New dating evidence of the early presence of hominins in Southern Europe
Identifieur interne : 000E35 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000E34; suivant : 000E36New dating evidence of the early presence of hominins in Southern Europe
Auteurs : Véronique Michel ; Chuan-Chou Shen ; Jon Woodhead ; Hsun-Ming Hu ; Chung-Che Wu ; Pierre-Élie Moullé ; Samir Khatib ; Dominique Cauche ; Marie-Hélène Moncel ; Patricia Valensi ; Yu-Min Chou ; Sylvain Gallet ; Anna Echassoux ; François Orange ; Henry De LumleySource :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
The first “Out of Africa” migrations represent a seminal event in the history of humankind. At the gates of Europe, the first appearance of Hominins is recorded in Georgia, 1.8 million years ago (Ma); however, the picture of migration across the continent remains incomplete. Vallonnet Cave (France) is a Lower Paleolithic prehistoric site with traces of hominin activities including lithic remains and cut-marks on mammal bones. Here, we apply the uranium-lead (U-Pb) methods to two flowstones to date the intervening archaeological levels. The U-Pb data, coupled with paleomagnetic constraints, provide an age range from 1.2 to 1.1 Ma. The results conclusively demonstrate that Vallonnet Cave is one of the oldest European prehistoric sites in France with early hominin occupations associated with an Epivillafranchian fauna. Combined with data from other archaeological sites, the new precise chronology suggests a widespread occupation the Northern Mediterranean to Southwestern Europe at ~1.2 Ma.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10178-4
PubMed: 28855634
PubMed Central: 5577296
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PMC:5577296Le document en format XML
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9282</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4444.0</institution-id><institution>Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CEPAM,</institution></institution-wrap>06357 Nice, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9888 6911</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.464167.6</institution-id><institution>Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur,</institution></institution-wrap>06560 Valbonne, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Chuan Chou" sort="Shen, Chuan Chou" uniqKey="Shen C" first="Chuan-Chou" last="Shen">Chuan-Chou Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0546 0241</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19188.39</institution-id><institution>High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University,</institution></institution-wrap>10617 Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodhead, Jon" sort="Woodhead, Jon" uniqKey="Woodhead J" first="Jon" last="Woodhead">Jon Woodhead</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2179 088X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1008.9</institution-id><institution>School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne,</institution></institution-wrap>VIC, 3010 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Hsun Ming" sort="Hu, Hsun Ming" uniqKey="Hu H" first="Hsun-Ming" last="Hu">Hsun-Ming Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0546 0241</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19188.39</institution-id><institution>High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University,</institution></institution-wrap>10617 Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Chung Che" sort="Wu, Chung Che" uniqKey="Wu C" first="Chung-Che" last="Wu">Chung-Che Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0546 0241</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19188.39</institution-id><institution>High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University,</institution></institution-wrap>10617 Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moulle, Pierre Elie" sort="Moulle, Pierre Elie" uniqKey="Moulle P" first="Pierre-Élie" last="Moullé">Pierre-Élie Moullé</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Musée de Préhistoire Régionale de Menton, 06500 Menton, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khatib, Samir" sort="Khatib, Samir" uniqKey="Khatib S" first="Samir" last="Khatib">Samir Khatib</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2183 2410</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.464572.6</institution-id><institution>Institut de Paléontologie Humaine,</institution></institution-wrap>75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cauche, Dominique" sort="Cauche, Dominique" uniqKey="Cauche D" first="Dominique" last="Cauche">Dominique Cauche</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2183 2410</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.464572.6</institution-id><institution>Institut de Paléontologie Humaine,</institution></institution-wrap>75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Laboratoire Nice Côte d’Azur, 06300 Nice, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2112 9282</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4444.0</institution-id><institution>Département de Préhistoire, MNHN Paris, CNRS,</institution></institution-wrap>75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moncel, Marie Helene" sort="Moncel, Marie Helene" uniqKey="Moncel M" first="Marie-Hélène" last="Moncel">Marie-Hélène Moncel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2112 9282</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4444.0</institution-id><institution>Département de Préhistoire, MNHN Paris, CNRS,</institution></institution-wrap>75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valensi, Patricia" sort="Valensi, Patricia" uniqKey="Valensi P" first="Patricia" last="Valensi">Patricia Valensi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2112 9282</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4444.0</institution-id><institution>Département de Préhistoire, MNHN Paris, CNRS,</institution></institution-wrap>75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Musée de Préhistoire, 06690 Tourrette-Levens, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chou, Yu Min" sort="Chou, Yu Min" uniqKey="Chou Y" first="Yu-Min" last="Chou">Yu-Min Chou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0546 