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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Rapid Evolution of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Genes in Primates Generates New Disease Alleles in Humans via Hitchhiking Diversity</title><author><name sortKey="Shiina, Takashi" sort="Shiina, Takashi" uniqKey="Shiina T" first="Takashi" last="Shiina">Takashi Shiina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ota, Masao" sort="Ota, Masao" uniqKey="Ota M" first="Masao" last="Ota">Masao Ota</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shimizu, Sayoko" sort="Shimizu, Sayoko" uniqKey="Shimizu S" first="Sayoko" last="Shimizu">Sayoko Shimizu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katsuyama, Yoshihiko" sort="Katsuyama, Yoshihiko" uniqKey="Katsuyama Y" first="Yoshihiko" last="Katsuyama">Yoshihiko Katsuyama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Nami" sort="Hashimoto, Nami" uniqKey="Hashimoto N" first="Nami" last="Hashimoto">Nami Hashimoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takasu, Miwa" sort="Takasu, Miwa" uniqKey="Takasu M" first="Miwa" last="Takasu">Miwa Takasu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anzai, Tatsuya" sort="Anzai, Tatsuya" uniqKey="Anzai T" first="Tatsuya" last="Anzai">Tatsuya Anzai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kulski, Jerzy K" sort="Kulski, Jerzy K" uniqKey="Kulski J" first="Jerzy K." last="Kulski">Jerzy K. Kulski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological Computing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kikkawa, Eri" sort="Kikkawa, Eri" uniqKey="Kikkawa E" first="Eri" last="Kikkawa">Eri Kikkawa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naruse, Taeko" sort="Naruse, Taeko" uniqKey="Naruse T" first="Taeko" last="Naruse">Taeko Naruse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kimura, Natsuki" sort="Kimura, Natsuki" uniqKey="Kimura N" first="Natsuki" last="Kimura">Natsuki Kimura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanagiya, Kazuyo" sort="Yanagiya, Kazuyo" uniqKey="Yanagiya K" first="Kazuyo" last="Yanagiya">Kazuyo Yanagiya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, Atsushi" sort="Watanabe, Atsushi" uniqKey="Watanabe A" first="Atsushi" last="Watanabe">Atsushi Watanabe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi" sort="Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi" uniqKey="Hosomichi K" first="Kazuyoshi" last="Hosomichi">Kazuyoshi Hosomichi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kohara, Sakae" sort="Kohara, Sakae" uniqKey="Kohara S" first="Sakae" last="Kohara">Sakae Kohara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iwamoto, Chie" sort="Iwamoto, Chie" uniqKey="Iwamoto C" first="Chie" last="Iwamoto">Chie Iwamoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Umehara, Yumi" sort="Umehara, Yumi" uniqKey="Umehara Y" first="Yumi" last="Umehara">Yumi Umehara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Alice" sort="Meyer, Alice" uniqKey="Meyer A" first="Alice" last="Meyer">Alice Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wanner, Valerie" sort="Wanner, Valerie" uniqKey="Wanner V" first="Valérie" last="Wanner">Valérie Wanner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sano, Kazumi" sort="Sano, Kazumi" uniqKey="Sano K" first="Kazumi" last="Sano">Kazumi Sano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macquin, Cecile" sort="Macquin, Cecile" uniqKey="Macquin C" first="Cécile" last="Macquin">Cécile Macquin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ikeo, Kazuho" sort="Ikeo, Kazuho" uniqKey="Ikeo K" first="Kazuho" last="Ikeo">Kazuho Ikeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tokunaga, Katsushi" sort="Tokunaga, Katsushi" uniqKey="Tokunaga K" first="Katsushi" last="Tokunaga">Katsushi Tokunaga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gojobori, Takashi" sort="Gojobori, Takashi" uniqKey="Gojobori T" first="Takashi" last="Gojobori">Takashi Gojobori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inoko, Hidetoshi" sort="Inoko, Hidetoshi" uniqKey="Inoko H" first="Hidetoshi" last="Inoko">Hidetoshi Inoko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bahram, Seiamak" sort="Bahram, Seiamak" uniqKey="Bahram S" first="Seiamak" last="Bahram">Seiamak Bahram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">16702430</idno><idno type="pmc">1526686</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1526686</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1526686</idno><idno type="doi">10.1534/genetics.106.057034</idno><date when="2006">2006</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F77</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000F77</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Rapid Evolution of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Genes in Primates Generates New Disease Alleles in Humans via Hitchhiking Diversity</title><author><name sortKey="Shiina, Takashi" sort="Shiina, Takashi" uniqKey="Shiina T" first="Takashi" last="Shiina">Takashi Shiina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ota, Masao" sort="Ota, Masao" uniqKey="Ota M" first="Masao" last="Ota">Masao Ota</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shimizu, Sayoko" sort="Shimizu, Sayoko" uniqKey="Shimizu S" first="Sayoko" last="Shimizu">Sayoko Shimizu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katsuyama, Yoshihiko" sort="Katsuyama, Yoshihiko" uniqKey="Katsuyama Y" first="Yoshihiko" last="Katsuyama">Yoshihiko Katsuyama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Nami" sort="Hashimoto, Nami" uniqKey="Hashimoto N" first="Nami" last="Hashimoto">Nami Hashimoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takasu, Miwa" sort="Takasu, Miwa" uniqKey="Takasu M" first="Miwa" last="Takasu">Miwa Takasu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anzai, Tatsuya" sort="Anzai, Tatsuya" uniqKey="Anzai T" first="Tatsuya" last="Anzai">Tatsuya Anzai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kulski, Jerzy K" sort="Kulski, Jerzy K" uniqKey="Kulski J" first="Jerzy K." last="Kulski">Jerzy K. Kulski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological Computing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kikkawa, Eri" sort="Kikkawa, Eri" uniqKey="Kikkawa E" first="Eri" last="Kikkawa">Eri Kikkawa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naruse, Taeko" sort="Naruse, Taeko" uniqKey="Naruse T" first="Taeko" last="Naruse">Taeko