Importance of Resolving Fungal Nomenclature: the Case of Multiple Pathogenic Species in the Cryptococcus Genus
Identifieur interne : 001278 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001277; suivant : 001279Importance of Resolving Fungal Nomenclature: the Case of Multiple Pathogenic Species in the Cryptococcus Genus
Auteurs : Ferry Hagen ; H. Thorsten Lumbsch ; Valentina Arsic Arsenijevic ; Hamid Badali ; Sebastien Bertout ; R. Blake Billmyre ; M. Rosa Bragulat ; F. Javier Caba Es ; Mauricio Carbia ; Arunaloke Chakrabarti ; Sudha Chaturvedi ; Vishnu Chaturvedi ; Min Chen ; Anuradha Chowdhary ; Maria-Francisca Colom ; Oliver A. Cornely ; Pedro W. Crous ; Maria S. Cuétara ; Mara R. Diaz ; Ana Espinel-Ingroff ; Hamed Fakhim ; Rama Falk ; Wenjie Fang ; Patricia F. Herkert ; Consuelo Ferrer Rodríguez ; James A. Fraser ; Josepa Gené ; Josep Guarro ; Alexander Idnurm ; María-Teresa Illnait-Zaragozi ; Ziauddin Khan ; Kantarawee Khayhan ; Anna Kolecka ; Cletus P. Kurtzman ; Katrien Lagrou ; Wanqing Liao ; Carlos Linares ; Jacques F. Meis ; Kirsten Nielsen ; Tinashe K. Nyazika ; Weihua Pan ; Marina Pekmezovic ; Itzhack Polacheck ; Brunella Posteraro ; Flavio De Queiroz Telles ; Orazio Romeo ; Manuel Sánchez ; Ana Sampaio ; Maurizio Sanguinetti ; Pojana Sriburee ; Takashi Sugita ; Saad J. Taj-Aldeen ; Masako Takashima ; John W. Taylor ; Bart Theelen ; Rok Tomazin ; Paul E. Verweij ; Retno Wahyuningsih ; Ping Wang ; Teun BoekhoutSource :
- mSphere [ 2379-5042 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a major fungal disease caused by members of the
Url:
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00238-17
PubMed: 28875175
PubMed Central: 5577652
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PMC:5577652Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Importance of Resolving Fungal Nomenclature: the Case of Multiple Pathogenic Species in the <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> Genus</title><author><name sortKey="Hagen, Ferry" sort="Hagen, Ferry" uniqKey="Hagen F" first="Ferry" last="Hagen">Ferry Hagen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lumbsch, H Thorsten" sort="Lumbsch, H Thorsten" uniqKey="Lumbsch H" first="H. Thorsten" last="Lumbsch">H. Thorsten Lumbsch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arsic Arsenijevic, Valentina" sort="Arsic Arsenijevic, Valentina" uniqKey="Arsic Arsenijevic V" first="Valentina" last="Arsic Arsenijevic">Valentina Arsic Arsenijevic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Badali, Hamid" sort="Badali, Hamid" uniqKey="Badali H" first="Hamid" last="Badali">Hamid Badali</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology/Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertout, Sebastien" sort="Bertout, Sebastien" uniqKey="Bertout S" first="Sebastien" last="Bertout">Sebastien Bertout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Unité Mixte Internationale Recherches Translationnelles sur l’Infection à VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UFR Pharmacie, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Billmyre, R Blake" sort="Billmyre, R Blake" uniqKey="Billmyre R" first="R. Blake" last="Billmyre">R. Blake Billmyre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bragulat, M Rosa" sort="Bragulat, M Rosa" uniqKey="Bragulat M" first="M. Rosa" last="Bragulat">M. Rosa Bragulat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caba Es, F Javier" sort="Caba Es, F Javier" uniqKey="Caba Es F" first="F. Javier" last="Caba Es">F. Javier Caba Es</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carbia, Mauricio" sort="Carbia, Mauricio" uniqKey="Carbia M" first="Mauricio" last="Carbia">Mauricio Carbia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chakrabarti, Arunaloke" sort="Chakrabarti, Arunaloke" uniqKey="Chakrabarti A" first="Arunaloke" last="Chakrabarti">Arunaloke Chakrabarti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaturvedi, Sudha" sort="Chaturvedi, Sudha" uniqKey="Chaturvedi S" first="Sudha" last="Chaturvedi">Sudha Chaturvedi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaturvedi, Vishnu" sort="Chaturvedi, Vishnu" uniqKey="Chaturvedi V" first="Vishnu" last="Chaturvedi">Vishnu Chaturvedi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Min" sort="Chen, Min" uniqKey="Chen M" first="Min" last="Chen">Min Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhary, Anuradha" sort="Chowdhary, Anuradha" uniqKey="Chowdhary A" first="Anuradha" last="Chowdhary">Anuradha Chowdhary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Colom, Maria Francisca" sort="Colom, Maria Francisca" uniqKey="Colom M" first="Maria-Francisca" last="Colom">Maria-Francisca Colom</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Medical School, Universidad Miguel Hernández,</addr-line>Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornely, Oliver A" sort="Cornely, Oliver A" uniqKey="Cornely O" first="Oliver A." last="Cornely">Oliver A. Cornely</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Center for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, Pedro W" sort="Crous, Pedro W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="Pedro W." last="Crous">Pedro W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Phytopathology Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuetara, Maria S" sort="Cuetara, Maria S" uniqKey="Cuetara M" first="Maria S." last="Cuétara">Maria S. Cuétara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Hospital Severo Ochoa,</addr-line>Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, Mara R" sort="Diaz, Mara R" uniqKey="Diaz M" first="Mara R." last="Diaz">Mara R. Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23"><addr-line>University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, Florida, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Espinel Ingroff, Ana" sort="Espinel Ingroff, Ana" uniqKey="Espinel Ingroff A" first="Ana" last="Espinel-Ingroff">Ana Espinel-Ingroff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25"><addr-line>VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakhim, Hamed" sort="Fakhim, Hamed" uniqKey="Fakhim H" first="Hamed" last="Fakhim">Hamed Fakhim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26"><addr-line>Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology/Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falk, Rama" sort="Falk, Rama" uniqKey="Falk R" first="Rama" last="Falk">Rama Falk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28"><addr-line>Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir-David, Israel</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fang, Wenjie" sort="Fang, Wenjie" uniqKey="Fang W" first="Wenjie" last="Fang">Wenjie Fang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herkert, Patricia F" sort="Herkert, Patricia F" uniqKey="Herkert P" first="Patricia F." last="Herkert">Patricia F. Herkert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29"><addr-line>Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrer Rodriguez, Consuelo" sort="Ferrer Rodriguez, Consuelo" uniqKey="Ferrer Rodriguez C" first="Consuelo" last="Ferrer Rodríguez">Consuelo Ferrer Rodríguez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Medical School, Universidad Miguel Hernández,</addr-line>Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, James A" sort="Fraser, James A" uniqKey="Fraser J" first="James A." last="Fraser">James A. Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30"><addr-line>Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gene, Josepa" sort="Gene, Josepa" uniqKey="Gene J" first="Josepa" last="Gené">Josepa Gené</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31"><addr-line>Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guarro, Josep" sort="Guarro, Josep" uniqKey="Guarro J" first="Josep" last="Guarro">Josep Guarro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31"><addr-line>Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Idnurm, Alexander" sort="Idnurm, Alexander" uniqKey="Idnurm A" first="Alexander" last="Idnurm">Alexander Idnurm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff32"><addr-line>School of BioSciences, BioSciences 2, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Illnait Zaragozi, Maria Teresa" sort="Illnait Zaragozi, Maria Teresa" uniqKey="Illnait Zaragozi M" first="María-Teresa" last="Illnait-Zaragozi">María-Teresa Illnait-Zaragozi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33"><addr-line>Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kouri, Havana, Cuba</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Ziauddin" sort="Khan, Ziauddin" uniqKey="Khan Z" first="Ziauddin" last="Khan">Ziauddin Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff34"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khayhan, Kantarawee" sort="Khayhan, Kantarawee" uniqKey="Khayhan K" first="Kantarawee" last="Khayhan">Kantarawee Khayhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff35"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolecka, Anna" sort="Kolecka, Anna" uniqKey="Kolecka A" first="Anna" last="Kolecka">Anna Kolecka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurtzman, Cletus P" sort="Kurtzman, Cletus P" uniqKey="Kurtzman C" first="Cletus P." last="Kurtzman">Cletus P. Kurtzman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff36"><addr-line>Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, Illinois, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagrou, Katrien" sort="Lagrou, Katrien" uniqKey="Lagrou K" first="Katrien" last="Lagrou">Katrien