0241</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19188.39</institution-id><institution>High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University,</institution></institution-wrap>10617 Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallet, Sylvain" sort="Gallet, Sylvain" uniqKey="Gallet S" first="Sylvain" last="Gallet">Sylvain Gallet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9888 6911</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.464167.6</institution-id><institution>Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur,</institution></institution-wrap>06560 Valbonne, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Echassoux, Anna" sort="Echassoux, Anna" uniqKey="Echassoux A" first="Anna" last="Echassoux">Anna Echassoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Réserve de biosphère de Fontainebleau et du Gâtinais, 77300 Fontainebleau, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orange, Francois" sort="Orange, Francois" uniqKey="Orange F" first="François" last="Orange">François Orange</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), 06108 Nice, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Lumley, Henry" sort="De Lumley, Henry" uniqKey="De Lumley H" first="Henry" last="De Lumley">Henry De Lumley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2183 2410</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.464572.6</institution-id><institution>Institut de Paléontologie Humaine,</institution></institution-wrap>75013 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">The first “Out of Africa” migrations represent a seminal event in the history of humankind. At the gates of Europe, the first appearance of Hominins is recorded in Georgia, 1.8 million years ago (Ma); however, the picture of migration across the continent remains incomplete. Vallonnet Cave (France) is a Lower Paleolithic prehistoric site with traces of hominin activities including lithic remains and cut-marks on mammal bones. Here, we apply the uranium-lead (U-Pb) methods to two flowstones to date the intervening archaeological levels. The U-Pb data, coupled with paleomagnetic constraints, provide an age range from 1.2 to 1.1 Ma. The results conclusively demonstrate that Vallonnet Cave is one of the oldest European prehistoric sites in France with early hominin occupations associated with an Epivillafranchian fauna. Combined with data from other archaeological sites, the new precise chronology suggests a widespread occupation the Northern Mediterranean to Southwestern Europe at ~1.2 Ma.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harmand, S" uniqKey="Harmand S">S Harmand</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Je" uniqKey="Lewis J">JE Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harmand, S" uniqKey="Harmand S">S Harmand</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Semaw, S" uniqKey="Semaw S">S Semaw</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stout, D" uniqKey="Stout D">D Stout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Semaw, S" uniqKey="Semaw S">S Semaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rogers, Mj" uniqKey="Rogers M">MJ Rogers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cauche, D" uniqKey="Cauche D">D 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28855634</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5577296</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10178</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-10178-4</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>New dating evidence of the early presence of hominins in Southern Europe</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Michel</surname><given-names>Véronique</given-names></name><address><email>veronique.michel@cepam.cnrs.fr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Shen</surname><given-names>Chuan-Chou</given-names></name><address><email>river@ntu.edu.tw</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woodhead</surname><given-names>Jon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Hsun-Ming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Chung-Che</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moullé</surname><given-names>Pierre-Élie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khatib</surname><given-names>Samir</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cauche</surname><given-names>Dominique</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7">7</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Moncel</surname><given-names>Marie-Hélène</given-names></name><address><email>moncel@mnhn.fr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Valensi</surname><given-names>Patricia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chou</surname><given-names>Yu-Min</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gallet</surname><given-names>Sylvain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Echassoux</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Orange</surname><given-names>François</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Lumley</surname><given-names>Henry</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2112 9282</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4444.0</institution-id><institution>Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CEPAM,</institution></institution-wrap>06357 Nice, France</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9888 6911</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.464167.6</institution-id><institution>Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, Géoazur,</institution></institution-wrap>06560 Valbonne, France</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0546 0241</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19188.39</institution-id><institution>High-Precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University,</institution></institution-wrap>10617 Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2179 088X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1008.9</institution-id><institution>School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne,</institution></institution-wrap>VIC, 3010 Australia</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>Musée de Préhistoire Régionale de Menton, 06500 Menton, France</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2183 