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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)</title><author><name sortKey="Portier, Christopher J" sort="Portier, Christopher J" uniqKey="Portier C" first="Christopher J" last="Portier">Christopher J. Portier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><institution>Environmental Health Consultant</institution>,<addr-line>Thun</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Bruce K" sort="Armstrong, Bruce K" uniqKey="Armstrong B" first="Bruce K" last="Armstrong">Bruce K. Armstrong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney, New South Wales</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baguley, Bruce C" sort="Baguley, Bruce C" uniqKey="Baguley B" first="Bruce C" last="Baguley">Bruce C. Baguley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>The University of Auckland</institution>,<addr-line>Auckland</addr-line>,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baur, Xaver" sort="Baur, Xaver" uniqKey="Baur X" first="Xaver" last="Baur">Xaver Baur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><institution>Charité University Medicine Berlin</institution>,<addr-line>Berlin</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belyaev, Igor" sort="Belyaev, Igor" uniqKey="Belyaev I" first="Igor" last="Belyaev">Igor Belyaev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Cancer Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Bratislava</addr-line>,<country>Slovak Republic</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belle, Robert" sort="Belle, Robert" uniqKey="Belle R" first="Robert" last="Bellé">Robert Bellé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><institution>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR8227</institution>,<addr-line>Roscoff</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belpoggi, Fiorella" sort="Belpoggi, Fiorella" uniqKey="Belpoggi F" first="Fiorella" last="Belpoggi">Fiorella Belpoggi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><institution>CesareMaltoni Cancer Research Center</institution>,<addr-line>Bentivoglio (Bologna)</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biggeri, Annibale" sort="Biggeri, Annibale" uniqKey="Biggeri A" first="Annibale" last="Biggeri">Annibale Biggeri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8"><institution>Institute for Cancer Prevention and Research</institution>,<institution>University of Florence</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosland, Maarten C" sort="Bosland, Maarten C" uniqKey="Bosland M" first="Maarten C" last="Bosland">Maarten C. Bosland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9"><institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>,<addr-line>Chicago, Illinois</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruzzi, Paolo" sort="Bruzzi, Paolo" uniqKey="Bruzzi P" first="Paolo" last="Bruzzi">Paolo Bruzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10"><institution>National Cancer Research Institute, San Martino—IST Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Genoa</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Budnik, Lygia Therese" sort="Budnik, Lygia Therese" uniqKey="Budnik L" first="Lygia Therese" last="Budnik">Lygia Therese Budnik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11"><institution>University of Hamburg</institution>,<addr-line>Hamburg</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bugge, Merete D" sort="Bugge, Merete D" uniqKey="Bugge M" first="Merete D" last="Bugge">Merete D. Bugge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12"><institution>STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health</institution>,<addr-line>Oslo</addr-line>,<country>Norway</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, Kathleen" sort="Burns, Kathleen" uniqKey="Burns K" first="Kathleen" last="Burns">Kathleen Burns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13"><institution>Sciencecorps</institution>,<addr-line>Lexington, Massachusetts</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calaf, Gloria M" sort="Calaf, Gloria M" uniqKey="Calaf G" first="Gloria M" last="Calaf">Gloria M. Calaf</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14"><institution>Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá</institution>,<addr-line>Arica</addr-line>,<country>Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carpenter, David O" sort="Carpenter, David O" uniqKey="Carpenter D" first="David O" last="Carpenter">David O. Carpenter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><institution>Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany</institution>,<addr-line>Rensselaer, New York</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carpenter, Hillary M" sort="Carpenter, Hillary M" uniqKey="Carpenter H" first="Hillary M" last="Carpenter">Hillary M. Carpenter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><institution>Toxicologist</institution>,<addr-line>Maplewood, Minnesota</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Carrillo, Lizbeth" sort="L Pez Carrillo, Lizbeth" uniqKey="L Pez Carrillo L" first="Lizbeth" last="L Pez-Carrillo">Lizbeth L Pez-Carrillo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17"><institution>National Institute of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Cuernavaca, Morelos</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clapp, Richard" sort="Clapp, Richard" uniqKey="Clapp R" first="Richard" last="Clapp">Richard Clapp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18"><institution>Boston University School of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cocco, Pierluigi" sort="Cocco, Pierluigi" uniqKey="Cocco P" first="Pierluigi" last="Cocco">Pierluigi Cocco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Department of Public Health</addr-line>,<institution>Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari</institution>,<addr-line>Cagliari</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Consonni, Dario" sort="Consonni, Dario" uniqKey="Consonni D" first="Dario" last="Consonni">Dario Consonni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af20"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico</institution>,<addr-line>Milan</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comba, Pietro" sort="Comba, Pietro" uniqKey="Comba P" first="Pietro" last="Comba">Pietro Comba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Department of Environment and Primary Prevention</addr-line>,<institution>IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità</institution>,<addr-line>Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craft, Elena" sort="Craft, Elena" uniqKey="Craft E" first="Elena" last="Craft">Elena Craft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af22"><institution>Environmental Defense Fund</institution>,<addr-line>Austin, Texas</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dalvie, Mohamed Aqiel" sort="Dalvie, Mohamed Aqiel" uniqKey="Dalvie M" first="Mohamed Aqiel" last="Dalvie">Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af23"><institution>Center for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Cape Town</institution>,<addr-line>Cape Town</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Devra" sort="Davis, Devra" uniqKey="Davis D" first="Devra" last="Davis">Devra Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24"><institution>Environmental Health Trust</institution>,<addr-line>Jackson Hole, Wyoming</addr-line>,<country>USA and The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demers, Paul A" sort="Demers, Paul A" uniqKey="Demers P" first="Paul A" last="Demers">Paul A. Demers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af25"><institution>Dalla Lana School of Public Health</institution>,<institution>University of Toronto</institution>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Roos, Anneclaire J" sort="De Roos, Anneclaire J" uniqKey="De Roos A" first="Anneclaire J" last="De Roos">Anneclaire J. De Roos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af26"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</addr-line>,<institution>Drexel University</institution>,<addr-line>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dewitt, Jamie" sort="Dewitt, Jamie" uniqKey="Dewitt J" first="Jamie" last="Dewitt">Jamie Dewitt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af27"><institution>Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University</institution>,<addr-line>Greenville, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forastiere, Francesco" sort="Forastiere, Francesco" uniqKey="Forastiere F" first="Francesco" last="Forastiere">Francesco Forastiere</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af28"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freedman, Jonathan H" sort="Freedman, Jonathan H" uniqKey="Freedman J" first="Jonathan H" last="Freedman">Jonathan H. Freedman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af29"><institution>University of Louisville School of Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Louisville, Kentucky</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fritschi, Lin" sort="Fritschi, Lin" uniqKey="Fritschi L" first="Lin" last="Fritschi">Lin Fritschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af30"><institution>School of Public Health, Curtin University</institution>,<addr-line>Perth, Western Australia</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaus, Caroline" sort="Gaus, Caroline" uniqKey="Gaus C" first="Caroline" last="Gaus">Caroline Gaus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af31"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Toxicology</addr-line>,<institution>The University of Queensland</institution>,<addr-line>Brisbane</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gohlke, Julia M" sort="Gohlke, Julia M" uniqKey="Gohlke J" first="Julia M" last="Gohlke">Julia M. Gohlke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af32"><addr-line>Department of Population Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Virginia Tech</institution>,<addr-line>Blacksburg, Virginia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Marcel" sort="Goldberg, Marcel" uniqKey="Goldberg M" first="Marcel" last="Goldberg">Marcel Goldberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af33"><institution>Paris Descartes University</institution>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greiser, Eberhard" sort="Greiser, Eberhard" uniqKey="Greiser E" first="Eberhard" last="Greiser">Eberhard Greiser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af34"><institution>Epi.Consult GmbH</institution>,<addr-line>Musweiler</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Johnni" sort="Hansen, Johnni" uniqKey="Hansen J" first="Johnni" last="Hansen">Johnni Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af35"><institution>Danish Cancer Society Research Center</institution>,<addr-line>Copenhagen</addr-line>,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hardell, Lennart" sort="Hardell, Lennart" uniqKey="Hardell L" first="Lennart" last="Hardell">Lennart Hardell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af36"><institution>University Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Orebra</addr-line>,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hauptmann, Michael" sort="Hauptmann, Michael" uniqKey="Hauptmann M" first="Michael" last="Hauptmann">Michael Hauptmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af37"><addr-line>Biostatistics Branch</addr-line>,<institution>Netherlands Cancer Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Amsterdam</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Wei" sort="Huang, Wei" uniqKey="Huang W" first="Wei" last="Huang">Wei Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af38"><institution>Faculty of Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking Univ School of Public Health, Beijing, China</institution></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huff, James" sort="Huff, James" uniqKey="Huff J" first="James" last="Huff">James Huff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af39"><institution>National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park</institution>,<addr-line>North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="James, Margaret O" sort="James, Margaret O" uniqKey="James M" first="Margaret O" last="James">Margaret O. James</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af40"><institution>University of Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Gainesville, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jameson, C W" sort="Jameson, C W" uniqKey="Jameson C" first="C W" last="Jameson">C W Jameson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af41"><institution>CWJ Consulting, LLC</institution>,<addr-line>Cape Coral, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kortenkamp, Andreas" sort="Kortenkamp, Andreas" uniqKey="Kortenkamp A" first="Andreas" last="Kortenkamp">Andreas Kortenkamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af42"><institution>Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kopp Schneider, Annette" sort="Kopp Schneider, Annette" uniqKey="Kopp Schneider A" first="Annette" last="Kopp-Schneider">Annette Kopp-Schneider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af43"><addr-line>Division of Biostatistics</addr-line>,<institution>German Cancer Research Center</institution>,<addr-line>Heidelberg</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kromhout, Hans" sort="Kromhout, Hans" uniqKey="Kromhout H" first="Hans" last="Kromhout">Hans Kromhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af44"><institution>Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University</institution>,<addr-line>Utrecht</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Larramendy, Marcelo L" sort="Larramendy, Marcelo L" uniqKey="Larramendy M" first="Marcelo L" last="Larramendy">Marcelo L. Larramendy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af45"><institution>National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, National University of La Plata</institution>,<country>Argentina</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landrigan, Philip J" sort="Landrigan, Philip J" uniqKey="Landrigan P" first="Philip J" last="Landrigan">Philip J. Landrigan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af46"><institution>Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,</institution><addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lash, Lawrence H" sort="Lash, Lawrence H" uniqKey="Lash L" first="Lawrence H" last="Lash">Lawrence H. Lash</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af47"><addr-line>Department of Pharmacology</addr-line>,<institution>Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Detroit, Michigan</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leszczynski, Dariusz" sort="Leszczynski, Dariusz" uniqKey="Leszczynski D" first="Dariusz" last="Leszczynski">Dariusz Leszczynski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af48"><addr-line>Department of Biosciences</addr-line>,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>,<addr-line>Helsinki</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, Charles F" sort="Lynch, Charles F" uniqKey="Lynch C" first="Charles F" last="Lynch">Charles F. Lynch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af49"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Iowa</institution>,<addr-line>Iowa City, Iowa</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnani, Corrado" sort="Magnani, Corrado" uniqKey="Magnani C" first="Corrado" last="Magnani">Corrado Magnani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af50"><addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Unit</addr-line>,<institution>University of Eastern Piedmont</institution>,<addr-line>Novara</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mandrioli, Daniele" sort="Mandrioli, Daniele" uniqKey="Mandrioli D" first="Daniele" last="Mandrioli">Daniele Mandrioli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af51"><addr-line>Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Bentivoglio (Bologna)</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Francis L" sort="Martin, Francis L" uniqKey="Martin F" first="Francis L" last="Martin">Francis L. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af52"><institution>Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster University</institution>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Merler, Enzo" sort="Merler, Enzo" uniqKey="Merler E" first="Enzo" last="Merler">Enzo Merler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af53"><addr-line>Department of Prevention, Occupational Health Unit, National Health Service, Padua</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michelozzi, Paola" sort="Michelozzi, Paola" uniqKey="Michelozzi P" first="Paola" last="Michelozzi">Paola Michelozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af54"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology Lazio Region, Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miligi, Lucia" sort="Miligi, Lucia" uniqKey="Miligi L" first="Lucia" last="Miligi">Lucia Miligi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af55"><addr-line>Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit</addr-line>,<institution>ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Florence</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Anthony B" sort="Miller, Anthony B" uniqKey="Miller A" first="Anthony B" last="Miller">Anthony B. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af56"><institution>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto</institution>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirabelli, Dario" sort="Mirabelli, Dario" uniqKey="Mirabelli D" first="Dario" last="Mirabelli">Dario Mirabelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af57"><addr-line>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte</institution>,<addr-line>Torino</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirer, Franklin E" sort="Mirer, Franklin E" uniqKey="Mirer F" first="Franklin E" last="Mirer">Franklin E. Mirer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af58"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>City University of New York School of Public Health</institution>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Saloshni" sort="Naidoo, Saloshni" uniqKey="Naidoo S" first="Saloshni" last="Naidoo">Saloshni Naidoo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af59"><institution>School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal</institution>,<addr-line>Durban</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perry, Melissa J" sort="Perry, Melissa J" uniqKey="Perry M" first="Melissa J" last="Perry">Melissa J. Perry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af60"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</addr-line>,<institution>Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University</institution>,<addr-line>Washington DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petronio, Maria Grazia" sort="Petronio, Maria Grazia" uniqKey="Petronio M" first="Maria Grazia" last="Petronio">Maria Grazia Petronio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af61"><addr-line>Health and Environment-Department of Prevention</addr-line>,<institution>Local Health Authority-Empoli</institution>,<addr-line>Florence</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Roberta" sort="Pirastu, Roberta" uniqKey="Pirastu R" first="Roberta" last="Pirastu">Roberta Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af62"><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”</addr-line>,<institution>Sapienza Rome University</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Portier, Ralph J" sort="Portier, Ralph J" uniqKey="Portier R" first="Ralph J" last="Portier">Ralph J. Portier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af63"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>School of the Coast & Environment</institution>,<institution>Louisiana State University</institution>,<addr-line>Baton Rouge, Los Angeles</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramos, Kenneth S" sort="Ramos, Kenneth S" uniqKey="Ramos K" first="Kenneth S" last="Ramos">Kenneth S. Ramos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af64"><institution>Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences</institution>,<addr-line>Tucson, Arizona</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, Larry W" sort="Robertson, Larry W" uniqKey="Robertson L" first="Larry W" last="Robertson">Larry W. Robertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af65"><addr-line>Iowa Superfund Research Program and the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Iowa</institution>,<addr-line>Iowa City, Iowa</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, Theresa" sort="Rodriguez, Theresa" uniqKey="Rodriguez T" first="Theresa" last="Rodriguez">Theresa Rodriguez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af66"><institution>Center for Research in Health, Work and Environment (CISTA), National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN-León)</institution>,<addr-line>León</addr-line>,<country>Nicaragua</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roosli, Martin" sort="Roosli, Martin" uniqKey="Roosli M" first="Martin" last="Röösli">Martin Röösli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af67"><institution>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Associated Institute of the University of Basel</institution>,<addr-line>Basel</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, Matt K" sort="Ross, Matt K" uniqKey="Ross M" first="Matt K" last="Ross">Matt K. Ross</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af68"><institution>College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University</institution>,<addr-line>Mississippi State</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Deodutta" sort="Roy, Deodutta" uniqKey="Roy D" first="Deodutta" last="Roy">Deodutta Roy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af69"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</addr-line>,<institution>Florida International University</institution>,<addr-line>Miami, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rusyn, Ivan" sort="Rusyn, Ivan" uniqKey="Rusyn I" first="Ivan" last="Rusyn">Ivan Rusyn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af70"><addr-line>Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences</addr-line>,<institution>Texas A&M University</institution>,<institution>College Station</institution>,<addr-line>Texas</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saldiva, Paulo" sort="Saldiva, Paulo" uniqKey="Saldiva P" first="Paulo" last="Saldiva">Paulo Saldiva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af71"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of São Paulo</institution>,<addr-line>São Paulo</addr-line>,<country>Brazil</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sass, Jennifer" sort="Sass, Jennifer" uniqKey="Sass J" first="Jennifer" last="Sass">Jennifer Sass</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af72"><institution>Natural Resources Defense Council and George Washington University</institution>,<addr-line>Washington DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savolainen, Kai" sort="Savolainen, Kai" uniqKey="Savolainen K" first="Kai" last="Savolainen">Kai Savolainen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af73"><institution>Nanosafety Research Centre</institution>,<institution>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health</institution>,<addr-line>Helsinki</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scheepers, Paul T J" sort="Scheepers, Paul T J" uniqKey="Scheepers P" first="Paul T J" last="Scheepers">Paul T J. Scheepers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af74"><institution>Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Nijmegen</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sergi, Consolato" sort="Sergi, Consolato" uniqKey="Sergi C" first="Consolato" last="Sergi">Consolato Sergi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af75"><addr-line>Department of Pathology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Alberta</institution>,<addr-line>Edmonton, Alberta</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silbergeld, Ellen K" sort="Silbergeld, Ellen K" uniqKey="Silbergeld E" first="Ellen K" last="Silbergeld">Ellen K. Silbergeld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af76"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Baltimore, Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Martyn T" sort="Smith, Martyn T" uniqKey="Smith M" first="Martyn T" last="Smith">Martyn T. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af77"><institution>School of Public Health</institution>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>Berkeley, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Bernard W" sort="Stewart, Bernard W" uniqKey="Stewart B" first="Bernard W" last="Stewart">Bernard W. Stewart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af78"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of New South Wales</institution>,<addr-line>Randwick, New South Wales</addr-line><country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sutton, Patrice" sort="Sutton, Patrice" uniqKey="Sutton P" first="Patrice" last="Sutton">Patrice Sutton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af79"><addr-line>Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment</addr-line>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>San Francisco, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tateo, Fabio" sort="Tateo, Fabio" uniqKey="Tateo F" first="Fabio" last="Tateo">Fabio Tateo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af80"><institution>Istituto di Geosceinze e Georisorse (CNR)</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terracini, Benedetto" sort="Terracini, Benedetto" uniqKey="Terracini B" first="Benedetto" last="Terracini">Benedetto Terracini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af81"><institution>University of Torino</institution>,<addr-line>Torino</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thielmann, Heinz W" sort="Thielmann, Heinz W" uniqKey="Thielmann H" first="Heinz W" last="Thielmann">Heinz W. Thielmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af82"><addr-line>German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg and Faculty of Pharmacy</addr-line>,<institution>Heidelberg University</institution>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, David B" sort="Thomas, David B" uniqKey="Thomas D" first="David B" last="Thomas">David B. Thomas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af83"><addr-line>Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</addr-line>,<institution>University of Washington</institution>,<addr-line>Seattle, Washington</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vainio, Harri" sort="Vainio, Harri" uniqKey="Vainio H" first="Harri" last="Vainio">Harri Vainio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af84"><addr-line>Faculty of Public Health</addr-line>,<institution>Kuwait University</institution>,<addr-line>Kuwait City</addr-line>,<country>Kuwait</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vena, John E" sort="Vena, John E" uniqKey="Vena J" first="John E" last="Vena">John E. Vena</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af85"><addr-line>Department of Public Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Medical University of South Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Charleston, South Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vineis, Paolo" sort="Vineis, Paolo" uniqKey="Vineis P" first="Paolo" last="Vineis">Paolo Vineis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af86"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weiderpass, Elisabete" sort="Weiderpass, Elisabete" uniqKey="Weiderpass E" first="Elisabete" last="Weiderpass">Elisabete Weiderpass</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af87"><addr-line>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weisenburger, Dennis D" sort="Weisenburger, Dennis D" uniqKey="Weisenburger D" first="Dennis D" last="Weisenburger">Dennis D. Weisenburger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af88"><addr-line>Department of Pathology</addr-line>,<institution>City of Hope Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Duarte, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodruff, Tracey J" sort="Woodruff, Tracey J" uniqKey="Woodruff T" first="Tracey J" last="Woodruff">Tracey J. Woodruff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af89"><addr-line>Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment</addr-line>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>San Francisco</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yorifuji, Takashi" sort="Yorifuji, Takashi" uniqKey="Yorifuji T" first="Takashi" last="Yorifuji">Takashi Yorifuji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af90"><institution>Okayama University</institution>,<addr-line>Okayama</addr-line>,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Il Je" sort="Yu, Il Je" uniqKey="Yu I" first="Il Je" last="Yu">Il Je Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af91"><institution>Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University</institution>,<addr-line>Asan</addr-line>,<country>The Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zambon, Paola" sort="Zambon, Paola" uniqKey="Zambon P" first="Paola" last="Zambon">Paola Zambon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af92"><institution>University of Padua</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeeb, Hajo" sort="Zeeb, Hajo" uniqKey="Zeeb H" first="Hajo" last="Zeeb">Hajo Zeeb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af93"><addr-line>Department of Prevention and Evaluation</addr-line>,<institution>Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology</institution>,<addr-line>Bremen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Shu Feng" sort="Zhou, Shu Feng" uniqKey="Zhou S" first="Shu-Feng" last="Zhou">Shu-Feng Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af94"><institution>College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Tampa, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26941213</idno><idno type="pmc">4975799</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975799</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4975799</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/jech-2015-207005</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001190</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001190</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)</title><author><name sortKey="Portier, Christopher J" sort="Portier, Christopher J" uniqKey="Portier C" first="Christopher J" last="Portier">Christopher J. Portier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1"><institution>Environmental Health Consultant</institution>,<addr-line>Thun</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Bruce K" sort="Armstrong, Bruce K" uniqKey="Armstrong B" first="Bruce K" last="Armstrong">Bruce K. Armstrong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2"><institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney, New South Wales</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baguley, Bruce C" sort="Baguley, Bruce C" uniqKey="Baguley B" first="Bruce C" last="Baguley">Bruce C. Baguley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>The University of Auckland</institution>,<addr-line>Auckland</addr-line>,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baur, Xaver" sort="Baur, Xaver" uniqKey="Baur X" first="Xaver" last="Baur">Xaver Baur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4"><institution>Charité University Medicine Berlin</institution>,<addr-line>Berlin</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belyaev, Igor" sort="Belyaev, Igor" uniqKey="Belyaev I" first="Igor" last="Belyaev">Igor Belyaev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5"><institution>Cancer Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Bratislava</addr-line>,<country>Slovak Republic</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belle, Robert" sort="Belle, Robert" uniqKey="Belle R" first="Robert" last="Bellé">Robert Bellé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6"><institution>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR8227</institution>,<addr-line>Roscoff</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belpoggi, Fiorella" sort="Belpoggi, Fiorella" uniqKey="Belpoggi F" first="Fiorella" last="Belpoggi">Fiorella Belpoggi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7"><institution>CesareMaltoni Cancer Research Center</institution>,<addr-line>Bentivoglio (Bologna)</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biggeri, Annibale" sort="Biggeri, Annibale" uniqKey="Biggeri A" first="Annibale" last="Biggeri">Annibale Biggeri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8"><institution>Institute for Cancer Prevention and Research</institution>,<institution>University of Florence</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bosland, Maarten C" sort="Bosland, Maarten C" uniqKey="Bosland M" first="Maarten C" last="Bosland">Maarten C. Bosland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9"><institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>,<addr-line>Chicago, Illinois</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruzzi, Paolo" sort="Bruzzi, Paolo" uniqKey="Bruzzi P" first="Paolo" last="Bruzzi">Paolo Bruzzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10"><institution>National Cancer Research Institute, San Martino—IST Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Genoa</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Budnik, Lygia Therese" sort="Budnik, Lygia Therese" uniqKey="Budnik L" first="Lygia Therese" last="Budnik">Lygia Therese Budnik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11"><institution>University of Hamburg</institution>,<addr-line>Hamburg</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bugge, Merete D" sort="Bugge, Merete D" uniqKey="Bugge M" first="Merete D" last="Bugge">Merete D. Bugge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12"><institution>STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health</institution>,<addr-line>Oslo</addr-line>,<country>Norway</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, Kathleen" sort="Burns, Kathleen" uniqKey="Burns K" first="Kathleen" last="Burns">Kathleen Burns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13"><institution>Sciencecorps</institution>,<addr-line>Lexington, Massachusetts</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calaf, Gloria M" sort="Calaf, Gloria M" uniqKey="Calaf G" first="Gloria M" last="Calaf">Gloria M. Calaf</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14"><institution>Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá</institution>,<addr-line>Arica</addr-line>,<country>Chile</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carpenter, David O" sort="Carpenter, David O" uniqKey="Carpenter D" first="David O" last="Carpenter">David O. Carpenter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15"><institution>Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany</institution>,<addr-line>Rensselaer, New York</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carpenter, Hillary M" sort="Carpenter, Hillary M" uniqKey="Carpenter H" first="Hillary M" last="Carpenter">Hillary M. Carpenter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16"><institution>Toxicologist</institution>,<addr-line>Maplewood, Minnesota</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez Carrillo, Lizbeth" sort="L Pez Carrillo, Lizbeth" uniqKey="L Pez Carrillo L" first="Lizbeth" last="L Pez-Carrillo">Lizbeth L Pez-Carrillo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17"><institution>National Institute of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Cuernavaca, Morelos</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clapp, Richard" sort="Clapp, Richard" uniqKey="Clapp R" first="Richard" last="Clapp">Richard Clapp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18"><institution>Boston University School of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cocco, Pierluigi" sort="Cocco, Pierluigi" uniqKey="Cocco P" first="Pierluigi" last="Cocco">Pierluigi Cocco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Department of Public Health</addr-line>,<institution>Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari</institution>,<addr-line>Cagliari</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Consonni, Dario" sort="Consonni, Dario" uniqKey="Consonni D" first="Dario" last="Consonni">Dario Consonni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af20"><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico</institution>,<addr-line>Milan</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comba, Pietro" sort="Comba, Pietro" uniqKey="Comba P" first="Pietro" last="Comba">Pietro Comba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Department of Environment and Primary Prevention</addr-line>,<institution>IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità</institution>,<addr-line>Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Craft, Elena" sort="Craft, Elena" uniqKey="Craft E" first="Elena" last="Craft">Elena Craft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af22"><institution>Environmental Defense Fund</institution>,<addr-line>Austin, Texas</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dalvie, Mohamed Aqiel" sort="Dalvie, Mohamed Aqiel" uniqKey="Dalvie M" first="Mohamed Aqiel" last="Dalvie">Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af23"><institution>Center for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Cape Town</institution>,<addr-line>Cape Town</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Devra" sort="Davis, Devra" uniqKey="Davis D" first="Devra" last="Davis">Devra Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af24"><institution>Environmental Health Trust</institution>,<addr-line>Jackson Hole, Wyoming</addr-line>,<country>USA and The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demers, Paul A" sort="Demers, Paul A" uniqKey="Demers P" first="Paul A" last="Demers">Paul A. Demers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af25"><institution>Dalla Lana School of Public Health</institution>,<institution>University of Toronto</institution>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Roos, Anneclaire J" sort="De Roos, Anneclaire J" uniqKey="De Roos A" first="Anneclaire J" last="De Roos">Anneclaire J. De Roos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af26"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</addr-line>,<institution>Drexel