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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Cephalopod genomics: A plan of strategies and organization</title><author><name sortKey="Albertin, Caroline B" sort="Albertin, Caroline B" uniqKey="Albertin C" first="Caroline B." last="Albertin">Caroline B. Albertin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnaud, Laure" sort="Bonnaud, Laure" uniqKey="Bonnaud L" first="Laure" last="Bonnaud">Laure Bonnaud</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, C Titus" sort="Brown, C Titus" uniqKey="Brown C" first="C. Titus" last="Brown">C. Titus Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Departments of Computer Science and Engineering, and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crookes Goodson, Wendy J" sort="Crookes Goodson, Wendy J" uniqKey="Crookes Goodson W" first="Wendy J." last="Crookes-Goodson">Wendy J. Crookes-Goodson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Fonseca, Rute R" sort="Da Fonseca, Rute R" uniqKey="Da Fonseca R" first="Rute R." last="Da Fonseca">Rute R. Da Fonseca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Cristo, Carlo" sort="Di Cristo, Carlo" uniqKey="Di Cristo C" first="Carlo" last="Di Cristo">Carlo Di Cristo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dilkes, Brian P" sort="Dilkes, Brian P" uniqKey="Dilkes B" first="Brian P." last="Dilkes">Brian P. Dilkes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edsinger Gonzales, Eric" sort="Edsinger Gonzales, Eric" uniqKey="Edsinger Gonzales E" first="Eric" last="Edsinger-Gonzales">Eric Edsinger-Gonzales</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, Robert M" sort="Freeman, Robert M" uniqKey="Freeman R" first="Robert M." last="Freeman">Robert M. Freeman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanlon, Roger T" sort="Hanlon, Roger T" uniqKey="Hanlon R" first="Roger T." last="Hanlon">Roger T. Hanlon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koenig, Kristen M" sort="Koenig, Kristen M" uniqKey="Koenig K" first="Kristen M." last="Koenig">Kristen M. Koenig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindgren, Annie R" sort="Lindgren, Annie R" uniqKey="Lindgren A" first="Annie R." last="Lindgren">Annie R. Lindgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martindale, Mark Q" sort="Martindale, Mark Q" uniqKey="Martindale M" first="Mark Q." last="Martindale">Mark Q. Martindale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minx, Patrick" sort="Minx, Patrick" uniqKey="Minx P" first="Patrick" last="Minx">Patrick Minx</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moroz, Leonid L" sort="Moroz, Leonid L" uniqKey="Moroz L" first="Leonid L." last="Moroz">Leonid L. Moroz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nodl, Marie Therese" sort="Nodl, Marie Therese" uniqKey="Nodl M" first="Marie-Therese" last="Nödl">Marie-Therese Nödl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyholm, Spencer V" sort="Nyholm, Spencer V" uniqKey="Nyholm S" first="Spencer V." last="Nyholm">Spencer V. Nyholm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogura, Atsushi" sort="Ogura, Atsushi" uniqKey="Ogura A" first="Atsushi" last="Ogura">Atsushi Ogura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pungor, Judit R" sort="Pungor, Judit R" uniqKey="Pungor J" first="Judit R." last="Pungor">Judit R. Pungor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenthal, Joshua J C" sort="Rosenthal, Joshua J C" uniqKey="Rosenthal J" first="Joshua J. C." last="Rosenthal">Joshua J. C. Rosenthal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, Erich M" sort="Schwarz, Erich M" uniqKey="Schwarz E" first="Erich M." last="Schwarz">Erich M. Schwarz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shigeno, Shuichi" sort="Shigeno, Shuichi" uniqKey="Shigeno S" first="Shuichi" last="Shigeno">Shuichi Shigeno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strugnell, Jan M" sort="Strugnell, Jan M" uniqKey="Strugnell J" first="Jan M." last="Strugnell">Jan M. Strugnell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wollesen, Tim" sort="Wollesen, Tim" uniqKey="Wollesen T" first="Tim" last="Wollesen">Tim Wollesen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Guojie" sort="Zhang, Guojie" uniqKey="Zhang G" first="Guojie" last="Zhang">Guojie Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ragsdale, Clifton W" sort="Ragsdale, Clifton W" uniqKey="Ragsdale C" first="Clifton W." last="Ragsdale">Clifton W. Ragsdale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26">Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23451296</idno><idno type="pmc">3570802</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3570802</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3570802</idno><idno type="doi">10.4056/sigs.3136559</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001276</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001276</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Cephalopod genomics: A plan of strategies and organization</title><author><name sortKey="Albertin, Caroline B" sort="Albertin, Caroline B" uniqKey="Albertin C" first="Caroline B." last="Albertin">Caroline B. Albertin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnaud, Laure" sort="Bonnaud, Laure" uniqKey="Bonnaud L" first="Laure" last="Bonnaud">Laure Bonnaud</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, C Titus" sort="Brown, C Titus" uniqKey="Brown C" first="C. Titus" last="Brown">C. Titus Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Departments of Computer Science and Engineering, and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crookes Goodson, Wendy J" sort="Crookes Goodson, Wendy J" uniqKey="Crookes Goodson W" first="Wendy J." last="Crookes-Goodson">Wendy J. Crookes-Goodson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Fonseca, Rute R" sort="Da Fonseca, Rute R" uniqKey="Da Fonseca R" first="Rute R." last="Da Fonseca">Rute R. Da Fonseca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Cristo, Carlo" sort="Di Cristo, Carlo" uniqKey="Di Cristo C" first="Carlo" last="Di Cristo">Carlo Di Cristo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dilkes, Brian P" sort="Dilkes, Brian P" uniqKey="Dilkes B" first="Brian P." last="Dilkes">Brian P. Dilkes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edsinger Gonzales, Eric" sort="Edsinger Gonzales, Eric" uniqKey="Edsinger Gonzales E" first="Eric" last="Edsinger-Gonzales">Eric Edsinger-Gonzales</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, Robert M" sort="Freeman, Robert M" uniqKey="Freeman R" first="Robert M." last="Freeman">Robert M. Freeman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hanlon, Roger T" sort="Hanlon, Roger T" uniqKey="Hanlon R" first="Roger T." last="Hanlon">Roger T. Hanlon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koenig, Kristen M" sort="Koenig, Kristen M" uniqKey="Koenig K" first="Kristen M." last="Koenig">Kristen M. Koenig</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lindgren, Annie R" sort="Lindgren, Annie R" uniqKey="Lindgren A" first="Annie R." last="Lindgren">Annie R. Lindgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martindale, Mark Q" sort="Martindale, Mark Q" uniqKey="Martindale M" first="Mark Q." last="Martindale">Mark Q. Martindale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minx, Patrick" sort="Minx, Patrick" uniqKey="Minx P" first="Patrick" last="Minx">Patrick Minx</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moroz, Leonid L" sort="Moroz, Leonid L" uniqKey="Moroz L" first="Leonid L." last="Moroz">Leonid L. Moroz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nodl, Marie Therese" sort="Nodl, Marie Therese" uniqKey="Nodl M" first="Marie-Therese" last="Nödl">Marie-Therese Nödl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyholm, Spencer V" sort="Nyholm, Spencer V" uniqKey="Nyholm S" first="Spencer V." last="Nyholm">Spencer V. Nyholm</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ogura, Atsushi" sort="Ogura, Atsushi" uniqKey="Ogura A" first="Atsushi" last="Ogura">Atsushi Ogura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pungor, Judit R" sort="Pungor, Judit R" uniqKey="Pungor J" first="Judit R." last="Pungor">Judit R. Pungor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenthal, Joshua J C" sort="Rosenthal, Joshua J C" uniqKey="Rosenthal