2410</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.464572.6</institution-id><institution>Institut de Paléontologie Humaine,</institution></institution-wrap>75013 Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label>Laboratoire Nice Côte d’Azur, 06300 Nice, France</aff><aff id="Aff8"><label>8</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2112 9282</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4444.0</institution-id><institution>Département de Préhistoire, MNHN Paris, CNRS,</institution></institution-wrap>75013 Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff9"><label>9</label>Musée de Préhistoire, 06690 Tourrette-Levens, France</aff><aff id="Aff10"><label>10</label>Réserve de biosphère de Fontainebleau et du Gâtinais, 77300 Fontainebleau, France</aff><aff id="Aff11"><label>11</label>Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), 06108 Nice, France</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>30</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>10074</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>7</day><month>8</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2017</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">The first “Out of Africa” migrations represent a seminal event in the history of humankind. At the gates of Europe, the first appearance of Hominins is recorded in Georgia, 1.8 million years ago (Ma); however, the picture of migration across the continent remains incomplete. Vallonnet Cave (France) is a Lower Paleolithic prehistoric site with traces of hominin activities including lithic remains and cut-marks on mammal bones. Here, we apply the uranium-lead (U-Pb) methods to two flowstones to date the intervening archaeological levels. The U-Pb data, coupled with paleomagnetic constraints, provide an age range from 1.2 to 1.1 Ma. The results conclusively demonstrate that Vallonnet Cave is one of the oldest European prehistoric sites in France with early hominin occupations associated with an Epivillafranchian fauna. Combined with data from other archaeological sites, the new precise chronology suggests a widespread occupation the Northern Mediterranean to Southwestern Europe at ~1.2 Ma.</p></abstract><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2017</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1" sec-type="introduction"><title>Introduction</title><p id="Par2">Our understanding of hominin evolution, hominin migration and cultural change relies fundamentally on the establishment of accurate chronological frameworks. The earliest evidence of hominin tool manufacture is dated from Kenya and in Ethiopia (Africa) <italic>via</italic> precise <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar dating of the Lomekwi 3 (refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>) and Gona sites<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref></sup>. The first “Out of Africa” migrations toward western Europe are recorded by the presence of an increase of well-dated sites with hominin settlements such as Dmanisi (Georgia, 1.85–1.78 Ma) (refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>), Orce (Spain, 1.5–1.4 Ma) (refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>), La Sima del Elefante (Spain, 1.2–1.1 Ma) (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref>) and Bois-de-Riquet (France, 1.3–1.1 Ma) (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). From a cultural viewpoint, the earliest evidence of hominin occupation in Europe corresponding to the “Oldowayen” is contemporaneous with the earliest bifaces in East Africa around 1.8–1.7 Ma (refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>). At ~1 Ma, Mode 1 (core-and-flake) industries continued, both in the south and north of Europe (i.e. Lunery at ~1.1 Ma in France<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref></sup>; Untermassfeld at ~1.1 Ma in Germany<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref></sup>; Monte Poggiolo at 0.9 Ma in Italy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref></sup>; Vallparadis at 0.9 Ma in Spain<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref></sup>; Happisburgh at 0.9 Ma in Great Britain<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref></sup>) alongside the onset of the first bifaces in Europe, probably close to 0.7 Ma (refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>).<fig id="Fig1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>The first “Out of Africa” migrations toward Eurasia and Europe. Geographical distribution of Pleistocene sites with Oldowayen culture in the circum-Mediterranean, Western Europe region discussed in the main text. Symbols with yellow borders are the sites where multiple dating methods, including radiometric techniques, were applied. Symbols with white borders are the sites dated using biostratigraphy and/or palaeomagnetism without radiometric dating. Dark red triangles correspond to ages ranging from 2.0–1.2 Ma for sites of (<bold>1</bold>) Dmamisi<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref></sup>, (<bold>2</bold>) Muhkai II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">41</xref></sup>, (<bold>3</bold>) Kermek<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR42">42</xref></sup>, (<bold>4</bold>) Rodniki<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR42">42</xref></sup>, (<bold>5</bold>) Bogatyri<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR42">42</xref></sup>, (<bold>6</bold>) Kozarnika<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR43">43</xref></sup>, (<bold>7</bold>) Pirro Nord<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR44">44</xref></sup>, and (<bold>8</bold>) Orce<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref></sup>; red diamonds to 1.2–1.1 Ma at (<bold>9</bold>) Sima del Elefante<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref></sup>, (<bold>10</bold>) Bois-de-Riquet<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref></sup>, (<bold>11</bold>) and Vallonnet (this study); and pink circles to ages around 1.1–0.9 Ma at (<bold>12</bold>) Lunery<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref></sup>, (<bold>13</bold>) Untermassfeld<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref></sup>, (<bold>14</bold>) Monte Poggiolo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref></sup>, (<bold>15</bold>) Vallparadis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref></sup> and (<bold>16</bold>) Happisburgh<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref></sup>. This map was created with software Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) Graphics v. 5.1.1.