University</institution>,<addr-line>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dewitt, Jamie" sort="Dewitt, Jamie" uniqKey="Dewitt J" first="Jamie" last="Dewitt">Jamie Dewitt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af27"><institution>Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University</institution>,<addr-line>Greenville, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Forastiere, Francesco" sort="Forastiere, Francesco" uniqKey="Forastiere F" first="Francesco" last="Forastiere">Francesco Forastiere</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af28"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freedman, Jonathan H" sort="Freedman, Jonathan H" uniqKey="Freedman J" first="Jonathan H" last="Freedman">Jonathan H. Freedman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af29"><institution>University of Louisville School of Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Louisville, Kentucky</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fritschi, Lin" sort="Fritschi, Lin" uniqKey="Fritschi L" first="Lin" last="Fritschi">Lin Fritschi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af30"><institution>School of Public Health, Curtin University</institution>,<addr-line>Perth, Western Australia</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaus, Caroline" sort="Gaus, Caroline" uniqKey="Gaus C" first="Caroline" last="Gaus">Caroline Gaus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af31"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Toxicology</addr-line>,<institution>The University of Queensland</institution>,<addr-line>Brisbane</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gohlke, Julia M" sort="Gohlke, Julia M" uniqKey="Gohlke J" first="Julia M" last="Gohlke">Julia M. Gohlke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af32"><addr-line>Department of Population Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Virginia Tech</institution>,<addr-line>Blacksburg, Virginia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Marcel" sort="Goldberg, Marcel" uniqKey="Goldberg M" first="Marcel" last="Goldberg">Marcel Goldberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af33"><institution>Paris Descartes University</institution>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greiser, Eberhard" sort="Greiser, Eberhard" uniqKey="Greiser E" first="Eberhard" last="Greiser">Eberhard Greiser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af34"><institution>Epi.Consult GmbH</institution>,<addr-line>Musweiler</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Johnni" sort="Hansen, Johnni" uniqKey="Hansen J" first="Johnni" last="Hansen">Johnni Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af35"><institution>Danish Cancer Society Research Center</institution>,<addr-line>Copenhagen</addr-line>,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hardell, Lennart" sort="Hardell, Lennart" uniqKey="Hardell L" first="Lennart" last="Hardell">Lennart Hardell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af36"><institution>University Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Orebra</addr-line>,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hauptmann, Michael" sort="Hauptmann, Michael" uniqKey="Hauptmann M" first="Michael" last="Hauptmann">Michael Hauptmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af37"><addr-line>Biostatistics Branch</addr-line>,<institution>Netherlands Cancer Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Amsterdam</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Wei" sort="Huang, Wei" uniqKey="Huang W" first="Wei" last="Huang">Wei Huang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af38"><institution>Faculty of Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking Univ School of Public Health, Beijing, China</institution></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huff, James" sort="Huff, James" uniqKey="Huff J" first="James" last="Huff">James Huff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af39"><institution>National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park</institution>,<addr-line>North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="James, Margaret O" sort="James, Margaret O" uniqKey="James M" first="Margaret O" last="James">Margaret O. James</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af40"><institution>University of Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Gainesville, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jameson, C W" sort="Jameson, C W" uniqKey="Jameson C" first="C W" last="Jameson">C W Jameson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af41"><institution>CWJ Consulting, LLC</institution>,<addr-line>Cape Coral, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kortenkamp, Andreas" sort="Kortenkamp, Andreas" uniqKey="Kortenkamp A" first="Andreas" last="Kortenkamp">Andreas Kortenkamp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af42"><institution>Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kopp Schneider, Annette" sort="Kopp Schneider, Annette" uniqKey="Kopp Schneider A" first="Annette" last="Kopp-Schneider">Annette Kopp-Schneider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af43"><addr-line>Division of Biostatistics</addr-line>,<institution>German Cancer Research Center</institution>,<addr-line>Heidelberg</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kromhout, Hans" sort="Kromhout, Hans" uniqKey="Kromhout H" first="Hans" last="Kromhout">Hans Kromhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af44"><institution>Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University</institution>,<addr-line>Utrecht</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Larramendy, Marcelo L" sort="Larramendy, Marcelo L" uniqKey="Larramendy M" first="Marcelo L" last="Larramendy">Marcelo L. Larramendy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af45"><institution>National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, National University of La Plata</institution>,<country>Argentina</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landrigan, Philip J" sort="Landrigan, Philip J" uniqKey="Landrigan P" first="Philip J" last="Landrigan">Philip J. Landrigan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af46"><institution>Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,</institution><addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lash, Lawrence H" sort="Lash, Lawrence H" uniqKey="Lash L" first="Lawrence H" last="Lash">Lawrence H. Lash</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af47"><addr-line>Department of Pharmacology</addr-line>,<institution>Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Detroit, Michigan</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leszczynski, Dariusz" sort="Leszczynski, Dariusz" uniqKey="Leszczynski D" first="Dariusz" last="Leszczynski">Dariusz Leszczynski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af48"><addr-line>Department of Biosciences</addr-line>,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>,<addr-line>Helsinki</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynch, Charles F" sort="Lynch, Charles F" uniqKey="Lynch C" first="Charles F" last="Lynch">Charles F. Lynch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af49"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Iowa</institution>,<addr-line>Iowa City, Iowa</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnani, Corrado" sort="Magnani, Corrado" uniqKey="Magnani C" first="Corrado" last="Magnani">Corrado Magnani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af50"><addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Unit</addr-line>,<institution>University of Eastern Piedmont</institution>,<addr-line>Novara</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mandrioli, Daniele" sort="Mandrioli, Daniele" uniqKey="Mandrioli D" first="Daniele" last="Mandrioli">Daniele Mandrioli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af51"><addr-line>Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Bentivoglio (Bologna)</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Francis L" sort="Martin, Francis L" uniqKey="Martin F" first="Francis L" last="Martin">Francis L. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af52"><institution>Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster University</institution>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Merler, Enzo" sort="Merler, Enzo" uniqKey="Merler E" first="Enzo" last="Merler">Enzo Merler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af53"><addr-line>Department of Prevention, Occupational Health Unit, National Health Service, Padua</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michelozzi, Paola" sort="Michelozzi, Paola" uniqKey="Michelozzi P" first="Paola" last="Michelozzi">Paola Michelozzi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af54"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology Lazio Region, Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miligi, Lucia" sort="Miligi, Lucia" uniqKey="Miligi L" first="Lucia" last="Miligi">Lucia Miligi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af55"><addr-line>Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit</addr-line>,<institution>ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Florence</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Anthony B" sort="Miller, Anthony B" uniqKey="Miller A" first="Anthony B" last="Miller">Anthony B. Miller</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af56"><institution>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto</institution>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirabelli, Dario" sort="Mirabelli, Dario" uniqKey="Mirabelli D" first="Dario" last="Mirabelli">Dario Mirabelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af57"><addr-line>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte</institution>,<addr-line>Torino</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirer, Franklin E" sort="Mirer, Franklin E" uniqKey="Mirer F" first="Franklin E" last="Mirer">Franklin E. Mirer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af58"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>City University of New York School of Public Health</institution>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Saloshni" sort="Naidoo, Saloshni" uniqKey="Naidoo S" first="Saloshni" last="Naidoo">Saloshni Naidoo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af59"><institution>School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal</institution>,<addr-line>Durban</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perry, Melissa J" sort="Perry, Melissa J" uniqKey="Perry M" first="Melissa J" last="Perry">Melissa J. Perry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af60"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</addr-line>,<institution>Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University</institution>,<addr-line>Washington DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petronio, Maria Grazia" sort="Petronio, Maria Grazia" uniqKey="Petronio M" first="Maria Grazia" last="Petronio">Maria Grazia Petronio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af61"><addr-line>Health and Environment-Department of Prevention</addr-line>,<institution>Local Health Authority-Empoli</institution>,<addr-line>Florence</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirastu, Roberta" sort="Pirastu, Roberta" uniqKey="Pirastu R" first="Roberta" last="Pirastu">Roberta Pirastu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af62"><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”</addr-line>,<institution>Sapienza Rome University</institution>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Portier, Ralph J" sort="Portier, Ralph J" uniqKey="Portier R" first="Ralph J" last="Portier">Ralph J. Portier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af63"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>School of the Coast & Environment</institution>,<institution>Louisiana State University</institution>,<addr-line>Baton Rouge, Los Angeles</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramos, Kenneth S" sort="Ramos, Kenneth S" uniqKey="Ramos K" first="Kenneth S" last="Ramos">Kenneth S. Ramos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af64"><institution>Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences</institution>,<addr-line>Tucson, Arizona</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, Larry W" sort="Robertson, Larry W" uniqKey="Robertson L" first="Larry W" last="Robertson">Larry W. Robertson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af65"><addr-line>Iowa Superfund Research Program and the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Iowa</institution>,<addr-line>Iowa City, Iowa</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, Theresa" sort="Rodriguez, Theresa" uniqKey="Rodriguez T" first="Theresa" last="Rodriguez">Theresa Rodriguez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af66"><institution>Center for Research in