Lagrou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37"><addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, Wanqing" sort="Liao, Wanqing" uniqKey="Liao W" first="Wanqing" last="Liao">Wanqing Liao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Linares, Carlos" sort="Linares, Carlos" uniqKey="Linares C" first="Carlos" last="Linares">Carlos Linares</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Medical School, Universidad Miguel Hernández,</addr-line>Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meis, Jacques F" sort="Meis, Jacques F" uniqKey="Meis J" first="Jacques F." last="Meis">Jacques F. Meis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, Kirsten" sort="Nielsen, Kirsten" uniqKey="Nielsen K" first="Kirsten" last="Nielsen">Kirsten Nielsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyazika, Tinashe K" sort="Nyazika, Tinashe K" uniqKey="Nyazika T" first="Tinashe K." last="Nyazika">Tinashe K. Nyazika</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff40"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff41"><addr-line>Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff42"><addr-line>School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pan, Weihua" sort="Pan, Weihua" uniqKey="Pan W" first="Weihua" last="Pan">Weihua Pan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pekmezovic, Marina" sort="Pekmezovic, Marina" uniqKey="Pekmezovic M" first="Marina" last="Pekmezovic">Marina Pekmezovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff43"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine. University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polacheck, Itzhack" sort="Polacheck, Itzhack" uniqKey="Polacheck I" first="Itzhack" last="Polacheck">Itzhack Polacheck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posteraro, Brunella" sort="Posteraro, Brunella" uniqKey="Posteraro B" first="Brunella" last="Posteraro">Brunella Posteraro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff44"><addr-line>Institute of Public Health (Section of Hygiene), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Queiroz Telles, Flavio" sort="De Queiroz Telles, Flavio" uniqKey="De Queiroz Telles F" first="Flavio" last="De Queiroz Telles">Flavio De Queiroz Telles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff45"><addr-line>Department of Communitarian Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romeo, Orazio" sort="Romeo, Orazio" uniqKey="Romeo O" first="Orazio" last="Romeo">Orazio Romeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff46"><addr-line>Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff47"><addr-line>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, Manuel" sort="Sanchez, Manuel" uniqKey="Sanchez M" first="Manuel" last="Sánchez">Manuel Sánchez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Medical School, Universidad Miguel Hernández,</addr-line>Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Ana" sort="Sampaio, Ana" uniqKey="Sampaio A" first="Ana" last="Sampaio">Ana Sampaio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff48"><addr-line>Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta dos Prados, Vila Real, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanguinetti, Maurizio" sort="Sanguinetti, Maurizio" uniqKey="Sanguinetti M" first="Maurizio" last="Sanguinetti">Maurizio Sanguinetti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff49"><addr-line>Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sriburee, Pojana" sort="Sriburee, Pojana" uniqKey="Sriburee P" first="Pojana" last="Sriburee">Pojana Sriburee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff50"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sugita, Takashi" sort="Sugita, Takashi" uniqKey="Sugita T" first="Takashi" last="Sugita">Takashi Sugita</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff51"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taj Aldeen, Saad J" sort="Taj Aldeen, Saad J" uniqKey="Taj Aldeen S" first="Saad J." last="Taj-Aldeen">Saad J. Taj-Aldeen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff52"><addr-line>Mycology Unit, Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takashima, Masako" sort="Takashima, Masako" uniqKey="Takashima M" first="Masako" last="Takashima">Masako Takashima</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff53"><addr-line>Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, John W" sort="Taylor, John W" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="John W." last="Taylor">John W. Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff54"><addr-line>Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Theelen, Bart" sort="Theelen, Bart" uniqKey="Theelen B" first="Bart" last="Theelen">Bart Theelen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomazin, Rok" sort="Tomazin, Rok" uniqKey="Tomazin R" first="Rok" last="Tomazin">Rok Tomazin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff55"><addr-line>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verweij, Paul E" sort="Verweij, Paul E" uniqKey="Verweij P" first="Paul E." last="Verweij">Paul E. Verweij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff56"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wahyuningsih, Retno" sort="Wahyuningsih, Retno" uniqKey="Wahyuningsih R" first="Retno" last="Wahyuningsih">Retno Wahyuningsih</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff57"><addr-line>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff58"><addr-line>Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ping" sort="Wang, Ping" uniqKey="Wang P" first="Ping" last="Wang">Ping Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff59"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff60"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boekhout, Teun" sort="Boekhout, Teun" uniqKey="Boekhout T" first="Teun" last="Boekhout">Teun Boekhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff61"><addr-line>Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28875175</idno><idno type="pmc">5577652</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5577652</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5577652</idno><idno type="doi">10.1128/mSphere.00238-17</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001278</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001278</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Importance of Resolving Fungal Nomenclature: the Case of Multiple Pathogenic Species in the <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> Genus</title><author><name sortKey="Hagen, Ferry" sort="Hagen, Ferry" uniqKey="Hagen F" first="Ferry" last="Hagen">Ferry Hagen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lumbsch, H Thorsten" sort="Lumbsch, H Thorsten" uniqKey="Lumbsch H" first="H. Thorsten" last="Lumbsch">H. Thorsten Lumbsch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arsic Arsenijevic, Valentina" sort="Arsic Arsenijevic, Valentina" uniqKey="Arsic Arsenijevic V" first="Valentina" last="Arsic Arsenijevic">Valentina Arsic Arsenijevic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Badali, Hamid" sort="Badali, Hamid" uniqKey="Badali H" first="Hamid" last="Badali">Hamid Badali</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology/Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertout, Sebastien" sort="Bertout, Sebastien" uniqKey="Bertout S" first="Sebastien" last="Bertout">Sebastien Bertout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Unité Mixte Internationale Recherches Translationnelles sur l’Infection à VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UFR Pharmacie, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Billmyre, R Blake" sort="Billmyre, R Blake" uniqKey="Billmyre R" first="R. Blake" last="Billmyre">R. Blake Billmyre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bragulat, M Rosa" sort="Bragulat, M Rosa" uniqKey="Bragulat M" first="M. Rosa" last="Bragulat">M. Rosa Bragulat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caba Es, F Javier" sort="Caba Es, F Javier" uniqKey="Caba Es F" first="F. Javier" last="Caba Es">F. Javier Caba Es</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carbia, Mauricio" sort="Carbia, Mauricio" uniqKey="Carbia M" first="Mauricio" last="Carbia">Mauricio Carbia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chakrabarti, Arunaloke" sort="Chakrabarti, Arunaloke" uniqKey="Chakrabarti A" first="Arunaloke" last="Chakrabarti">Arunaloke Chakrabarti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaturvedi, Sudha" sort="Chaturvedi, Sudha" uniqKey="Chaturvedi S" first="Sudha" last="Chaturvedi">Sudha Chaturvedi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaturvedi, Vishnu" sort="Chaturvedi, Vishnu" uniqKey="Chaturvedi V" first="Vishnu" last="Chaturvedi">Vishnu Chaturvedi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Min" sort="Chen, Min" uniqKey="Chen M" first="Min" last="Chen">Min Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhary, Anuradha" sort="Chowdhary, Anuradha" uniqKey="Chowdhary A" first="Anuradha" last="Chowdhary">Anuradha Chowdhary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Colom, Maria Francisca" sort="Colom, Maria Francisca" uniqKey="Colom M" first="Maria-Francisca" last="Colom">Maria-Francisca Colom</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Medical School, Universidad Miguel Hernández,</addr-line>Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornely, Oliver A" sort="Cornely, Oliver A" uniqKey="Cornely O" first="Oliver A." last="Cornely">Oliver A. Cornely</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Center for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous, Pedro W" sort="Crous, Pedro W" uniqKey="Crous P" first="Pedro W." last="Crous">Pedro W. Crous</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Phytopathology Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuetara, Maria S" sort="Cuetara, Maria S" uniqKey="Cuetara M" first="Maria S." last="Cuétara">Maria S. Cuétara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Hospital Severo Ochoa,</addr-line>Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, Mara R" sort="Diaz, Mara R" uniqKey="Diaz M" first="Mara R." last="Diaz">Mara R. Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23"><addr-line>University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, Florida, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24"><addr-line>Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Espinel Ingroff, Ana" sort="Espinel Ingroff, Ana" uniqKey="Espinel Ingroff A" first="Ana" last="Espinel-Ingroff">Ana Espinel-Ingroff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25"><addr-line>VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakhim, Hamed" sort="Fakhim, Hamed" uniqKey="Fakhim H" first="Hamed" last="Fakhim">Hamed Fakhim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26"><addr-line>Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology/Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Falk, Rama" sort="Falk, Rama" uniqKey="Falk R" first="Rama" last="Falk">Rama Falk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28"><addr-line>Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir-David, Israel</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fang, Wenjie" sort="Fang, Wenjie" uniqKey="Fang W" first="Wenjie" last="Fang">Wenjie Fang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Herkert, Patricia F" sort="Herkert, Patricia F" uniqKey="Herkert P" first="Patricia F." last="Herkert">Patricia F. Herkert</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29"><addr-line>Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrer Rodriguez, Consuelo" sort="Ferrer Rodriguez, Consuelo" uniqKey="Ferrer Rodriguez C" first="Consuelo" last="Ferrer Rodríguez">Consuelo Ferrer Rodríguez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Medical School, Universidad Miguel Hernández,</addr-line>Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, James A" sort="Fraser, James A" uniqKey="Fraser J" first="James A." last="Fraser">James A. Fraser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30"><addr-line>Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gene, Josepa" sort="Gene, Josepa" uniqKey="Gene J" first="Josepa" last="Gené">Josepa Gené</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31"><addr-line>Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guarro, Josep" sort="Guarro, Josep" uniqKey="Guarro J" first="Josep" last="Guarro">Josep Guarro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31"><addr-line>Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Idnurm, Alexander" sort="Idnurm, Alexander" uniqKey="Idnurm A" first="Alexander" last="Idnurm">Alexander Idnurm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff32"><addr-line>School of BioSciences, BioSciences 2, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Illnait Zaragozi, Maria Teresa" sort="Illnait Zaragozi, Maria Teresa" uniqKey="Illnait Zaragozi M" first="María-Teresa" last="Illnait-Zaragozi">María-Teresa Illnait-Zaragozi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33"><addr-line>Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kouri, Havana, Cuba</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Ziauddin" sort="Khan, Ziauddin" uniqKey="Khan Z" first="Ziauddin" last="Khan">Ziauddin Khan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff34"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khayhan, Kantarawee" sort="Khayhan, Kantarawee" uniqKey="Khayhan K" first="Kantarawee" last="Khayhan">Kantarawee Khayhan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff35"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolecka, Anna" sort="Kolecka, Anna" uniqKey="Kolecka A" first="Anna" last="Kolecka">Anna Kolecka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurtzman, Cletus P" sort="Kurtzman, Cletus P" uniqKey="Kurtzman C" first="Cletus P." last="Kurtzman">Cletus P. Kurtzman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff36"><addr-line>Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, Illinois, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagrou, Katrien" sort="Lagrou, Katrien" uniqKey="Lagrou K" first="Katrien" last="Lagrou">Katrien Lagrou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37"><addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, Wanqing" sort="Liao, Wanqing" uniqKey="Liao W" first="Wanqing" last="Liao">Wanqing Liao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Linares, Carlos" sort="Linares, Carlos" uniqKey="Linares C" first="Carlos" last="Linares">Carlos Linares</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Medical School, Universidad Miguel Hernández,</addr-line>Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meis, Jacques F" sort="Meis, Jacques F" uniqKey="Meis J" first="Jacques F." last="Meis">Jacques F. Meis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, Kirsten" sort="Nielsen, Kirsten" uniqKey="Nielsen K" first="Kirsten" last="Nielsen">Kirsten Nielsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyazika, Tinashe K" sort="Nyazika, Tinashe K" uniqKey="Nyazika T" first="Tinashe K." last="Nyazika">Tinashe K. Nyazika</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff40"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff41"><addr-line>Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff42"><addr-line>School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pan, Weihua" sort="Pan, Weihua" uniqKey="Pan W" first="Weihua" last="Pan">Weihua Pan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pekmezovic, Marina" sort="Pekmezovic, Marina" uniqKey="Pekmezovic M" first="Marina" last="Pekmezovic">Marina Pekmezovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff43"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine. University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Polacheck, Itzhack" sort="Polacheck, Itzhack" uniqKey="Polacheck I" first="Itzhack" last="Polacheck">Itzhack Polacheck</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posteraro, Brunella" sort="Posteraro, Brunella" uniqKey="Posteraro B" first="Brunella" last="Posteraro">Brunella Posteraro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff44"><addr-line>Institute of Public Health (Section of Hygiene), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Queiroz Telles, Flavio" sort="De Queiroz Telles, Flavio" uniqKey="De Queiroz Telles F" first="Flavio" last="De Queiroz Telles">Flavio De Queiroz Telles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff45"><addr-line>Department of Communitarian Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Romeo, Orazio" sort="Romeo, Orazio" uniqKey="Romeo O" first="Orazio" last="Romeo">Orazio Romeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff46"><addr-line>Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff47"><addr-line>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, Manuel" sort="Sanchez, Manuel" uniqKey="Sanchez M" first="Manuel" last="Sánchez">Manuel Sánchez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>Medical School, Universidad Miguel Hernández,</addr-line>Alicante, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Ana" sort="Sampaio, Ana" uniqKey="Sampaio A" first="Ana" last="Sampaio">Ana Sampaio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff48"><addr-line>Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta dos Prados, Vila Real, Portugal</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanguinetti, Maurizio" sort="Sanguinetti, Maurizio" uniqKey="Sanguinetti M" first="Maurizio" last="Sanguinetti">Maurizio Sanguinetti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff49"><addr-line>Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sriburee, Pojana" sort="Sriburee, Pojana" uniqKey="Sriburee P" first="Pojana" last="Sriburee">Pojana Sriburee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff50"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sugita, Takashi" sort="Sugita, Takashi" uniqKey="Sugita T" first="Takashi" last="Sugita">Takashi Sugita</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff51"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taj Aldeen, Saad J" sort="Taj Aldeen, Saad J" uniqKey="Taj Aldeen S" first="Saad J." last="Taj-Aldeen">Saad J. Taj-Aldeen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff52"><addr-line>Mycology Unit, Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takashima, Masako" sort="Takashima, Masako" uniqKey="Takashima M" first="Masako" last="Takashima">Masako Takashima</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff53"><addr-line>Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, John W" sort="Taylor, John W" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="John W." last="Taylor">John W. Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff54"><addr-line>Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Theelen, Bart" sort="Theelen, Bart" uniqKey="Theelen B" first="Bart" last="Theelen">Bart Theelen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tomazin, Rok" sort="Tomazin, Rok" uniqKey="Tomazin R" first="Rok" last="Tomazin">Rok Tomazin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff55"><addr-line>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verweij, Paul E" sort="Verweij, Paul E" uniqKey="Verweij P" first="Paul E." last="Verweij">Paul E. Verweij</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff56"><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wahyuningsih, Retno" sort="Wahyuningsih, Retno" uniqKey="Wahyuningsih R" first="Retno" last="Wahyuningsih">Retno Wahyuningsih</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff57"><addr-line>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff58"><addr-line>Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ping" sort="Wang, Ping" uniqKey="Wang P" first="Ping" last="Wang">Ping Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff59"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff60"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boekhout, Teun" sort="Boekhout, Teun" uniqKey="Boekhout T" first="Teun" last="Boekhout">Teun Boekhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff61"><addr-line>Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62"><addr-line>Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">mSphere</title><idno type="eISSN">2379-5042</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Cryptococcosis is a major fungal disease caused by members of the <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic> and <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> species complexes. 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ref-type="aff" rid="aff61"><sup>iii</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff62"><sup>jjj</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label><addr-line>Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>c</label><addr-line>Science & Education, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>d</label><addr-line>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>e</label><addr-line>Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology/Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>f</label><addr-line>Unité Mixte Internationale Recherches Translationnelles sur l’Infection à VIH et les Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, UFR Pharmacie, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>g</label><addr-line>Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff8"><label>h</label><addr-line>Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff9"><label>i</label><addr-line>Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff10"><label>j</label><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff11"><label>k</label><addr-line>Mycology Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff12"><label>l</label><addr-line>Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff13"><label>m</label><addr-line>Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff14"><label>n</label><addr-line>Department of Medical Mycology, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff15"><label>o</label><addr-line>Medical School, Universidad Miguel Hernández,</addr-line>Alicante, Spain</aff><aff id="aff16"><label>p</label><addr-line>CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff17"><label>q</label><addr-line>Department I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff18"><label>r</label><addr-line>Center for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff19"><label>s</label><addr-line>Phytopathology Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff20"><label>t</label><addr-line>Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff21"><label>u</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff22"><label>v</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Hospital Severo Ochoa,</addr-line>Madrid, Spain</aff><aff id="aff23"><label>w</label><addr-line>University of Miami, NSF NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Center, Miami, Florida, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff24"><label>x</label><addr-line>Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff25"><label>y</label><addr-line>VCU Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff26"><label>z</label><addr-line>Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology/Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff27"><label>aa</label><addr-line>Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff28"><label>bb</label><addr-line>Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir-David, Israel</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff29"><label>cc</label><addr-line>Postgraduate Program in Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Biological Sciences, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff30"><label>dd</label><addr-line>Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff31"><label>ee</label><addr-line>Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff32"><label>ff</label><addr-line>School of BioSciences, BioSciences 2, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff33"><label>gg</label><addr-line>Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Tropical Medicine Institute Pedro Kouri, Havana, Cuba</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff34"><label>hh</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff35"><label>ii</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff36"><label>jj</label><addr-line>Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, Illinois, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff37"><label>kk</label><addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff38"><label>ll</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff39"><label>mm</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff40"><label>nn</label><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff41"><label>oo</label><addr-line>Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff42"><label>pp</label><addr-line>School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff43"><label>qq</label><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine. University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff44"><label>rr</label><addr-line>Institute of Public Health (Section of Hygiene), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff45"><label>ss</label><addr-line>Department of Communitarian Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff46"><label>tt</label><addr-line>Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff47"><label>uu</label><addr-line>IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino-Pulejo, Messina, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff48"><label>vv</label><addr-line>Centro de Investigação e de Tecnologias Agro-ambientais e Biológicas (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta dos Prados, Vila Real, Portugal</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff49"><label>ww</label><addr-line>Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff50"><label>xx</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff51"><label>yy</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff52"><label>zz</label><addr-line>Mycology Unit, Microbiology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff53"><label>aaa</label><addr-line>Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Center, Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff54"><label>bbb</label><addr-line>Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff55"><label>ccc</label><addr-line>Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff56"><label>ddd</label><addr-line>Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff57"><label>eee</label><addr-line>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff58"><label>fff</label><addr-line>Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff59"><label>ggg</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff60"><label>hhh</label><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff61"><label>iii</label><addr-line>Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff62"><label>jjj</label><addr-line>Yeast Research, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></aff></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Lorenz</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><aff>University of Texas Health Science Center</aff></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Address correspondence to Teun Boekhout, <email>t.boekhout@westerdijkinstitute.nl</email>.</corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p><bold>Citation</bold> Hagen F, Lumbsch HT, Arsic Arsenijevic V, Badali H, Bertout S, Billmyre RB, Bragulat MR, Cabañes FJ, Carbia M, Chakrabarti A, Chaturvedi S, Chaturvedi V, Chen M, Chowdhary A, Colom M-F, Cornely OA, Crous PW, Cuétara MS, Diaz MR, Espinel-Ingroff A, Fakhim H, Falk R, Fang W, Herkert PF, Ferrer Rodríguez C, Fraser JA, Gené J, Guarro J, Idnurm A, Illnait-Zaragozi M-T, Khan Z, Khayhan K, Kolecka A, Kurtzman CP, Lagrou K, Liao W, Linares C, Meis JF, Nielsen K, Nyazika TK, Pan W, Pekmezovic M, Polacheck I, Posteraro B, de Queiroz Telles Filho F, Romeo O, Sánchez M, Sampaio A, Sanguinetti M, Sriburee P, Sugita T, Taj-Aldeen SJ, Takashima M, Taylor JW, Theelen B, Tomazin R, Verweij PE, Wahyuningsih R, Wang P, Boekhout T. 2017. Importance of resolving fungal nomenclature: the case of multiple pathogenic species in the <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> genus. mSphere 2:e00238-17. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00238-17">https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00238-17</ext-link>.