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<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Inhibition of gastric carcinogenesis by the hormone, gastrin, is mediated by suppression of
<italic>TFF1</italic>
epigenetic silencing</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tomita, Hiroyuki" sort="Tomita, Hiroyuki" uniqKey="Tomita H" first="Hiroyuki" last="Tomita">Hiroyuki Tomita</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Takaishi, Shigeo" sort="Takaishi, Shigeo" uniqKey="Takaishi S" first="Shigeo" last="Takaishi">Shigeo Takaishi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Menheniott, Trevelyan R" sort="Menheniott, Trevelyan R" uniqKey="Menheniott T" first="Trevelyan R." last="Menheniott">Trevelyan R. Menheniott</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A2"> Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Xiangdong" sort="Yang, Xiangdong" uniqKey="Yang X" first="Xiangdong" last="Yang">Xiangdong Yang</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shibata, Wataru" sort="Shibata, Wataru" uniqKey="Shibata W" first="Wataru" last="Shibata">Wataru Shibata</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jin, Guangchun" sort="Jin, Guangchun" uniqKey="Jin G" first="Guangchun" last="Jin">Guangchun Jin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Betz, Kelly S" sort="Betz, Kelly S" uniqKey="Betz K" first="Kelly S." last="Betz">Kelly S. Betz</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawakami, Kazuyuki" sort="Kawakami, Kazuyuki" uniqKey="Kawakami K" first="Kazuyuki" last="Kawakami">Kazuyuki Kawakami</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A3"> Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Minamoto, Toshinari" sort="Minamoto, Toshinari" uniqKey="Minamoto T" first="Toshinari" last="Minamoto">Toshinari Minamoto</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A3"> Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tomasetto, Catherine" sort="Tomasetto, Catherine" uniqKey="Tomasetto C" first="Catherine" last="Tomasetto">Catherine Tomasetto</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A4"> Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur/Collège de France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rio, Marie Christine" sort="Rio, Marie Christine" uniqKey="Rio M" first="Marie-Christine" last="Rio">Marie-Christine Rio</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A4"> Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur/Collège de France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lerkowit, Nataporn" sort="Lerkowit, Nataporn" uniqKey="Lerkowit N" first="Nataporn" last="Lerkowit">Nataporn Lerkowit</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A5"> School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Varro, Andrea" sort="Varro, Andrea" uniqKey="Varro A" first="Andrea" last="Varro">Andrea Varro</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A5"> School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Giraud, Andrew S" sort="Giraud, Andrew S" uniqKey="Giraud A" first="Andrew S." last="Giraud">Andrew S. Giraud</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A2"> Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Timothy C" sort="Wang, Timothy C" uniqKey="Wang T" first="Timothy C." last="Wang">Timothy C. Wang</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">21111741</idno>
<idno type="pmc">3049860</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049860</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:3049860</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.037</idno>
<date when="2010">2010</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001408</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001408</idno>
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<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Inhibition of gastric carcinogenesis by the hormone, gastrin, is mediated by suppression of
<italic>TFF1</italic>
epigenetic silencing</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tomita, Hiroyuki" sort="Tomita, Hiroyuki" uniqKey="Tomita H" first="Hiroyuki" last="Tomita">Hiroyuki Tomita</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Takaishi, Shigeo" sort="Takaishi, Shigeo" uniqKey="Takaishi S" first="Shigeo" last="Takaishi">Shigeo Takaishi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Menheniott, Trevelyan R" sort="Menheniott, Trevelyan R" uniqKey="Menheniott T" first="Trevelyan R." last="Menheniott">Trevelyan R. Menheniott</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A2"> Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Xiangdong" sort="Yang, Xiangdong" uniqKey="Yang X" first="Xiangdong" last="Yang">Xiangdong Yang</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shibata, Wataru" sort="Shibata, Wataru" uniqKey="Shibata W" first="Wataru" last="Shibata">Wataru Shibata</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jin, Guangchun" sort="Jin, Guangchun" uniqKey="Jin G" first="Guangchun" last="Jin">Guangchun Jin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Betz, Kelly S" sort="Betz, Kelly S" uniqKey="Betz K" first="Kelly S." last="Betz">Kelly S. Betz</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kawakami, Kazuyuki" sort="Kawakami, Kazuyuki" uniqKey="Kawakami K" first="Kazuyuki" last="Kawakami">Kazuyuki Kawakami</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A3"> Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Minamoto, Toshinari" sort="Minamoto, Toshinari" uniqKey="Minamoto T" first="Toshinari" last="Minamoto">Toshinari Minamoto</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A3"> Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tomasetto, Catherine" sort="Tomasetto, Catherine" uniqKey="Tomasetto