J" first="Joshua J. C." last="Rosenthal">Joshua J. C. Rosenthal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, Erich M" sort="Schwarz, Erich M" uniqKey="Schwarz E" first="Erich M." last="Schwarz">Erich M. Schwarz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shigeno, Shuichi" sort="Shigeno, Shuichi" uniqKey="Shigeno S" first="Shuichi" last="Shigeno">Shuichi Shigeno</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strugnell, Jan M" sort="Strugnell, Jan M" uniqKey="Strugnell J" first="Jan M." last="Strugnell">Jan M. Strugnell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Department of Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wollesen, Tim" sort="Wollesen, Tim" uniqKey="Wollesen T" first="Tim" last="Wollesen">Tim Wollesen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Guojie" sort="Zhang, Guojie" uniqKey="Zhang G" first="Guojie" last="Zhang">Guojie Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25">BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ragsdale, Clifton W" sort="Ragsdale, Clifton W" uniqKey="Ragsdale C" first="Clifton W." last="Ragsdale">Clifton W. Ragsdale</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26">Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Standards in Genomic Sciences</title><idno type="eISSN">1944-3277</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The Cephalopod Sequencing Consortium (CephSeq Consortium) was established at a NESCent Catalysis Group Meeting, “Paths to Cephalopod Genomics- Strategies, Choices, Organization,” held in Durham, North Carolina, USA on May 24-27, 2012. Twenty-eight participants representing nine countries (Austria, Australia, China, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, Spain and the USA) met to address the pressing need for genome sequencing of cephalopod mollusks. This group, drawn from cephalopod biologists, neuroscientists, developmental and evolutionary biologists, materials scientists, bioinformaticians and researchers active in sequencing, assembling and annotating genomes, agreed on a set of cephalopod species of particular importance for initial sequencing and developed strategies and an organization (CephSeq Consortium) to promote this sequencing. The conclusions and recommendations of this meeting are described in this white paper.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kroger, B" uniqKey="Kroger B">B Kröger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vinther, J" uniqKey="Vinther J">J Vinther</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fuchs, D" uniqKey="Fuchs D">D Fuchs</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Lisa, E" uniqKey="De Lisa E">E De Lisa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paolucci, M" uniqKey="Paolucci M">M Paolucci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Cosmo, A" uniqKey="Di Cosmo A">A Di Cosmo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mu Oz Chapuli, R" uniqKey="Mu Oz Chapuli R">R Muñoz-Chápuli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Packard, A" 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sortKey="Smith, Pj" uniqKey="Smith P">PJ Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allcock, Al" uniqKey="Allcock A">AL Allcock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="discussion"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Stand Genomic Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Stand Genomic Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SIGS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Standards in Genomic Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1944-3277</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Michigan State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23451296</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3570802</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">sigs.3136559</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4056/sigs.3136559</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>White Papers</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cephalopod genomics: A plan of strategies and organization</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Albertin</surname><given-names>Caroline B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bonnaud</surname><given-names>Laure</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>C. Titus</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crookes-Goodson</surname><given-names>Wendy J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>da Fonseca</surname><given-names>Rute R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Cristo</surname><given-names>Carlo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dilkes</surname><given-names>Brian P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Edsinger-Gonzales</surname><given-names>Eric</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Freeman</surname><given-names>Robert M.</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hanlon</surname><given-names>Roger T.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koenig</surname><given-names>Kristen M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lindgren</surname><given-names>Annie R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martindale</surname><given-names>Mark Q.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Minx</surname><given-names>Patrick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moroz</surname><given-names>Leonid L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nödl</surname><given-names>Marie-Therese</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nyholm</surname><given-names>Spencer V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ogura</surname><given-names>Atsushi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pungor</surname><given-names>Judit R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosenthal</surname><given-names>Joshua J. C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>20</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schwarz</surname><given-names>Erich M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>21</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shigeno</surname><given-names>Shuichi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Strugnell</surname><given-names>Jan M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wollesen</surname><given-names>Tim</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>24</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Guojie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>25</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ragsdale</surname><given-names>Clifton W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26"><sup>26</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Departments of Computer Science and Engineering, and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy</aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA</aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label>Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA</aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label>Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA</aff><aff id="aff10"><label>10</label>Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA</aff><aff id="aff11"><label>11</label>Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA</aff><aff id="aff12"><label>12</label>Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA</aff><aff id="aff13"><label>13</label>Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA</aff><aff id="aff14"><label>14</label>The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA</aff><aff id="aff15"><label>15</label>Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, USA</aff><aff id="aff16"><label>16</label>Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria</aff><aff id="aff17"><label>17</label>Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA</aff><aff id="aff18"><label>18</label>Institute for Genome Research, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan</aff><aff id="aff19"><label>19</label>Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA</aff><aff id="aff20"><label>20</label>Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA</aff><aff id="aff21"><label>21</label>Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA</aff><aff id="aff22"><label>22</label>Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan</aff><aff id="aff23"><label>23</label>Department of Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia</aff><aff id="aff24"><label>24</label>Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria</aff><aff id="aff25"><label>25</label>BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China</aff><aff id="aff26"><label>26</label>Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author: Clifton W. Ragsdale (<email xlink:href="cragsdale@uchicago.edu">cragsdale@uchicago.edu</email>)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>188</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © retained by original authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Alberting, CB et al.