Health, Work and Environment (CISTA), National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN-León)</institution>,<addr-line>León</addr-line>,<country>Nicaragua</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roosli, Martin" sort="Roosli, Martin" uniqKey="Roosli M" first="Martin" last="Röösli">Martin Röösli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af67"><institution>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Associated Institute of the University of Basel</institution>,<addr-line>Basel</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, Matt K" sort="Ross, Matt K" uniqKey="Ross M" first="Matt K" last="Ross">Matt K. Ross</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af68"><institution>College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University</institution>,<addr-line>Mississippi State</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Deodutta" sort="Roy, Deodutta" uniqKey="Roy D" first="Deodutta" last="Roy">Deodutta Roy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af69"><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</addr-line>,<institution>Florida International University</institution>,<addr-line>Miami, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rusyn, Ivan" sort="Rusyn, Ivan" uniqKey="Rusyn I" first="Ivan" last="Rusyn">Ivan Rusyn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af70"><addr-line>Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences</addr-line>,<institution>Texas A&M University</institution>,<institution>College Station</institution>,<addr-line>Texas</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saldiva, Paulo" sort="Saldiva, Paulo" uniqKey="Saldiva P" first="Paulo" last="Saldiva">Paulo Saldiva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af71"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of São Paulo</institution>,<addr-line>São Paulo</addr-line>,<country>Brazil</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sass, Jennifer" sort="Sass, Jennifer" uniqKey="Sass J" first="Jennifer" last="Sass">Jennifer Sass</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af72"><institution>Natural Resources Defense Council and George Washington University</institution>,<addr-line>Washington DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savolainen, Kai" sort="Savolainen, Kai" uniqKey="Savolainen K" first="Kai" last="Savolainen">Kai Savolainen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af73"><institution>Nanosafety Research Centre</institution>,<institution>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health</institution>,<addr-line>Helsinki</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scheepers, Paul T J" sort="Scheepers, Paul T J" uniqKey="Scheepers P" first="Paul T J" last="Scheepers">Paul T J. Scheepers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af74"><institution>Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Nijmegen</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sergi, Consolato" sort="Sergi, Consolato" uniqKey="Sergi C" first="Consolato" last="Sergi">Consolato Sergi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af75"><addr-line>Department of Pathology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Alberta</institution>,<addr-line>Edmonton, Alberta</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silbergeld, Ellen K" sort="Silbergeld, Ellen K" uniqKey="Silbergeld E" first="Ellen K" last="Silbergeld">Ellen K. Silbergeld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af76"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Baltimore, Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Martyn T" sort="Smith, Martyn T" uniqKey="Smith M" first="Martyn T" last="Smith">Martyn T. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af77"><institution>School of Public Health</institution>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>Berkeley, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stewart, Bernard W" sort="Stewart, Bernard W" uniqKey="Stewart B" first="Bernard W" last="Stewart">Bernard W. Stewart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af78"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of New South Wales</institution>,<addr-line>Randwick, New South Wales</addr-line><country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sutton, Patrice" sort="Sutton, Patrice" uniqKey="Sutton P" first="Patrice" last="Sutton">Patrice Sutton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af79"><addr-line>Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment</addr-line>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>San Francisco, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tateo, Fabio" sort="Tateo, Fabio" uniqKey="Tateo F" first="Fabio" last="Tateo">Fabio Tateo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af80"><institution>Istituto di Geosceinze e Georisorse (CNR)</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terracini, Benedetto" sort="Terracini, Benedetto" uniqKey="Terracini B" first="Benedetto" last="Terracini">Benedetto Terracini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af81"><institution>University of Torino</institution>,<addr-line>Torino</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thielmann, Heinz W" sort="Thielmann, Heinz W" uniqKey="Thielmann H" first="Heinz W" last="Thielmann">Heinz W. Thielmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af82"><addr-line>German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg and Faculty of Pharmacy</addr-line>,<institution>Heidelberg University</institution>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, David B" sort="Thomas, David B" uniqKey="Thomas D" first="David B" last="Thomas">David B. Thomas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af83"><addr-line>Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</addr-line>,<institution>University of Washington</institution>,<addr-line>Seattle, Washington</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vainio, Harri" sort="Vainio, Harri" uniqKey="Vainio H" first="Harri" last="Vainio">Harri Vainio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af84"><addr-line>Faculty of Public Health</addr-line>,<institution>Kuwait University</institution>,<addr-line>Kuwait City</addr-line>,<country>Kuwait</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vena, John E" sort="Vena, John E" uniqKey="Vena J" first="John E" last="Vena">John E. Vena</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af85"><addr-line>Department of Public Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Medical University of South Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Charleston, South Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vineis, Paolo" sort="Vineis, Paolo" uniqKey="Vineis P" first="Paolo" last="Vineis">Paolo Vineis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af86"><addr-line>Department of Environmental Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weiderpass, Elisabete" sort="Weiderpass, Elisabete" uniqKey="Weiderpass E" first="Elisabete" last="Weiderpass">Elisabete Weiderpass</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af87"><addr-line>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weisenburger, Dennis D" sort="Weisenburger, Dennis D" uniqKey="Weisenburger D" first="Dennis D" last="Weisenburger">Dennis D. Weisenburger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af88"><addr-line>Department of Pathology</addr-line>,<institution>City of Hope Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Duarte, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodruff, Tracey J" sort="Woodruff, Tracey J" uniqKey="Woodruff T" first="Tracey J" last="Woodruff">Tracey J. Woodruff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af89"><addr-line>Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment</addr-line>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>San Francisco</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yorifuji, Takashi" sort="Yorifuji, Takashi" uniqKey="Yorifuji T" first="Takashi" last="Yorifuji">Takashi Yorifuji</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af90"><institution>Okayama University</institution>,<addr-line>Okayama</addr-line>,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Il Je" sort="Yu, Il Je" uniqKey="Yu I" first="Il Je" last="Yu">Il Je Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af91"><institution>Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University</institution>,<addr-line>Asan</addr-line>,<country>The Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zambon, Paola" sort="Zambon, Paola" uniqKey="Zambon P" first="Paola" last="Zambon">Paola Zambon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af92"><institution>University of Padua</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeeb, Hajo" sort="Zeeb, Hajo" uniqKey="Zeeb H" first="Hajo" last="Zeeb">Hajo Zeeb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af93"><addr-line>Department of Prevention and Evaluation</addr-line>,<institution>Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology</institution>,<addr-line>Bremen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Shu Feng" sort="Zhou, Shu Feng" uniqKey="Zhou S" first="Shu-Feng" last="Zhou">Shu-Feng Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af94"><institution>College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Tampa, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</title><idno type="ISSN">0143-005X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1470-2738</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guyton, Kz" uniqKey="Guyton K">KZ Guyton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loomis, D" uniqKey="Loomis D">D Loomis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grosse, Y" uniqKey="Grosse Y">Y Grosse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Roos, Aj" uniqKey="De Roos A">AJ De Roos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blair, A" uniqKey="Blair A">A Blair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rusiecki, Ja" uniqKey="Rusiecki J">JA Rusiecki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Roos, 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Epidemiol Community Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Epidemiol Community Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">jech</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jech</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0143-005X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1470-2738</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Publishing Group</publisher-name><publisher-loc>BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26941213</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4975799</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jech-2015-207005</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jech-2015-207005</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1506</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Commentary</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Portier</surname><given-names>Christopher J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Armstrong</surname><given-names>Bruce K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baguley</surname><given-names>Bruce C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baur</surname><given-names>Xaver</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Belyaev</surname><given-names>Igor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bellé</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Belpoggi</surname><given-names>Fiorella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Biggeri</surname><given-names>Annibale</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bosland</surname><given-names>Maarten C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bruzzi</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af10">10</xref></contrib><contrib 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contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yorifuji</surname><given-names>Takashi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af90">90</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Il Je</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af91">91</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zambon</surname><given-names>Paola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af92">92</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zeeb</surname><given-names>Hajo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af93">93</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Shu-Feng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af94">94</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1"><label>1</label><institution>Environmental Health Consultant</institution>,<addr-line>Thun</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff><aff id="af2"><label>2</label><institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney, New South Wales</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="af3"><label>3</label><institution>The