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="41598_2017_10178_Fig1_HTML" id="d29e595"></graphic></fig></p><p id="Par3">In this context, existing (relatively imprecise) dating of the Vallonnet site (Supplementary Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref> and Supplementary Note <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">1</xref>) to 1.37–0.91 Ma using the electron spin resonance (ESR) method on calcite<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref></sup> suggests that it potentially records key events during this early phase of hominin history, such as the first hominin dispersals in Europe with Mode 1 industries (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref> and Supplementary Note <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref>). For more than two decades, Vallonnet Cave has been extensively cited in the literature as being synchronous with the Jaramillo paleomagnetic subchron. The ESR on calcite dating method used, however, is now controversial and has not been applied for some time. Furthermore, the equivalent dose and the annual dose rates, feeding into the age calculation, were not estimated with great precision, leading to a large range of dates with significant uncertainties, i.e., 0.91 ± 0.06 Ma at the base of the Upper flowstone and 1.37 ± 0.12 Ma at the top of the Lower flowstone. In view of the importance of this site for understanding Early Pleistocene hominin evolution in southern France, more accurate dating is required. To improve the time scale for deposition of the Vallonnet Cave infilling, a dating program was undertaken using radiometric dating techniques combined with paleomagnetism in a well-known stratigraphic context (Supplementary Fig. <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref> and Supplementary Note <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">1</xref>).</p><p id="Par4">Our reconnaissance studies utilized U-Th dating methods on speleothems<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">23</xref></sup> in the hope of dating the interstratified archaeological levels, i.e., the fauna attributed to the Epivillafranchian<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">24</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref></sup> (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>, Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">1</xref> and Supplementary Note <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">3</xref>). Some cut-marks and broken bones with impact points indicate that hominins came to this cave to scavenge large and middle-sized cervid and bison carcasses, and occasionally rhinoceros, brought to the site by carnivores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">26</xref></sup> (Supplementary Fig. <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">3</xref>). The associated lithic industry includes cores, pebble-tools, flakes on local pebbles and semi-local raw materials for scavenging in the cave<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">27</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">28</xref></sup> (Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>, Supplementary Fig. <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">4</xref> and Supplementary Note <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref>). Questioned in the past<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">29</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">30</xref></sup>, the 97 artifacts indicate an obvious scarce and sporadic hominin presence into the cave with <italic>façonnage</italic> activities and direct and bipolar evidence of debitage on limestone, flint and quartzite. Under favorable circumstances, the range of materials that can be dated with the U-Th method can extend to 800 thousand years ago using new <sup>234</sup>U and <sup>230</sup>Th decay constants and sub-permil (‰) isotopic measurements by Faraday cup protocols on multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometers (MC-ICP-MS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">31</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">32</xref></sup>. Unfortunately, the flowstone samples proved to be beyond the limits of the U-Th dating method. For speleothems with ages beyond this, the recently developed U-Pb in the speleothem chronometer provides a viable alternative. The method was pioneered in the study of Quaternary speleothems from Winnat’s Head Cave<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">33</xref></sup> and since that time, has been applied in a variety of contexts such as studies of landscape evolution<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">34</xref></sup>, origins of the <italic>Homo</italic> genus<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">35</xref></sup>, and temporal constraints on vertebrate evolution<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">36</xref></sup>. Recent progress in U-Pb dating, allowing for the dating of “young” calcite with ppb-level Pb content<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">37</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">38</xref></sup>, then provided an opportunity for radiometric dating the Vallonnet Cave speleothems. U-Pb and paleomagnetism analyses were used to estimate the age of archaeological deposits at complex III.<fig id="Fig2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Large mammal fauna from Vallonnet Cave. (<bold>A</bold>) <italic>Pachycrocuta brevirostris</italic>, left mandible with dp2, dp3, P4, M1 in lateral view (Val-C4-CE8–149). (<bold>B</bold>) <italic>Bison schoetensacki</italic>, right metacarpal in dorsal view (Val-A7-B1–3748). (<bold>C</bold>) <italic>Bison schoetensacki</italic>, left radio-ulna with the diaphyses and the proximal extremity of radius (Val-D4-DE11-171), in dorsal-medial view, showing anthropic activities. (<bold>D</bold>) <italic>Ammotragus europaeus</italic>, left mandible with P3, P4, M1, M2, M3 (Val-B9-BJ13-751). (<bold>E</bold>) <italic>Hemitragus bonali</italic>, left metatarsal in dorsal view (Val-C9-CJ21-647). (<bold>F</bold>) <italic>Praemegaceros</italic> cf. <italic>verticornis</italic>, distal extremity of left humerus (Val-C8-B2-1859), in cranial view, showing anthropic activities.