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>The Cephalopod Sequencing Consortium (CephSeq Consortium) was established at a NESCent Catalysis Group Meeting, “Paths to Cephalopod Genomics- Strategies, Choices, Organization,” held in Durham, North Carolina, USA on May 24-27, 2012. Twenty-eight participants representing nine countries (Austria, Australia, China, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, Spain and the USA) met to address the pressing need for genome sequencing of cephalopod mollusks. This group, drawn from cephalopod biologists, neuroscientists, developmental and evolutionary biologists, materials scientists, bioinformaticians and researchers active in sequencing, assembling and annotating genomes, agreed on a set of cephalopod species of particular importance for initial sequencing and developed strategies and an organization (CephSeq Consortium) to promote this sequencing. The conclusions and recommendations of this meeting are described in this white paper.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source id="sp1">National Science Foundation through the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center</funding-source><award-id rid="sp1">EF-0905606</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Cephalopods</title><p>Cephalopods (octopus, squid, cuttlefish, <italic>Nautilus</italic>) have captured the imagination of scientists and the general public since Aristotle. These predatory creatures are an ancient group, known from at least the Late Cambrian and today comprising more than 700 species [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r2">2</xref>]. Cephalopods range in size from the pygmy squids (thumbnail-sized adults) to the colossal and giant squids (18 meters in total length), which are the largest known invertebrates. Cephalopods are believed to be among the most “advanced” invertebrates, having evolved large, highly differentiated brains, a sophisticated set of sensory organs that includes vertebrate-like eyes, and fast jet-propelled locomotion [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r3">3</xref>]. The neuroendocrine and heart-blood vascular systems of cephalopods have long been recognized for their complexity and similarity to those found in vertebrates [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r6">6</xref>]. A particularly striking trait of cephalopods is that they are masters of rapid adaptive coloration, having the ability to change quickly the texture, pattern, color and brightness of their skin. Dynamic camouflage helps the animals evade detection by predators and approach prey with stealth; the same systems produce signals for communication with conspecifics [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r3">3</xref>]. The remarkable morphological and physiological innovations of cephalopods provide the scientific community with a tremendous opportunity for insight into mechanisms of evolutionary convergence and innovation in structure and function.</p><p>Cephalopods have diversified to inhabit all oceans of the world, from benthic to pelagic zones, from intertidal areas to the deep sea, and from the polar regions to the tropics. They share the “behavioral space” in their many marine habitats with teleost fishes and marine mammals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r7">7</xref>], placing them in some of the most competitive ecohabitats on Earth. Cephalopods are ecologically important for the central position they play in trophic predator-prey relationships; they are a primary food source for marine mammals and for many harvested fish species. Their importance in the food web is often underestimated, but they constitute a crucial element in coastal ecosystem equilibrium. Moreover, cephalopods themselves are the target of large commercial fisheries worldwide, with an annual harvest of two million metric tons of squid alone [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r8">8</xref>].</p><p>Cephalopod biological research has a long history involving a wide range of experimental paradigms, the best known of which is the work on squid giant axon physiology that led to Nobel Prize awards for Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley. Also prominent are the extensive investigations by J.Z. Young, Brian Boycott, Martin Wells and colleagues into cephalopod brain and behavior, with a particular focus on the sophisticated learning and memory systems of the octopus [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>]. Cephalopod biology has recently become relevant to the field of biomimetic research, particularly for robotics and materials science [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r11">11</xref>]. There are likely to be many new areas of cephalopod-based research. For example, cephalopods immobilize prey organisms with toxins, some of which are very poisonous to humans [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r1">1</xref>]. Study of such toxins may serve to identify new biomedically valuable reagents [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r12">12</xref>].</p><p>Cephalopods are mollusks, which show a greater variety of forms than do any other extant animal phylum. Even within the Mollusca, cephalopods display a remarkable level of modification in body plan organization. Particularly notable among the soft-bodied (coleoid) cephalopods are the reduction or loss of the shell, the adaptation of the mantle for locomotion and respiration, and the modification of the ventral molluscan foot into arms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r2">2</xref>]. These innovations are undoubtedly tightly linked to the selective pressures from the loss of the shell and the development of a “high-performance” nervous system. The cephalopod lineage, and its origins from a monoplacophoran-like molluscan ancestor [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r13">13</xref>], thus represents a deeply attractive model for understanding the acquisition of novelty through evolutionary time.</p><p>All of these areas of cephalopod biology, from neuronal function at the cellular and systems levels to cephalopod population dynamics to the evolution of gene regulatory elements mediating body plan variation, would benefit greatly from the molecular insight that high-quality cephalopod genomics would provide. Indeed, it is astonishing that, in 2012, with the explosion of genome resources for so many life forms, there is not yet available a single assembled cephalopod genome. The goal of the NESCent meeting and this white paper is to provide organizational mechanisms for cephalopod biology to move from the pre-genomic to the post-genomic age.</p></sec><sec><title>Genomics</title><p>Genomic and transcriptomic sequencing will greatly aid the biological study of cephalopods. A sequenced genome produces a comprehensive list of genes, and contains the regulatory blueprint dictating their expression [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r14">14</xref>]. Sequenced transcriptomes reveal the expression levels of gene sets for different cells, tissues and organs at different developmental stages and under different physiological states [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r16">16</xref>]. Resequencing individuals of a genome-enabled species offers unprecedented datasets that can be applied to long-standing questions in population genetics, disease, and the characterization of species of commercial importance where there may be little <italic>a priori</italic> genetic knowledge [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r18">18</xref>]. Comparative genomics has revolutionized and stabilized our understanding of the evolutionary relationships among organisms throughout the Tree of Life, both living and recently extinct [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r20">20</xref>]. Sequence data have also advanced novel areas of research, such as nanotechnology, biomaterials and synthetic biology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r23">23</xref>].