Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Be Careful Where You Smile: Culture Shapes Judgments of Intelligence and Honesty of Smiling Individuals</title><author><name sortKey="Krys, Kuba" sort="Krys, Kuba" uniqKey="Krys K" first="Kuba" last="Krys">Kuba Krys</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Melanie Vauclair, C" sort=" Melanie Vauclair, C" uniqKey=" Melanie Vauclair C" first="C." last="-Melanie Vauclair">C. -Melanie Vauclair</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capaldi, Colin A" sort="Capaldi, Colin A" uniqKey="Capaldi C" first="Colin A." last="Capaldi">Colin A. Capaldi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lun, Vivian Miu Chi" sort="Lun, Vivian Miu Chi" uniqKey="Lun V" first="Vivian Miu-Chi" last="Lun">Vivian Miu-Chi Lun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bond, Michael Harris" sort="Bond, Michael Harris" uniqKey="Bond M" first="Michael Harris" last="Bond">Michael Harris Bond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dominguez Espinosa, Alejandra" sort="Dominguez Espinosa, Alejandra" uniqKey="Dominguez Espinosa A" first="Alejandra" last="Domínguez-Espinosa">Alejandra Domínguez-Espinosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Psychology Department, Iberoamerican University, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres, Claudio" sort="Torres, Claudio" uniqKey="Torres C" first="Claudio" last="Torres">Claudio Torres</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipp, Ottmar V" sort="Lipp, Ottmar V" uniqKey="Lipp O" first="Ottmar V." last="Lipp">Ottmar V. Lipp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8">School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manickam, L Sam S" sort="Manickam, L Sam S" uniqKey="Manickam L" first="L. Sam S." last="Manickam">L. Sam S. Manickam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Department of Psychiatry, JSS University, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xing, Cai" sort="Xing, Cai" uniqKey="Xing C" first="Cai" last="Xing">Cai Xing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antalikova, Radka" sort="Antalikova, Radka" uniqKey="Antalikova R" first="Radka" last="Antalíková">Radka Antalíková</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavlopoulos, Vassilis" sort="Pavlopoulos, Vassilis" uniqKey="Pavlopoulos V" first="Vassilis" last="Pavlopoulos">Vassilis Pavlopoulos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff12">Department of Psychology, University of Athens, Attica, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teyssier, Julien" sort="Teyssier, Julien" uniqKey="Teyssier J" first="Julien" last="Teyssier">Julien Teyssier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13">Département Clinique du Sujet, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hur, Taekyun" sort="Hur, Taekyun" uniqKey="Hur T" first="Taekyun" last="Hur">Taekyun Hur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14">Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Karolina" sort="Hansen, Karolina" uniqKey="Hansen K" first="Karolina" last="Hansen">Karolina Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szarota, Piotr" sort="Szarota, Piotr" uniqKey="Szarota P" first="Piotr" last="Szarota">Piotr Szarota</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Ramadan A" sort="Ahmed, Ramadan A" uniqKey="Ahmed R" first="Ramadan A." last="Ahmed">Ramadan A. Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16">Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Al Minufya, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burtceva, Eleonora" sort="Burtceva, Eleonora" uniqKey="Burtceva E" first="Eleonora" last="Burtceva">Eleonora Burtceva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff17">Faculty of Sociology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chkhaidze, Ana" sort="Chkhaidze, Ana" uniqKey="Chkhaidze A" first="Ana" last="Chkhaidze">Ana Chkhaidze</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18">Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cenko, Enila" sort="Cenko, Enila" uniqKey="Cenko E" first="Enila" last="Cenko">Enila Cenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19">University of New York Tirana, Tirana, Albania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Denoux, Patrick" sort="Denoux, Patrick" uniqKey="Denoux P" first="Patrick" last="Denoux">Patrick Denoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13">Département Clinique du Sujet, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fulop, Marta" sort="Fulop, Marta" uniqKey="Fulop M" first="Márta" last="Fülöp">Márta Fülöp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff20">Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, Arif" sort="Hassan, Arif" uniqKey="Hassan A" first="Arif" last="Hassan">Arif Hassan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff21">Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Igbokwe, David O" sort="Igbokwe, David O" uniqKey="Igbokwe D" first="David O." last="Igbokwe">David O. Igbokwe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff22">College of Leadership Development Studies, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="I K, Dil" sort="I K, Dil" uniqKey="I K " first=" Dil" last="I K"> Dil I K</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23">Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Javangwe, Gwatirera" sort="Javangwe, Gwatirera" uniqKey="Javangwe G" first="Gwatirera" last="Javangwe">Gwatirera Javangwe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff24">Department of Psychology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malbran, Maria" sort="Malbran, Maria" uniqKey="Malbran M" first="María" last="Malbran">María Malbran</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff25">Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maricchiolo, Fridanna" sort="Maricchiolo, Fridanna" uniqKey="Maricchiolo F" first="Fridanna" last="Maricchiolo">Fridanna Maricchiolo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff26">Department of Education, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mikarsa, Hera" sort="Mikarsa, Hera" uniqKey="Mikarsa H" first="Hera" last="Mikarsa">Hera Mikarsa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff27">Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miles, Lynden K" sort="Miles, Lynden K" uniqKey="Miles L" first="Lynden K." last="Miles">Lynden K. Miles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff28">School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nader, Martin" sort="Nader, Martin" uniqKey="Nader M" first="Martin" last="Nader">Martin Nader</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29">Department of Psychological Studies, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Joonha" sort="Park, Joonha" uniqKey="Park J" first="Joonha" last="Park">Joonha Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30">Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Nagoya, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizwan, Muhammad" sort="Rizwan, Muhammad" uniqKey="Rizwan M" first="Muhammad" last="Rizwan">Muhammad Rizwan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff31">Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Luzern, Lucerne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salem, Radwa" sort="Salem, Radwa" uniqKey="Salem R" first="Radwa" last="Salem">Radwa Salem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff32">Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York City, NY USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, Beate" sort="Schwarz, Beate" uniqKey="Schwarz B" first="Beate" last="Schwarz">Beate Schwarz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff33">Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Irfana" sort="Shah, Irfana" uniqKey="Shah I" first="Irfana" last="Shah">Irfana Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff34">Department of Psychology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Chien Ru" sort="Sun, Chien Ru" uniqKey="Sun C" first="Chien-Ru" last="Sun">Chien-Ru Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff35">Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Tilburg, Wijnand" sort="Van Tilburg, Wijnand" uniqKey="Van Tilburg W" first="Wijnand" last="Van Tilburg">Wijnand Van Tilburg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff36">Department of Psychology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Wolfgang" sort="Wagner, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Wagner W" first="Wolfgang" last="Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff37">Department of Social and Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wise, Ryan" sort="Wise, Ryan" uniqKey="Wise R" first="Ryan" last="Wise">Ryan Wise</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23">Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Angela Arriola" sort="Yu, Angela Arriola" uniqKey="Yu A" first="Angela Arriola" last="Yu">Angela Arriola Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38">Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27194817</idno><idno type="pmc">4840223</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4840223</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4840223</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s10919-015-0226-4</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000D59</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000D59</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Be Careful Where You Smile: Culture Shapes Judgments of Intelligence and Honesty of Smiling Individuals</title><author><name sortKey="Krys, Kuba" sort="Krys, Kuba" uniqKey="Krys K" first="Kuba" last="Krys">Kuba Krys</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey=" Melanie Vauclair, C" sort=" Melanie Vauclair, C" uniqKey=" Melanie Vauclair C" first="C." last="-Melanie Vauclair">C. -Melanie Vauclair</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Capaldi, Colin A" sort="Capaldi, Colin A" uniqKey="Capaldi C" first="Colin A." last="Capaldi">Colin A. Capaldi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lun, Vivian Miu Chi" sort="Lun, Vivian Miu Chi" uniqKey="Lun V" first="Vivian Miu-Chi" last="Lun">Vivian Miu-Chi Lun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bond, Michael Harris" sort="Bond, Michael Harris" uniqKey="Bond M" first="Michael Harris" last="Bond">Michael Harris Bond</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dominguez Espinosa, Alejandra" sort="Dominguez Espinosa, Alejandra" uniqKey="Dominguez Espinosa A" first="Alejandra" last="Domínguez-Espinosa">Alejandra Domínguez-Espinosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Psychology Department, Iberoamerican University, Mexico City, Mexico</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres, Claudio" sort="Torres, Claudio" uniqKey="Torres C" first="Claudio" last="Torres">Claudio Torres</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lipp, Ottmar V" sort="Lipp, Ottmar V" uniqKey="Lipp O" first="Ottmar V." last="Lipp">Ottmar V. Lipp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8">School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manickam, L Sam S" sort="Manickam, L Sam S" uniqKey="Manickam L" first="L. Sam S." last="Manickam">L. Sam S. Manickam</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Department of Psychiatry, JSS University, Karnataka, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xing, Cai" sort="Xing, Cai" uniqKey="Xing C" first="Cai" last="Xing">Cai Xing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Antalikova, Radka" sort="Antalikova, Radka" uniqKey="Antalikova R" first="Radka" last="Antalíková">Radka Antalíková</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pavlopoulos, Vassilis" sort="Pavlopoulos, Vassilis" uniqKey="Pavlopoulos V" first="Vassilis" last="Pavlopoulos">Vassilis Pavlopoulos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff12">Department of Psychology, University of Athens, Attica, Greece</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teyssier, Julien" sort="Teyssier, Julien" uniqKey="Teyssier J" first="Julien" last="Teyssier">Julien Teyssier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13">Département Clinique du Sujet, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hur, Taekyun" sort="Hur, Taekyun" uniqKey="Hur T" first="Taekyun" last="Hur">Taekyun Hur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14">Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, Karolina" sort="Hansen, Karolina" uniqKey="Hansen K" first="Karolina" last="Hansen">Karolina Hansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Szarota, Piotr" sort="Szarota, Piotr" uniqKey="Szarota P" first="Piotr" last="Szarota">Piotr Szarota</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Ramadan A" sort="Ahmed, Ramadan A" uniqKey="Ahmed R" first="Ramadan A." last="Ahmed">Ramadan A. Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16">Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Al Minufya, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burtceva, Eleonora" sort="Burtceva, Eleonora" uniqKey="Burtceva E" first="Eleonora" last="Burtceva">Eleonora Burtceva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff17">Faculty of Sociology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chkhaidze, Ana" sort="Chkhaidze, Ana" uniqKey="Chkhaidze A" first="Ana" last="Chkhaidze">Ana Chkhaidze</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18">Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cenko, Enila" sort="Cenko, Enila" uniqKey="Cenko E" first="Enila" last="Cenko">Enila Cenko</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19">University of New York Tirana, Tirana, Albania</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Denoux, Patrick" sort="Denoux, Patrick" uniqKey="Denoux P" first="Patrick" last="Denoux">Patrick Denoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13">Département Clinique du Sujet, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fulop, Marta" sort="Fulop, Marta" uniqKey="Fulop M" first="Márta" last="Fülöp">Márta Fülöp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff20">Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, Arif" sort="Hassan, Arif" uniqKey="Hassan A" first="Arif" last="Hassan">Arif Hassan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff21">Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Igbokwe, David O" sort="Igbokwe, David O" uniqKey="Igbokwe D" first="David O." last="Igbokwe">David O. Igbokwe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff22">College of Leadership Development Studies, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="I K, Dil" sort="I K, Dil" uniqKey="I K " first=" Dil" last="I K"> Dil I K</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23">Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Javangwe, Gwatirera" sort="Javangwe, Gwatirera" uniqKey="Javangwe G" first="Gwatirera" last="Javangwe">Gwatirera Javangwe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff24">Department of Psychology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malbran, Maria" sort="Malbran, Maria" uniqKey="Malbran M" first="María" last="Malbran">María Malbran</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff25">Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maricchiolo, Fridanna" sort="Maricchiolo, Fridanna" uniqKey="Maricchiolo F" first="Fridanna" last="Maricchiolo">Fridanna Maricchiolo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff26">Department of Education, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mikarsa, Hera" sort="Mikarsa, Hera" uniqKey="Mikarsa H" first="Hera" last="Mikarsa">Hera Mikarsa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff27">Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miles, Lynden K" sort="Miles, Lynden K" uniqKey="Miles L" first="Lynden K." last="Miles">Lynden K. Miles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff28">School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nader, Martin" sort="Nader, Martin" uniqKey="Nader M" first="Martin" last="Nader">Martin Nader</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29">Department of Psychological Studies, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Joonha" sort="Park, Joonha" uniqKey="Park J" first="Joonha" last="Park">Joonha Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30">Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Nagoya, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rizwan, Muhammad" sort="Rizwan, Muhammad" uniqKey="Rizwan M" first="Muhammad" last="Rizwan">Muhammad Rizwan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff31">Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Luzern, Lucerne, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salem, Radwa" sort="Salem, Radwa" uniqKey="Salem R" first="Radwa" last="Salem">Radwa Salem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff32">Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York City, NY USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, Beate" sort="Schwarz, Beate" uniqKey="Schwarz B" first="Beate" last="Schwarz">Beate