University of Auckland</institution>,<addr-line>Auckland</addr-line>,<country>New Zealand</country></aff><aff id="af4"><label>4</label><institution>Charité University Medicine Berlin</institution>,<addr-line>Berlin</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="af5"><label>5</label><institution>Cancer Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Bratislava</addr-line>,<country>Slovak Republic</country></aff><aff id="af6"><label>6</label><institution>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR8227</institution>,<addr-line>Roscoff</addr-line>,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="af7"><label>7</label><institution>CesareMaltoni Cancer Research Center</institution>,<addr-line>Bentivoglio (Bologna)</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af8"><label>8</label><institution>Institute for Cancer Prevention and Research</institution>,<institution>University of Florence</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af9"><label>9</label><institution>University of Illinois at Chicago</institution>,<addr-line>Chicago, Illinois</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af10"><label>10</label><institution>National Cancer Research Institute, San Martino—IST Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Genoa</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af11"><label>11</label><institution>University of Hamburg</institution>,<addr-line>Hamburg</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="af12"><label>12</label><institution>STAMI, National Institute of Occupational Health</institution>,<addr-line>Oslo</addr-line>,<country>Norway</country></aff><aff id="af13"><label>13</label><institution>Sciencecorps</institution>,<addr-line>Lexington, Massachusetts</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af14"><label>14</label><institution>Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá</institution>,<addr-line>Arica</addr-line>,<country>Chile</country></aff><aff id="af15"><label>15</label><institution>Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany</institution>,<addr-line>Rensselaer, New York</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af16"><label>16</label><institution>Toxicologist</institution>,<addr-line>Maplewood, Minnesota</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af17"><label>17</label><institution>National Institute of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Cuernavaca, Morelos</addr-line>,<country>Mexico</country></aff><aff id="af18"><label>18</label><institution>Boston University School of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af19"><label>19</label><addr-line>Department of Public Health</addr-line>,<institution>Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Cagliari</institution>,<addr-line>Cagliari</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af20"><label>20</label><addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico</institution>,<addr-line>Milan</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af21"><label>21</label><addr-line>Department of Environment and Primary Prevention</addr-line>,<institution>IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità</institution>,<addr-line>Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af22"><label>22</label><institution>Environmental Defense Fund</institution>,<addr-line>Austin, Texas</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af23"><label>23</label><institution>Center for Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Cape Town</institution>,<addr-line>Cape Town</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></aff><aff id="af24"><label>24</label><institution>Environmental Health Trust</institution>,<addr-line>Jackson Hole, Wyoming</addr-line>,<country>USA and The Hebrew University Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.</country></aff><aff id="af25"><label>25</label><institution>Dalla Lana School of Public Health</institution>,<institution>University of Toronto</institution>,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="af26"><label>26</label><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</addr-line>,<institution>Drexel University</institution>,<addr-line>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af27"><label>27</label><institution>Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University</institution>,<addr-line>Greenville, North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af28"><label>28</label><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af29"><label>29</label><institution>University of Louisville School of Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Louisville, Kentucky</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af30"><label>30</label><institution>School of Public Health, Curtin University</institution>,<addr-line>Perth, Western Australia</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="af31"><label>31</label><addr-line>Department of Environmental Toxicology</addr-line>,<institution>The University of Queensland</institution>,<addr-line>Brisbane</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="af32"><label>32</label><addr-line>Department of Population Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Virginia Tech</institution>,<addr-line>Blacksburg, Virginia</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af33"><label>33</label><institution>Paris Descartes University</institution>,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="af34"><label>34</label><institution>Epi.Consult GmbH</institution>,<addr-line>Musweiler</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="af35"><label>35</label><institution>Danish Cancer Society Research Center</institution>,<addr-line>Copenhagen</addr-line>,<country>Denmark</country></aff><aff id="af36"><label>36</label><institution>University Hospital</institution>,<addr-line>Orebra</addr-line>,<country>Sweden</country></aff><aff id="af37"><label>37</label><addr-line>Biostatistics Branch</addr-line>,<institution>Netherlands Cancer Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Amsterdam</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="af38"><label>38</label><institution>Faculty of Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking Univ School of Public Health, Beijing, China</institution></aff><aff id="af39"><label>39</label><institution>National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park</institution>,<addr-line>North Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af40"><label>40</label><institution>University of Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Gainesville, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af41"><label>41</label><institution>CWJ Consulting, LLC</institution>,<addr-line>Cape Coral, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af42"><label>42</label><institution>Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af43"><label>43</label><addr-line>Division of Biostatistics</addr-line>,<institution>German Cancer Research Center</institution>,<addr-line>Heidelberg</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="af44"><label>44</label><institution>Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University</institution>,<addr-line>Utrecht</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="af45"><label>45</label><institution>National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, National University of La Plata</institution>,<country>Argentina</country></aff><aff id="af46"><label>46</label><institution>Arnhold Institute for Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai,</institution><addr-line>New York</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af47"><label>47</label><addr-line>Department of Pharmacology</addr-line>,<institution>Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Detroit, Michigan</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af48"><label>48</label><addr-line>Department of Biosciences</addr-line>,<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>,<addr-line>Helsinki</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="af49"><label>49</label><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Iowa</institution>,<addr-line>Iowa City, Iowa</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af50"><label>50</label><addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Unit</addr-line>,<institution>University of Eastern Piedmont</institution>,<addr-line>Novara</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af51"><label>51</label><addr-line>Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Bentivoglio (Bologna)</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af52"><label>52</label><institution>Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster University</institution>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af53"><label>53</label><addr-line>Department of Prevention, Occupational Health Unit, National Health Service, Padua</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af54"><label>54</label><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology Lazio Region, Rome</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af55"><label>55</label><addr-line>Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Unit</addr-line>,<institution>ISPO-Cancer Prevention and Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Florence</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af56"><label>56</label><institution>Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto</institution>,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="af57"><label>57</label><addr-line>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte</institution>,<addr-line>Torino</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af58"><label>58</label><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>City University of New York School of Public Health</institution>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af59"><label>59</label><institution>School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal</institution>,<addr-line>Durban</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></aff><aff id="af60"><label>60</label><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</addr-line>,<institution>Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University</institution>,<addr-line>Washington DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af61"><label>61</label><addr-line>Health and Environment-Department of Prevention</addr-line>,<institution>Local Health Authority-Empoli</institution>,<addr-line>Florence</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af62"><label>62</label><addr-line>Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”</addr-line>,<institution>Sapienza Rome University</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af63"><label>63</label><addr-line>Department of Environmental Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>School of the Coast & Environment</institution>,<institution>Louisiana State University</institution>,<addr-line>Baton Rouge, Los Angeles</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af64"><label>64</label><institution>Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences</institution>,<addr-line>Tucson, Arizona</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af65"><label>65</label><addr-line>Iowa Superfund Research Program and the Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Iowa</institution>,<addr-line>Iowa City, Iowa</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af66"><label>66</label><institution>Center for Research in Health, Work and Environment (CISTA), National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN-León)</institution>,<addr-line>León</addr-line>,<country>Nicaragua</country></aff><aff id="af67"><label>67</label><institution>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Associated Institute of the University of Basel</institution>,<addr-line>Basel</addr-line>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff><aff id="af68"><label>68</label><institution>College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University</institution>,<addr-line>Mississippi State</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af69"><label>69</label><addr-line>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health</addr-line>,<institution>Florida International University</institution>,<addr-line>Miami, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af70"><label>70</label><addr-line>Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences</addr-line>,<institution>Texas A&M University</institution>,<institution>College Station</institution>,<addr-line>Texas</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af71"><label>71</label><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of São Paulo</institution>,<addr-line>São Paulo</addr-line>,<country>Brazil</country></aff><aff id="af72"><label>72</label><institution>Natural Resources Defense Council and George Washington University</institution>,<addr-line>Washington