Naruse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kimura, Natsuki" sort="Kimura, Natsuki" uniqKey="Kimura N" first="Natsuki" last="Kimura">Natsuki Kimura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanagiya, Kazuyo" sort="Yanagiya, Kazuyo" uniqKey="Yanagiya K" first="Kazuyo" last="Yanagiya">Kazuyo Yanagiya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, Atsushi" sort="Watanabe, Atsushi" uniqKey="Watanabe A" first="Atsushi" last="Watanabe">Atsushi Watanabe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi" sort="Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi" uniqKey="Hosomichi K" first="Kazuyoshi" last="Hosomichi">Kazuyoshi Hosomichi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kohara, Sakae" sort="Kohara, Sakae" uniqKey="Kohara S" first="Sakae" last="Kohara">Sakae Kohara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iwamoto, Chie" sort="Iwamoto, Chie" uniqKey="Iwamoto C" first="Chie" last="Iwamoto">Chie Iwamoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Umehara, Yumi" sort="Umehara, Yumi" uniqKey="Umehara Y" first="Yumi" last="Umehara">Yumi Umehara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, Alice" sort="Meyer, Alice" uniqKey="Meyer A" first="Alice" last="Meyer">Alice Meyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wanner, Valerie" sort="Wanner, Valerie" uniqKey="Wanner V" first="Valérie" last="Wanner">Valérie Wanner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sano, Kazumi" sort="Sano, Kazumi" uniqKey="Sano K" first="Kazumi" last="Sano">Kazumi Sano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macquin, Cecile" sort="Macquin, Cecile" uniqKey="Macquin C" first="Cécile" last="Macquin">Cécile Macquin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ikeo, Kazuho" sort="Ikeo, Kazuho" uniqKey="Ikeo K" first="Kazuho" last="Ikeo">Kazuho Ikeo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tokunaga, Katsushi" sort="Tokunaga, Katsushi" uniqKey="Tokunaga K" first="Katsushi" last="Tokunaga">Katsushi Tokunaga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gojobori, Takashi" sort="Gojobori, Takashi" uniqKey="Gojobori T" first="Takashi" last="Gojobori">Takashi Gojobori</name><affiliation><nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Inoko, Hidetoshi" sort="Inoko, Hidetoshi" uniqKey="Inoko H" first="Hidetoshi" last="Inoko">Hidetoshi Inoko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bahram, Seiamak" sort="Bahram, Seiamak" uniqKey="Bahram S" first="Seiamak" last="Bahram">Seiamak Bahram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Genetics</title><idno type="ISSN">0016-6731</idno><imprint><date when="2006">2006</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A plausible explanation for many MHC-linked diseases is lacking. Sequencing of the MHC class I region (coding units or full contigs) in several human and nonhuman primate haplotypes allowed an analysis of single nucleotide variations (SNV) across this entire segment. This diversity was not evenly distributed. It was rather concentrated within two gene-rich clusters. These were each centered, but importantly not limited to, the antigen-presenting <italic>HLA-A</italic> and <italic>HLA-B/-C</italic> loci. Rapid evolution of MHC-I alleles, as evidenced by an unusually high number of haplotype-specific (hs) and hypervariable (hv) (which could not be traced to a single species or haplotype) SNVs within the classical MHC-I, seems to have not only hitchhiked alleles within nearby genes, but also hitchhiked deleterious mutations in these same unrelated loci. The overrepresentation of a fraction of these hvSNV (hv1SNV) along with hsSNV, as compared to those that appear to have been maintained throughout primate evolution (trans-species diversity; tsSNV; included within hv2SNV) tends to establish that the majority of the MHC polymorphism is <italic>de novo</italic> (species specific). This is most likely reminiscent of the fact that these hsSNV and hv1SNV have been selected in adaptation to the constantly evolving microbial antigenic repertoire.</p></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Genetics</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">genetics</journal-id><journal-title>Genetics</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0016-6731</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Copyright © 2006 by the Genetics Society of America</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">16702430</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1526686</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">gen17331555</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1534/genetics.106.057034</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Investigations</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Rapid Evolution of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Genes in Primates Generates New Disease Alleles in Humans via Hitchhiking Diversity</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shiina</surname><given-names>Takashi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ota</surname><given-names>Masao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">†</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shimizu</surname><given-names>Sayoko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Katsuyama</surname><given-names>Yoshihiko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hashimoto</surname><given-names>Nami</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Takasu</surname><given-names>Miwa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anzai</surname><given-names>Tatsuya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kulski</surname><given-names>Jerzy