Schwarz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff33">Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Irfana" sort="Shah, Irfana" uniqKey="Shah I" first="Irfana" last="Shah">Irfana Shah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff34">Department of Psychology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, Chien Ru" sort="Sun, Chien Ru" uniqKey="Sun C" first="Chien-Ru" last="Sun">Chien-Ru Sun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff35">Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Tilburg, Wijnand" sort="Van Tilburg, Wijnand" uniqKey="Van Tilburg W" first="Wijnand" last="Van Tilburg">Wijnand Van Tilburg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff36">Department of Psychology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wagner, Wolfgang" sort="Wagner, Wolfgang" uniqKey="Wagner W" first="Wolfgang" last="Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff37">Department of Social and Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wise, Ryan" sort="Wise, Ryan" uniqKey="Wise R" first="Ryan" last="Wise">Ryan Wise</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23">Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Angela Arriola" sort="Yu, Angela Arriola" uniqKey="Yu A" first="Angela Arriola" last="Yu">Angela Arriola Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38">Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</title><idno type="ISSN">0191-5886</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones—they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abe, J" uniqKey="Abe J">J Abe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beetham, M" uniqKey="Beetham M">M Beetham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Izard, C" uniqKey="Izard C">C Izard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abele, A" uniqKey="Abele A">A Abele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wojciszke, B" uniqKey="Wojciszke B">B Wojciszke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abele, A" uniqKey="Abele A">A Abele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wojciszke, B" uniqKey="Wojciszke B">B Wojciszke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bakan, D" uniqKey="Bakan D">D Bakan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bedford, N" uniqKey="Bedford N">N Bedford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fallon, S" uniqKey="Fallon S">S Fallon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcadam, M" uniqKey="Mcadam M">M McAdam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bond, M" uniqKey="Bond M">M Bond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, K" uniqKey="Leung K">K Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Au, A" uniqKey="Au A">A Au</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tong, K K" uniqKey="Tong K">K-K Tong</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Carrasquel, S" uniqKey="De Carrasquel S">S De Carrasquel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murakami, F" uniqKey="Murakami F">F Murakami</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brislin, R" uniqKey="Brislin R">R Brislin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brody, L" uniqKey="Brody L">L Brody</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, J" uniqKey="Hall J">J Hall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Centorrino, S" uniqKey="Centorrino S">S Centorrino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Djemai, E" uniqKey="Djemai E">E Djemai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hopfensitz, A" uniqKey="Hopfensitz A">A Hopfensitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milinski, M" uniqKey="Milinski M">M Milinski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seabright, P" uniqKey="Seabright P">P Seabright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chang, B" uniqKey="Chang B">B Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vermeulen, N" uniqKey="Vermeulen N">N Vermeulen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duchenne, C" uniqKey="Duchenne C">C Duchenne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dunton, B" uniqKey="Dunton B">B Dunton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fazio, R" uniqKey="Fazio R">R Fazio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ekman, P" uniqKey="Ekman P">P Ekman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ekman, P" uniqKey="Ekman P">P Ekman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Friesen, W" uniqKey="Friesen W">W Friesen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fiske, S" uniqKey="Fiske S">S Fiske</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cuddy, A" uniqKey="Cuddy A">A Cuddy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glick, P" uniqKey="Glick P">P Glick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fridlund, A" uniqKey="Fridlund A">A Fridlund</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hall, J" uniqKey="Hall J">J Hall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hareli, S" uniqKey="Hareli S">S Hareli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hess, U" uniqKey="Hess U">U Hess</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Henrich, J" uniqKey="Henrich J">J Henrich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heine, S" uniqKey="Heine S">S Heine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norenzayan, A" uniqKey="Norenzayan A">A Norenzayan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hess, U" uniqKey="Hess U">U Hess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blairy, S" uniqKey="Blairy S">S Blairy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleck, R" uniqKey="Kleck R">R Kleck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hess, U" uniqKey="Hess U">U Hess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beaupre, M" uniqKey="Beaupre M">M Beaupré</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheung, N" uniqKey="Cheung N">N Cheung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hess, U" uniqKey="Hess U">U Hess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, R" uniqKey="Adams R">R Adams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleck, R" uniqKey="Kleck R">R Kleck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hofstede, G" uniqKey="Hofstede G">G Hofstede</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="House, R" uniqKey="House R">R House</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanges, P" uniqKey="Hanges P">P Hanges</name></author><author><name sortKey="Javidan, M" uniqKey="Javidan M">M Javidan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dorfman, P" uniqKey="Dorfman P">P Dorfman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, V" uniqKey="Gupta V">V Gupta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kraus, M" uniqKey="Kraus M">M Kraus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, T" uniqKey="Chen T">T Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krumhuber, E" uniqKey="Krumhuber E">E Krumhuber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manstead, A" uniqKey="Manstead A">A Manstead</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kappas, A" uniqKey="Kappas A">A Kappas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krys, K" uniqKey="Krys K">K Krys</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, K" uniqKey="Hansen K">K Hansen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xing, C" uniqKey="Xing C">C Xing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Szarota, P" uniqKey="Szarota P">P Szarota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, M" uniqKey="Yang M">M Yang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krys, K" uniqKey="Krys K">K Krys</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, K" uniqKey="Hansen K">K Hansen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xing, C" uniqKey="Xing C">C Xing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Espinoza, A" uniqKey="Espinoza A">A Espinoza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Szarota, P" uniqKey="Szarota P">P Szarota</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morales, M" uniqKey="Morales M">M Morales</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lafrance, M" uniqKey="Lafrance M">M LaFrance</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hecht, M" uniqKey="Hecht M">M Hecht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paluck, E" uniqKey="Paluck E">E Paluck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leung, K" uniqKey="Leung K">K Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bond, Mh" uniqKey="Bond M">MH Bond</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leung, A" uniqKey="Leung A">A Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, D" uniqKey="Cohen D">D Cohen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Matsumoto, D" uniqKey="Matsumoto D">D Matsumoto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Matsumoto, D" uniqKey="Matsumoto D">D Matsumoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kudoh, T" uniqKey="Kudoh T">T Kudoh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Matsumoto, D" uniqKey="Matsumoto D">D Matsumoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Willingham, B" uniqKey="Willingham B">B Willingham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mehu, M" uniqKey="Mehu M">M Méhu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mehu, M" uniqKey="Mehu M">M Méhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dunbar, R" uniqKey="Dunbar R">R Dunbar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miles, L" uniqKey="Miles L">L Miles</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Minear, M" uniqKey="Minear M">M Minear</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, D" uniqKey="Park D">D Park</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Niedenthal, P" uniqKey="Niedenthal P">P Niedenthal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mermillod, M" uniqKey="Mermillod M">M Mermillod</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maringer, M" uniqKey="Maringer M">M Maringer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hess, U" uniqKey="Hess U">U Hess</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Otta, E" uniqKey="Otta E">E Otta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lira, B" uniqKey="Lira B">B Lira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delevati, N" uniqKey="Delevati N">N Delevati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cesar, O" uniqKey="Cesar O">O Cesar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pires, C" uniqKey="Pires C">C Pires</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palmer, M" uniqKey="Palmer M">M Palmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simmons, K" uniqKey="Simmons K">K Simmons</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosenberg, M" uniqKey="Rosenberg M">M Rosenberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruben, M" uniqKey="Ruben M">M Ruben</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hall, J" uniqKey="Hall J">J Hall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmid Mast, M" uniqKey="Schmid Mast M">M Schmid Mast</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rychlowska, M" uniqKey="Rychlowska M">M Rychlowska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miyamoto, Y" uniqKey="Miyamoto Y">Y Miyamoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matsumoto, D" uniqKey="Matsumoto D">D Matsumoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hess, U" uniqKey="Hess U">U Hess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilboa Schechtman, E" uniqKey="Gilboa Schechtman E">E Gilboa-Schechtman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamble, S" uniqKey="Kamble S">S Kamble</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, P" uniqKey="Smith P">P Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, R" uniqKey="Fischer R">R Fischer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vignoles, V" uniqKey="Vignoles V">V Vignoles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bond, M" uniqKey="Bond M">M Bond</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thibault, P" uniqKey="Thibault P">P Thibault</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levesque, M" uniqKey="Levesque M">M Levesque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gosselin, P" uniqKey="Gosselin P">P Gosselin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hess, U" uniqKey="Hess U">U Hess</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weisbuch, M" uniqKey="Weisbuch M">M Weisbuch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ambady, N" uniqKey="Ambady N">N Ambady</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clarke, A" uniqKey="Clarke A">A Clarke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Achor, S" uniqKey="Achor S">S Achor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weele, J" uniqKey="Weele J">J Weele</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wormann, V" uniqKey="Wormann V">V Wörmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holodynski, M" uniqKey="Holodynski M">M Holodynski</name></author><author><name sortKey="K Rtner, J" uniqKey="K Rtner J">J Kärtner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keller, H" uniqKey="Keller H">H Keller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Nonverbal Behav</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Nonverbal Behav</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0191-5886</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer US</publisher-name><publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27194817</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4840223</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">226</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10919-015-0226-4</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Paper</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Be Careful Where You Smile: Culture Shapes Judgments of Intelligence and Honesty of Smiling Individuals</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Krys</surname><given-names>Kuba</given-names></name><address><email>jkrys@psych.pan.pl</email><email>kuba@krys.pl</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>-Melanie Vauclair</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Capaldi</surname><given-names>Colin A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lun</surname><given-names>Vivian Miu-Chi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bond</surname><given-names>Michael Harris</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Domínguez-Espinosa</surname><given-names>Alejandra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Torres</surname><given-names>Claudio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lipp</surname><given-names>Ottmar V.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manickam</surname><given-names>L. Sam S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff9"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xing</surname><given-names>Cai</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff10"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Antalíková</surname><given-names>Radka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff11"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pavlopoulos</surname><given-names>Vassilis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff12"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Teyssier</surname><given-names>Julien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff13"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hur</surname><given-names>Taekyun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff14"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>Karolina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff15"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Szarota</surname><given-names>Piotr</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>Ramadan A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff16"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burtceva</surname><given-names>Eleonora</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff17"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chkhaidze</surname><given-names>Ana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff18"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cenko</surname><given-names>Enila</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff19"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Denoux</surname><given-names>Patrick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff13"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fülöp</surname><given-names>Márta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff20"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hassan</surname><given-names>Arif</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff21"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Igbokwe</surname><given-names>David O.