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="41598_2017_10178_Fig2_HTML" id="d29e768"></graphic></fig><fig id="Fig3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Lithic artefacts. (<bold>A</bold>) Flake with cortical surface and no butt, of limestone. (<bold>B</bold>) Flake with cortical surface and no butt, of quartzite. (<bold>C</bold> and <bold>D</bold>) Flakes of flint, from <italic>débitage</italic>. (<bold>E</bold>) Core of flint. (<bold>F</bold>) Pebble of quartzite, with a removal negative (percussion instrument). (<bold>G</bold>) Chopper on limestone flat pebble. (<bold>H</bold>) Refitting flake on hammerstone of sandy limestone.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="41598_2017_10178_Fig3_HTML" id="d29e807"></graphic></fig></p><p id="Par5">One stratigraphic horizon, PLI-H1 of complex I below the archaeological complex III, and three horizons VM3, PLIV-M and PLIV-S of complex IV above the archaeological complex III (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>, Supplementary Figs <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref> and <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">5</xref>) were selected for dating. Due to relatively low uranium contents of 100 s ppb (Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref>), these are challenging materials for U-Pb geochronology. Fortunately, low Pb contents of generally a few ppb reflect a relatively small contribution from non-radiogenic (‘common’) Pb. As a result, three of the four analyzed samples produced linear arrays in Tera-Wasserburg Concordia diagrams from which relatively precise age estimates could be obtained (see Methods).<fig id="Fig4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Vallonnet Cave, sampling and dating results in geological context. (<bold>A</bold>) Two calcite samples were taken from Lower flowstone I and five from Upper flowtone IV for U-Th content and isotopic determination and U-Pb dating (Supplementary Figs <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref> and <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">5</xref> and Supplementary Tables <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref> and <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">3</xref>). The U-Pb ages of calcite samples, PLI-H1 of complex I and PLIV-M and VM3 of complex IV. “J” and “CM” respectively represent the paleomagnetic subchrons termed Jaramillo and Cobb Mountain. (<bold>B</bold>) The data are compared with the stacked δ<sup>18</sup>O record of benthic foraminifera<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">72</xref></sup>. Numbers are marine isotope stages (MIS). Vertical blue bar denotes the paleomagnetic Cobb Mountain subchron from 1.215–1.190 Ma (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">39</xref>) at MIS 36. (<bold>C</bold>) Depth profile of measured paleomagnetic inclination from complexes I–V. The archaeological deposits (complex III: B1, B2, C) are contemporaneous with MIS 36.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="41598_2017_10178_Fig4_HTML" id="d29e863"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec2" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p id="Par6">U-Pb isotope ratios of flowstone samples are presented in Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">3</xref> and plotted in isochron diagrams (Supplementary Fig. <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">6</xref>). Sample PLIV-S (not shown) returned scattered data suggesting either multiple sources of common Pb or open system behavior and could not be dated. Using measured <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U ratios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">31</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">32</xref></sup> (2σ, Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref>) to correct for initial disequilibrium in the U-series decay chain, the two disequilibrium-corrected U-Pb ages (2σ, Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">3</xref>) of PLI-H1 at the top of complex I, the Lower flowstone, are: 1.19 ± 0.07 and 1.22 ± 0.09 Ma [Mean Square of the Weighted Deviations (MSWD) = 10.7]. For the Upper flowstone at complex IV, the corresponding ages of the base (VM3) are: 1.13 ± 0.15 and 1.14 ± 0.15 Ma (MSWD = 2.7) and the ages of the middle (PLIV-M) are: 1.18 ± 0.09 and 1.17 ± 0.09 Ma (MSWD = 3.3) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref> and Supplementary Fig. <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">6</xref>).</p><p id="Par7">The Vallonnet Cave sequence displays four paleomagnetic zones (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref> and Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">4</xref>). The Lower and Upper flowstones (complexes I and IV) show reverse magnetic polarities. The inclination of the magnetic components varies between −7° and −48° and the declination near 223° (on average). The archaeological deposits at complex III show normal magnetic polarity. Inclination varies between 38° and 70°, which is similar to the present-day inclination of 60° measured at Nice. The colluviums in complex V also show normal magnetic polarity. The reverse magnetic polarities detected in the Lower and Upper flowstones can be attributed to the Matuyama period since the U-Pb dates from these levels give an age of 1.2–1.1 Ma. The normal polarity sequence detected in the archaeological deposits (complex III) can be correlated with the Cobb Mountain subchron dated to 1.215–1.190 Ma (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">39</xref>) (marine isotopic stage 36, MIS 36) (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>). The normal polarity detected in the colluviums (complex V) can be attributed to one of the Upper Matuyama magnetic subchron and excursions (Punaruu, Jaramillo, Santa Rosa, Kamikatsura) or to the Brunhes period <0.780 Ma.