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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Insights from the complete genome sequence of <italic>Mycobacterium marinum</italic> on the evolution of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Stinear, Timothy P" sort="Stinear, Timothy P" uniqKey="Stinear T" first="Timothy P." last="Stinear">Timothy P. Stinear</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"> Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seemann, Torsten" sort="Seemann, Torsten" uniqKey="Seemann T" first="Torsten" last="Seemann">Torsten Seemann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"> Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, Paul F" sort="Harrison, Paul F" uniqKey="Harrison P" first="Paul F." last="Harrison">Paul F. Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"> Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenkin, Grant A" sort="Jenkin, Grant A" uniqKey="Jenkin G" first="Grant A." last="Jenkin">Grant A. Jenkin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"> Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, John K" sort="Davies, John K" uniqKey="Davies J" first="John K." last="Davies">John K. Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"> Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Paul D R" sort="Johnson, Paul D R" uniqKey="Johnson P" first="Paul D. R." last="Johnson">Paul D. R. Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"> Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg 3084, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdellah, Zahra" sort="Abdellah, Zahra" uniqKey="Abdellah Z" first="Zahra" last="Abdellah">Zahra Abdellah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arrowsmith, Claire" sort="Arrowsmith, Claire" uniqKey="Arrowsmith C" first="Claire" last="Arrowsmith">Claire Arrowsmith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chillingworth, Tracey" sort="Chillingworth, Tracey" uniqKey="Chillingworth T" first="Tracey" last="Chillingworth">Tracey Chillingworth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Churcher, Carol" sort="Churcher, Carol" uniqKey="Churcher C" first="Carol" last="Churcher">Carol Churcher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, Kay" sort="Clarke, Kay" uniqKey="Clarke K" first="Kay" last="Clarke">Kay Clarke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cronin, Ann" sort="Cronin, Ann" uniqKey="Cronin A" first="Ann" last="Cronin">Ann Cronin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Paul" sort="Davis, Paul" uniqKey="Davis P" first="Paul" last="Davis">Paul Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodhead, Ian" sort="Goodhead, Ian" uniqKey="Goodhead I" first="Ian" last="Goodhead">Ian Goodhead</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holroyd, Nancy" sort="Holroyd, Nancy" uniqKey="Holroyd N" first="Nancy" last="Holroyd">Nancy Holroyd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jagels, Kay" sort="Jagels, Kay" uniqKey="Jagels K" first="Kay" last="Jagels">Kay Jagels</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lord, Angela" sort="Lord, Angela" uniqKey="Lord A" first="Angela" last="Lord">Angela Lord</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moule, Sharon" sort="Moule, Sharon" uniqKey="Moule S" first="Sharon" last="Moule">Sharon Moule</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mungall, Karen" sort="Mungall, Karen" uniqKey="Mungall K" first="Karen" last="Mungall">Karen Mungall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norbertczak, Halina" sort="Norbertczak, Halina" uniqKey="Norbertczak H" first="Halina" last="Norbertczak">Halina Norbertczak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quail, Michael A" sort="Quail, Michael A" uniqKey="Quail M" first="Michael A." last="Quail">Michael A. Quail</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabbinowitsch, Ester" sort="Rabbinowitsch, Ester" uniqKey="Rabbinowitsch E" first="Ester" last="Rabbinowitsch">Ester Rabbinowitsch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Danielle" sort="Walker, Danielle" uniqKey="Walker D" first="Danielle" last="Walker">Danielle Walker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Brian" sort="White, Brian" uniqKey="White B" first="Brian" last="White">Brian White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitehead, Sally" sort="Whitehead, Sally" uniqKey="Whitehead S" first="Sally" last="Whitehead">Sally Whitehead</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Small, Pamela L C" sort="Small, Pamela L C" uniqKey="Small P" first="Pamela L. C." last="Small">Pamela L. C. Small</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"> Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, M409 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0845, USA;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brosch, Roland" sort="Brosch, Roland" uniqKey="Brosch R" first="Roland" last="Brosch">Roland Brosch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"> Institut Pasteur, UP Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, 75015 Paris, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramakrishnan, Lalita" sort="Ramakrishnan, Lalita" uniqKey="Ramakrishnan L" first="Lalita" last="Ramakrishnan">Lalita Ramakrishnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"> Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fischbach, Michael A" sort="Fischbach, Michael A" uniqKey="Fischbach M" first="Michael A." last="Fischbach">Michael A. Fischbach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"> Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parkhill, Julian" sort="Parkhill, Julian" uniqKey="Parkhill J" first="Julian" last="Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cole, Stewart T" sort="Cole, Stewart T" uniqKey="Cole S" first="Stewart T." last="Cole">Stewart T. Cole</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"> Global Health Institute, EPFL, Station 15, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">18403782</idno><idno type="pmc">2336800</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2336800</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2336800</idno><idno type="doi">10.1101/gr.075069.107</idno><date when="2008">2008</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001302</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001302</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Insights from the complete genome sequence of <italic>Mycobacterium marinum</italic> on the evolution of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic></title><author><name sortKey="Stinear, Timothy P" sort="Stinear, Timothy P" uniqKey="Stinear T" first="Timothy P." last="Stinear">Timothy P. Stinear</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"> Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seemann, Torsten" sort="Seemann, Torsten" uniqKey="Seemann T" first="Torsten" last="Seemann">Torsten Seemann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"> Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harrison, Paul F" sort="Harrison, Paul F" uniqKey="Harrison P" first="Paul F." last="Harrison">Paul F. Harrison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"> Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenkin, Grant A" sort="Jenkin, Grant A" uniqKey="Jenkin G" first="Grant A." last="Jenkin">Grant A. Jenkin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"> Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, John K" sort="Davies, John K" uniqKey="Davies J" first="John K." last="Davies">John K. Davies</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"> Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Paul D R" sort="Johnson, Paul D R" uniqKey="Johnson P" first="Paul D. R." last="Johnson">Paul D. R. Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"> Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg 3084, Australia;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdellah, Zahra" sort="Abdellah, Zahra" uniqKey="Abdellah Z" first="Zahra" last="Abdellah">Zahra Abdellah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arrowsmith, Claire" sort="Arrowsmith, Claire" uniqKey="Arrowsmith C" first="Claire" last="Arrowsmith">Claire Arrowsmith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chillingworth, Tracey" sort="Chillingworth, Tracey" uniqKey="Chillingworth T" first="Tracey" last="Chillingworth">Tracey Chillingworth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Churcher, Carol" sort="Churcher, Carol" uniqKey="Churcher C" first="Carol" last="Churcher">Carol Churcher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, Kay" sort="Clarke, Kay" uniqKey="Clarke K" first="Kay" last="Clarke">Kay Clarke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cronin, Ann" sort="Cronin, Ann" uniqKey="Cronin A" first="Ann" last="Cronin">Ann Cronin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Paul" sort="Davis, Paul" uniqKey="Davis P" first="Paul" last="Davis">Paul Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodhead, Ian" sort="Goodhead, Ian" uniqKey="Goodhead I" first="Ian" last="Goodhead">Ian Goodhead</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holroyd, Nancy" sort="Holroyd, Nancy" uniqKey="Holroyd N" first="Nancy" last="Holroyd">Nancy Holroyd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jagels, Kay" sort="Jagels, Kay" uniqKey="Jagels K" first="Kay" last="Jagels">Kay Jagels</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lord, Angela" sort="Lord, Angela" uniqKey="Lord A" first="Angela" last="Lord">Angela Lord</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moule, Sharon" sort="Moule, Sharon" uniqKey="Moule S" first="Sharon" last="Moule">Sharon Moule</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mungall, Karen" sort="Mungall, Karen" uniqKey="Mungall K" first="Karen" last="Mungall">Karen Mungall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Norbertczak, Halina" sort="Norbertczak, Halina" uniqKey="Norbertczak H" first="Halina" last="Norbertczak">Halina Norbertczak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quail, Michael A" sort="Quail, Michael A" uniqKey="Quail M" first="Michael A." last="Quail">Michael A. Quail</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabbinowitsch, Ester" sort="Rabbinowitsch, Ester" uniqKey="Rabbinowitsch E" first="Ester" last="Rabbinowitsch">Ester Rabbinowitsch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Danielle" sort="Walker, Danielle" uniqKey="Walker D" first="Danielle" last="Walker">Danielle Walker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Brian" sort="White, Brian" uniqKey="White B" first="Brian" last="White">Brian White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitehead, Sally" sort="Whitehead, Sally" uniqKey="Whitehead S" first="Sally" last="Whitehead">Sally Whitehead</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Small, Pamela L C" sort="Small, Pamela L C" uniqKey="Small P" first="Pamela L. C." last="Small">Pamela L. C. Small</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"> Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, M409 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0845, USA;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brosch, Roland" sort="Brosch, Roland" uniqKey="Brosch R" first="Roland" last="Brosch">Roland Brosch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"> Institut Pasteur, UP Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, 75015 Paris, France;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramakrishnan, Lalita" sort="Ramakrishnan, Lalita" uniqKey="Ramakrishnan L" first="Lalita" last="Ramakrishnan">Lalita Ramakrishnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"> Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fischbach, Michael A" sort="Fischbach, Michael A" uniqKey="Fischbach M" first="Michael A." last="Fischbach">Michael A. Fischbach</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"> Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parkhill, Julian" sort="Parkhill, Julian" uniqKey="Parkhill J" first="Julian" last="Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cole, Stewart T" sort="Cole, Stewart T" uniqKey="Cole S" first="Stewart T." last="Cole">Stewart T. Cole</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"> Global Health Institute, EPFL, Station 15, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Genome Research</title><idno type="ISSN">1088-9051</idno><idno type="eISSN">1549-5477</idno><imprint><date when="2008">2008</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Mycobacterium marinum</italic>, a ubiquitous pathogen of fish and amphibia, is a near relative of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis in humans. The genome of the M strain of <italic>M. marinum</italic> comprises a 6,636,827-bp circular chromosome with 5424 CDS, 10 prophages, and a 23-kb mercury-resistance plasmid. Prominent features are the very large number of genes (57) encoding polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs) and the most extensive repertoire yet reported of the mycobacteria-restricted PE and PPE proteins, and related-ESX secretion systems. Some of the NRPS genes comprise a novel family and seem to have been acquired horizontally. <italic>M. marinum</italic> is used widely as a model organism to study <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> pathogenesis, and genome comparisons confirmed the close genetic relationship between these two species, as they share 3000 orthologs with an average amino acid identity of 85%. Comparisons with the more distantly related <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subspecies <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> and <italic>Mycobacterium smegmatis</italic> reveal how an ancestral generalist mycobacterium evolved into <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> and <italic>M. marinum</italic>. <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> has undergone genome downsizing and extensive lateral gene transfer to become a specialized pathogen of humans and other primates without retaining an environmental niche. <italic>M. marinum</italic> has maintained a large genome so as to retain the capacity for environmental survival while becoming a broad host range pathogen that produces disease strikingly similar to <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic>. The work described herein provides a foundation for using <italic>M. marinum</italic> to better understand the determinants of pathogenesis of tuberculosis.