</p><p>The most obvious benefit of cephalopod genomics will be to individual laboratories already studying cephalopod biology. With a full inventory and complete sequences for known genes of interest, laboratories can study gene function much more rapidly and thoroughly. In addition, with a near-complete inventory of protein-coding and non-coding RNA genes, these researchers can assess a much larger set of candidate genes for function in their biological processes of interest.</p><p>The greater benefits may come, however, to biological researchers outside the existing cephalopod field. Until very recently, genome-scale analyses of biological processes have favored the sequencing of two out of the three major divisions of bilateral animals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r24">24</xref>]: deuterostomes (primarily vertebrates, with an expanding study of other chordates and selected non-chordates such as sea urchins and hemichordates) and ecdysozoans (from which the model organisms <italic>Drosophila melanogaster</italic> and <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> both come). In contrast, there has been far less genomic analysis of lophotrochozoans, with genomes published for only a handful of organisms, including three trematode parasitic worms and one oyster [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r29">29</xref>]. The genes and gene networks regulating the independent evolution of the host of highly derived features displayed in cephalopods are unknown, making comparative analyses of these phenomena at the level of gene function and regulation impossible. Sequencing of cephalopods would do more than expand our knowledge of genome organization within lophotrochozoans. With genomic data, researchers currently studying molecular evolution of complex metazoans would be able to investigate cephalopods as a new, independent instance of such evolution.</p><p>The genomes of cephalopods are known to be larger and more repeat-rich than many previously sequenced metazoan genomes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r30">30</xref>]. With newly developed methods for sequencing and assembly [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r32">32</xref>], these genomes are now more tractable than they would have been even a few years ago. Indeed, the likely challenges of cephalopod genomics will prove an important test of these emerging technologies.</p><p>Genomic data will allow analyses of cephalopod molecular biology that have, until now, not been considered by the cephalopod community. Detailed studies of the genomes of mammals, flies, and nematodes have revealed unanticipated mechanisms of gene regulation: microRNAs-first characterized through nematode genetics and then shown to be ubiquitous [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r33">33</xref>]; epigenetic modification of the genome-first documented through the genetics of <italic>Drosophila</italic> position-effect variegation and then mechanistically clarified by studies in many species, including mammals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r35">35</xref>]; and long non-coding RNAs-initially identified in mammals (<italic>Xist</italic>, <italic>H19)</italic> and flies (BX-C) and subsequently found to be pervasive [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r37">37</xref>]. The extent to which gene and protein expression in mollusks is regulated by the mechanisms identified in mouse, fruit fly, and nematode is unknown, but one striking example is provided by RNA editing. This regulatory process for protein diversification was initially described in mammals, but now appears to be much more widely employed in cephalopods than in vertebrates [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r39">39</xref>]. It is possible that deeper genomic studies of mollusks, and in particular cephalopods, will reveal additional, as yet undiscovered mechanisms of animal gene regulation.</p><p>Another promising arena of research that may benefit from cephalopod genomics is the global analysis of protein-coding gene families [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r40">40</xref>], which has to date been strongly biased towards deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. Proteins in these two groups feature extremely well characterized domains as well as domains that remain completely obscure and are typically described as "Domain of Unknown Function" [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r41">41</xref>]. Cephalopod genomics can be expected to enrich our knowledge of such protein domain modules. Moreover, study of cephalopods will also almost undoubtedly expand the pool of protein domains, as it has already done in the identification of the reflectin protein family [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r11">11</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Choices of cephalopod species for genomic sequencing</title><p>Within the Mollusca, cephalopods diverged from a monoplacophoran-like ancestor over 500 million years ago, later branching into the extant clades Nautiloidea (<italic>Nautilus</italic> and <italic>Allonautilus</italic>) and Coleoidea (squid, cuttlefish and octopus) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r42">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r44">44</xref>]. The CephSeq Consortium has come together with the intention of using strategic genomic and transcriptomic sequencing of key cephalopod species to address previously unanswerable questions about this group. Taking into account the challenges of cephalopod genome sequencing, as well as the necessity to address nodal taxa, we have identified a set of species on which to focus our initial efforts. Selected species have been chosen based on the curiosity of their biological features as well as the possible advantages of their practical use. These species also cover ecologically diverse life histories, representing benthic, nectobenthic and nectonic animals.</p><p>Cephalopods are animals with advanced cognitive skills and a complex repertoire of behavioral abilities [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r45">45</xref>]. Their brains are comparable both in size and complexity with those of vertebrates, and have been the focus of a number of studies on the neurobiology of behavior [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r46">46</xref>]. In particular, they have served as models for the cellular and systems circuitry of learning and memory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>]. Historically, <italic>Octopus vulgaris</italic> has been a key species for this work through studies of anatomy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r9">9</xref>], behavior following lesions and brain stimulation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r47">47</xref>] and cellular neurophysiology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r48">48</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r49">49</xref>]. <italic>O</italic>. <italic>vulgaris</italic> has also served as an attractive model for neuroendocrine studies in invertebrates [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r50">50</xref>].</p><p>Recently, <italic>Octopus bimaculoides</italic> (California Two-spot Octopus) has emerged as a model system for cephalopod biology. The large size of <italic>O. bimaculoides</italic> eggs grants unique access to early embryonic stages, making this species a prime candidate for future genetic and developmental studies. The hardiness, ready availability in the United States and easy husbandry of adult <italic>O</italic>. <italic>bimaculoides</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r51">51</xref>] add to the appeal of this model species.