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><season>Jul-Aug</season><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>4</issue><elocation-id>e00238-17</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 Hagen et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Hagen et al.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license</ext-link>.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="sph004172348001.pdf"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="precis"><p>Cryptococcosis is a major fungal disease caused by members of the <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic> and <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> species complexes. After more than 15 years of molecular genetic and phenotypic studies and much debate, a proposal for a taxonomic revision was made.</p></abstract><abstract><title>ABSTRACT</title><p>Cryptococcosis is a major fungal disease caused by members of the <italic>Cryptococcus gattii</italic> and <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> species complexes. After more than 15 years of molecular genetic and phenotypic studies and much debate, a proposal for a taxonomic revision was made. The two varieties within <italic>C. neoformans</italic> were raised to species level, and the same was done for five genotypes within <italic>C. gattii</italic>. In a recent perspective (K. J. Kwon-Chung et al., mSphere 2:e00357-16, 2017, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00357-16">https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00357-16</ext-link>), it was argued that this taxonomic proposal was premature and without consensus in the community. Although the authors of the perspective recognized the existence of genetic diversity, they preferred the use of the informal nomenclature “<italic>C. neoformans</italic> species complex” and “<italic>C. gattii</italic> species complex.” Here we highlight the advantage of recognizing these seven species, as ignoring these species will impede deciphering further biologically and clinically relevant differences between them, which may in turn delay future clinical advances.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>KEYWORDS</title><kwd><italic>Cryptococcus</italic></kwd><kwd>cryptococcosis</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd><kwd>species delimitation</kwd><kwd>taxonomy</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="1"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="155"></ref-count><page-count count="13"></page-count><word-count count="9999"></word-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>cover-date</meta-name><meta-value>July/August 2017</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s0"><title>PERSPECTIVE</title><p>This perspective concerns the revision of the genus <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> in 2015 to recognize seven new species in what had been considered to be two species complexes of this important human-pathogenic fungus (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>) and the more recent perspective (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>) criticizing the 2015 revision. The following three main issues were raised (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>). (i) The taxonomic proposal is premature. (ii) The new species cannot be identified using phenotypic tests alone. (iii) The new species names are confusing. The “2015 taxonomy paper” (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>) has been highly cited, indicating that it fulfills a role in the scientific discussions on the taxonomy of the species complexes. At the recently held 10th International Conference on Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis (ICCC10) (Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, 26 to 30 March 2017), this matter was once more discussed, and ample evidence was provided that at least seven, and likely even more, species exist.</p><p>Cryptococcosis is an important fungal infection, globally affecting immunocompromised and immunocompetent humans and animals (<xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>). Annually more than 200,000 HIV-positive individuals develop cryptococcal meningitis with approximately 180,000 casualties (<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>). The phenotypic heterogeneity within the <italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic> species complex has been known for many years, beginning with the identification of four serotypes, serotypes A to D (<xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>). The discovery of an atypical clinical cryptococcal isolate led to the designation of a new variety named <italic>C. neoformans</italic> var. <italic>gattii</italic> (serotypes B and C) next to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> var. <italic>neoformans</italic> (serotypes A and D) (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>). The observation of the sexual cycle led to the description of <italic>Filobasidiella neoformans</italic> and <italic>Filobasidiella bacillispora</italic> (<xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">–</xref><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>). A third variety, <italic>C. neoformans</italic> var. <italic>grubii</italic>, was introduced in 1999 for serotype A strains, thus the variety <italic>neoformans</italic> became restricted to serotype D strains (<xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>). In 2002, <italic>C. neoformans</italic> var. <italic>gattii</italic> was raised to species level, and the name<italic> C. gattii</italic> was given nomenclatural priority over the older name <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic> (<xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>). At this stage, two species, <italic>C. gattii</italic> and <italic>C. neoformans</italic>, were recognized with the latter comprising two varieties, <italic>neoformans</italic> and <italic>grubii</italic>. The presence of diploid and aneuploid serotype A and serotype D hybrids (<italic>C. neoformans</italic> × <italic>C. deneoformans</italic>) has been known for a long time (<xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>, <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">–</xref><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>), and they constitute 19 to 36% of the cryptococcal agents in southern Europe (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>). It is noteworthy that from a nomenclatural point of view, the type strain of <italic>C. neoformans</italic> CBS132 is a serotype AD hybrid (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>).</p><p>Morphology is a poor predictor to infer phylogenetic relationships of fungal isolates and particularly so for yeasts (<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">–</xref><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>). Recently, the earlier name used to refer to the yeast morphology of <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> isolates was given priority over the teleomorphic name <italic>Filobasidiella</italic> (<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>, <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>). The genus <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> in its current concept contains the dimorphic yeasts <italic>C. amylolentus</italic>, <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>, <italic>C. decagattii</italic>, <italic>C. deneoformans</italic>, <italic>C. deuterogatttii</italic>, <italic>C. neoformans</italic>, <italic>C. gattii</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragattii</italic> (<xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>, <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>) and the filamentous species <italic>C. depauperatus</italic> and <italic>C. luteus</italic> (<xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>, <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>).</p><p>Molecular data revealed that the <italic>C. neoformans</italic> and <italic>C. gattii</italic> species complexes were unexpectedly genetically diverse (<xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>). On the basis of four genes, it was calculated that <italic>C. neoformans</italic>/<italic>C. deneoformans</italic> separated from the <italic>C. gattii</italic> species complex 37 million years ago, <italic>C. neoformans</italic> and <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> separated 18.5 million years ago, and <italic>C. gattii</italic> and <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic> separated 9.5 million years ago (<xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>). These divergence times might be older, as recent calculations based on genomic data fine-tuned the divergence time of the <italic>C. neoformans</italic>/<italic>C. deneoformans</italic> and the <italic>C. gattii</italic> species complex to 80 to 100 million years ago (<xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>). The genomes of <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> and <italic>C. neoformans</italic> differ at ~10% of nucleotide positions (<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>). This difference is so large that the same phylogenetic groups have been found no matter which particular isolates were used and despite the increasing resolution of molecular typing tools, such as PCR-fingerprinting, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) (<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>, <xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">–</xref><xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>).