C" first="Catherine" last="Tomasetto">Catherine Tomasetto</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A4"> Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur/Collège de France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rio, Marie Christine" sort="Rio, Marie Christine" uniqKey="Rio M" first="Marie-Christine" last="Rio">Marie-Christine Rio</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A4"> Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur/Collège de France</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lerkowit, Nataporn" sort="Lerkowit, Nataporn" uniqKey="Lerkowit N" first="Nataporn" last="Lerkowit">Nataporn Lerkowit</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A5"> School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Varro, Andrea" sort="Varro, Andrea" uniqKey="Varro A" first="Andrea" last="Varro">Andrea Varro</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A5"> School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Giraud, Andrew S" sort="Giraud, Andrew S" uniqKey="Giraud A" first="Andrew S." last="Giraud">Andrew S. Giraud</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A2"> Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Timothy C" sort="Wang, Timothy C" uniqKey="Wang T" first="Timothy C." last="Wang">Timothy C. Wang</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="A1"> Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Gastroenterology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0016-5085</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1528-0012</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2010">2010</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
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<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<sec id="S1">
<title>Background & Aims</title>
<p id="P2">Epigenetic alterations have been correlated with field cancerization in human patients, but evidence from experimental models that specific epigenetic changes can initiate cancer has been lacking. Although hormones have been associated with cancer risk, the mechanisms have not been determined. The peptide hormone, gastrin, exerts a suppressive effect on antral gastric carcinogenesis.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods" id="S2">
<title>Methods</title>
<p id="P3">
<italic>N-methyl-N-nitrosourea</italic>
(MNU)–dependent gastric cancer was investigated in hypergastrinemic (INS-GAS), gastrin-deficient (GAS
<sup>-/-</sup>
),
<italic>Tff1</italic>
-deficient (
<italic>Tff1</italic>
<sup>+/-</sup>
), and wild-type (WT) mice. Epigenetic alterations of the Trefoil Factor 1
<italic>(TFF1</italic>
) tumor suppressor gene were evaluated
<italic>in vitro</italic>
and
<italic>in vivo</italic>
.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3">
<title>Results</title>
<p id="P4">Human intestinal-type gastric cancers in the antrum exhibited progressive
<italic>TFF1</italic>
repression and promoter hypermethylation. Mice treated with MNU exhibited a field defect characterized by widespread
<italic>Tff1</italic>
repression associated with histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation and H3 deacetylation at the
<italic>Tff1</italic>
promoter in epithelial cells. In MNU-induced advanced cancers, DNA methylation at the
<italic>Tff1</italic>
promoter was observed. Tumor induction and
<italic>Tff1</italic>
repression were increased in MNU-treated mice by
<italic>Helicobacter</italic>
infection. Hypergastrinemia suppressed MNU-dependent tumor initiation and progression in a manner that correlated with gene silencing and epigenetic alterations of
<italic>Tff1</italic>
. In contrast, homozygous gastrin-deficient and heterozygous
<italic>Tff1</italic>
-deficient mice showed enhanced MNU-dependent field defects and cancer initiation compared with WT mice. In gastric cancer cells, gastrin stimulation partially reversed the epigenetic silencing in the
<italic>TFF1</italic>
promoter.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="P5">Antral gastric cancer initiation is associated with progressive epigenetic silencing of
<italic>TFF1</italic>
, which can be suppressed by the hormone gastrin.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article" xml:lang="EN">
<pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0374630</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">3841</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Gastroenterology</journal-id>
<journal-title>Gastroenterology</journal-title>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0016-5085</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1528-0012</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21111741</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3049860</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.037</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS258016</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Inhibition of gastric carcinogenesis by the hormone, gastrin, is mediated by suppression of
<italic>TFF1</italic>
epigenetic silencing</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tomita</surname>
<given-names>Hiroyuki</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Takaishi</surname>
<given-names>Shigeo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Menheniott</surname>
<given-names>Trevelyan R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Xiangdong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shibata</surname>
<given-names>Wataru</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jin</surname>