</p><p>The deadly venom of blue-ringed octopus <italic>Hapalochlaena maculosa</italic> makes this species of interest for study of the evolution and regulation of toxicity within octopods [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r1">1</xref>].</p><p>Comparative studies of these octopus species would illuminate the bases of both their shared characteristics as well as those of their divergent features. Additionally, these species have essentially non-overlapping geographic distributions, providing animal accessibility to cephalopod researchers globally.</p><p>Within the decapodiforms, <italic>Sepia</italic> and <italic>Loligo</italic> are the most studied genera. Historically, <italic>Sepia officinalis</italic> has been a key cephalopod for neurobiological research, and is a critical species in global fisheries. <italic>S. officinalis</italic> possesses a complex chromatophore network for countershading, camouflage and communication [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r52">52</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r53">53</xref>]. Its internal calcified shell supplies buoyancy and the effect of global climate changes on this structure has become a focus of recent study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r54">54</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r55">55</xref>]. <italic>S. officinalis</italic> is emerging as a particularly versatile model organism in eco-evo-devo studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r56">56</xref>]. As a practical matter, <italic>S. officinalis</italic> eggs are voluminous, and easily collected, maintained and reared in the laboratory [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r57">57</xref>]. The morphological events in <italic>S. officinalis</italic> embryogenesis are well described in the literature [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r58">58</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r61">61</xref>].</p><p><italic>Loligo</italic>, and particularly its giant fiber system, has served as the fundamental basis for our understanding of nerve impulse conduction. The giant synapse system has recently been employed as a biomedical model of neurological disease [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r62">62</xref>]. <italic>Loligo</italic> is one of the most important groups for cephalopod fisheries in the North Atlantic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r8">8</xref>]. <italic>Loligo pealeii</italic> is the premier experimental species of the loliginids, with not only an extensive publication base [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r63">63</xref>], but also annual availability at the Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, MA).</p><p><italic>Euprymna scolopes</italic> is a unique cephalopod model organism because of its well-described symbiotic relationship with the luminescent bacterium <italic><named-content content-type="species" xlink:actuate="onRequest" xlink:href="doi:10.1601/nm.2966" xlink:role="doi:10.1601/guide" xlink:show="new" xlink:title="Vibrio fischeri"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/nm.2966">Vibrio fischeri</ext-link></named-content></italic>. This important biomedical model has been employed to study the mechanisms of host colonization and symbiont specificity, host/microbe cell-cell signaling, and innate immunity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r64">64</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r67">67</xref>]. <italic>Euprymna scolopes</italic>’ short life cycle and small egg size also make it an attractive choice for developmental studies in culture [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r68">68</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r69">69</xref>]. In 2005, the <italic><named-content content-type="species" xlink:actuate="onRequest" xlink:href="doi:10.1601/nm.2966" xlink:role="doi:10.1601/guide" xlink:show="new" xlink:title="Vibrio fischeri"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1601/nm.2966">V. fischeri</ext-link></named-content></italic> genome was sequenced [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r70">70</xref>]; having access to the host genome would allow this field to advance rapidly.</p><p>Pygmy squids (<italic>Idiosepius</italic>) have one of the smallest genomes among cephalopods (2.1 Gb), making them strong candidates for assembly and annotation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r30">30</xref>]. Their small body size and exceptionally short life cycle also distinguish these cephalopods as possible model organisms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r71">71</xref>].</p><p>The giant squid <italic>Architeuthis dux</italic> serves to represent deep-sea cephalopods. Little is known about the species of <italic>Architeuthis</italic>. <italic>Architeuthis</italic> is globally distributed and a recent analysis of the complete mitogenomes of multiple giant squid worldwide showed no detectable phylogenetic structure on the mitochondrial level and an exceptionally low level of nucleotide diversity, suggesting that there is only one global species of giant squid [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r72">72</xref>]. A nuclear reference genome for <italic>Architeuthis</italic> would clarify the population genetics of this species and provide critical information for comparative studies across cephalopods.</p><p><italic>Nautilus</italic>, the cephalopod “living fossil”, is a representative of a phylogenetically unique branch of the cephalopods, the nautiloids. <italic>Nautilus</italic> possesses many presumably ancestral anatomical features not shared with other cephalopods, including pinhole eyes, rhinophores for odor detection, an external shell, and numerous tentacles, all without suckers [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r73">73</xref>]. Comparative genomic studies employing <italic>Nautilus</italic> would highlight the genetic bases of these divergent features.</p></sec><sec><title>Sequencing strategy</title><p>Cephalopod genomes are large, complex and full of repeats. Sequencing and assembly may be technically very challenging. Below we recommend what, with the current state of hardware and software, would be excellent approaches to tackling cephalopod genomes. Researchers in the CephSeq Consortium will undoubtedly choose varying combinations of approaches for their specific projects. In any event, with rapid changes in the underlying technologies for sequencing, assembly and annotation, this series of technical recommendations will need to be revisited on a regular basis, and should be viewed as the snapshot it is of a particular moment (May 2012) in a rapidly advancing field.</p><p>Our recommendation for the initial approach to genome sequencing of cephalopods is to use a proven low-cost short-read sequencing approach (Illumina HiSeq with long-insert mate pairs). The current best practices for initial assembly of complex (≥1 Gb) eukaryotic genomes involve a mixture of high read coverage derived from short insert libraries (300-2000 bp) and high clone-coverage of longer insert (5-10 kb) and fosmid jump libraries (or mate-pair libraries). In this approach, approximately 45× coverage from the smaller insert libraries and 45× coverage from a 5-kb insert library would be produced for each taxon. In addition, 5× read coverage would be generated for 10-kb insert size libraries. For increasing genomic contiguity and long-range scaffolding, 40-kb fosmid jump libraries at 1× genomic coverage should be added for the ten pioneer cephalopod genomes (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). These methods have been tested and were successful in the sequencing of the 2.4 Gb giant panda [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r74">74</xref>] and the <italic>de novo</italic> assembly of the 3.2 Gb human genome with ALLPATHS-LG [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r75">75</xref>]. Additional approaches, such as sequence-based genetic mapping to bridge the gap between scaffolds and chromosomes and emerging long-read single molecule technologies (PacBio RS), could also be employed.</p><table-wrap id="t1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Cephalopod species proposed for initial sequencing efforts.