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff22"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Işık</surname><given-names>İdil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff23"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Javangwe</surname><given-names>Gwatirera</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff24"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Malbran</surname><given-names>María</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff25"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maricchiolo</surname><given-names>Fridanna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff26"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mikarsa</surname><given-names>Hera</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff27"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miles</surname><given-names>Lynden K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff28"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nader</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff29"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Joonha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff30"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rizwan</surname><given-names>Muhammad</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff31"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salem</surname><given-names>Radwa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff32"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schwarz</surname><given-names>Beate</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff33"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>Irfana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff34"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Chien-Ru</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff35"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Tilburg</surname><given-names>Wijnand</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff36"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wagner</surname><given-names>Wolfgang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff37"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wise</surname><given-names>Ryan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff23"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Angela Arriola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff38"></xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label></label>Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label></label>Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label></label>Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label></label>Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label></label>Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label></label>Psychology Department, Iberoamerican University, Mexico City, Mexico</aff><aff id="Aff7"><label></label>Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil</aff><aff id="Aff8"><label></label>School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia</aff><aff id="Aff9"><label></label>Department of Psychiatry, JSS University, Karnataka, India</aff><aff id="Aff10"><label></label>Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China</aff><aff id="Aff11"><label></label>Department of Communication and Psychology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark</aff><aff id="Aff12"><label></label>Department of Psychology, University of Athens, Attica, Greece</aff><aff id="Aff13"><label></label>Département Clinique du Sujet, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France</aff><aff id="Aff14"><label></label>Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="Aff15"><label></label>Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland</aff><aff id="Aff16"><label></label>Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Al Minufya, Egypt</aff><aff id="Aff17"><label></label>Faculty of Sociology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia</aff><aff id="Aff18"><label></label>Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia</aff><aff id="Aff19"><label></label>University of New York Tirana, Tirana, Albania</aff><aff id="Aff20"><label></label>Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary</aff><aff id="Aff21"><label></label>Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</aff><aff id="Aff22"><label></label>College of Leadership Development Studies, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria</aff><aff id="Aff23"><label></label>Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey</aff><aff id="Aff24"><label></label>Department of Psychology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe</aff><aff id="Aff25"><label></label>Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina</aff><aff id="Aff26"><label></label>Department of Education, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy</aff><aff id="Aff27"><label></label>Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia</aff><aff id="Aff28"><label></label>School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK</aff><aff id="Aff29"><label></label>Department of Psychological Studies, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia</aff><aff id="Aff30"><label></label>Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Nagoya, Japan</aff><aff id="Aff31"><label></label>Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Luzern, Lucerne, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff32"><label></label>Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York City, NY USA</aff><aff id="Aff33"><label></label>Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff34"><label></label>Department of Psychology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan</aff><aff id="Aff35"><label></label>Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China</aff><aff id="Aff36"><label></label>Department of Psychology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom</aff><aff id="Aff37"><label></label>Department of Social and Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria</aff><aff id="Aff38"><label></label>Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>40</volume><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2015</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p>Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones—they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE’s uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling—in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Smile</kwd><kwd>Honesty</kwd><kwd>Intelligence</kwd><kwd>Corruption</kwd><kwd>Uncertainty avoidance</kwd><kwd>Culture</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004281</institution-id><institution>Narodowe Centrum Nauki (PL)</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>grant 2011/03/N/HS6/05112</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Krys</surname><given-names>Kuba</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809</institution-id><institution>National Natural Science Foundation of China (CN)</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>31200788</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Xing</surname><given-names>Cai</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1" sec-type="introduction"><title>Introduction</title><p>It is commonly recognized that it is good to smile—Louis Armstrong sang that when you smile the world smiles with you, and various trainers and guidebooks advise smiling because it improves interpersonal communication. These lay beliefs are supported by numerous studies demonstrating that smiling individuals are perceived as happier (Otta et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR42">1994</xref>), more attractive, communal, competent (Hess et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">2002</xref>; Matsumoto and Kudoh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993</xref>), likable (Palmer and Simmons <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR43">1995</xref>), approachable, and friendly, and that a smile from another promises a safe and satisfying interaction (Miles <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">2009</xref>).</p><p>Cultures may shape different scripts for social behavior and as a consequence, different logics of nonverbal behavior and its social perception (Matsumoto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">2006</xref>; Leung and Cohen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">2011</xref>). In the past few decades, increasingly more psychological research has been carried out in non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic; Henrich et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">2010</xref>) societies indicating difficulties to replicate results from psychological experiments across cultures (Smith et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR47">2013</xref>). Although psychologists broadly recognize the interrelationship between culture and behavior, and the sub-discipline called cross-cultural psychology is flourishing, interactions between culture and social perception of nonverbal behavior still remain understudied. One example of this lack of cross-cultural study is the assessment of cultural variation of traits attributed to smiling individuals that goes beyond East–West cultural comparisons (Hess et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">2000</xref>). Rychlowska and collaborators (2015) were among the first to address this pointing to the importance of heterogeneity versus homogeneity of cultures in predicting the endorsement of smiling.</p><p>Although numerous studies confirm that positive perceptions of smiling individuals seem to be universal, anecdotal evidence suggests that in some cultures the opposite may be true. For example, a well-known Russian proverb says ‘Улыбкa, бeз пpичины - пpизнaк дypaчины’ (<italic>smiling with no reason is a sign of stupidity</italic>). The Norwegian government humorously explains nuances of Norwegian culture by indicating that when a stranger on the street smiles at Norwegians, they may assume that the stranger is insane (EURES <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">2010</xref>). British authors of a popular guidebook about Poland warn tourists that smiling at strangers is perceived by Poles as a sign of stupidity (Bedford et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">2008</xref>). Even Darwin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">1872</xref>/1998) wrote about “the large class of idiots who are … constantly smiling” (p. 199).</p><p>Previous studies have tested this counterintuitive phenomenon in different countries (Krys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">2015</xref>). However, these studies included only a small number of cultures (seven) compared to the much broader cross-cultural experiment reported here, which was conducted in 44 cultures. Cross-cultural comparisons involving that many different cultures allow for multilevel and country-level analyses, and are necessary to reliably identify cultural factors that are related to the differential social perception of the most often encountered facial expression, viz., the smile.</p><sec id="Sec2"><title>Meanings Attributed to Smiles</title><p>Smiles are highly diverse in their types and in their possible meanings. They are used to communicate a range of different psychological signals, including positive emotions, social intentions, or a person’s social status (Matsumoto and Willingham <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">2009</xref>). Past research has offered a number of distinctions among smiles. The utility of one of the most popular distinctions, viz. Duchenne versus non-Duchenne smiles (Duchenne <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">1862</xref>), has been recently questioned because there is evidence that the use of the Duchenne marker of a ‘true’ smile is not universal, but rather limited to certain cultures (Abe et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2002</xref>; Thibault et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR49">2012</xref>). In their simulation of smiles model, Niedenthal et nl. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">2010</xref>) focus on the perception of smiles and suggest that the distinction between Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles may be largely superseded by a distinction based on the functions of smiles, which may be derived from (and mapped onto) identifiable brain systems that represent different meanings of smiling.</p><p>Niedenthal et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">2010</xref>) describe three types of smiles that have important and discrete functions, namely, enjoyment, affiliative, and dominance smiles. Humans (and some other primates) smile spontaneously during experiences of pleasure or success (Ekman <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">2009</xref>) and this expression is called the enjoyment smile. Affiliative smiles are those that signal positive social intentions and are essential for the creation and maintenance of social bonds; personal enjoyment does not have to accompany affiliative smiles. The third group of smiles—dominance smiles—reflect social status or control, and may include scheming smiles, critical smiles, and proud smiles which have different physical attributes than affiliative and enjoyment smiles (Niedenthal et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">2010</xref>). Chang and Vermeulen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">2010</xref>) claim that affiliative and enjoyment smiles cannot be discriminated from each other on the basis of physical markers—their meaning may be derived only from contextual information. Rychlowska and collaborators (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">2015</xref>) delivered evidence that the above distinctions may be cross-culturally identified, and documented that heterogeneity and homogeneity of cultures (i.e., the extent to which a country’s present-day population descended from migration from numerous vs. few source countries over a long period of time) may predict the endorsement of affiliative and dominance smiles, respectively.</p><p>The present research focuses on the attributions given to affiliative and enjoyment smiles presented in still photographs in order to uncover the cultural variation of meanings attributed to the most commonly expressed smiles. Limiting the scope of the current research in this way avoids the problems related to differences in cultural scripts that may influence the attributions to dominance smiles. We examined perceptions of honesty and intelligence attributed to smiling individuals because these traits reflect the big two of social perception (Abele and Wojciszke <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2013</xref>; Bakan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1966</xref>). Among academic psychologists, there seems to be a consensus about two fundamental dimensions of social judgments, though these basic dimensions are named differently and have slightly different meanings. For example, Abele and Wojciszke (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">2014</xref>) call them agency and communion, whereas Fiske et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">2006</xref>) use the labels warmth and competence. These dimensions reflect the logic of evolutionary pressure and help us determine whether ‘others’ are friend or foe (communion/warmth/honesty) and whether ‘others’ have the ability to enact their friendly or hostile intentions (agency/competence/intelligence).</p></sec><sec id="Sec3"><title>Cultural Predictors of Smile Perception</title><p>Descriptive accounts of general cultural differences have been available for a long time, but empirical assessments of cross-cultural variability have only emerged relatively recently (Hofstede <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">2001</xref>; House et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">2004</xref>; Leung and Bond <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">2004</xref>). In our research we tested two predictions related to cultural variation. First, we tested the relation between cultural uncertainty avoidance (UA; House et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">2004</xref>) and the social perception of smiling versus non-smiling individuals with regards to intelligence. Societies that rank high on UA socialize their members to alleviate the unpredictability of future events, whereas in societies that rank low on UA, the future is judged to be relatively unpredictable and there are fewer societal guidelines on how to behave (House et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">2004</xref>). As argued elsewhere (Krys et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">2014</xref>), in cultures low on UA, social conditions are regarded as uncertain, so expressing certainty through smiling (Hareli and Hess <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">2010</xref>) can be perceived as inconsistent behavior and people who exhibit inconsistency may be evaluated as unintelligent (Weisbuch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">2010</xref>).