K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">**</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kikkawa</surname><given-names>Eri</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Naruse</surname><given-names>Taeko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kimura</surname><given-names>Natsuki</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yanagiya</surname><given-names>Kazuyo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Watanabe</surname><given-names>Atsushi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hosomichi</surname><given-names>Kazuyoshi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kohara</surname><given-names>Sakae</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">††</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iwamoto</surname><given-names>Chie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">‡‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Umehara</surname><given-names>Yumi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">‡‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meyer</surname><given-names>Alice</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">§§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wanner</surname><given-names>Valérie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">§§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sano</surname><given-names>Kazumi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">§§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Macquin</surname><given-names>Cécile</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">§§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ikeo</surname><given-names>Kazuho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">‡‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tokunaga</surname><given-names>Katsushi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">§</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gojobori</surname><given-names>Takashi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">‡‡</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Inoko</surname><given-names>Hidetoshi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bahram</surname><given-names>Seiamak</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec">§§</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="N0x9acfad0N0x9f1b1ec"><label>*</label>Department of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan,<label>†</label>Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan,<label>‡</label>Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan,<label>§</label>Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,<label>**</label>Centre for Bioinformatics and Biological Computing, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia,<label>††</label>Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Kainan, Wakayama 642-0017, Japan,<label>‡‡</label>Center for Information Biology and DNA Data Bank of Japan, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan and<label>§§</label>Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France</aff><author-notes><fn id="fn1"><label>1</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn><fn id="cor1"><label>2</label><p><italic>Corresponding author:</italic> Human Molecular Immunogenetics, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085 Strasbourg, France. E-mail: <email>siamak@hemato-ulp.u-strasbg.fr</email></p></fn><fn><p>Communicating editor: N. T<sc>akahata</sc></p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2006</year></pub-date><volume>173</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>1555</fpage><lpage>1570</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>2</month><year>2006</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day><month>5</month><year>2006</year></date></history><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2006 by the Genetics Society of America</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2006</copyright-year><abstract><p>A plausible explanation for many MHC-linked diseases is lacking. Sequencing of the MHC class I region (coding units or full contigs) in several human and nonhuman primate haplotypes allowed an analysis of single nucleotide variations (SNV) across this entire segment. This diversity was not evenly distributed. It was rather concentrated within two gene-rich clusters. These were each centered, but importantly not limited to, the antigen-presenting <italic>HLA-A</italic> and <italic>HLA-B/-C</italic> loci. Rapid evolution of MHC-I alleles, as evidenced by an unusually high number of haplotype-specific (hs) and hypervariable (hv) (which could not be traced to a single species or haplotype) SNVs within the classical MHC-I, seems to have not only hitchhiked alleles within nearby genes, but also hitchhiked deleterious mutations in these same unrelated loci. The overrepresentation of a fraction of these hvSNV (hv1SNV) along with hsSNV, as compared to those that appear to have been maintained throughout primate evolution (trans-species diversity; tsSNV; included within hv2SNV) tends to establish that the majority of the MHC polymorphism is <italic>de novo</italic> (species specific). This is most likely reminiscent of the fact that these hsSNV and hv1SNV have been selected in adaptation to the constantly evolving microbial antigenic repertoire.</p></abstract></article-meta><notes><fn-group><fn><p>Sequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB088082">AB088082</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB088115">AB088115</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB103588">AB103588</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB103621">AB103621</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB110931">AB110931</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB110940">AB110940</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB201549">AB201549</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB201552">AB201552</ext-link>, and <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB202079">AB202079</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB202114">AB202114</ext-link> (human); <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB210139">AB210139</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB210212">AB210212</ext-link> (chimpanzee); <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128049">AB128049</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128833">AB128833</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="ABAB128841">ABAB128841</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128843">AB128843</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128846">AB128846</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128848">AB128848</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128849">AB128849</ext-link>, <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128852">AB128852</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128856">AB128856</ext-link>, and <ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128858">AB128858</ext-link>–<ext-link ext-link-type="gen" xlink:href="AB128860">AB128860</ext-link> (macaque).</p></fn></fn-group></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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