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col width="11.47%" span="1"></col><col width="15.37%" span="1"></col><col width="16.55%" span="1"></col><col width="16.55%" span="1"></col><col width="14.19%" span="1"></col><col width="25.87%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th align="left" scope="col" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th><th align="center" scope="col" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Estimated genome size</th><th align="center" scope="col" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Current sequencing coverage</th><th align="left" scope="col" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Geographic distribution</th><th align="left" scope="col" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lifestyle juvenile/adult</th><th align="left" scope="col" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Research importance</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. vulgaris</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.5-5 Gb</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 46×</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> world-wide</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> planktonic/ benthic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> classic model for brain and behavior, fisheries science</td></tr><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>O. bimaculoides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3.2 Gb</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50×</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> California, Mexico</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> benthic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> emerging model for development and behavior, fisheries science</td></tr><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>H. maculosa</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4.5 Gb</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10×</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Indo-Pacific</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> benthic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> toxicity</td></tr><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>S. officinalis</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4.5 Gb</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> East Atlantic- Mediterranean</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> nectobenthic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> classic model for behavior and development, fisheries science</td></tr><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>L. pealeii</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.7 Gb</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Northwest Atlantic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> nectonic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> cellular neurobiology, fisheries science</td></tr><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>E. scolopes</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3.7 Gb</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hawaii</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> nectobenthic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> animal-bacterial symbiosis, model for development</td></tr><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I. paradoxus</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.1 Gb</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 80×</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Japan</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> nectobenthic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> model for development, small genome size</td></tr><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I. notoides</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> -</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50×</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Australia</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> nectobenthic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> model for development, small genome size</td></tr><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>A. dux</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4.5 Gb</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60×</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> world-wide</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> nectonic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> largest body size</td></tr><tr><td align="left" scope="row" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N. pompilius</italic></td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2.8-4.2 Gb</td><td align="center" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10×</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Indo-Pacific</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> nectonic</td><td align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> “living fossil”, outgroup to coleoid cephalopods</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>Initial efforts in cephalopod genomics, as well as more mature efforts in other molluscan genomes (<italic>Aplysia, Biomphalaria, Lottia</italic>), have identified many challenges in generating useful genomic assemblies. Many specific taxa were discussed at the NESCent meeting, and several collaborative projects have been initiated. For example, two species of <italic>Octopus</italic> will soon have genomic sequence generated, and two groups plan to sequence the smallest known cephalopod genomes, those of the genus <italic>Idiosepius</italic> (2.1 Gb). There was broad support at the meeting for sequencing <italic>Sepia</italic>, <italic>Loligo</italic>, and <italic>Euprymna</italic>, based on biological significance, research community size and phylogenetic position. Limited genome sequence data from <italic>Sepia officinalis</italic>, <italic>Euprymna scolopes</italic>, <italic>Hapalochlaena maculosa</italic>, <italic>Architeuthis dux</italic> and <italic>Nautilus pompilius</italic> are or will soon be available. Integration of these sequence data will assist with annotation and gene detection by sampling broadly across the phylogeny of cephalopods, with <italic>Nautilus</italic> providing an important outgroup for the coleoid cephalopods. Interpretation of cephalopod-specific genetic novelty and the innovations involved in nervous system specialization would be further assisted by the sequencing of an outgroup such as one from the Monoplacophora. While contiguous and annotated genomes are our ultimate goal, the strong sense of the community is that intermediate assemblies and transcriptome sequencing would be immensely helpful, and ideally would be exchanged prior to publication.</p><p>It must be emphasized that all the projects described above are in their infancy and are expected to benefit from the formation of the CephSeq Consortium. Indeed, representatives from each of these cephalopod sequencing efforts participated in the NESCent meeting and agreed to the formation of the Consortium.</p><p>Annotation of novel genomes is a complex problem [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r76">76</xref>]. Efforts at automated annotation of molluscan genomic sequences have demonstrated the challenge facing the future annotation of cephalopod genomes. Long branch lengths within the phylum, the taxonomic distances to well annotated animal genomes, and the relatively low quantity of previous molecular and genetic work in the Mollusca will demand the generation of additional resources to assist and train automated gene detection programs. Of primary importance will be the generation of transcript inventories to identify genes, refine gene models, detect start points and intron-exon boundaries, and train automated gene identification algorithms. Transcriptome data such as those from RNAseq are quick and relatively inexpensive to generate, and will be immensely useful. Systematic sequencing of nervous system tissues and embryonic stages can be combined with relatively early-stage assemblies to generate gene models and exon structures. In addition, pairs of <italic>Octopus</italic> species (<italic>O. vulgaris</italic> and <italic>O. bimaculoides</italic>) and <italic>Idiosepius</italic> species (<italic>I. notoides</italic> and <italic>I. paradoxus</italic>), through comparative sequence analysis, may be critical for annotation.