</p><p>The second hypothesis tests whether ‘corruption corrupts smiling’. We predicted that the more corrupt a society is, the less trust should be granted to a smile. On the one hand, a smile is the most common signal of positive intentions. In fact, a smile conveys a message that even a newborn baby understands and infants start smiling as early as 3 months old (Wörmann et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR54">2014</xref>). The smile is perhaps the most commonly observed affiliative signal (Méhu and Dunbar <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2008</xref>). A smile facilitates the establishment and maintenance of social bonds, and helps to coordinate social interactions (Fridlund <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">2002</xref>). All the above suggest that smiling evolved as a universal signal of honesty and functions as a social glue (Centorrino et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">2015</xref>). On the other hand, this social glue may be counterfeited without difficulty because smiling is a signal that can be easily produced (Méhu <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2011</xref>). In particular circumstances, some smiles may be expressed to benefit the signaller and may be deceptive (Ekman and Friesen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">1982</xref>).</p><p>Therefore, we predicted that the ease of producing a smile may in some conditions lead to lower trust in this signal and one of the pre-conditions of scepticism about a smile’s honesty is excessive corruption in society. In highly corrupt societies, individuals are exposed to relatively frequent unfair or untruthful behaviors and, thus, scepticism about the positive intentions underlying a smile may be well-grounded and justified. Hence, in our second hypothesis we offer the novel prediction that the higher the corruption index of a country, the more smiling individuals will be perceived as dishonest. In other words, we empirically tested whether ‘corruption corrupts’ the evolutionary social glue of the smile.</p><p>Past research has shown that social judgements of smiling and non-smiling individuals may also be affected by gender-related expectations (Hess et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">2009</xref>). Gender stereotypes and beliefs about emotional expressiveness can lead to different standards when men and women evaluate the nonverbal behavior of other men and women (Krumhuber et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">2007</xref>). Women tend to smile more than men (LaFrance et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">2003</xref>; Hall <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">1984</xref>) and there is a greater expectation for them to do so (Brody and Hall <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">2008</xref>). Therefore, the gender of the assessor and poser were included as control variables in all analyses. The contributions of these control variables will be reported, though a detailed discussion of this contribution is beyond the scope of the current paper.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec4" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Method</title><p>To provide a systematic analysis of the social perception of smiling individuals, we asked participants in 44 cultures to rate photos of smiling and non-smiling individuals on traits assessing honesty and intelligence.</p><sec id="Sec5"><title>Participants and Selection of Cultures</title><p>Data were gathered from a total of 5216 respondents in 44 cultures across six continents. After removing individuals with at least one missing answer on the measures of intelligence or honesty, the final sample that was analysed consisted of 4519 participants. In Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>, we present demographic characteristics for all national samples. The gender distribution was 56.5 % female and 43.5 % male. The mean age of participants was 22.36 years (<italic>SD</italic> 5.50). Participants were students from a variety of different disciplines who were recruited at each author’s university. All data were collected from 2011 to 2015.<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Samples’ characteristics</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left"></th><th align="left">coll.</th><th align="left">anlz.</th><th align="left">fem.</th><th align="left">fem.</th><th align="left">age</th><th align="left">age</th><th align="left">intell.</th><th align="left">hones.</th><th align="left">intell.</th><th align="left">hones.</th></tr><tr><th align="left"></th><th align="left"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="left">%</th><th align="left"><italic>M</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>SD</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>α</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>α</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>d</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>d</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Albania</td><td char="." align="char">119</td><td char="." align="char">90</td><td char="." align="char">50</td><td char="." align="char">56</td><td char="." align="char">20.81</td><td char="." align="char">2.05</td><td char="." align="char">.81</td><td char="." align="char">.69</td><td char="." align="char">.14</td><td char="." align="char">.44</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Argentina</td><td char="." align="char">104</td><td char="." align="char">80</td><td char="." align="char">51</td><td char="." align="char">64</td><td char="." align="char">33.77</td><td char="." align="char">10.53</td><td char="." align="char">.76</td><td char="." align="char">.73</td><td char="." align="char">.04</td><td char="." align="char">−.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Australia</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">112</td><td char="." align="char">86</td><td char="." align="char">77</td><td char="." align="char">19.74</td><td char="." align="char">3.93</td><td char="." align="char">.91</td><td char="." align="char">.83</td><td char="." align="char">.24</td><td char="." align="char">.70</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Austria</td><td char="." align="char">109</td><td char="." align="char">95</td><td char="." align="char">60</td><td char="." align="char">63</td><td char="." align="char">25.57</td><td char="." align="char">6.35</td><td char="." align="char">.92</td><td char="." align="char">.88</td><td char="." align="char">.49</td><td char="." align="char">.56</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Brazil</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">103</td><td char="." align="char">68</td><td char="." align="char">66</td><td char="." align="char">23.89</td><td char="." align="char">5.70</td><td char="." align="char">.77</td><td char="." align="char">.71</td><td char="." align="char">.31</td><td char="." align="char">.47</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Canada</td><td char="." align="char">117</td><td char="." align="char">86</td><td char="." align="char">49</td><td char="." align="char">57</td><td char="." align="char">20.34</td><td char="." align="char">4.05</td><td char="." align="char">.92</td><td char="." align="char">.88</td><td char="." align="char">.20</td><td char="." align="char">.56</td></tr><tr><td align="left">China</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">111</td><td char="." align="char">51</td><td char="." align="char">46</td><td char="." align="char">23.09</td><td char="." align="char">4.10</td><td char="." align="char">.84</td><td char="." align="char">.85</td><td char="." align="char">.54</td><td char="." align="char">.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Colombia</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">113</td><td char="." align="char">70</td><td char="." align="char">62</td><td char="." align="char">27.66</td><td char="." align="char">13.46</td><td char="." align="char">.81</td><td char="." align="char">.75</td><td char="." align="char">.05</td><td char="." align="char">.69</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Denmark</td><td char="." align="char">112</td><td char="." align="char">106</td><td char="." align="char">53</td><td char="." align="char">50</td><td char="." align="char">23.61</td><td char="." align="char">2.90</td><td char="." align="char">.91</td><td char="." align="char">.81</td><td char="." align="char">.31</td><td char="." align="char">.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Egypt</td><td char="." align="char">93</td><td char="." align="char">61</td><td char="." align="char">49</td><td char="." align="char">80</td><td char="." align="char">20.79</td><td char="." align="char">4.45</td><td char="." align="char">.85</td><td char="." align="char">.76</td><td char="." align="char">.37</td><td char="." align="char">.53</td></tr><tr><td align="left">France</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">102</td><td char="." align="char">61</td><td char="." align="char">60</td><td char="." align="char">28.19</td><td char="." align="char">8.77</td><td char="." align="char">.90</td><td char="." align="char">.86</td><td char="." align="char">−.16</td><td char="." align="char">.23</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Georgia</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">115</td><td char="." align="char">58</td><td char="." align="char">50</td><td char="." align="char">25.30</td><td char="." align="char">10.06</td><td char="." align="char">.70</td><td char="." align="char">.69</td><td char="." align="char">.22</td><td char="." align="char">.54</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Germany</td><td char="." align="char">81</td><td char="." align="char">78</td><td char="." align="char">36</td><td char="." align="char">46</td><td char="." align="char">22.71</td><td char="." align="char">6.02</td><td char="." align="char">.84</td><td char="." align="char">.76</td><td char="." align="char">1.01</td><td char="." align="char">.43</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Greece</td><td char="." align="char">125</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">62</td><td char="." align="char">52</td><td char="." align="char">20.82</td><td char="." align="char">1.59</td><td char="." align="char">.85</td><td char="." align="char">.76</td><td char="." align="char">−.04</td><td char="." align="char">.62</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hong Kong</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">112</td><td char="." align="char">49</td><td char="." align="char">44</td><td char="." align="char">20.44</td><td char="." align="char">1.77</td><td char="." align="char">.68</td><td char="." align="char">.76</td><td char="." align="char">.01</td><td char="." align="char">.26</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hungary</td><td char="." align="char">118</td><td char="." align="char">105</td><td char="." align="char">57</td><td char="." align="char">54</td><td char="." align="char">21.28</td><td char="." align="char">3.79</td><td char="." align="char">.86</td><td char="." align="char">.78</td><td char="." align="char">.00</td><td char="." align="char">.41</td></tr><tr><td align="left">India Karnataka</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">92</td><td char="." align="char">49</td><td char="." align="char">53</td><td char="." align="char">21.15</td><td char="." align="char">2.77</td><td char="." align="char">.83</td><td char="." align="char">.50</td><td char="." align="char">−.03</td><td char="." align="char">−.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left">India Kerala</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">104</td><td char="." align="char">54</td><td char="." align="char">52</td><td char="." align="char">20.32</td><td char="." align="char">1.26</td><td char="." align="char">.79</td><td char="." align="char">.62</td><td char="." align="char">−.41</td><td char="." align="char">.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Indonesia</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">60</td><td char="." align="char">50</td><td char="." align="char">19.58</td><td char="." align="char">1.37</td><td char="." align="char">.75</td><td char="." align="char">.69</td><td char="." align="char">.09</td><td char="." align="char">.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Iran</td><td char="." align="char">48</td><td char="." align="char">42</td><td char="." align="char">31</td><td char="." align="char">74</td><td char="." align="char">21.21</td><td char="." align="char">4.08</td><td char="." align="char">.79</td><td char="." align="char">.70</td><td char="." align="char">−.40</td><td char="." align="char">.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Ireland</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">104</td><td char="." align="char">46</td><td char="." align="char">44</td><td char="." align="char">19.35</td><td char="." align="char">3.08</td><td char="." align="char">.88</td><td char="." align="char">.80</td><td char="." align="char">.14</td><td char="." align="char">.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Israel</td><td char="." align="char">99</td><td char="." align="char">83</td><td char="." align="char">31</td><td char="." align="char">37</td><td char="." align="char">26.24</td><td char="." align="char">5.15</td><td char="." align="char">.87</td><td char="." align="char">.84</td><td char="." align="char">−.12</td><td char="." align="char">.26</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Italy</td><td char="." align="char">160</td><td char="." align="char">151</td><td char="." align="char">137</td><td char="." align="char">91</td><td char="." align="char">23.12</td><td char="." align="char">6.14</td><td char="." align="char">.82</td><td char="." align="char">.79</td><td char="." align="char">.01</td><td char="." align="char">.56</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Japan</td><td char="." align="char">109</td><td char="." align="char">103</td><td char="." align="char">52</td><td char="." align="char">51</td><td char="." align="char">19.24</td><td char="." align="char">1.21</td><td char="." align="char">.82</td><td char="." align="char">.83</td><td char="." align="char">−.41</td><td char="." align="char">.47</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Kuwait</td><td char="." align="char">300</td><td char="." align="char">298</td><td char="." align="char">132</td><td char="." align="char">44</td><td char="." align="char">21.46</td><td char="." align="char">3.22</td><td char="." align="char">.71</td><td char="." align="char">.62</td><td char="." align="char">.12</td><td char="." align="char">.31</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Malaysia</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">100</td><td char="." align="char">73</td><td char="." align="char">73</td><td char="." align="char">22.81</td><td char="." align="char">4.34</td><td char="." align="char">.88</td><td char="." align="char">.80</td><td char="." align="char">.57</td><td char="." align="char">.55</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Maldives</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">95</td><td char="." align="char">44</td><td char="." align="char">46</td><td char="." align="char">24.09</td><td char="." align="char">2.99</td><td char="." align="char">.78</td><td char="." align="char">.55</td><td char="." align="char">.08</td><td char="." align="char">−.