoniw</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>Scott E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bluhm</surname><given-names>Burton H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Breakspear</surname><given-names>Andrew</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>Daren W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Butchko</surname><given-names>Robert A. 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Carmen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sain</surname><given-names>Divya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sakthikumar</surname><given-names>Sharadha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sykes</surname><given-names>Sean</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schwartz</surname><given-names>David C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Turgeon</surname><given-names>B. Gillian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wapinski</surname><given-names>Ilan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yoder</surname><given-names>Olen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>Sarah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>Qiandong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Shiguo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Galagan</surname><given-names>James</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cuomo</surname><given-names>Christina A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kistler</surname><given-names>H. Corby</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rep</surname><given-names>Martijn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>The Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA.</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098XH, The Netherlands.</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>University of California Riverside, California 92521, USA.</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.</aff><aff id="A5"><label>5</label>Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Paris, France.</aff><aff id="A6"><label>6</label>Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba 14071, Spain.</aff><aff id="A7"><label>7</label>Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA.</aff><aff id="A8"><label>8</label>CNRS, Universités Aix-Marseille, 13628 Aix-en-Provence, France.</aff><aff id="A9"><label>9</label>Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.</aff><aff id="A10"><label>10</label>Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.</aff><aff id="A11"><label>11</label>Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.</aff><aff id="A12"><label>12</label>University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.</aff><aff id="A13"><label>13</label>Centre for Sustainable Pest and Disease Management, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK.</aff><aff id="A14"><label>14</label>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.</aff><aff id="A15"><label>15</label>USDA ARS, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.</aff><aff id="A16"><label>16</label>USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois 61604, USA.</aff><aff id="A17"><label>17</label>European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.</aff><aff id="A18"><label>18</label>University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.</aff><aff id="A19"><label>19</label>CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4067 Australia.</aff><aff id="A20"><label>20</label>BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.</aff><aff id="A21"><label>21</label>Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.</aff><aff id="A22"><label>22</label>Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.</aff><aff id="A23"><label>23</label>University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 USA.</aff><aff id="A24"><label>24</label>Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.</aff><aff id="A25"><label>25</label>17885 Camino Del Roca, Ramona, California 92065, USA.</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to H.C.K. (<email>hckist@umn.edu</email>) or M.R. (<email>m.rep@uva.nl</email>)</corresp><fn id="FN1" fn-type="present-address"><label>†</label><p id="P1">Present addresses: 454 Life Sciences, Branford, Connecticut 06405, USA (C.D.K.); University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA (L.L.); INRA, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France (E.G.J.D.); Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea (S.-Y.P.).</p></fn><fn id="FN2" fn-type="equal"><label>*</label><p id="P2">These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>18</day><month>2</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>18</day><month>3</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>4</day><month>3</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>464</volume><issue>7287</issue><fpage>367</fpage><lpage>373</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year></permissions><abstract><p id="P3"><italic>Fusarium</italic> species are among the most important phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi. To understand the molecular underpinnings of pathogenicity in the genus <italic>Fusarium</italic>, we compared the genomes of three phenotypically diverse species: <italic>Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides</italic> and <italic>Fusarium oxysporum</italic> f. sp. <italic>lycopersici</italic>. Our analysis revealed lineage-specific (LS) genomic regions in <italic>F. oxysporum</italic> that include four entire chromosomes and account for more than one-quarter of the genome. LS regions are rich in transposons and genes with distinct evolutionary profiles but related to pathogenicity, indicative of horizontal acquisition. Experimentally, we demonstrate the transfer of two LS chromosomes between strains of <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>, converting a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogen. Transfer of LS chromosomes between otherwise genetically isolated strains explains the polyphyletic origin of host specificity and the emergence of new pathogenic lineages in <italic>F. oxysporum</italic>. These findings put the evolution of fungal pathogenicity into a new perspective.</p></abstract><contract-num rid="GM1">R01 GM086565-03
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