</p><p>Annotation efforts are labor-intensive but also offer an opportunity to grow the cephalopod research community and attract outside expertise. For example, domain experts of particular gene families or pathways can be recruited to assist in the description of likely protein function. Bioinformatics researchers interested in the problems of annotation across long phylogenetic distances, the assessment of unique gene families and the evolution of biochemical novelty, and the likely challenges of extensively RNA-edited transcriptomes, will also be enlisted. Finally, annotation provides an outreach opportunity to involve young scientists and K-12 classrooms in cutting-edge scientific discovery on these fascinating organisms.</p></sec><sec><title>Data sharing plan</title><p>An important goal of the CephSeq Consortium is to share data rapidly and effectively both within and beyond the Consortium. Data sharing is necessary to foster the broadest possible impact of our sequencing and annotation efforts. This sharing will prove critically important for the cephalopod community. We expect sequence homology within the taxon to be an important foundation for collaboration within the field because cephalopods have evolved many new and unique character features. Sharing data prior to publication could significantly accelerate cephalopod research. However, data sharing policies must also recognize that there is significant publication, funding, and career recognition risks involved in making data available before publication: often the first to publish a particular observation garners the most recognition.</p><p>Broad data-sharing agreements such as the Ft. Lauderdale agreement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r77">77</xref>] have already been adopted by the international genomics community, and, most significantly, by many large sequencing centers. However, as the sequencing capacity of small collaborations has increased, this type of agreement is an increasingly poor fit for the data being generated. Moreover, for a federated community such as the CephSeq Consortium, with significant international participation by many small groups, enforcement of any agreement is challenging. We believe that an explicit policy should be adopted to protect data generators while creating incentives for the earliest possible sharing of data. An effective policy should also encourage use of cephalopod sequence data beyond the currently defined cephalopod community, while protecting the interests of those generating the data.</p><p>We therefore propose to adopt a liberal opt-in data sharing policy, modeled in part on the JGI data usage policy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r78">78</xref>], which will support the rapid sharing of sequence data, subject to significant restrictions on certain types of usage. Community members will be encouraged to submit their data, but not required to do so. We plan to provide incentives for this private data sharing by (1) developing a community data and analysis site with a simple set of automated analyses such as contig assembly and RNAseq transcript assembly; (2) offering pre-computed analyses such as homology search across the entire database; and (3) supporting simple investigative analyses such as BLAST and HMMER. We also plan to provide bulk download services in support of analysis and re-analysis of the entire dataset upon mutual agreement between the requesting scientist and the CephSeq Consortium Steering Committee (see below), who will represent the depositing scientists. Collectively, these policies would provide for community engagement and participation with the CephSeq Consortium while protecting the interests of individual contributors, both scientifically and with respect to the Convention on Biological Diversity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r79">79</xref>]. Policy details will need to be specified and implementation is subject to funding. Our intent is to build an international community by putting the fewest barriers between the data and potential researchers, while still protecting the data generators.</p></sec><sec><title>The CephSeq Consortium: Mission statement and organization</title><p><bold>Mission Statement:</bold> The vision of the Cephalopod Sequencing Consortium is rapid advancement of cephalopod science into the genomics era, one employing the most modern and efficient methods available and engaging broad international participation by the entire cephalopod scientific community. This vision entails communication and active promotion of sequencing technologies and findings to researchers across a great diversity of fields. Bioinformatics experts initially outside of cephalopod biology will participate with cephalopod researchers in this effort. The Consortium will help facilitate funding endeavors by individuals and groups by providing basic summary documents (<italic>e.g.</italic>, white papers, letters of support) that describe the current state and consensus goals of cephalopod genomics efforts worldwide. In addition to promoting and accelerating scientific progress, the CephSeq Consortium aims to translate the contributions of cephalopod science to society at large by encouraging applied science in fields as diverse as fisheries science, materials science and biomedical research. Education and outreach will be emphasized for broad dissemination of progress in cephalopod genomics at multiple levels, including K-12, undergraduate and graduate students, and the public at large.</p><p><bold>Organizational Structure:</bold> Establishment of a <bold>Steering Committee</bold> was agreed upon at the May 2012 NESCent Catalysis Group Meeting. The composition of the committee was initially set at seven members, with broad international representation of cephalopod biologists, genomicists and bioinformaticians. The Committee will initially meet every 4 months, either in person, or remotely, or both. The Steering Committee is charged with providing international oversight of the community’s activities, fostering the free-flow of information among CephSeq Consortium members (see Data Sharing Plan), promoting collaborations, and ensuring that the CephSeq Consortium remains focused on the Mission Statement objectives set forth above. The Steering Committee will also work to facilitate community-wide efforts to annotate assembled genomes.</p><p>The tenure of the Committee will initially be two years, and any and all cephalopod researchers are encouraged to contact the Committee about the changing needs of the community. The inaugural members are: Laure Bonnaud (Univ. Paris, France), C. Titus Brown (Michigan State Univ., USA), Roger Hanlon (Marine Biological Laboratory, USA), Atsushi Ogura (Ochanomizu Univ., Japan), Clifton Ragsdale/Chair (Univ. Chicago, USA), Jan Strugnell (La Trobe Univ., Australia) and Guojie Zhang (BGI, China).</p><p>A web site [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r80">80</xref>] will serve as a point of contact for the worldwide community. An auxiliary site for sharing cephalopod genomic and transcriptomic data is to be established within the next six months (see Data Sharing Plan). The CephSeq Consortium will coordinate internationally with the Cephalopod International Advisory Council (CIAC) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r81">81</xref>] and with the newly established CephRes-Associazione Cephalopod Research-ONLUS [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r82">82</xref>], which is based in Europe.</p><p>Workshops will be organized annually to ensure coordinated and cooperative progress in genomics on an international scale. One likely venue for such workshops would be society meetings, such as the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology (SICB).</p><disp-quote><p>The Steering Committee urges scientists who support the goals of this white paper to join the consortium by signing the white paper and participating in the activities of the consortium.