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Mexico</td><td char="." align="char">136</td><td char="." align="char">105</td><td char="." align="char">54</td><td char="." align="char">51</td><td char="." align="char">21.07</td><td char="." align="char">2.34</td><td char="." align="char">.91</td><td char="." align="char">.82</td><td char="." align="char">−.09</td><td char="." align="char">.35</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Nigeria</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">112</td><td char="." align="char">59</td><td char="." align="char">53</td><td char="." align="char">19.16</td><td char="." align="char">1.56</td><td char="." align="char">.83</td><td char="." align="char">.70</td><td char="." align="char">.25</td><td char="." align="char">.35</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Norway</td><td char="." align="char">97</td><td char="." align="char">85</td><td char="." align="char">50</td><td char="." align="char">59</td><td char="." align="char">22.22</td><td char="." align="char">3.76</td><td char="." align="char">.87</td><td char="." align="char">.70</td><td char="." align="char">.05</td><td char="." align="char">.41</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Pakistan</td><td char="." align="char">190</td><td char="." align="char">137</td><td char="." align="char">68</td><td char="." align="char">50</td><td char="." align="char">21.52</td><td char="." align="char">3.22</td><td char="." align="char">.78</td><td char="." align="char">.63</td><td char="." align="char">.26</td><td char="." align="char">.19</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Philippines</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">114</td><td char="." align="char">83</td><td char="." align="char">73</td><td char="." align="char">19.22</td><td char="." align="char">2.00</td><td char="." align="char">.83</td><td char="." align="char">.78</td><td char="." align="char">.35</td><td char="." align="char">.70</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Poland</td><td char="." align="char">76</td><td char="." align="char">68</td><td char="." align="char">48</td><td char="." align="char">71</td><td char="." align="char">22.69</td><td char="." align="char">1.81</td><td char="." align="char">.90</td><td char="." align="char">.79</td><td char="." align="char">−.02</td><td char="." align="char">.43</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Portugal</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">111</td><td char="." align="char">62</td><td char="." align="char">56</td><td char="." align="char">22.03</td><td char="." align="char">3.15</td><td char="." align="char">.79</td><td char="." align="char">.67</td><td char="." align="char">.25</td><td char="." align="char">.61</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Russia</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">113</td><td char="." align="char">71</td><td char="." align="char">63</td><td char="." align="char">22.33</td><td char="." align="char">1.87</td><td char="." align="char">.87</td><td char="." align="char">.79</td><td char="." align="char">−.28</td><td char="." align="char">.21</td></tr><tr><td align="left">So. Afr. n-white</td><td char="." align="char">115</td><td char="." align="char">41</td><td char="." align="char">24</td><td char="." align="char">59</td><td char="." align="char">20.93</td><td char="." align="char">1.82</td><td char="." align="char">.83</td><td char="." align="char">.76</td><td char="." align="char">−.02</td><td char="." align="char">.46</td></tr><tr><td align="left">So. Afr. white</td><td char="." align="char">115</td><td char="." align="char">43</td><td char="." align="char">21</td><td char="." align="char">49</td><td char="." align="char">20.93</td><td char="." align="char">1.82</td><td char="." align="char">.83</td><td char="." align="char">.76</td><td char="." align="char">.10</td><td char="." align="char">.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left">South Korea</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">112</td><td char="." align="char">62</td><td char="." align="char">55</td><td char="." align="char">20.81</td><td char="." align="char">2.25</td><td char="." align="char">.74</td><td char="." align="char">.70</td><td char="." align="char">−.36</td><td char="." align="char">.52</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Switzerland</td><td char="." align="char">107</td><td char="." align="char">99</td><td char="." align="char">59</td><td char="." align="char">60</td><td char="." align="char">25.04</td><td char="." align="char">5.62</td><td char="." align="char">.92</td><td char="." align="char">.90</td><td char="." align="char">.96</td><td char="." align="char">.91</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Taiwan</td><td char="." align="char">68</td><td char="." align="char">61</td><td char="." align="char">37</td><td char="." align="char">61</td><td char="." align="char">19.51</td><td char="." align="char">.94</td><td char="." align="char">.81</td><td char="." align="char">.78</td><td char="." align="char">.15</td><td char="." align="char">.48</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Turkey</td><td char="." align="char">134</td><td char="." align="char">127</td><td char="." align="char">64</td><td char="." align="char">50</td><td char="." align="char">22.57</td><td char="." align="char">2.71</td><td char="." align="char">.76</td><td char="." align="char">.65</td><td char="." align="char">.22</td><td char="." align="char">.36</td></tr><tr><td align="left">UK</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">111</td><td char="." align="char">59</td><td char="." align="char">53</td><td char="." align="char">23.82</td><td char="." align="char">8.99</td><td char="." align="char">.88</td><td char="." align="char">.80</td><td char="." align="char">.32</td><td char="." align="char">.62</td></tr><tr><td align="left">USA</td><td char="." align="char">84</td><td char="." align="char">79</td><td char="." align="char">52</td><td char="." align="char">66</td><td char="." align="char">24.06</td><td char="." align="char">9.81</td><td char="." align="char">.94</td><td char="." align="char">.90</td><td char="." align="char">.15</td><td char="." align="char">.50</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Zimbabwe</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">120</td><td char="." align="char">60</td><td char="." align="char">50</td><td char="." align="char">22.82</td><td char="." align="char">3.70</td><td char="." align="char">.66</td><td char="." align="char">.55</td><td char="." align="char">.16</td><td char="." align="char">.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Average</td><td char="." align="char">119</td><td char="." align="char">103</td><td char="." align="char">58</td><td char="." align="char">57</td><td char="." align="char">22.44</td><td char="." align="char">4.15</td><td char="." align="char">.83</td><td char="." align="char">.75</td><td char="." align="char">.13</td><td char="." align="char">.40</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Total</td><td char="." align="char">5216</td><td char="." align="char">4519</td><td char="." align="char">2552</td><td char="." align="char">56</td><td char="." align="char">22.36</td><td char="." align="char">5.50</td><td char="." align="char">.85</td><td char="." align="char">.79</td><td char="." align="char">.12</td><td char="." align="char">.39</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>coll. N</italic> N collected, <italic>anlz. N</italic> N analyzed (all further data are presented for N analyzed); <italic>fem. N</italic> N female, <italic>fem. %</italic> percentage of female in a sample; <italic>intell. α</italic> Cronbach’s alpha for intelligence measure, <italic>hones. α</italic> Cronbach’s alpha for honesty measure, <italic>So. Afr. n-white/white</italic> South Africa non-white/white samples (for South Africa we follow the GLOBE distinction)</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>We managed to collect data in forty-two out of the sixty-two cultures involved in the GLOBE project (House et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">2004</xref>). We also collected data in Norway (for which practices on the GLOBE dimensions were calculated by Warner-Søderholm <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">2010</xref>) and in Pakistan (ranked high on the corruption dimensions, which relates to our second hypothesis). We aimed to collect data from at least 120 individuals in each analyzed culture (some authors, however, collected more and other authors collected fewer).</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec6" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials</title><p>All participants were asked to provide basic demographic information on their gender, age, student status, religion, and father’s highest degree. Individuals were also asked about their ethnicity and nationality in cultures where the team leaders decided that asking about this information was not controversial. The main part of the questionnaire had participants rate eight faces, four smiling and four non-smiling, that were balanced for gender and represented different ethnicities (four European American, two African American, and two Indian, see Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>; the need for ethnic diversity is stressed by Matsumoto and Kudoh <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">1993</xref>) on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1 = <italic>trait doesn’t fit at all</italic> to 7 = <italic>trait fits perfectly</italic>) measuring intelligence (i.e., <italic>intelligent</italic>, <italic>dumb</italic>, <italic>smart</italic>, and <italic>stupid</italic>) and honesty (i.e., <italic>honest</italic>, <italic>false</italic>, <italic>authentic</italic>, and <italic>unnatural</italic>). Questionnaires in cultures that joined the project later also included five items from Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR44">1965</xref>), three items from Dunton and Fazio’s motivation to control prejudiced reactions scale (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">1997</xref>), and three additional attributes (i.e., <italic>attractiveness</italic>, <italic>friendliness</italic>, and <italic>familiarity</italic>) using the aforementioned 7-point scale. The current report is of the data provided by all participants. Photographs of the same persons posing neutral and smiling expressions were taken from the Center for Vital Longevity Face Database (Minear and Park <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR40">2004</xref>). The questionnaire, in the form of a small booklet, started with the following instructions: “Research shows that people can quite accurately evaluate others based on their looks. Can you help us and rate some faces?”. Photographs were organised into two sets, with targets who were smiling in one set presented as non-smiling in the other (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). Half of the participants received one set, the other half received the other set. Photographs in each set were randomized. In a pre-test carried out among 183 Polish students, smiling faces, were assessed as more joyful, <italic>t</italic>(173) = 18.43, <italic>p</italic> < .001, <italic>d</italic> = 1.40, and affiliative, <italic>t</italic>(182) = 9.22, <italic>p</italic> < .001, <italic>d</italic> = .68, than non-smiling faces, but did not differ in dominance, <italic>t</italic>(176) = .25, <italic>p</italic> = .80, <italic>d</italic> = .02. Materials were originally written in Polish and English and were translated from English into languages of each country where the study was carried out. Following best practices (Brislin <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1970</xref>), team leaders in each culture were asked to follow the back-translation procedure to establish linguistic equivalence. The original material, including the manual for collaborating researchers, is available from the first author in English.<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Photographs used in the current study. Participants assessed either the faces in the <italic>upper</italic> or those in the <italic>lower row</italic></p></caption><graphic xlink:href="10919_2015_226_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig></p><p>For each participant, we calculated the average ratings given to smiling and non-smiling target individuals across the traits associated with the intelligence and honesty dimensions. Next, an effect size (i.e., Cohen’s <italic>d</italic>) for the differences between ratings for smiling and non-smiling individuals was calculated for each dimension in each culture. Thus, we obtained two measures for each culture: a Cohen’s <italic>d</italic> for intelligence and a Cohen’s <italic>d</italic> for honesty.</p></sec><sec id="Sec7" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><p>To test our two predictions, we separately examined cross-cultural differences in ratings given to smiling and non-smiling individuals on the intelligence and honesty dimensions. The results are summarised in Figs. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref> and <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>.<fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Cohen’s d for the difference in intelligence ratings of smiling and non-smiling individuals across cultures. <italic>Red lines</italic> separate cultures in which smiling individuals are rated as significantly more intelligent (on the <italic>right</italic>) or significantly less intelligent (on the <italic>left</italic>)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="10919_2015_226_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic></fig><fig id="Fig3"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>Cohen’s d for the difference in honesty ratings of smiling and non-smiling individuals across cultures. <italic>Red line</italic> separates cultures in which smiling individuals are rated as significantly more honest (on the <italic>right</italic>)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="10919_2015_226_Fig3_HTML" id="MO3"></graphic></fig></p><p>As predicted, smiling was not consistently perceived as a signal of intelligence across all cultures. Although smiling did lead to attributions of higher intelligence in 18 out of the 44 cultures, we identified six cultures where individuals were perceived as significantly less intelligent when smiling. Moreover, we found no significant difference in the intelligence ratings of smiling versus non-smiling individuals in 20 cultures.</p><p>This result supports our prediction that social perception of the intelligence of smiling individuals varies across cultures, and in some cultures, smiling may even lead to attributions of lower levels of intelligence (we observed a significant two-way culture by smile interaction, <italic>F</italic>(43, 4425) = 5.9, <italic>p</italic> < .001, <italic>η</italic><sub arrange="stack">p</sub><sup arrange="stack">2</sup> = .05; for detailed summary of results of ANOVA analyses, including gender of participant and gender of target, see Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>). As predicted, the key to understanding this variability was not in geography (e.g., neighboring countries like China and Japan or Germany and France are on different ends of the distributions) nor in economic factors, but in cultural dimensions (for detailed correlation and regression analyses, including economic factors, at the cultural level examine Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>). The predicted correlation between Cohen’s <italic>d</italic> (i.e., the difference in rated intelligence of smiling and non-smiling individuals) and UA practices was high, <italic>r</italic> = .63, <italic>p</italic> < .001, and remained strong after controlling for economic factors (<italic>β</italic> = .65, <italic>p</italic> < .001). UA practices remained a significant predictor even when controlling for the heterogeneity-homogeneity of 28 cultures in our study that had heterogeneity-homogeneity data available (Rychlowska et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">2015</xref>; <italic>β</italic> = .67, <italic>p</italic> < .001). Consistent with predictions, multilevel analyses revealed a significant cross-level interaction between facial expression and UA in the prediction of intelligence attributions (for details of these analyses see Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Results of two ANOVA analyses for intelligence and honesty perception</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2"></th><th align="left" colspan="2">Intelligence perception</th><th align="left" colspan="2">Honesty perception</th><th align="left" rowspan="2"><italic>df</italic></th></tr><tr><th align="left"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>η squared</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>F</italic></th><th align="left"><italic>η squared</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Smile</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>45.9***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.010</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>540.6***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.109</bold></td><td align="left">1, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>13.3***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.115</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>20.3***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.165</bold></td><td align="left">43, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">PG</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>94.2***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.021</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>50.2***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.011</bold></td><td align="left">1, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">TG</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>24.5***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.006</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>78.6***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.017</bold></td><td