DC</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af73"><label>73</label><institution>Nanosafety Research Centre</institution>,<institution>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health</institution>,<addr-line>Helsinki</addr-line>,<country>Finland</country></aff><aff id="af74"><label>74</label><institution>Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Nijmegen</addr-line>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="af75"><label>75</label><addr-line>Department of Pathology</addr-line>,<institution>University of Alberta</institution>,<addr-line>Edmonton, Alberta</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff id="af76"><label>76</label><addr-line>Department of Environmental Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Baltimore, Maryland</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af77"><label>77</label><institution>School of Public Health</institution>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>Berkeley, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af78"><label>78</label><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine</addr-line>,<institution>University of New South Wales</institution>,<addr-line>Randwick, New South Wales</addr-line><country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="af79"><label>79</label><addr-line>Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment</addr-line>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>San Francisco, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af80"><label>80</label><institution>Istituto di Geosceinze e Georisorse (CNR)</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af81"><label>81</label><institution>University of Torino</institution>,<addr-line>Torino</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af82"><label>82</label><addr-line>German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg and Faculty of Pharmacy</addr-line>,<institution>Heidelberg University</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="af83"><label>83</label><addr-line>Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</addr-line>,<institution>University of Washington</institution>,<addr-line>Seattle, Washington</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af84"><label>84</label><addr-line>Faculty of Public Health</addr-line>,<institution>Kuwait University</institution>,<addr-line>Kuwait City</addr-line>,<country>Kuwait</country></aff><aff id="af85"><label>85</label><addr-line>Department of Public Health Sciences</addr-line>,<institution>Medical University of South Carolina</institution>,<addr-line>Charleston, South Carolina</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af86"><label>86</label><addr-line>Department of Environmental Epidemiology</addr-line>,<institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="af87"><label>87</label><addr-line>Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.</addr-line></aff><aff id="af88"><label>88</label><addr-line>Department of Pathology</addr-line>,<institution>City of Hope Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Duarte, California</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af89"><label>89</label><addr-line>Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment</addr-line>,<institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>San Francisco</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af90"><label>90</label><institution>Okayama University</institution>,<addr-line>Okayama</addr-line>,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="af91"><label>91</label><institution>Institute of Nanoproduct Safety Research, Hoseo University</institution>,<addr-line>Asan</addr-line>,<country>The Republic of Korea</country></aff><aff id="af92"><label>92</label><institution>University of Padua</institution>,<addr-line>Padova</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="af93"><label>93</label><addr-line>Department of Prevention and Evaluation</addr-line>,<institution>Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology</institution>,<addr-line>Bremen</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="af94"><label>94</label><institution>College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida</institution>,<addr-line>Tampa, Florida</addr-line>,<country>USA</country></aff><author-notes><corresp><label>Correspondence to</label> Dr Christopher J Portier, Environmental Health Consultant, Thun, CH-3600, Switzerland; <email>cportier@me.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>3</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>70</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>741</fpage><lpage>745</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="jech-2015-207005.pdf"></self-uri><kwd-group><kwd>CANCER</kwd><kwd>Environmental epidemiology</kwd><kwd>ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH</kwd><kwd>PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY</kwd><kwd>TOXICOLOGY</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>special-feature</meta-name><meta-value>unlocked</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs Programme identifies chemicals, drugs, mixtures, occupational exposures, lifestyles and personal habits, and physical and biological agents that cause cancer in humans and has evaluated about 1000 agents since 1971. Monographs are written by ad hoc Working Groups (WGs) of international scientific experts over a period of about 12 months ending in an eight-day meeting. The WG evaluates all of the publicly available scientific information on each substance and, through a transparent and rigorous process,<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> decides on the degree to which the scientific evidence supports that substance's potential to cause or not cause cancer in humans.</p><p>For Monograph 112,<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> 17 expert scientists evaluated the carcinogenic hazard for four insecticides and the herbicide glyphosate.<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> The WG concluded that the data for glyphosate meet the criteria for classification as a <italic>probable human carcinogen</italic>.</p><p>The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the primary agency of the European Union for risk assessments regarding food safety. In October 2015, EFSA reported<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> on their evaluation of the Renewal Assessment Report<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> (RAR) for glyphosate that was prepared by the Rapporteur Member State, the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). EFSA concluded that ‘glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic hazard to humans and the evidence does not support classification with regard to its carcinogenic potential’. Addendum 1 (the BfR Addendum) of the RAR<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> discusses the scientific rationale for differing from the IARC WG conclusion.</p><p>Serious flaws in the scientific evaluation in the RAR incorrectly characterise the potential for a carcinogenic hazard from exposure to glyphosate. Since the RAR is the basis for the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) conclusion,<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> it is critical that these shortcomings are corrected.</p><sec id="s1"><title>The human evidence</title><p>EFSA concluded ‘that there is very limited evidence for an association between glyphosate-based formulations and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), overall inconclusive for a causal or clear associative relationship between glyphosate and cancer in human studies’. The BfR Addendum (p. ii) to the EFSA report explains that ‘no consistent positive association was observed’ and ‘the most powerful study showed no effect’. The IARC WG concluded there is <italic>limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans</italic> which means “A positive association has been observed between exposure to the agent and cancer for which a causal interpretation is considered by the Working Group to be credible, but chance, bias or confounding could not be ruled out with reasonable confidence.”<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></p><p>The finding of <italic>limited evidence</italic> by the IARC WG was for NHL, based on high-quality case–control studies, which are particularly valuable for determining the carcinogenicity of an agent because their design facilitates exposure assessment and reduces the potential for certain biases. The Agricultural Health Study<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> (AHS) was the only cohort study available providing information on the carcinogenicity of glyphosate. The study had a null finding for NHL (RR 1.1, 0.7–1.9) with no apparent exposure–response relationship in the results. Despite potential advantages of cohort versus case–control studies, the AHS had only 92 NHL cases in the unadjusted analysis as compared to 650 cases in a pooled case–control analysis from the USA.<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref> In addition, the median follow-up time in the AHS was 6.7 years, which is unlikely to be long enough to account for cancer latency.<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></p><p>The RAR classified all of the case–control studies as ‘not reliable,’ because, for example, information on glyphosate exposure, smoking status and/or previous diseases had not been assessed. In most cases, this is contrary to what is actually described in the publications. Well-designed case–control studies are recognised as strong evidence and routinely relied on for hazard evaluations.<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref><xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> The IARC WG carefully and thoroughly evaluated all available epidemiology data, considering the strengths and weaknesses of each study. This is key to determining that the positive associations seen in the case–control studies are a reliable indication of an association and not simply due to chance or methodological flaws. To provide a reasonable interpretation of the findings, an evaluation needs to properly weight studies according to quality rather than simply count the number of positives and negatives. The two meta-analyses cited in the IARC Monograph<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> are excellent examples of objective evaluations and show a consistent positive association between glyphosate and NHL.</p><p>The final conclusion<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> (Addendum 1, p.21) that “there was no unequivocal evidence for a clear and strong association of NHL with glyphosate” is misleading. IARC, like many other groups, uses three levels of evidence for human cancer data.<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><italic>Sufficient evidence</italic> means ‘that a causal relationship has been established’ between glyphosate and NHL. BfR's conclusion is equivalent to deciding that there is not <italic>sufficient evidence</italic>. Legitimate public health concerns arise when ‘causality is credible’, that is, when there is <italic>limited evidence of carcinogenicity</italic>.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>Evidence from animal carcinogenicity studies</title><p>EFSA concluded ‘No evidence of carcinogenicity was confirmed by the majority of the experts (with the exception of one minority view) in either rats or mice due to a lack of statistical significance in pairwise comparison tests, lack of consistency in multiple animal studies and slightly increased incidences only at dose levels at or above the limit dose/maximum tolerated dose (MTD), lack of preneoplastic lesions and/or being within historical control range’. The IARC WG review found a significant positive trend for renal tumours in male CD-1 mice,<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> a rare tumour, although no comparisons of any individual exposure group to the control group were statistically significant. The WG also identified a significant positive trend for hemangiosarcoma in male CD-1 mice,<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> again with no individual exposure group significantly different from controls. Finally, the WG also saw a significant increase in the incidence of pancreatic islet cell adenomas in two studies in male Sprague-Dawley rats.<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14–16</xref> In one of these rat studies, thyroid gland adenomas in females and liver adenomas in males were also increased. By the IARC review criteria,<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> this constitutes <italic>sufficient evidence</italic> in animals.