</p></sec><sec id="Sec3" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p id="Par8">The first hominin migration out of Africa toward Eurasia is evidenced by the well-dated <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar site of Dmanisi in Caucasus at 1.85–1.78 Ma (refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>). Often, however, for key Pleistocene sites in Europe, the ages of the fossils and tools are not based on radiometric methods and are thus correspondingly imprecise<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR40">40</xref></sup>. Many sites have only been approximately dated using biostratigraphy and/or dating methods with low precision, such as the site of Muhkai II in Russia with an estimated age of 2.1–1.77 Ma (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">41</xref>); the sites of Bogatyri and Rodniki along the Azov Sea dated to 1.6–1.2 Ma and the site of Kermek to 2.1–1.8 Ma, all constrained through biostratigraphy and paleomagnetic data<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR42">42</xref></sup>. An age of 1.6–1.4 Ma, based on biostratigraphy, for the Kozarnika site, in Bulgaria, also suggests a possible beginning of Western Eurasian colonization <italic>via</italic> this country<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR43">43</xref></sup>. At Pirro Nord in Italy, the earliest hominin settlement is believed to date between 1.6–1.3 Ma, based on biostratigraphy, but this chronology needs to be improved by numerical dating methods<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR40">40</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR44">44</xref></sup>.</p><p id="Par9">A reliable chronological framework can however be constructed from well-dated sites to highlight hominin migrations (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). In Spain, the Late Villafranchian sites of Orce, i.e., Barranco Leon (BL-D) and Fuente Nueva-3 (FN-3)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref></sup>, comprise the oldest evidence of hominin presence recorded so far in Western Europe. The age of the BL-D site was estimated to be close to 1.4 Ma by a combination of biochronologic, paleomagnetic data and ESR dating of quartz grains<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref></sup>. The age of FN-3 was first determined at 1.19 ± 0.21 Ma using the combined U-Th/ESR method and numerical estimates on teeth<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">45</xref></sup> and then refined to 1.50 ± 0.31 Ma using cosmogenic nuclide dating combined with a magnetostratigraphic study of the sequence<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref></sup>. Hominin (<italic>Homo antecessor</italic>) presence at La Sima del Elefante (Atapuerca) has also been dated to 1.2–1.1 Ma using cosmogenic nuclides and paleomagnetism<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref></sup>. The faunal assemblage here also corresponds to the Epivillafranchian taxa as noted for Vallonnet Cave<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">46</xref></sup>. In France, the Bois-de-Riquet archaeological site at Lézignan-la-Cèbe (Hérault) is encased within a basalt flow, radiometrically dated by <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar to 1.57 Ma (refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR47">47</xref>). This represents a maximum age, in agreement with the biochronological interpretations of the archaeological levels which suggest an age of 1.3–1.1 Ma (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>).</p><p id="Par10">At Vallonnet Cave, the new radiometric U-Pb analyses of the two flowstones (complexes I and IV) combined with paleomagnetism measurements of the deposit infilling provide the first robust chronological framework for the site (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>). The results show the presence of hominin activities in a den for a bivouac at ~1.2 Ma, associated with a normal paleomagnetism polarity (Cobb Mountain interval) corresponding to MIS 36, a cold glacial period. This result is consistent with the fact that the archaeological levels (complex III) record a cold climate and is supported by palynological data and faunal taxa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">27</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR48">48</xref></sup>. Within the 2σ uncertainty on the U-Pb dates (sample PLI-H1, Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">3</xref>), the formation of the Lower flowstone (complex I) and the deposit of the beach (complex II) can be correlated to MIS 37, just before 1.2 Ma during a warm climate (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>).</p><p id="Par11">A variety of biostratigraphic studies of Early Pleistocene sites in Europe have aimed to correlate taxa with the radiometric time-scale<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR49">49</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">51</xref></sup>; in this context the Epivillafranchian paleontological period was defined<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">52</xref></sup>, with an estimated time interval of 1.2–0.9 Ma (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">53</xref>). A shift in the assigned age of the large mammal fauna at Vallonnet from the previously accepted paleomagnetic Jaramillo subchron (1.07–0.99 Ma) to 1.2 Ma is easily reconciled for most of the taxa (Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">1</xref>). A biochronological comparison of the Vallonnet fauna<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref></sup> with the fauna from Fuenta Nueva-3 (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR54">54</xref>), observed the presence of Caprini <italic>Ammotragus europaeus</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">55</xref></sup> at both sites, and noted species differences for <italic>Bison</italic> and <italic>Hemitragus</italic>: a slender <italic>Bison</italic> sp. and <italic>Hemitragus</italic> cf. <italic>albus</italic> for Fuente Nueva-3 (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR56">56</xref>) and <italic>Bison schoetensacki</italic> and <italic>Hemitragus bonali</italic> for Vallonnet. Because of this difference, Vallonnet was considered to be slightly younger than Fuente Nueva-3 (ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR57">57</xref>). This suggestion remains valid for the new radiometric dating of Vallonnet presented in this study and the recently published chronological data from Fuente Nueva-3 pointing to an age more than 1.2 Ma for this site (i.e. ~1.5 Ma, ref. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">8</xref>).</p><p id="Par12">Based on Italian sites, the Vallonnet fauna appears to be more recent than the Pirro Nord faunal units (FU) and may correspond to the Colle Curti FU<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref></sup>. It is commonly admitted that Colle Curti, Vallonnet and also Untermassfeld occupy the same position on the chronological scale<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">50</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">51</xref></sup>. Our new radiometric dating of Vallonnet does not negate the biostratigraphic position of the Colle Curti FU. The Pirro Nord FU (~1.4 Ma) contains <italic>Bison degiuli</italic> and <italic>Praemegaceros obscurus</italic>. The Colle Curti FU, assigned to the Jaramillo paleomagnetic interval<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR58">58</xref></sup>, includes <italic>Bison</italic> aff. <italic>B. schoetensacki</italic> and <italic>Praemegaceros verticornis</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">59</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR60">60</xref></sup>. With <italic>Bison schoetensacki</italic> and <italic>Praemegaceros</italic> cf. <italic>verticornis</italic>, the Vallonnet site can be dated to 1.2 Ma. Moreover, note that the positioning of sites such as Colle Curti and Untermassfeld<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR61">61</xref></sup> during the Jaramillo paleomagnetic interval may be revised in the future with new developments in radiometric dating, as was the case in this study.</p><p id="Par13">The micromammal faunal association from Vallonnet, in particular rodent species and their evolution stage<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">62</xref></sup>, is also consistent with an age of ~1.2 Ma (see Supplementary Note <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">3</xref>).</p><p id="Par14">The new radiometric dates of ~1.2 Ma show that Vallonnet Cave is certainly the oldest site with hominin activities and Epivillafranchian fauna in southern France on the Mediterranean coast during the glacial MIS 36 (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>), with a cool and dry climate at the base of the archaeological sequence followed by temperate and humid climatic conditions. Lithic remains and cut-marks on mammal bones clearly show that hominins were present in this area (Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>, Supplementary Figs <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">3</xref> and <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">4</xref>). It thus greatly improves our knowledge of the first dispersals of the <italic>Homo</italic> genus “Out of Africa” during the Early Pleistocene (Calabrian) in this area of Europe. The new chronological framework is contemporaneous with Spanish sites such as La Sima del Elefante (Level TE9c) and with Bois-de-Riquet in France, suggesting a widespread synchronous Hominin activity around the Northern Mediterranean and Southern Europe at ~1.2 Ma, followed by a northward colonization at ~1.0 Ma (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). While it remains a challenge to precisely date all archaeological sites with adequate precision, the application of robust radiometric dating techniques to current and future sites will offer further insights and understanding into the routes of Hominin dispersal of Africa in to Europe.</p></sec><sec id="Sec4" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Methods</title><sec id="Sec5"><title>U-Th analysis</title><p id="Par15">Seven samples from two flowstones of well-crystallized calcite (Supplementary Figs <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref> and <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">5</xref>) were collected. Samples, VM1, PLIV-S, PLI-M, VM2 and VM3, were taken from the Upper flowstone IV. Samples, PLI-H1 and VM4, were collected from the Lower flowstone I (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>). The selected bulk subsamples were physically cleaned with ultrasonic methods<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR63">63</xref></sup>. U-Th chemistry was conducted in a class-10,000 metal-free clean room with class-100 benches at the High-precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory (HISPEC), Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR63">63</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">65</xref></sup>. Uranium and thorium isotopic and contents were determined on a MC-ICP-MS, Thermo Fisher NEPTUNE, with a dry introduction system, Cetac ARIDUS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">31</xref></sup>. Uncertainties of U-Th data were calculated<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR66">66</xref></sup> at 2σ level and included corrections for procedure blanks, multiplier dark noise, abundance sensitivity, mass discrimination, and the occurrence of isotopes of interest in spike solution. Duplicate analysis was done for all samples (Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec6"><title>U-Pb dating</title><p id="Par16">Two samples, PLIV-M and VM3, and one sample of PLI-H1 were collected from the Upper flowstone IV and the Lower flowstone I respectively for U-Pb dating (Supplementary Figs <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">2</xref> and <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">5</xref>). The analytical methods followed closely those published previously following refs <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">37</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR67">67</xref>. Multiple aliquots, typically weighing ~50 mg, were removed from each flowstone sample. These calcite fragments were placed into pre-cleaned disposable polyethylene cups and moved to a multiple-HEPA filtered clean room environment. Samples were briefly leached 2 times in ultra-pure 0.01 N HCl, with each cycle lasting around a minute, and then repeatedly washed in ultra-pure water before being dried in a HEPA filtered laminar flow hood. This step is critical to the elimination of Pb contaminants resulting from sample handling which can easily dominate the Pb budget of the entire sample