align="left">1, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × culture</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>5.9***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.054</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>4.5***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.042</bold></td><td align="left">43, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × PG</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>6.7**</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.002</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>11.2**</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.003</bold></td><td align="left">1, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × TG</td><td char="." align="char">1.5</td><td char="." align="char">.000</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>41.9***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.009</bold></td><td align="left">1, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × PG</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>3.9***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.037</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>2.3***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.022</bold></td><td align="left">43, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × TG</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>4.3***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.040</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>4.2***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.039</bold></td><td align="left">43, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">PG × TG</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>47.4***</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.011</bold></td><td char="." align="char">1.7</td><td char="." align="char">.000</td><td align="left">1, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × culture × PG</td><td char="." align="char">.8</td><td char="." align="char">.008</td><td char="." align="char">1.3</td><td char="." align="char">.012</td><td align="left">43, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × culture × TG</td><td char="." align="char">1.3</td><td char="." align="char">.013</td><td char="." align="char">1.0</td><td char="." align="char">.010</td><td align="left">43, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × PG × TG</td><td char="." align="char">.5</td><td char="." align="char">.000</td><td char="." align="char">1.0</td><td char="." align="char">.000</td><td align="left">1, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × PG × TG</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>1.7**</bold></td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.016</bold></td><td char="." align="char">1.1</td><td char="." align="char">.010</td><td align="left">43, 4425</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × culture × PG × TG</td><td char="." align="char">1.1</td><td char="." align="char">.011</td><td char="." align="char">.6</td><td char="." align="char">.006</td><td align="left">43, 4425</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>PG</italic> participant’s gender, <italic>TG</italic> target’s gender. Smile and gender of target as within-subjects factors, and culture and gender of observer as between-subjects factors. Significant values are shown in bold</p><p>** <italic>p</italic> < .01, *** <italic>p</italic> < .001</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Analysis at the cultural level: correlations and standardized regression coefficients</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left"></th><th align="left">Intelligence <italic>d</italic></th><th align="left">Honesty <italic>d</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><italic>Correlations (r)</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3">Cultural practices (GLOBE project)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Uncertainty avoidance</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.63***</bold></td><td char="." align="char">.24</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Power distance</td><td char="." align="char">−.16</td><td char="." align="char">−.28</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Institutional collectivism</td><td char="." align="char">−.14</td><td char="." align="char">.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> In-group collectivism</td><td char="." align="char">−.29</td><td char="." align="char">−.37*</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Gender egalitarianism</td><td char="." align="char">−.06</td><td char="." align="char">.16</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Assertiveness</td><td char="." align="char">.21</td><td char="." align="char">.20</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Future orientation</td><td char="." align="char">.36*</td><td char="." align="char">.28</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Performance orientation</td><td char="." align="char">.22</td><td char="." align="char">.11</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Humane orientation</td><td char="." align="char">−.03</td><td char="." align="char">−.17</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3">Cultural values (Schwartz—S; Hofstede—H)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Harmony—S</td><td char="." align="char">.26</td><td char="." align="char">.28</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Embeddedness—S</td><td char="." align="char">−.22</td><td char="." align="char">−.32*</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Hierarchy—S</td><td char="." align="char">−.34*</td><td char="." align="char">−.35*</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Mastery—S</td><td char="." align="char">−.22</td><td char="." align="char">−.21</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Affective autonomy—S</td><td char="." align="char">.17</td><td char="." align="char">.18</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Intellectual autonomy—S</td><td char="." align="char">.24</td><td char="." align="char">.36*</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Egalitarianism—S</td><td char="." align="char">.32*</td><td char="." align="char">.35*</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Power distance—H</td><td char="." align="char">−.21</td><td char="." align="char">−.25</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Individualism—H</td><td char="." align="char">.13</td><td char="." align="char">.23</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Masculinity—H</td><td char="." align="char">.09</td><td char="." align="char">.23</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Uncertainty avoidance—H</td><td char="." align="char">−.30</td><td char="." align="char">.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Long term orientation—H</td><td char="." align="char">.02</td><td char="." align="char">.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Indulgence—H</td><td char="." align="char">.15</td><td char="." align="char">.34*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3">Social axioms (Bond et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">2004</xref>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Dynamic externality</td><td char="." align="char">.06</td><td char="." align="char">−.36</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Societal cynicism</td><td char="." align="char">−.13</td><td char="." align="char">−.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3">Corruption indexes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Corruption perception index—ranking</td><td char="." align="char">−.23</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>−.53***</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Global corruption barometer—paying bribe</td><td char="." align="char">−.27</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>−.53**</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Bribe payers index</td><td char="." align="char">.41</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.59**</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Economic freedom Index—corruption</td><td char="." align="char">.28</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.51***</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3">Socio-economic indexes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> GDP <italic>per capita</italic></td><td char="." align="char">.21</td><td char="." align="char">.38*</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> GDP PPP</td><td char="." align="char">−.01</td><td char="." align="char">−.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> GINI index</td><td char="." align="char">−.01</td><td char="." align="char">−.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Historical heterogeneity (vs. homogeneity)</td><td char="." align="char">.09</td><td char="." align="char">.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Life expectation at birth</td><td char="." align="char">.09</td><td char="." align="char">.38*</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Literacy rate</td><td char="." align="char">−.29</td><td char="." align="char">.23</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Military expenditures (% GDP)</td><td char="." align="char">−.22</td><td char="." align="char">−.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Population density</td><td char="." align="char">−.09</td><td char="." align="char">−.14</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Population growth</td><td char="." align="char">.05</td><td char="." align="char">−.10</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Rural population (% total)</td><td char="." align="char">−.02</td><td char="." align="char">−.32*</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Unemployment rate</td><td char="." align="char">−.13</td><td char="." align="char">−.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3">Regressions (<italic>β</italic>)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td char="." align="char">Model 1</td><td char="." align="char"></td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Uncertainty avoidance (GLOBE)</td><td char="." align="char"><bold>.65***</bold></td><td char="." align="char">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> GDP <italic>per capita</italic></td><td char="." align="char">.02</td><td char="." align="char">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> GINI Index</td><td char="." align="char">.15</td><td char="." align="char">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left"></td><td char="." align="char"></td><td char="." align="char">Model 2</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Corruption perception index</td><td char="." align="char">–</td><td char="." align="char">−.48*</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> GDP <italic>per capita</italic></td><td char="." align="char">–</td><td char="." align="char">−.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Life expectation at birth</td><td char="." align="char">–</td><td char="." align="char">.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> Rural population (% total)</td><td char="." align="char">–</td><td char="." align="char">−.01</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Highly significant (<italic>p</italic> < .01) values are shown in bold</p><p>* <italic>p</italic> < .05, ** <italic>p</italic> < .01, *** <italic>p</italic> < .001</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="Tab4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Unstandardized coefficients from multilevel linear regression analyses of perceived intelligence (Models 1 and 2) and perceived honesty (Models 3 and 4)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="3"></th><th align="left">Model 1</th><th align="left">Model 2</th><th align="left">Model 3</th><th align="left">Model 4</th></tr><tr><th align="left" colspan="2">DV: perceived intelligence</th><th align="left" colspan="2">DV: perceived honesty</th></tr><tr><th align="left" colspan="2">IV culture: uncertainty avoidance</th><th align="left" colspan="2">IV culture: Corruption Perceptions Index</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Intercept</td><td align="left">4.7459 (0.2719)***</td><td align="left">4.7399 (0.2557)***</td><td align="left">4.6347 (0.0688)***</td><td align="left">4.62484 (0.0659)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture</td><td align="left">0.0105 (0.0651)</td><td align="left">0.0055 (0.0612)</td><td align="left">−0.0007 (0.0008)</td><td align="left">−0.0004 (0.0007)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile</td><td align="left">−0.8997 (0.1684)***</td><td align="left">−0.7745 (0.0907)***</td><td align="left">0.3419 (0.0372)***</td><td align="left">0.3233 (0.0226)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left">PG</td><td align="left">−0.8322 (0.2162)***</td><td align="left">−0.5479 (0.1466)***</td><td align="left">−0.1399 (0.0455)**</td><td align="left">−0.1099 (0.0167)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left">TG</td><td align="left">−0.0153 (0.1684)</td><td align="left">−0.0777 (0.0118)***</td><td align="left">−0.1409 (0.0372)***</td><td align="left">−0.1307 (0.0226)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × smile</td><td align="left">0.2420 (0.0405)***</td><td align="left">0.2096 (0.0217)***</td><td align="left">−0.0014 (0.0005)**</td><td align="left">−0.0017 (0.0003)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × PG</td><td align="left">0.1489 (0.0520)**</td><td align="left">0.0891 (0.0355)*</td><td align="left">0.0009 (0.0006)</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × PG</td><td align="left">0.2191 (0.2596)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">−0.0255 (0.0560)</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × TG</td><td align="left">−0.0349 (0.0405)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">−0.0013 (0.0005)**</td><td align="left">−0.0011 (0.0003)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × TG</td><td align="left">0.1016 (0.2381)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">0.1876 (0.0526)***</td><td align="left">0.1780 (0.0225)***</td></tr><tr><td align="left">PG × TG</td><td align="left">0.4127 (0.2596)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">0.0388 (0.0560)</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × smile × PG</td><td align="left">−0.0698 (0.0621)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">−0.0009 (0.0007)</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × smile × TG</td><td align="left">−0.0146 (0.0572)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">0.0002 (0.0007)</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × PG × TG</td><td align="left">−0.0658 (0.0621)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">0.0003 (0.0007)</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Smile × PG × TG</td><td align="left">−0.1263 (0.3671)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">−0.0538 (0.0791)</td><td align="left">–</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Culture × smile × PG × TG</td><td align="left">0.0322 (0.0878)</td><td align="left">–</td><td align="left">0.0001 (0.0010)</td><td align="left">–</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>PG</italic> participant’s gender, <italic>TG</italic> target’s gender. For models 1 and 2, <italic>culture</italic> means culture-level predictor Uncertainty Avoidance; for models 3 and 4 <italic>culture</italic> means culture-level predictor Corruption Perceptions Index. Robust standard errors are given in parentheses</p><p>* <italic>p</italic> < .05, ** <italic>p</italic> < .01, *** <italic>p</italic> < .001</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>We also found support for our second hypothesis. Although smiling individuals were perceived as more honest than non-smiling individuals in almost all analyzed cultures (37 out of 44), there was cultural variability in the size of the effect (we observed a significant two-way culture by smile interaction, <italic>F</italic>(43, 4425) = 4.5, <italic>p</italic> < .001, <italic>η</italic><sub arrange="stack">p</sub><sup arrange="stack">2</sup> = .04; for a summary of ANOVA analyses see Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>). Moreover, this cultural variability was related to societal corruption levels (see Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>). The correlation between a smile’s honesty bonus and three different corruption indices: Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency International <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">2010a</xref>), Global Corruption Barometer—Paying Bribe sub-dimension (Transparency International <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">2010b</xref>), and Index of Economic Freedom – sub-index Freedom from Corruption (The Heritage Foundation <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR48">2010</xref>), was significant and relatively high (.59 > <italic>r</italic> > .51, <italic>p</italic> < .01) and remained significant after controlling for socio-economic factors (<italic>β</italic> = −.48, <italic>p</italic> = .04). Corruption remained a significant predictor even when controlling for the heterogeneity-homogeneity of 28 cultures in our study that had heterogeneity-homogeneity data available (Rychlowska et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">2015</xref>; <italic>β</italic> = −.64, <italic>p</italic> < .001). Multilevel analyses revealed an interaction between facial expression and corruption index in the prediction of honesty judgments (see Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>). As predicted, greater corruption levels decreased trust granted toward smiling individuals.