<given-names>Guangchun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Betz</surname>
<given-names>Kelly S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kawakami</surname>
<given-names>Kazuyuki</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Minamoto</surname>
<given-names>Toshinari</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tomasetto</surname>
<given-names>Catherine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rio</surname>
<given-names>Marie-Christine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lerkowit</surname>
<given-names>Nataporn</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Varro</surname>
<given-names>Andrea</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Giraud</surname>
<given-names>Andrew S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Timothy C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="CR1">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1">
<label>1</label>
Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Irving Cancer Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA</aff>
<aff id="A2">
<label>2</label>
Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia</aff>
<aff id="A3">
<label>3</label>
Division of Translational and Clinical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan</aff>
<aff id="A4">
<label>4</label>
Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur/Collège de France</aff>
<aff id="A5">
<label>5</label>
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom</aff>
<author-notes>
<fn id="FN1">
<p id="P1">
<bold>Authors contributions:</bold>
Study concept and design: T.C.W.; acquisition of data: H.T., S.T., T.R.M., N.L., and X.Y.; analysis and interpretation of data: T.C.W., T.R.M., and H.T.; drafting of the manuscript: H.T., K.B., T. M., T.R.M., and T.C.W.; obtained funding: T.C.W., and H.T.; technical and material support: W.S., G.J., K. K., T.M., C.T., M.R., A.V., and A.S.G.; study supervision: T.C.W.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="CR1">
<label>*</label>
<bold>Correspondence should be addressed to:</bold>
Timothy Cragin Wang MD, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Ave, ICRC 923, New York, NY 10032, Phone: 212-851-4581; Fax: 212-851-4590,
<email>tcw21@columbia.edu</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted">
<day>14</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>25</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>3</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release">
<day>1</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>140</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>879</fpage>
<lpage>891.e18</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2010 The American Gastroenterological Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<sec id="S1">
<title>Background & Aims</title>
<p id="P2">Epigenetic alterations have been correlated with field cancerization in human patients, but evidence from experimental models that specific epigenetic changes can initiate cancer has been lacking. Although hormones have been associated with cancer risk, the mechanisms have not been determined. The peptide hormone, gastrin, exerts a suppressive effect on antral gastric carcinogenesis.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods" id="S2">
<title>Methods</title>
<p id="P3">
<italic>N-methyl-N-nitrosourea</italic>
(MNU)–dependent gastric cancer was investigated in hypergastrinemic (INS-GAS), gastrin-deficient (GAS
<sup>-/-</sup>
),
<italic>Tff1</italic>
-deficient (
<italic>Tff1</italic>
<sup>+/-</sup>
), and wild-type (WT) mice. Epigenetic alterations of the Trefoil Factor 1
<italic>(TFF1</italic>
) tumor suppressor gene were evaluated
<italic>in vitro</italic>
and
<italic>in vivo</italic>
.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S3">
<title>Results</title>
<p id="P4">Human intestinal-type gastric cancers in the antrum exhibited progressive
<italic>TFF1</italic>
repression and promoter hypermethylation. Mice treated with MNU exhibited a field defect characterized by widespread
<italic>Tff1</italic>
repression associated with histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation and H3 deacetylation at the
<italic>Tff1</italic>
promoter in epithelial cells. In MNU-induced advanced cancers, DNA methylation at the
<italic>Tff1</italic>
promoter was observed. Tumor induction and
<italic>Tff1</italic>
repression were increased in MNU-treated mice by
<italic>Helicobacter</italic>
infection. Hypergastrinemia suppressed MNU-dependent tumor initiation and progression in a manner that correlated with gene silencing and epigenetic alterations of
<italic>Tff1</italic>
. In contrast, homozygous gastrin-deficient and heterozygous
<italic>Tff1</italic>
-deficient mice showed enhanced MNU-dependent field defects and cancer initiation compared with WT mice. In gastric cancer cells, gastrin stimulation partially reversed the epigenetic silencing in the
<italic>TFF1</italic>
promoter.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S4">
<title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="P5">Antral gastric cancer initiation is associated with progressive epigenetic silencing of
<italic>TFF1</italic>
, which can be suppressed by the hormone gastrin.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>gastrin</kwd>
<kwd>gastric cancer</kwd>
<kwd>epigenetics</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<contract-num rid="CA1">R01 CA120979-05 ||CA</contract-num>
<contract-num rid="CA1">R01 CA093405-05 ||CA</contract-num>
<contract-sponsor id="CA1">National Cancer Institute : NCI</contract-sponsor>
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