</p></disp-quote></sec><sec><title>Broader impacts</title><p>A specific recommendation of this white paper is to compete for a Research Coordination Network (RCN) grant from the NSF. A Cephalopod RCN would facilitate annotation of the cephalopod genomes being produced worldwide, mediate the exchange of emerging technologies that will benefit from genomic resources and accelerate the advent of new areas of research made possible by cephalopod genomics. It would also serve to expand the next generation of cephalopod researchers. Consequently, a central element of a Cephalopod RCN would be short-term laboratory exchanges for undergraduate and graduate students to aid in genome annotation and analysis, to promote education in bioinformatics and cephalopod biology and to foster new collaborations across the cephalopod community.</p><p>Cephalopods are important to science, including the fields of cellular neurobiology, learning and memory, neuroethology, biomaterial engineering, animal-microbe interactions, developmental biology, and fundamental molecular biology such as RNA editing. Access to genomic information will greatly facilitate this ongoing research, particularly through gene discovery. Cephalopod genomics will also drive the creation of new areas of investigation, including such biomedically important topics as regeneration and aging [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r83">83</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r84">84</xref>]. Other examples of promising post-genomic cephalopod research include study of the unknown chemosensory systems by which cephalopods monitor their marine environments, and the isolation of cephalopod neurotoxins, which could lead to novel reagents for research and drug-based therapies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r12">12</xref>]. Cephalopod genomics will also be important for evolutionary biology, particularly for understanding the great diversity and genomic complexity of the whole molluscan phylum and for probing the emergence of the evolutionary innovations that are represented by cephalopod eyes, large brains and prehensile arms.</p><p>Cephalopods are a critical component of marine ecology, are important commercially to the fisheries industry and are an emerging aquaculture taxon. The effects of global warming and marine acidification and hypoxification on cephalopod health and viability are unknown and can only be fully assessed with improved species delineation and a deeper understanding of population dynamics. Specifically, cephalopod genomics will aid our ability to track population migrations and monitor demographic expansions and contractions. This information will in turn directly inform efforts to assess the effects of climate change on cephalopod stocks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="r85">85</xref>]. Cephalopods are a critical food source and genomic resources can also be expected to help monitor cephalopod overfishing and improve cephalopod aquaculture.</p><p>People are fascinated by cephalopods, from <italic>Nautilus</italic> to the octopus to the giant squid. The coupling of genomics to cephalopod biology represents a fusion of two areas of great interest and excitement for the public. This fusion presents a tremendous educational platform, particularly for K-12 students, who can be engaged in the classroom and through the public media. Public outreach about cephalopod genomics will help build support for basic scientific research, including study of marine fauna and ecology, and will add to the public’s understanding of global changes in the biosphere.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We thank Drs. Carlos Canchaya and David Glanzman who were unable to attend the full meeting but contributed to our discussions and decisions. The Catalysis Group Meeting was supported by the <funding-source rid="sp1">National Science Foundation through the National Evolutionary Synthesis Center</funding-source> (NESCent) under grant number NSF #<award-id rid="sp1">EF-0905606</award-id>.</p></ack><app-group><app><title>Scientists who have written in support of the white paper</title><p>Tom Abrams, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA</p><p>Shelley Adamo, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</p><p>Louise Allcock, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland</p><p>Frank E. Anderson, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA</p><p>Paul Andrews, St George's, University of London, London, UK</p><p>George J. Augustine, Center for Functional Connectomics, KIST, Seoul, Korea</p><p>Yann Bassaglia, Univ. Paris-Est Creteil, Creteil, France</p><p>Elaine L. Bearer, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA</p><p>Francisco Bezanilla, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA</p><p>Jean Geary Boal, Millersville University, Millersville, PA, USA</p><p>Sydney Brenner, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan</p><p>Euan R. Brown, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK</p><p>Bernd U. Budelmann, Galveston, TX, USA</p><p>Roy Caldwell, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA</p><p>R. Andrew Cameron, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA</p><p>David Carlini, American University, Washington, DC, USA</p><p>Sean Carroll, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA</p><p>Maria G. Castillo, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA</p><p>Thomas W. Cronin, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA</p><p>Joseph A. DeGiorgis, Providence College, Providence, RI, USA</p><p>Anna Di Cosmo, University of Naples "FedericoII", Naples, Italy</p><p>Ludovic Dickel, University of Caen Lower-Normandy, Caen, France</p><p>Casey Dunn, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA</p><p>David B. Edelman, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA</p><p>David C. Gadsby, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA</p><p>Camino Gestal, Institute of Marine Research, Vigo, Spain</p><p>M. Thomas P. Gilbert, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</p><p>Ian G. Gleadall, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan</p><p>Takashi Gojobori, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan</p><p>Ralph J. Greenspan, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA</p><p>Jeffrey Gross, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA</p><p>Volker Hartenstein, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA</p><p>Binyamin Hochner, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel</p><p>Peter W. H. Holland, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</p><p>Miguel Holmgren, NINDS/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA</p><p>Christine L. Huffard, Conservation International, Santa Cruz, CA, USA</p><p>Sönke Johnsen, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA</p><p>Leonard K. Kaczmarek, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA</p><p>Paul Katz, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA</p><p>William M. Kier, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA</p><p>Michael J. Kuba, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel</p><p>Gilles Laurent, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany</p><p>Mark J. Mandel, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA</p><p>Felix C. Mark, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany</p><p>I. A. Meinertzhagen, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada</p><p>John B. Messenger, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK</p><p>Hassan Moustahfid, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA</p><p>Michele K. Nishiguchi, New Mexico State, Las Cruces, NM, USA</p><p>Mark Norman, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</p><p>Todd H. Oakley, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA</p><p>Daniel Osorio, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK</p><p>Anna Palumbo, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy</p><p>Carlos Rosas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sisal, Yucatán, México</p><p>Greg Rouse, Scripps Institution of Oceanography-UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA</p><p>Michael C. Schmale, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA</p><p>Brad Seibel, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA</p><p>Paul Shaw, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK</p><p>Eric V. Stabb, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA</p><p>Kenneth B. 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