</p><p>Beyond cultural variability, we found that participant and target gender were important factors that influenced the social perception of smiling versus non-smiling individuals (see Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>). For intelligence perception, we observed a significant two-way participant gender by smile interaction, indicating that smiling increases ratings of intelligence more among women (<italic>t</italic>[2551] = 7.80, <italic>p</italic> < .001, <italic>d</italic> = .15, <italic>M</italic><sub>Non-smileFemale</sub> = 4.71, <italic>SD</italic><sub>Non-smileFemale</sub> = .75, <italic>M</italic><sub>SmileFemale</sub> = 4.83, <italic>SD</italic><sub>SmileFemale</sub> = .77) than among men (<italic>t</italic>[1960] = 3.37, <italic>p</italic> = .001, <italic>d</italic> = .08, <italic>M</italic><sub>Non-smileMale</sub> = 4.54, <italic>SD</italic><sub>Non-smileMale</sub> = .76, <italic>M</italic><sub>Smile_Male</sub> = 4.61, <italic>SD</italic><sub>Smile_Male</sub> = .78). Two remaining two-way interactions regarded perceptions of honesty. A significant participant gender by smile interaction indicated that smiling increases ratings of honesty more for female assessors (<italic>t</italic>[2551] = 22.66, <italic>p</italic> < .001, <italic>d</italic> = .45, <italic>M</italic><sub>Non-smileFemale</sub> = 4.48, <italic>SD</italic><sub>Non-smileFemale</sub> = .71, <italic>M</italic><sub>SmileFemale</sub> = 4.83, <italic>SD</italic><sub>SmileFemale</sub> = .73) than for male assessors (<italic>t</italic>[1960] = 13.73, <italic>p</italic> < .001, <italic>d</italic> = .31, <italic>M</italic><sub>Non-smileMale</sub> = 4.40, <italic>SD</italic><sub>Non-smileMale</sub> = .67, <italic>M</italic><sub>SmileMale</sub> = 4.64, <italic>SD</italic><sub>SmileMale</sub> = .72). Finally, a significant target gender by smile interaction revealed that non-smiling women were assessed as more honest than non-smiling men (<italic>t</italic>[4518] = 12.76, <italic>p</italic> < .001, <italic>M</italic><sub>Non-smile_Female</sub> = 4.55, <italic>SD</italic><sub>Non-smile_Female</sub> = .86, <italic>M</italic><sub>Non-smile_Male</sub> = 4.36, <italic>SD</italic><sub>Non-smile_Male</sub> = .89), but smiling men and women were found to be equally honest (<italic>t</italic>[4518] = 1.40, <italic>p</italic> = .16, <italic>M</italic><sub>Smile_Female</sub> = 4.77, <italic>SD</italic><sub>Smile_Female</sub> = .89, <italic>M</italic><sub>Smile_Male</sub> = 4.74, <italic>SD</italic><sub>Smile_Male</sub> = .91).</p></sec><sec id="Sec8" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>In sum, the data illustrate that the perception of smiling individuals is culturally diversified and that, in some cultures, this generally positive nonverbal signal may have negative associations. In addition, this research indicates that corruption at the societal level may weaken the meaning of an evolutionary important signal such as smiling and undermine its trustworthiness. Our results also show that the gender of the assessor and target have an important influence on the social perception of smiles, which may be related to socialization processes and strong stereotypical expectations for women to be more communal and to smile (LaFrance et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">2003</xref>). Across cultures, smiling increased attributions of intelligence and honesty more for female assessors than for males and target gender affected attributions of honesty in non-smiling targets, but not for smiling targets. These effects of participant and target gender on smile perception did not affect the interactions of culture and smiling, however, which are the focus of the current report.</p><p>Although the results are statistically significant, causal inferences need to be drawn with caution because the relationships indicated in our research are mainly correlational. Another limitation of the presented research is that the samples may not be fully representative of the cultures they come from (i.e., predominantly university students were recruited to participate). Furthermore, the situational context, which was not manipulated here, may also play an important role in the perception and judgment of smiles (Niedenthal et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">2010</xref>). Lastly, future studies are needed to examine the potential influence of participant ethnicity as attributions may differ across in-group and out-group faces. The role of smile intensity is also another ripe area for future research (see Kraus and Chen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">2013</xref> for instance).</p><p>Despite these limitations, this cross-cultural study illuminates surprising nuances of up-to-now seemingly clear and obvious processes of smile perception. Although numerous studies suggest that smiling individuals are perceived favorably, we document that the same person may be judged as less intelligent when smiling than when posing a neutral expression in some cultures. This has important practical implications, for example, in the context of globalization and job applications. In many countries it is still common to submit photographs on one’s CV. Knowing whether a smile is interpreted positively (i.e., as a sign of competence and trustworthiness) or negatively may be crucial knowledge for international applicants (also see Ruben et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">2014</xref>).</p><p>Furthermore, this study advances theory about nonverbal behavior in important ways. By recognizing processes underlying the two cultural dimensions used in perceiving smiles, we indicate that those seemingly counter-intuitive findings reflect on highly functional strategies in their own cultural context (also see Matsumoto <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">2006</xref>). Expressing certainty in uncertain social conditions may not be the best way of signalling intelligence (Hypothesis 1), and signalling unconditional trust in untrustworthy settings may be risky (Hypothesis 2). Our research underscores the importance of the cultural framework in understanding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that although positive traits are usually attributed to smiling persons, perception of this common nonverbal signal may have unexpected negative implications in some cultures.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>We thank all the supporting team-members involved in the translation procedures and data collections. Research was supported by the Polish NCN Grant 2011/03/N/HS6/05112 (K.K.) and Chinese NNSF Grant 31200788 (C.X).</p></ack><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abe</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Beetham</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Izard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Millicent</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>What do smiles mean? An analysis in terms of differential emotions theory</article-title><source>The smile: Forms, functions, and consequences</source><year>2002</year><publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc><publisher-name>The Edwin Mellen Press</publisher-name><fpage>83</fpage><lpage>110</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR2"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abele</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Wojciszke</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The Big Two in social judgment and behavior</article-title><source>Social Psychology</source><year>2013</year><volume>44</volume><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1027/1864-9335/a000137</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR3"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abele</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Wojciszke</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Communal and agentic content in social cognition. A dual perspective model</article-title><source>Advances in Experimental Social Psychology</source><year>2014</year><volume>50</volume><fpage>195</fpage><lpage>255</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/B978-0-12-800284-1.00004-7</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR4"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bakan</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><source>The duality of human existence</source><year>1966</year><publisher-loc>Chicago</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Rand McNally</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR5"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bedford</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Fallon</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>McAdam</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><source>Lonely planet—Destination Poland</source><year>2008</year><publisher-loc>Oakland, CA</publisher-loc><publisher-name>LPP</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR6"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bond</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Au</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Tong</surname><given-names>K-K</given-names></name><name><surname>De Carrasquel</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Murakami</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures</article-title><source>Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology</source><year>2004</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>548</fpage><lpage>570</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0022022104268388</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR7"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brislin</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Back-translation for cross-cultural research</article-title><source>Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology</source><year>1970</year><volume>1</volume><fpage>185</fpage><lpage>216</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/135910457000100301</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR8"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brody</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Haviland-Jones</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Feldman Barrett</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Gender and emotion in context</article-title><source>Handbook of emotions</source><year>2008</year><publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Guilford Press</publisher-name><fpage>395</fpage><lpage>408</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR9"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Centorrino</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Djemai</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Hopfensitz</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Milinski</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Seabright</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Honest signalling in trust interactions: Smiles rated as genuine induce trust and signal higher earnings opportunities</article-title><source>Evolution and Human Behavior</source><year>2015</year><volume>36</volume><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.08.001</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR10"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Vermeulen</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Re-thinking the causes, processes, and consequences of simulation</article-title><source>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</source><year>2010</year><volume>33</volume><fpage>441</fpage><lpage>442</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0140525X10001299</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR11"><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Darwin, C. (1872/1998). <italic>The expression of the emotions in man and animals</italic>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR12"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Duchenne</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><source>The mechanism of human facial expression</source><year>1862</year><publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR13"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dunton</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Fazio</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An individual difference measure of motivation to control prejudiced reactions</article-title><source>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</source><year>1997</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>316</fpage><lpage>326</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0146167297233009</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR14"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ekman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lie catching and microexpressions</article-title><source>The philosophy of deception</source><year>2009</year><publisher-loc>Oxford</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Oxford University Press</publisher-name><fpage>118</fpage><lpage>133</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR15"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ekman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Friesen</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Felt, false, and miserable smiles</article-title><source>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</source><year>1982</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>238</fpage><lpage>252</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF00987191</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR16"><mixed-citation publication-type="other">EURES. (2010). <italic>Living and working in Norway</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.eures.dk/JobSeeker/Landeinfo-og-jobdatabaser/Norden/Living_and_working_in_Norway_%2528engelsk%2529.aspx">http://www.eures.dk/JobSeeker/Landeinfo-og-jobdatabaser/Norden/Living_and_working_in_Norway_%28engelsk%29.aspx</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR17"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fiske</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Cuddy</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Glick</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence</article-title><source>Trends in Cognitive Science</source><year>2006</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR18"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fridlund</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Millicent</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The behavioral ecology view of smiling and other facial expressions</article-title><source>The smile: Forms, functions, and consequences</source><year>2002</year><publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc><publisher-name>The Edwin Mellen Press</publisher-name><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>82</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR19"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><source>Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style</source><year>1984</year><publisher-loc>Baltimore</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Johns Hopkins University Press</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR20"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hareli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>What emotional reactions can tell us about the nature of others: An appraisal perspective on person perception</article-title><source>Cognition and Emotion</source><year>2010</year><volume>24</volume><fpage>128</fpage><lpage>140</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/02699930802613828</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR21"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Henrich</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Heine</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Norenzayan</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The weirdest people in the world?