</p><p>The IARC WG reached this conclusion using data that were publicly available in sufficient detail for independent scientific evaluation (a requirement of the IARC Preamble<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). On the basis of the BfR Addendum, it seems there were three additional mouse studies and two additional rat studies that were unpublished and available to EFSA. Two of the additional studies were reported to have a significant trend for renal tumours, one in CD-1 mice (Sugimoto. <italic>18-Month Oral Oncogenicity Study in Mice</italic>. Unpublished, designated ASB2012–11493 in RAR. 1997), and one in Swiss-Webster mice (Unknown. <italic>A chronic feeding study of glyphosate (roundup technical) in mice</italic>. Unpublished, designated ABS2012–11491 in RAR. 2001). One of these studies (Sugimoto. Unpublished, 1997) also reported a significant trend for hemangiosarcoma. The RAR also reported two studies in CD-1 mice showing significant trends for malignant lymphoma (Sugimoto. Unpublished, 1997; Unknown. <italic>Glyphosate Technical: Dietary Carcinogencity Study in the Mouse</italic>. Unpublished, designated ABS2012–11492 in RAR. 2009).</p><p>The RAR dismissed the observed trends in tumour incidence because there are no individual treatment groups that are significantly different from controls and because the maximum observed response is reportedly within the range of the historical control data (Table 5.3–1, p.90). Care must be taken in using historical control data to evaluate animal carcinogenicity data. In virtually all guidelines,<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> scientific reports<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> and publications<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20–23</xref> on this issue, the recommended first choice is the use of concurrent controls and trend tests, even in the EC regulations cited in the RAR<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> (see p.375). Trend tests are more powerful than pairwise comparisons, particularly for rare tumours where data are sparse. Historical control data should be from studies in the same time frame, for the same animal strain, preferably from the same laboratory or the same supplier and preferably reviewed by the same pathologist.<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> While the EFSA final peer review<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> mentions the use of historical control data from the original laboratory, no specifics are provided and the only referenced historical control data<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> are in the BfR addendum.<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> One of the mouse studies<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> was clearly done before this historical control database was developed, one study (Sugimoto. Unpublished, 1997) used Crj:CD-1 mice rather than Crl:CD-1 mice, and one study<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> did not specify the substrain and was reported in 1993 (probably started prior to 1988). Hence, only a single study (Unknown. Unpublished, 2009) used the same mouse strain as the cited historical controls, but was reported more than 10 years after the historical control data set was developed.</p><p>The RAR dismissed the slightly increased tumour incidences in the studies considered because they occurred “only at dose levels at or above the limit dose/maximum tolerated dose (MTD)”, and because there was a lack of preneoplastic lesions. Exceeding the MTD is demonstrated by an increase in mortality or other serious toxicological findings at the highest dose, not by a slight reduction in body weight. No serious toxicological findings were reported at the highest doses for the mouse studies in the RAR. While some would argue that these high doses could cause cellular disruption (eg, regenerative hyperplasia) leading to cancer, no evidence of this was reported in any study. Finally, a lack of preneoplastic lesions for a significant neoplastic finding is insufficient reason to discard the finding.</p></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Mechanistic information</title><p>The BfR Addendum dismisses the IARC WG finding that ‘there is strong evidence that glyphosate causes genotoxicity’ by suggesting that unpublished evidence not seen by the IARC WG was overwhelmingly negative and that, since the reviewed studies were not done under guideline principles, they should get less weight. To maintain transparency, IARC reviews only publicly available data. The use of confidential data submitted to the BfR makes it impossible for any scientist not associated with BfR to review this conclusion. Further weakening their interpretation, the BfR did not include evidence of chromosomal damage from exposed humans or human cells that were highlighted in Tables 4.1 and 4.2 of the IARC Monograph <xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></p><p>The BfR confirms (p.79) that the studies evaluated by the IARC WG on oxidative stress were predominantly positive but does not agree that this is strong support for an oxidative stress mechanism. They minimise the significance of these findings predominantly because of a lack of positive controls in some studies and because many of the studies used glyphosate formulations and not pure glyphosate. In contrast, the WG concluded that (p.77) ‘Strong evidence exists that glyphosate, AMPA and glyphosate-based formulations can induce oxidative stress’. From a scientific perspective, these types of mechanistic studies play a key role in distinguishing between the effects of mixtures, pure substances and metabolites.</p><p>Finally, we strongly disagree that data from studies published in the peer-reviewed literature should automatically receive less weight than guideline studies. Compliance with guidelines and Good Laboratory Practice does not guarantee validity and relevance of the study design, statistical rigour and attention to sources of bias.<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> The majority of research after the initial marketing approval, including epidemiology studies, will be conducted in research laboratories using various models to address specific issues related to toxicity, often with no testing guidelines available. Peer-reviewed and published findings have great value in understanding mechanisms of carcinogenicity and should be given appropriate weight in an evaluation based on study quality, not just on compliance with guideline rules.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>General comments</title><p>Science moves forward on careful evaluations of data and a rigorous review of findings, interpretations and conclusions. An important aspect of this process is transparency and the ability to question or debate the findings of others. This ensures the validity of the results and provides a strong basis for decisions. Many of the elements of transparency do not exist for the RAR.<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> For example, citations for almost all references, even those from the open scientific literature, have been redacted. The ability to objectively evaluate the findings of a scientific report requires a complete list of cited supporting evidence. As another example, there are no authors or contributors listed for either document, a requirement for publication in virtually all scientific journals where financial support, conflicts of interest and affiliations of authors are fully disclosed. This is in direct contrast to the IARC WG evaluation listing all authors, all publications and public disclosure of pertinent conflicts of interest prior to the WG meeting.<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></p><p>Several guidelines have been devised for conducting careful evaluation and analysis of carcinogenicity data, most after consultation with scientists from around the world. Two of the most widely used guidelines in Europe are the OECD guidance on the conduct and design of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> and the European Chemicals Agency Guidance on Commission Regulation (EU) No 286/2011;<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> both are cited in the RAR. The methods used for historical controls and trend analysis are inconsistent with these guidelines.</p><p>Owing to the potential public health impact of glyphosate, which is an extensively used pesticide, it is essential that all scientific evidence relating to its possible carcinogenicity is publicly accessible and reviewed transparently in accordance with established scientific criteria.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Summary</title><p>The IARC WG concluded that glyphosate is a ‘probable human carcinogen’, putting it into IARC category 2A due to <italic>sufficient evidence</italic> of carcinogenicity in animals, <italic>limited evidence</italic> of carcinogenicity in humans and <italic>strong</italic> evidence for two carcinogenic mechanisms.
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The IARC WG found an association between NHL and glyphosate based on the available human evidence.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The IARC WG found significant carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals for rare kidney tumours and hemangiosarcoma in two mouse studies and benign tumours in two rat studies.</p></list-item><list-item><p>The IARC WG concluded that there was strong evidence of genotoxicity and oxidative stress for glyphosate, entirely from publicly available research, including findings of DNA damage in the peripheral blood of exposed humans.</p></list-item></list></p><p>The RAR concluded<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> (Vol. 1, p.160) that ‘classification and labelling for carcinogenesis is not warranted’ and ‘glyphosate is devoid of genotoxic potential’.
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>EFSA<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> classified the human evidence as ‘very limited’ and then dismissed any association of glyphosate with cancer without clear explanation or justification.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ignoring established guidelines cited in their report, EFSA dismissed evidence of renal tumours in three mouse studies, hemangiosarcoma in two mouse studies and malignant lymphoma in two mouse studies. Thus, EFSA incorrectly discarded all findings of glyphosate-induced cancer in animals as chance occurrences.</p></list-item><list-item><p>EFSA ignored important laboratory and human mechanistic evidence of genotoxicity.</p></list-item><list-item><p>EFSA confirmed that glyphosate induces oxidative stress but then, having dismissed all other findings of possible carcinogenicity, dismissed this finding on the grounds that oxidative stress alone is not sufficient for carcinogen labelling.</p></list-item></list></p><p>The most appropriate and scientifically based evaluation of the cancers reported in humans and laboratory animals as well as supportive mechanistic data is that glyphosate is a <italic>probable human carcinogen</italic>. On the basis of this conclusion and in the absence of evidence to the contrary, it is reasonable to conclude that glyphosate formulations should also be considered likely human carcinogens. The CLP Criteria<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> (Table 3.6.1, p.371) allow for a similar classification of Category 1B when there are ‘studies showing limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans together with limited evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals’.</p><p>In the RAR, almost no weight is given to studies from the published literature and there is an over-reliance on non-publicly available industry-provided studies using a limited set of assays that define the minimum data necessary for the marketing of a pesticide. The IARC WG evaluation of <italic>probably carcinogenic to humans</italic> accurately reflects the results of published scientific literature on glyphosate and, on the face of it, unpublished studies to which EFSA refers.</p><p>Most of the authors of this commentary previously expressed their concerns to EFSA and others regarding their review of glyphosate<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> to which EFSA has published a reply.<xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref> This commentary responds to the EFSA reply.</p><p>The views expressed in this editorial are the opinion of the authors and do not imply an endorsement or support for these opinions by any organisations to which they are affiliated.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Contributors:</bold> All authors to this commentary have participated in its development and approve the content. MCB, FF, LF, CWJ, HK, TR, MKR, IR and CS were all participants in the IARC WG. CJP was an Invited Specialist in the IARC WG. Many of the remaining authors have also served on IARC Working Groups that did not pertain to glyphosate.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Competing interests:</bold> CJP, MTS and DDW are providing advice to a US law firm involved in glyphosate litigation. 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