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="letter" xml:lang="EN"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Genome Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">GENOME</journal-id><journal-title>Genome Research</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">1088-9051</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1549-5477</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">18403782</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2336800</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="medline">9518021</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1101/gr.075069.107</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Letter</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Insights from the complete genome sequence of <italic>Mycobacterium marinum</italic> on the evolution of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic></article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="left-running">Complete genome sequence of <italic>Mycobacterium marinum</italic></alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stinear</surname><given-names>Timothy P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seemann</surname><given-names>Torsten</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Harrison</surname><given-names>Paul F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jenkin</surname><given-names>Grant A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davies</surname><given-names>John K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>Paul D.R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abdellah</surname><given-names>Zahra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arrowsmith</surname><given-names>Claire</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chillingworth</surname><given-names>Tracey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Churcher</surname><given-names>Carol</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Clarke</surname><given-names>Kay</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cronin</surname><given-names>Ann</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goodhead</surname><given-names>Ian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Holroyd</surname><given-names>Nancy</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jagels</surname><given-names>Kay</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lord</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moule</surname><given-names>Sharon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mungall</surname><given-names>Karen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Norbertczak</surname><given-names>Halina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quail</surname><given-names>Michael A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rabbinowitsch</surname><given-names>Ester</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>Danielle</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>Brian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Whitehead</surname><given-names>Sally</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Small</surname><given-names>Pamela L.C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brosch</surname><given-names>Roland</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramakrishnan</surname><given-names>Lalita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fischbach</surname><given-names>Michael A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parkhill</surname><given-names>Julian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cole</surname><given-names>Stewart T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label> Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label> Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label> Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg 3084, Australia;</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label> Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label> Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, M409 Walters Life Sciences, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0845, USA;</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label> Institut Pasteur, UP Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, 75015 Paris, France;</aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label> Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;</aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label> Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA;</aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label> Global Health Institute, EPFL, Station 15, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>10</label>Corresponding author.E-mail <email>tim.stinear@med.monash.edu.au</email>; fax 61-3-9905-4811.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>5</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>729</fpage><lpage>741</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2007</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>2</month><year>2008</year></date></history><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2008, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2008</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><p>Freely available online through the <italic>Genome Research</italic> Open Access option.</p></license><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="729.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p><italic>Mycobacterium marinum</italic>, a ubiquitous pathogen of fish and amphibia, is a near relative of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic>, the etiologic agent of tuberculosis in humans. The genome of the M strain of <italic>M. marinum</italic> comprises a 6,636,827-bp circular chromosome with 5424 CDS, 10 prophages, and a 23-kb mercury-resistance plasmid. Prominent features are the very large number of genes (57) encoding polyketide synthases (PKSs) and nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPSs) and the most extensive repertoire yet reported of the mycobacteria-restricted PE and PPE proteins, and related-ESX secretion systems. Some of the NRPS genes comprise a novel family and seem to have been acquired horizontally. <italic>M. marinum</italic> is used widely as a model organism to study <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> pathogenesis, and genome comparisons confirmed the close genetic relationship between these two species, as they share 3000 orthologs with an average amino acid identity of 85%. Comparisons with the more distantly related <italic>Mycobacterium avium</italic> subspecies <italic>paratuberculosis</italic> and <italic>Mycobacterium smegmatis</italic> reveal how an ancestral generalist mycobacterium evolved into <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> and <italic>M. marinum</italic>. <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> has undergone genome downsizing and extensive lateral gene transfer to become a specialized pathogen of humans and other primates without retaining an environmental niche. <italic>M. marinum</italic> has maintained a large genome so as to retain the capacity for environmental survival while becoming a broad host range pathogen that produces disease strikingly similar to <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic>. The work described herein provides a foundation for using <italic>M. marinum</italic> to better understand the determinants of pathogenesis of tuberculosis.</p></abstract><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta><meta-name>PDF</meta-name><meta-value><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="729.pdf"></uri></meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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