unless removed. Individual samples were weighed into pre-cleaned Teflon beakers and treated with sufficient 6 N HCl to ensure complete dissolution. A mixed <sup>233</sup>U-<sup>205</sup>Pb tracer, calibrated against EarthTime (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.earth-time.org">http://www.earth-time.org</ext-link>) reference solutions, was then weighed into the vials and each one sealed and refluxed on the hotplate for several hours to ensure complete sample-spike equilibration. Samples were then dried down and taken up in 0.6 N HBr for Pb separation using AG 1X-8 anion exchange resin. The eluate was subsequently processed through the same column filled with Eichrom TRU ion-specific resin, to separate U. Isotope ratios were determined on a Nu Plasma MC-ICP-MS using a DSN-100 desolvation unit and MicroMist glass nebulizer, operating with an uptake rate of 50–100 µl/min. Instrumental mass bias effects were monitored and corrected using NIST SRM 981 reference material in the case of Pb, and the sample’s internal <sup>238</sup>U/<sup>235</sup>U ratio in the case of U. Instrument data files were processed initially using an in-house designed importer, operating within the Iolite environment<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR68">68</xref></sup>, which considers all data and reference material analyses obtained throughout a particular analytical session and permits a variety of corrections for instrumental mass bias and drift. The resulting data, corrected for instrumental effects, were then blank corrected and isotope-dilution calculations performed using the Schmitz and Schoene’s software<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR69">69</xref></sup>. Using these data, isochrons were plotted in the ‘Tera-Wasserburg’ isochron construction using the well-known ‘Isoplot’ software<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR70">70</xref></sup>. Unfortunately, this does not allow calculation of U-Pb ages corrected for initial disequilibrium in the U-series decay chains; as a result, corrected ages were calculated using in-house software, assuming negligible initial <sup>230</sup>Th and <sup>234</sup>U/<sup>238</sup>U ratios measured previously (Supplementary Fig. <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">6</xref>). Isotope ratio data are given in Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">3</xref>. All samples produced slightly elevated MSWD values suggesting some scatter beyond that expected from analytical uncertainties alone, and potentially indicating some variation in ‘common’ Pb compositions inherited by the samples at their formation. However, all MSWD values are relatively low (2.7, 3.3, and 10.7) providing confidence in the age interpretation.</p></sec><sec id="Sec7"><title>Paleomagnetism</title><p id="Par17">The paleomagnetic method applied in this study is the same as that applied in the previous study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR71">71</xref></sup> with modifications. Paleomagnetic sampling was performed along the whole sedimentary deposit in Vallonnet Cave (Fig. <xref rid="Fig4" ref-type="fig">4</xref>, Supplementary Table <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">4</xref>). These samples are continuous vertical cores, 7–20 cm long and 7 cm wide and thick, oriented with a compass. The flowstones were sampled with an angle grinder and then cut into cubes of 2 cm. In the archaeological deposits (gravel and sand), sampling was carried out by hand and consolidated with plaster tape. In the laboratory, these samples were consolidated with sodium silicates to obtain cubes of 2 cm. The direction of the characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) was retrieved by means of stepwise thermal demagnetization of up to 400 °C and alternating field (AF) of up to 60 or 80 mT. The paleomagnetic measurements were taken using a 2 G DC-Squid Superconducting rock magnetometer (SRM) at CEREGE in Aix-en-Provence, France. The raw NRM intensity values of the lower and upper flowstones (complexes I, IV) range between 1 and 14 × 10<sup>−8</sup> A/m. The maximum values occur in the archaeological deposits (complex III) and in the colluviums (complex V) and range between 1 and 6 × 10<sup>−6</sup> A/m.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><sec id="Sec8"><p><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="MOESM1"><media xlink:href="41598_2017_10178_MOESM1_ESM.pdf"><caption><p>Supplementary Information</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Electronic supplementary material</bold></p><p><bold>Supplementary information</bold> accompanies this paper at doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10178-4
</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Publisher's note:</bold> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></fn></fn-group><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>This research was supported by funding through CEPAM, PRC-INEE project (France), the Australian Research Council (Australia) and HISPEC grants from Taiwan ROC MOST (104-2119-M-002-003, 105-2119-M-002-001) and the National Taiwan University (105R7625). We thank Dr. Ruth Blasco (Editor Board Member, National Reasearch Centre on Human Evolution, CENIEH, Spain) and the three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions, which help us to improve this paper. We also thank Louise Byrne for improving the English writing and Sylvie Beyries (CEPAM) for her advices on the replicas making.</p></ack><notes notes-type="author-contribution"><title>Author Contributions</title><p>V.M., C.-C.S., J.W. and H. de L. designed research; V.M., C.-C.S., H.-M.H., P.-E.M., S.K., P.V., Y.-M.C., S.G., and H. de L. conducted sampling; V.M., C.-C.S., J.W., H.-M.H., C.-C.W., and S.K. performed dating research; C.-C.S., J.W., H.-M.H., and C.-C.W. contributed new reagents/analytic dating tools; V.M., C.-C.S., J.W., H.-M.H., C.-C.W., P.-E.M., S.K., D.C., M.-H.M., P.V., Y.-M.C., S.G., A.E. and H. de L. analyzed data; P.V. and V.M. did high-resolution replicas with resin of bone cut-marks; Electron Microscopy was performed on the CCMA EM Core Facility by F.O., P.V. and V.M.; V. 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|texte= New dating evidence of the early presence of hominins in Southern Europe
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