</p><p>Phenotypic, ecological, and geographical variation also supports creating species-level taxa in the <italic>C. gattii</italic> and <italic>C. neoformans</italic> species complexes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>) (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">–</xref><xref rid="B67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>). For example, a recent study on virulence attributes such as capsule and melanin of members of the <italic>C. gattii</italic> species complex concluded with “These findings argue for increased acceptance of the new species and may be useful for informing diagnosis and prognosis in clinical infection” (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>TABLE 1 </label><caption><p>Characteristics of pathogenic <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> species<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="ngtab1.1"><sup>a</sup></xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col span="1"></col><col span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C. neoformans</italic></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C</italic>. <italic>deneoformans</italic></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C</italic>. <italic>gattii</italic></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C</italic>. <italic>bacillisporus</italic></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C</italic>. <italic>deuterogattii</italic></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C</italic>. <italic>tetragattii</italic></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>C</italic>. <italic>decagattii</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genotype</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFLP1/VNI, AFLP1A/VNB/VNII, and AFLP1B/VNII</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFLP2/VNIV</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFLP4/VGI</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFLP5/VGIII</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFLP6/VGII</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFLP7/VGIV</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">AFLP10</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Geographical distribution<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="ngtab1.2"><sup>b</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Worldwide (↑AFR)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Global (↑EUR)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Worldwide (↑ Asia, AUS, EUR)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Global (↑ California)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Worldwide (↑ AUS, NAM, SAM)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sub-Saharan Africa and India</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Latin America</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ecological preference</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bird droppings, soil, trees (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51–55</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bird droppings, soil, trees (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B51" ref-type="bibr">51–55</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trees (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trees</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trees</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colonization</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ in <italic>Arabidopsis</italic><italic>thaliana</italic> compared to <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ in <italic>Arabidopsis</italic><italic> thaliana</italic> compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Animal infection</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Birds</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Mammals</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mammals</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Mammals</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Susceptibility to antifungal drugs<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="ngtab1.3"><sup>c</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ GM MICs for AMB than <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> and interspecies hybrids (<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>); ↑ GM MICs for 5FC compared to <italic>C. tetragattii</italic> (<xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ GM MICs for 5FC than <italic>C. neoformans</italic> and interspecies hybrids (<xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ GM MICs for FLZ, ITZ, and VCZ than <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">No specific determinants</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ GM MICs for 5FC, FLZ, VCZ, ITZ, PSZ, and ISA than <italic>C. gattii</italic> (<xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44–46</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ GM MICs for 5FC compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical/host immune status</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mainly immunocompromised (↑HIV), but subgenotype VNIγ from immunocompetent subjects (<xref rid="B84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>). ↑ meningitis</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immunocompromised and immunocompetent, ↑ cutaneous and elderly (<xref rid="B153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Apparently healthy subjects, ↑ cryptococcoma</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ HIV-positive subjects</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Apparently healthy subjects, ↑ pulmonary infections</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ HIV-positive subjects</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-positive subjects</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Capsule properties</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. gattii sensu lato</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>); ↑ compared to <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>, <italic>C. deuterogattii</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragattii</italic> (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> and <italic>C. deuterogattii</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>); ↓ compared to <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>, <italic>C. gattii</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragattii</italic> (<xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cell volume</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>, <italic>C. deuterogattii</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragattii</italic>; absence of giant cells (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ compared to <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>, <italic>C. gattii</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragattii</italic>;i ↑ giant cells (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Giant cells (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thermotolerance</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ Growth rate at 37°C (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Growth rate at 37°C (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Growth rate at 37°C (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>); intermediate compared to <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>, <italic>C. deuterogattii</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragattii</italic> (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Growth rate at 37°C (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>); ↓ compared to <italic>C. gattii</italic>, <italic>C. deuterogattii</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragattii</italic> (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ Growth rate at 37°C compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>); ↑ compared to <italic>C. gattii</italic>, <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragattii</italic> (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. gattii</italic>, <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>, and <italic>C. deuterogattii</italic> (<xref rid="B50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Melanin</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ compared to <italic>C. gattii sensu lato</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Virulence in <italic>Drosophila</italic><italic> melanogaster</italic> model</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ compared to <italic>C. gattii</italic>, <italic>C. deuterogattii</italic>, and <italic>C. tetragattii</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ compared to <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic> (<xref rid="B154" ref-type="bibr">154</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">RNAi pathway<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="ngtab1.4"><sup>d</sup></xref></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present (<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present (<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present (<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present (<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lost (<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present (<xref rid="B65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mycophenolic acid</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitive (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitive (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitive (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitive (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitive (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not sensitive (<xref rid="B66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Growth on the following medium:</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CGB</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yellowish</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yellowish</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blue</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blue</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blue</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blue</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blue</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"> CDBT</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pale colonies with no apparent color effect on the medium (<xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Colonies bright red, medium bright orange (<xref rid="B155" ref-type="bibr">155</xref>)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn fn-type="other" id="ngtab1.1"><label>a</label><p>Overview of characteristics of the pathogenic <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> species, using data from Hagen et al. (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>) and updated where indicated with reference numbers. See reference <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, including its supplemental data, for more-detailed phenotypic information. A question mark indicates that the specific item is unknown. ↑, higher or increase in; ↓, lower or decrease in; ND, not determined.</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="ngtab1.2"><label>b</label><p>Abbreviations: AFR, Africa; EUR, Europe; AUS, Australia: NAM, North America; SAM, South America.</p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="ngtab1.3"><label>c</label><p>Abbreviations: GM, geometric mean; AMB, amphotericin B; 5FC, 5-fluorocytosine; FLZ, fluoconazole; ISA, isavuconazole; ITZ, itraconazole; PSZ, posaconazole; VCZ, voriconazole. </p></fn><fn fn-type="other" id="ngtab1.4"><label>d</label><p>RNAi, RNA interference.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Genetic methods revealed that intraspecies crosses between <italic>C. neoformans</italic> and <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> isolates showed a higher spore viability compared to <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> × <italic>C. neoformans</italic> interspecies crosses (<xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>). Twenty-three quantitative trait loci were identified from the analysis of interspecific crosses involved in virulence-associated and azole-resistant phenotype differences between both species (<xref rid="B61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>), and the observed postzygotic isolation mechanisms were explained by Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility affecting basidiospore viability in interspecific crosses (<xref rid="B62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>). Mitotic recombination, causing chromosomal loss and crossing over, seems a further genetic separation mechanism between both species (<xref rid="B63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>). One study indicated that <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (cited as serotype A strains) reproduced mainly clonally, whereas <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> (cited as serotype D strains) showed recombination. Moreover, genomic differences and MLST analysis separated both species (<xref rid="B64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>).</p><p>Cryptococcosis is usually diagnosed by microscopy, histopathology, culture, and serology, including lateral flow assays, and by molecular assays (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>) (<xref rid="B68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">–</xref><xref rid="B92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>), all of which allow straightforward identification of unknown environmental and clinical cryptococcal isolates. Importantly, the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) approach can reliably identify the recognized species of <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> (that may have been cited as genotypes) (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="B93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>, <xref rid="B94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>). Kwon-Chung and coworkers (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>) questioned the usefulness of MALDI-TOF MS for the separation of the new species and the hybrids, suggesting that only score values of ≥2.0 indicate a reliable species identification. However, several studies show that yeast and even filamentous fungal isolates can be reliably identified with a score value of ≥1.7 (<xref rid="B95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">–</xref><xref rid="B97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>), and this is acknowledged in the current Bruker guidelines. The identification of <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> isolates by MALDI-TOF MS yields comparable results or even outperforms the identification methods used for <italic>Candida</italic>, <italic>Geotrichum</italic>, <italic>Malassezia</italic>, and <italic>Trichosporon</italic> isolates.</p><p>Kwon-Chung and coworkers (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>) questioned the phylogenetic methods that were used to delimit the seven species. Yeast biodiversity research has changed from a discipline driven mainly by phenotype to a discipline based largely on molecular variation (<xref rid="B98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>, <xref rid="B99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>). Molecular phylogenetic analyses of many species complexes of fungi have resulted in the recognition of new species based on molecular variation. An early example was the recognition and description of the human-pathogenic genus <italic>Coccidioides</italic> based solely on molecular variation (<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>). New, molecularly defined species are common in yeasts and include the recognition of many “cryptic,” “sibling,” and “sister” species. Examples are <italic>Saccharomyces eubayanus</italic>/<italic>S. uvarum</italic> (<xref rid="B101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>), <italic>Candida albicans</italic>/<italic>C. africana/C. stellatoidea</italic> (<xref rid="B102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">–</xref><xref rid="B106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>), <italic>Candida auris</italic>/<italic>C. haemulonii/C. duobushaemulonii</italic> (<xref rid="B107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">–</xref><xref rid="B112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>), <italic>Candida glabrata</italic>/<italic>C. nivariensis</italic>/<italic>C. bracarensis</italic> (<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>, <xref rid="B113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">–</xref><xref rid="B115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>), <italic>Candida parapsilosis</italic>/<italic>C. orthopsilosis</italic>/<italic>C. metapsilosis</italic> (<xref rid="B103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>, <xref rid="B116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>), <italic>Malassezia furfur</italic> that now comprises 16 species (<xref rid="B117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">–</xref><xref rid="B119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>), <italic>Trichosporon cutaneum</italic> with at least 10 species (<xref rid="B120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>, <xref rid="B121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>), the <italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</italic> complex (<xref rid="B122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">–</xref><xref rid="B124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>), <italic>Coccidioides immitis</italic>/<italic>C. posadasii</italic> (<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>), and <italic>Paracoccidioides brasiliensis/P. lutzii</italic> (<xref rid="B125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>). Although this listing is far from complete, it underlines the impact of molecular taxonomic studies for clinically important yeasts and molds.</p><p>Kwon-Chung and coworkers (<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>) suggested that methods employed in the 2015 taxonomic proposal are not appropriate because they have been developed for sexually reproducing organisms. One of the first applications of molecular recognition of species was with a fungus that has yet to reveal its sexual morphology, <italic>Coccidioides</italic> (<xref rid="B100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>). Furthermore, <italic>Cryptococcus</italic> has a sexual cycle and clearly can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Moreover, the methods used have been applied to identify species-level lineages in asexual taxa (<xref rid="B126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">–</xref><xref rid="B134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>). Methods using branch length differences to identify thresholds between intra- and interspecific distances (such as the coalescence-based general mixed Yule coalescent method) potentially underestimate species diversity in asexual species, since sexual species are separated by larger genetic gaps than asexual species (<xref rid="B135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>). Individual methods for species delimitation based on molecular data have been shown to either oversplit or underestimate species diversity under specific circumstances (<xref rid="B136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>); understanding the performance of each method is still in its infancy given the recent and rapid development of this field of research. Therefore, three independent approaches were used to delimit species boundaries within the <italic>C. neoformans</italic>/<italic>C. gattii</italic> species complexes. In addition, DNA-based approaches were congruent with, for example, MALDI-TOF MS-based data. Sampling of additional loci would certainly be useful, as well as the addition of further genomic data sets. However, studies of other microorganisms repeatedly show that additional loci will either confirm clades found or reveal the presence of new ones. Thus, species delimitation for the seven etiologic agents of cryptococcosis was minimal and conservative (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). Most, if not all, studies that used whole-genome data published before the 2015 taxonomy paper (cited in reference <xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>), and thereafter, e.g., Farrer and coworkers (<xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>) and those presented at ICCC10 (<xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>, <xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">–</xref><xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>) identified the same species clades.</p><p>The insights that resulted in the 2015 taxonomy proposal (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>) were elaborated, presented, and discussed at several related meetings from ICCC4 (London, United Kingdom, 1999) to ICCC10 (Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, 2017). At ICCC6 (Boston, MA, USA, 2005), a debate entitled “<italic>Cryptococcus neoformans</italic>: one, two or more species” was held. Two different opinions were presented, namely, for two species or multiple species (at that time, six species). The community strongly supported the name <italic>C. neoformans</italic> for serotype A strains that are clinically important. The type strain of <italic>C. nasalis</italic> belongs to serotype D (<xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>); hence, it had nomenclatural priority. However, the community leaders present at ICCC6 to ICCC8 were strongly against the use of this name. Therefore, <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> was proposed for this clade at ICCC6, as it shows affinity with the epithet <italic>neoformans</italic> and serotype D (<italic>de-neoformans</italic>). The name <italic>C. gattii</italic> received renewed attention, as it was reported as the cause of a number of major outbreaks (<xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="B140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>, <xref rid="B141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>). The rules of fungal nomenclature do not allow this name to be used for a clade other than the one containing the type strain (and ex-type strain). The clade referred to as AFLP4/VGI represents <italic>C. gattii</italic>, and the AFLP5/VGIII clade is <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>. Three other consistently observed clades in the <italic>C. gattii</italic> species complex were named using “<italic>gattii</italic>” in part of the epithet in order to keep reference to the name “<italic>gattii</italic>.”</p><p>The taxonomy of the species complexes is complicated by various interspecies hybrids (<xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>, <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>, <xref rid="B142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">–</xref><xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>). Hybrids occur among many yeast genera, such as <italic>Saccharomyces</italic>, where well-recognized species form hybrids and even triple hybrids (<xref rid="B147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">–</xref><xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>). For <italic>Saccharomyces</italic> hybrids, a conventional nomenclature has been proposed (<xref rid="B150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>). The species that contribute to the hybrid will be given in alphabetic order, and in cases where the genomic contribution is known, this will be indicated. For instance, the type strain of <italic>S. bayanus</italic> CBS380 is written as <italic>S. cerevisiae</italic> <1% × <italic>S. eubayanus</italic> 37% × <italic>S. uvarum</italic> 63%. This convention is also applicable to the genus <italic>Cryptococcus</italic>. The hybrid type strain of <italic>C. neoformans</italic> can be thus described as <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> × <italic>C. neoformans</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="s1"><title>FOLLOWING THE RULES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE</title><p>The naming of fungi is governed by the <italic>International Code of Nomenclature for Algae</italic>, <italic>Fungi</italic>, <italic>and Plants</italic>, and naming fungi is based on a number of principles (<xref rid="B151" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>). Among them, the priority principle implies that the oldest validly given name should be applied to an organism and that the phylogenetic position of the type that determines the name has to be given to a certain clade at a specific taxonomic level. Thus, when a validly described species name exists for a certain species, that name must be used. This was the case for the species that were reinstalled as <italic>C. gattii</italic>, <italic>C. bacillisporus</italic>, and in fact also for <italic>C. deneoformans</italic> (see above).</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>SUMMARY</title><p>The main advantage of recognizing seven species rather than just two “species complexes” (<italic>viz</italic>., <italic>C. gattii sensu lato</italic> and <italic>C. neoformans sensu lato</italic>) is that researchers and clinicians will be stimulated to search for further phenotypic and genetic differences and similarities between the recognized species. This stimulation of research has already yielded new genetic, molecular, and phenotypic features, including differences in drug susceptibility (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab1">Table 1</xref>). The recognized species can be identified using a diverse array of molecular diagnostics and MALDI-TOF MS, and some of them can already be identified by phenotypic means. Ignoring the species impedes deciphering the differences among them, which may delay future clinical advances. Finally, it is apparent that more species seem to occur within <italic>Cryptococcus</italic>, e.g., the Botswana lineage within <italic>C. neoformans</italic> (<xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>, <xref rid="B137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">–</xref><xref rid="B139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>).</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title><p>V. Arsic Arsenijevic reports research grants and consultation honoraria from Pfizer and received speaker fees from Astellas, Pfizer, and Schering-Plough. O. A. Cornely reports research grants from Actelion, Aramis Pharma, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Basilea, Bayer, Cidara, Duke University (NIH UM1AI104681), F2G, Gilead, GSK, Leeds University, MedPace, Melinta Therapeutics, Merck/MSD, Miltenyi, Pfizer, Rempex, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Scynexis, Seres Therapeutics, and The Medicine Company, is a consultant to Achaogen, Anacor, Amplyx, Actelion, Astellas, Basilea, Cidara, Da Volterra, F2G, Gilead, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Matinas, Menarini Ricerche, Merck/MSD, Paratek Pharmaceuticals, Scynexis, Seres, Summit, Tetraphase, and Vical, and received lecture honoraria from Astellas, Basilea, Gilead, and Merck/MSD outside the submitted work. K. Lagrou has received research grants, travel support, and lecture honoraria from Gilead, MSD, and Pfizer. J. F. Meis received grants from Astellas, Basilea, F2G, and Merck, and he has been a consultant to Astellas, Basilea, and Merck and received speaker’s fees from Merck, Gilead, and United Medical. F. de Queiroz Telles Filho received grants from Gilead, MSD, Pfizer, and TEVA as a speaker, consultant, congress chairman, and for research. P. E. Verweij received research grants from Astellas, F2G, Gilead Sciences, and Merck and received honorarium for lectures from Gilead Sciences, Bio-Rad, and Merck. 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