</article-title><source>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</source><year>2010</year><volume>33</volume><fpage>61</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0140525X0999152X</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20550733</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR22"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Blairy</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kleck</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The influence of expression intensity, gender, and ethnicity on judgments of dominance and affiliation</article-title><source>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</source><year>2000</year><volume>24</volume><fpage>265</fpage><lpage>283</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1023/A:1006623213355</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR23"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Beaupré</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Cheung</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Millicent</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>To whom and why—cultural differences and similarities in the function of smiles</article-title><source>The smile: Forms, functions, and consequences</source><year>2002</year><publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc><publisher-name>The Edwin Mellen Press</publisher-name><fpage>187</fpage><lpage>216</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR24"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Kleck</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The categorical perception of emotions and traits</article-title><source>Social Cognition</source><year>2009</year><volume>27</volume><fpage>319</fpage><lpage>325</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1521/soco.2009.27.2.320</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR25"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hofstede</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group><source>Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations</source><year>2001</year><publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR26"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>House</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Hanges</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Javidan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Dorfman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><source>Culture, leadership, and organizations. The GLOBE study of 62 societies</source><year>2004</year><publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR27"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kraus</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A winning smile?</article-title><source>Smile intensity, physical dominance, and fighter performance, Emotion</source><year>2013</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>270</fpage><lpage>279</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23356564</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR28"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Krumhuber</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Manstead</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kappas</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Temporal aspects of facial displays in person and expression perception: The effects of smile dynamics, head-tilt, and gender</article-title><source>Journal of Nonverbal Behaviour</source><year>2007</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10919-006-0019-x</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR29"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Krys</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Xing</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Szarota</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Do only fools smile at strangers? Cultural differences in social perception of intelligence of smiling individuals</article-title><source>Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology</source><year>2014</year><volume>45</volume><fpage>314</fpage><lpage>321</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0022022113513922</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR30"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Krys</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Xing</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Espinoza</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Szarota</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Morales</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>It is better to smile to women: Gender modifies perception of honesty of smiling individuals across cultures</article-title><source>International Journal of Psychology</source><year>2015</year><volume>50</volume><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>154</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ijop.12087</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25066890</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR31"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>LaFrance</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hecht</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Paluck</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The contingent smile: A meta-analysis of sex differences in smiling</article-title><source>Psychological Bulletin</source><year>2003</year><volume>129</volume><fpage>305</fpage><lpage>334</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.305</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12696842</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR32"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Bond</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Zanna</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Social axioms: A model of social beliefs in multi-cultural perspective</article-title><source>Advances in experimental social psychology</source><year>2004</year><publisher-loc>San Diego, CA</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR33"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Within- and between-culture variation: Individual differences and the cultural logics of honor, face, and dignity cultures</article-title><source>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</source><year>2011</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>507</fpage><lpage>526</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/a0022151</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21244179</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR34"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Matsumoto</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Manusov</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Patterson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Culture and nonverbal behavior</article-title><source>The SAGE handbook of nonverbal communication</source><year>2006</year><publisher-loc>Thousand Oaks</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name><fpage>219</fpage><lpage>235</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR35"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Matsumoto</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Kudoh</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>American–Japanese cultural differences in attributions of personality based on smiles</article-title><source>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</source><year>1993</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>231</fpage><lpage>243</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF00987239</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR36"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Matsumoto</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Willingham</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals</article-title><source>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</source><year>2009</year><volume>96</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1037/a0014037</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19210060</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR37"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Méhu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Smiling and laughter in naturally occurring dyadic interactions: Relationship to conversation, body contacts, and displacement activities</article-title><source>Human Ethology Bulletin</source><year>2011</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>28</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR38"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Méhu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Dunbar</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Naturalistic observations of smiling and laughter in human group interactions</article-title><source>Behaviour</source><year>2008</year><volume>145</volume><fpage>1747</fpage><lpage>1780</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1163/156853908786279619</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR39"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Miles</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Who is approachable?</article-title><source>Journal of Experimental Social Psychology</source><year>2009</year><volume>45</volume><fpage>262</fpage><lpage>266</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.010</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR40"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Minear</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli</article-title><source>Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers</source><year>2004</year><volume>36</volume><fpage>630</fpage><lpage>633</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3758/BF03206543</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR41"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Niedenthal</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Mermillod</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Maringer</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) Model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression</article-title><source>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</source><year>2010</year><volume>33</volume><fpage>417</fpage><lpage>433</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/S0140525X10000865</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21211115</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR42"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Otta</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Lira</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Delevati</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Cesar</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Pires</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The effect of smiling and of head tilting on person perception</article-title><source>Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied</source><year>1994</year><volume>128</volume><fpage>323</fpage><lpage>331</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00223980.1994.9712736</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8046666</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR43"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palmer</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Simmons</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Communicating intentions through nonverbal behaviors</article-title><source>Human Communication Research</source><year>1995</year><volume>22</volume><fpage>128</fpage><lpage>160</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1468-2958.1995.tb00364.x</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR44"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rosenberg</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><source>Society and the adolescent self-image</source><year>1965</year><publisher-loc>Princeton, NJ</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Princeton University Press</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR45"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ruben</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hall</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Schmid Mast</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Smiling in a job interview: When less is more</article-title><source>Journal of Social Psychology</source><year>2014</year><volume>155</volume><fpage>107</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00224545.2014.972312</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25309976</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR46"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rychlowska</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Miyamoto</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Matsumoto</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Gilboa-Schechtman</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Kamble</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Heterogeneity of long-history migration explains cultural differences in reports of emotional expressivity and the functions of smiles</article-title><source>PNAS</source><year>2015</year><volume>112</volume><fpage>E2429</fpage><lpage>E2436</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1413661112</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25902500</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR47"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Fischer</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Vignoles</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Bond</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><source>Understanding social psychology across cultures. Engaging with others in a changing world</source><year>2013</year><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Sage</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR48"><mixed-citation publication-type="other">The Heritage Foundation. (2010). <italic>Index of economic freedom</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.heritage.org/index/download">http://www.heritage.org/index/download</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR49"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thibault</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Levesque</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Gosselin</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Hess</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The Duchenne marker is NOT a universal signal of smile authenticity: But it can be learned!</article-title><source>Social Psychology</source><year>2012</year><volume>43</volume><fpage>215</fpage><lpage>221</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1027/1864-9335/a000122</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR50"><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Transparency International. (2010a). <italic>Corruption Perceptions Index</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.transparency.org/cpi2010/results">http://www.transparency.org/cpi2010/results</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR51"><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Transparency International. (2010b). <italic>Global corruption barometer</italic>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.transparency.org/gcb201011">http://www.transparency.org/gcb201011</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR52"><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Warner-Søderholm, G. (2010). <italic>Understanding perceptions of cultural and intracultural societal practices and values of Norwegian managers</italic> (Doctoral dissertation). University of Reading: Reading.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR53"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Weisbuch</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ambady</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Clarke</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Achor</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Weele</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>On being consistent: The role of verbal–nonverbal consistency in first impressions</article-title><source>Basic and Applied Social Psychology</source><year>2010</year><volume>32</volume><fpage>261</fpage><lpage>268</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/01973533.2010.495659</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR54"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wörmann</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Holodynski</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kärtner</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Keller</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The emergence of social smiling: The interplay of maternal and infant imitation during the first three months in cross-cultural comparison</article-title><source>Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology</source><year>2014</year><volume>45</volume><fpage>339</fpage><lpage>361</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0022022113509134</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000D590 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000D590 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |