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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex</title><author><name sortKey="Guadalupe, Tulio" sort="Guadalupe, Tulio" uniqKey="Guadalupe T" first="Tulio" last="Guadalupe">Tulio Guadalupe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0501 3839</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419550.c</institution-id><institution>Language & Genetics Department,</institution><institution>Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathias, Samuel R" sort="Mathias, Samuel R" uniqKey="Mathias S" first="Samuel R." last="Mathias">Samuel R. Mathias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368710</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.47100.32</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Yale School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>New Haven, CT 06519 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanerp, Theo G M" sort="Vanerp, Theo G M" uniqKey="Vanerp T" first="Theo G. M." last="Vanerp">Theo G. M. Vanerp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0668 7243</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266093.8</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,</institution><institution>University of California,</institution></institution-wrap>Irvine, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whelan, Christopher D" sort="Whelan, Christopher D" uniqKey="Whelan C" first="Christopher D." last="Whelan">Christopher D. Whelan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Marina del Rey, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 7120</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4912.e</institution-id><institution>Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics,</institution><institution>The Royal College of Surgeons,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin 2, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zwiers, Marcel P" sort="Zwiers, Marcel P" uniqKey="Zwiers M" first="Marcel P." last="Zwiers">Marcel P. Zwiers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122931605</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5590.9</institution-id><institution>Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abe, Yoshinari" sort="Abe, Yoshinari" uniqKey="Abe Y" first="Yoshinari" last="Abe">Yoshinari Abe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0667 4960</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.272458.e</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science,</institution><institution>Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Kyoto, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abramovic, Lucija" sort="Abramovic, Lucija" uniqKey="Abramovic L" first="Lucija" last="Abramovic">Lucija Abramovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agartz, Ingrid" sort="Agartz, Ingrid" uniqKey="Agartz I" first="Ingrid" last="Agartz">Ingrid Agartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0512 8628</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413684.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Research and Development,</institution><institution>Diakonhjemmet Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff12"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0626</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4714.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section,</institution><institution>Karolinska Institutet,</institution></institution-wrap>Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andreassen, Ole A" sort="Andreassen, Ole A" uniqKey="Andreassen O" first="Ole A." last="Andreassen">Ole A. Andreassen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" sort="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" uniqKey="Arias Vasquez A" first="Alejandro" last="Arias-Vásquez">Alejandro Arias-Vásquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aribisala, Benjamin S" sort="Aribisala, Benjamin S" uniqKey="Aribisala B" first="Benjamin S." last="Aribisala">Benjamin S. Aribisala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff17"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0725 8811</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411276.7</institution-id><institution>Department of Computer Science,</institution><institution>Lagos State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Nicola J" sort="Armstrong, Nicola J" uniqKey="Armstrong N" first="Nicola J." last="Armstrong">Nicola J. Armstrong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales (UNSW),</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff20"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0436 6763</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1025.6</institution-id><institution>Mathematics and Statistics,</institution><institution>Murdoch University,</institution></institution-wrap>Murdoch, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arolt, Volker" sort="Arolt, Volker" uniqKey="Arolt V" first="Volker" last="Arolt">Volker Arolt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff21"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Artiges, Eric" sort="Artiges, Eric" uniqKey="Artiges E" first="Eric" last="Artiges">Eric Artiges</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff22">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayesa Arriola, Rosa" sort="Ayesa Arriola, Rosa" uniqKey="Ayesa Arriola R" first="Rosa" last="Ayesa-Arriola">Rosa Ayesa-Arriola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0627 4262</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411325.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL,</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff24">CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baboyan, Vatche G" sort="Baboyan, Vatche G" uniqKey="Baboyan V" first="Vatche G." last="Baboyan">Vatche G. Baboyan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff25"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banaschewski, Tobias" sort="Banaschewski, Tobias" uniqKey="Banaschewski T" first="Tobias" last="Banaschewski">Tobias Banaschewski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff26"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 4373</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7700.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,</institution><institution>Heidelberg University,</institution></institution-wrap>Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barker, Gareth" sort="Barker, Gareth" uniqKey="Barker G" first="Gareth" last="Barker">Gareth Barker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff27"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,</institution><institution>King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bastin, Mark E" sort="Bastin, Mark E" uniqKey="Bastin M" first="Mark E." last="Bastin">Mark E. Bastin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baune, Bernhard T" sort="Baune, Bernhard T" uniqKey="Baune B" first="Bernhard T." last="Baune">Bernhard T. Baune</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff31"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7304</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1010.0</institution-id><institution>Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Adelaide,</institution></institution-wrap>Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blangero, John" sort="Blangero, John" uniqKey="Blangero J" first="John" last="Blangero">John Blangero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff32"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2215 0219</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.250889.e</institution-id><institution>Department of Genetics,</institution><institution>Texas Biomedical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>San Antonio, TX USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff33"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 5374 269X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.449717.8</institution-id><institution>South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute,</institution><institution>University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Brownsville, TX USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bokde, Arun L W" sort="Bokde, Arun L W" uniqKey="Bokde A" first="Arun L. W." last="Bokde">Arun L. W. Bokde</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff34"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Discipline of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boedhoe, Premika S W" sort="Boedhoe, Premika S W" uniqKey="Boedhoe P" first="Premika S. W." last="Boedhoe">Premika S. W. Boedhoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff35"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff36"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff37">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bose, Anushree" sort="Bose, Anushree" uniqKey="Bose A" first="Anushree" last="Bose">Anushree Bose</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1516 2246</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416861.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Bangalore, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brem, Silvia" sort="Brem, Silvia" uniqKey="Brem S" first="Silvia" last="Brem">Silvia Brem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff39"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>University Clinic for and Adolescent Psychiatry UCCAP,</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff40"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>Neuroscience Center Zurich,</institution><institution>University of Zurich and ETH Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brodaty, Henry" sort="Brodaty, Henry" uniqKey="Brodaty H" first="Henry" last="Brodaty">Henry Brodaty</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff41"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), & Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales,</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bromberg, Uli" sort="Bromberg, Uli" uniqKey="Bromberg U" first="Uli" last="Bromberg">Uli Bromberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff42"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2180 3484</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13648.38</institution-id><institution>University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf,</institution></institution-wrap>House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, Samantha" sort="Brooks, Samantha" uniqKey="Brooks S" first="Samantha" last="Brooks">Samantha Brooks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buchel, Christian" sort="Buchel, Christian" uniqKey="Buchel C" first="Christian" last="Büchel">Christian Büchel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff42"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2180 3484</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13648.38</institution-id><institution>University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf,</institution></institution-wrap>House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buitelaar, Jan" sort="Buitelaar, Jan" uniqKey="Buitelaar J" first="Jan" last="Buitelaar">Jan Buitelaar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff45"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calhoun, Vince D" sort="Calhoun, Vince D" uniqKey="Calhoun V" first="Vince D." last="Calhoun">Vince D. Calhoun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff46"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2188 8502</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266832.b</institution-id><institution>Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Neurosciences, Computer Science, and Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The University of New Mexico,</institution></institution-wrap>Albuquerque, NM USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff47"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0409 4614</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.280503.c</institution-id><institution>The Mind Research Network,</institution></institution-wrap>Albuquerque, NM USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cannon, Dara M" sort="Cannon, Dara M" uniqKey="Cannon D" first="Dara M." last="Cannon">Dara M. Cannon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff48"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cattrell, Anna" sort="Cattrell, Anna" uniqKey="Cattrell A" first="Anna" last="Cattrell">Anna Cattrell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff49"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Yuqi" sort="Cheng, Yuqi" uniqKey="Cheng Y" first="Yuqi" last="Cheng">Yuqi Cheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff50"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414902.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,</institution></institution-wrap>Kunming, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conrod, Patricia J" sort="Conrod, Patricia J" uniqKey="Conrod P" first="Patricia J." last="Conrod">Patricia J. Conrod</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff51"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2292 3357</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.14848.31</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Montréal, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff52"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conzelmann, Annette" sort="Conzelmann, Annette" uniqKey="Conzelmann A" first="Annette" last="Conzelmann">Annette Conzelmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff53"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1958 8658</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8379.5</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy),</institution><institution>University of Würzburg, Germany,</institution></institution-wrap>Tübingen, Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff54"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 1447</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10392.39</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University of Tübingen,</institution></institution-wrap>Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corvin, Aiden" sort="Corvin, Aiden" uniqKey="Corvin A" first="Aiden" last="Corvin">Aiden Corvin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff55"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crespo Facorro, Benedicto" sort="Crespo Facorro, Benedicto" uniqKey="Crespo Facorro B" first="Benedicto" last="Crespo-Facorro">Benedicto Crespo-Facorro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0627 4262</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411325.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL,</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff24">CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crivello, Fabrice" sort="Crivello, Fabrice" uniqKey="Crivello F" first="Fabrice" last="Crivello">Fabrice Crivello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff56"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2106 639X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412041.2</institution-id><institution>UMR5296 CNRS,</institution><institution>CEA and University of Bordeaux,</institution></institution-wrap>Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dannlowski, Udo" sort="Dannlowski, Udo" uniqKey="Dannlowski U" first="Udo" last="Dannlowski">Udo Dannlowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff57"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff58"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9756</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10253.35</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Marburg,</institution></institution-wrap>Marburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Zubicaray, Greig I" sort="De Zubicaray, Greig I" uniqKey="De Zubicaray G" first="Greig I." last="De Zubicaray">Greig I. De Zubicaray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff59"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000089150953</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1024.7</institution-id><institution>Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation,</institution><institution>Queensland University of Technology (QUT),</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane City, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Zwarte, Sonja M C" sort="De Zwarte, Sonja M C" uniqKey="De Zwarte S" first="Sonja M. C." last="De Zwarte">Sonja M. C. De Zwarte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deary, Ian J" sort="Deary, Ian J" uniqKey="Deary I" first="Ian J." last="Deary">Ian J. Deary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desrivieres, Sylvane" sort="Desrivieres, Sylvane" uniqKey="Desrivieres S" first="Sylvane" last="Desrivières">Sylvane Desrivières</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff49"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doan, Nhat Trung" sort="Doan, Nhat Trung" uniqKey="Doan N" first="Nhat Trung" last="Doan">Nhat Trung Doan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donohoe, Gary" sort="Donohoe, Gary" uniqKey="Donohoe G" first="Gary" last="Donohoe">Gary Donohoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff60"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>SW4 794, Galway, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff61"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry & trinity College Institute of Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Rum, Erlend S" sort="D Rum, Erlend S" uniqKey="D Rum E" first="Erlend S." last="D Rum">Erlend S. D Rum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff62"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0612 1014</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416731.6</institution-id><institution>Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT,</institution></institution-wrap>Nesodden, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff63"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ehrlich, Stefan" sort="Ehrlich, Stefan" uniqKey="Ehrlich S" first="Stefan" last="Ehrlich">Stefan Ehrlich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff64"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff65"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Boston, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff66"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id><institution>Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,</institution><institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Charlestown, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Espeseth, Thomas" sort="Espeseth, Thomas" uniqKey="Espeseth T" first="Thomas" last="Espeseth">Thomas Espeseth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff67"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez, Guillen" sort="Fernandez, Guillen" uniqKey="Fernandez G" first="Guillén" last="Fernández">Guillén Fernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flor, Herta" sort="Flor, Herta" uniqKey="Flor H" first="Herta" last="Flor">Herta Flor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff68"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 4373</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7700.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,</institution><institution>Heidelberg University,</institution></institution-wrap>Square J5, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fouche, Jean Paul" sort="Fouche, Jean Paul" uniqKey="Fouche J" first="Jean-Paul" last="Fouche">Jean-Paul Fouche</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff69"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frouin, Vincent" sort="Frouin, Vincent" uniqKey="Frouin V" first="Vincent" last="Frouin">Vincent Frouin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff70"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.457334.2</institution-id><institution>Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique,</institution><institution>CEA-Saclay Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fukunaga, Masaki" sort="Fukunaga, Masaki" uniqKey="Fukunaga M" first="Masaki" last="Fukunaga">Masaki Fukunaga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff71"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0001 2272 1771</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.467811.d</institution-id><institution>Division of Cerebral Integration,</institution><institution>National Institute for Physiological Sciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Okazaki, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallinat, Jurgen" sort="Gallinat, Jurgen" uniqKey="Gallinat J" first="Jürgen" last="Gallinat">Jürgen Gallinat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff72"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2180 3484</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13648.38</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE),</institution></institution-wrap>Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garavan, Hugh" sort="Garavan, Hugh" uniqKey="Garavan H" first="Hugh" last="Garavan">Hugh Garavan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff73"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7689</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.59062.38</institution-id><institution>Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Vermont,</institution></institution-wrap>Burlington, VT 05405 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, Michael" sort="Gill, Michael" uniqKey="Gill M" first="Michael" last="Gill">Michael Gill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff55"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff74"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Trinity College,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suarez, Andrea Gonzalez" sort="Suarez, Andrea Gonzalez" uniqKey="Suarez A" first="Andrea Gonzalez" last="Suarez">Andrea Gonzalez Suarez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff75"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1770 272X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7821.c</institution-id><institution>Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL),</institution><institution>University of Cantabria (UC),</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff76"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas,</institution></institution-wrap>Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gowland, Penny" sort="Gowland, Penny" uniqKey="Gowland P" first="Penny" last="Gowland">Penny Gowland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff77"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8868</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4563.4</institution-id><institution>Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy,</institution><institution>University of Nottingham, University Park,</institution></institution-wrap>Nottingham, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabe, Hans J" sort="Grabe, Hans J" uniqKey="Grabe H" first="Hans J." last="Grabe">Hans J. Grabe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff78"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5603.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University Medicine Greifswald,</institution></institution-wrap>Greifswald, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff79">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grotegerd, Dominik" sort="Grotegerd, Dominik" uniqKey="Grotegerd D" first="Dominik" last="Grotegerd">Dominik Grotegerd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff80"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gruber, Oliver" sort="Gruber, Oliver" uniqKey="Gruber O" first="Oliver" last="Gruber">Oliver Gruber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff81"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0482 5331</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411984.1</institution-id><institution>Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>D-37075 Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hagenaars, Saskia" sort="Hagenaars, Saskia" uniqKey="Hagenaars S" first="Saskia" last="Hagenaars">Saskia Hagenaars</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Ryota" sort="Hashimoto, Ryota" uniqKey="Hashimoto R" first="Ryota" last="Hashimoto">Ryota Hashimoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff83"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0373 3971</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.136593.b</institution-id><institution>Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development,</institution><institution>Osaka University,</institution></institution-wrap>Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff84"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0373 3971</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.136593.b</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hauser, Tobias U" sort="Hauser, Tobias U" uniqKey="Hauser T" first="Tobias U." last="Hauser">Tobias U. Hauser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff85"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP),</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff86"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121901201</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.83440.3b</institution-id><institution>Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging,</institution><institution>University College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff87"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121901201</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.83440.3b</institution-id><institution>UCL Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing,</institution><institution>University College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinz, Andreas" sort="Heinz, Andreas" uniqKey="Heinz A" first="Andreas" last="Heinz">Andreas Heinz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff88"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2218 4662</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6363.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,</institution><institution>Universitätsmedizin Berlin,</institution></institution-wrap>Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hibar, Derrek P" sort="Hibar, Derrek P" uniqKey="Hibar D" first="Derrek P." last="Hibar">Derrek P. Hibar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Marina del Rey, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoekstra, Pieter J" sort="Hoekstra, Pieter J" uniqKey="Hoekstra P" first="Pieter J." last="Hoekstra">Pieter J. Hoekstra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff89">Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoogman, Martine" sort="Hoogman, Martine" uniqKey="Hoogman M" first="Martine" last="Hoogman">Martine Hoogman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howells, Fleur M" sort="Howells, Fleur M" uniqKey="Howells F" first="Fleur M." last="Howells">Fleur M. Howells</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Hao" sort="Hu, Hao" uniqKey="Hu H" first="Hao" last="Hu">Hao Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff90"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0368 8293</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16821.3c</institution-id><institution>Shanghai Mental Health Center,</institution><institution>Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E" sort="Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E" uniqKey="Hulshoff Pol H" first="Hilleke E." last="Hulshoff Pol">Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huyser, Chaim" sort="Huyser, Chaim" uniqKey="Huyser C" first="Chaim" last="Huyser">Chaim Huyser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff91">De Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff92"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000404654431</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5650.6</institution-id><institution>AMC, department of child and adolescent psychiatry,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ittermann, Bernd" sort="Ittermann, Bernd" uniqKey="Ittermann B" first="Bernd" last="Ittermann">Bernd Ittermann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff93"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2186 1887</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4764.1</institution-id><institution>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB),</institution></institution-wrap>Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jahanshad, Neda" sort="Jahanshad, Neda" uniqKey="Jahanshad N" first="Neda" last="Jahanshad">Neda Jahanshad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff25"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonsson, Erik G" sort="Jonsson, Erik G" uniqKey="Jonsson E" first="Erik G." last="Jönsson">Erik G. Jönsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff12"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0626</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4714.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section,</institution><institution>Karolinska Institutet,</institution></institution-wrap>Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff94"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine. Psychiatry section,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jurk, Sarah" sort="Jurk, Sarah" uniqKey="Jurk S" first="Sarah" last="Jurk">Sarah Jurk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff95"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,</institution><institution>Technische Universität Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kahn, Rene S" sort="Kahn, Rene S" uniqKey="Kahn R" first="Rene S." last="Kahn">Rene S. Kahn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kelly, Sinead" sort="Kelly, Sinead" uniqKey="Kelly S" first="Sinead" last="Kelly">Sinead Kelly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff96"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, 90292 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraemer, Bernd" sort="Kraemer, Bernd" uniqKey="Kraemer B" first="Bernd" last="Kraemer">Bernd Kraemer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff81"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0482 5331</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411984.1</institution-id><institution>Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>D-37075 Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kugel, Harald" sort="Kugel, Harald" uniqKey="Kugel H" first="Harald" last="Kugel">Harald Kugel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff97"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Radiology,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwon, Jun Soo" sort="Kwon, Jun Soo" uniqKey="Kwon J" first="Jun Soo" last="Kwon">Jun Soo Kwon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff98"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0470 5905</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.31501.36</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science,</institution><institution>Seoul National University College of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff99"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0470 5905</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.31501.36</institution-id><institution>Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff100"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0470 5905</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.31501.36</institution-id><institution>Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Science,</institution><institution>Seoul National University,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemaitre, Herve" sort="Lemaitre, Herve" uniqKey="Lemaitre H" first="Herve" last="Lemaitre">Herve Lemaitre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff22">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lesch, Klaus Peter" sort="Lesch, Klaus Peter" uniqKey="Lesch K" first="Klaus-Peter" last="Lesch">Klaus-Peter Lesch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff101"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1958 8658</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8379.5</institution-id><institution>Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health,</institution><institution>University of Würzburg,</institution></institution-wrap>Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff102"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0481 6099</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5012.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS),</institution><institution>Maastricht University,</institution></institution-wrap>Maastricht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lochner, Christine" sort="Lochner, Christine" uniqKey="Lochner C" first="Christine" last="Lochner">Christine Lochner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff103">Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, Cape Town South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luciano, Michelle" sort="Luciano, Michelle" uniqKey="Luciano M" first="Michelle" last="Luciano">Michelle Luciano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marquand, Andre F" sort="Marquand, Andre F" uniqKey="Marquand A" first="Andre F." last="Marquand">Andre F. Marquand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122931605</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5590.9</institution-id><institution>Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff104"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G." last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff105"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 1395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1049.c</institution-id><institution>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Zalacain, Ignacio" sort="Martinez Zalacain, Ignacio" uniqKey="Martinez Zalacain I" first="Ignacio" last="Martínez-Zalacaín">Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff106">Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinot, Jean Luc" sort="Martinot, Jean Luc" uniqKey="Martinot J" first="Jean-Luc" last="Martinot">Jean-Luc Martinot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff107">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff108">Maison de Solenn, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mataix Cols, David" sort="Mataix Cols, David" uniqKey="Mataix Cols D" first="David" last="Mataix-Cols">David Mataix-Cols</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff109"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0626</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4714.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education,</institution><institution>Karolinska Institutet,</institution></institution-wrap>Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mather, Karen" sort="Mather, Karen" uniqKey="Mather K" first="Karen" last="Mather">Karen Mather</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales (UNSW),</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, Colm" sort="Mcdonald, Colm" uniqKey="Mcdonald C" first="Colm" last="Mcdonald">Colm Mcdonald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff48"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Katie L" sort="Mcmahon, Katie L" uniqKey="Mcmahon K" first="Katie L." last="Mcmahon">Katie L. Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff110"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9320 7537</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1003.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Advanced Imaging,</institution><institution>University of Queensland,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E." last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff105"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 1395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1049.c</institution-id><institution>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mench N, Jose M" sort="Mench N, Jose M" uniqKey="Mench N J" first="José M." last="Mench N">José M. Mench N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff106">Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff111"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM),</institution><institution>Instituto de Salud Carlos III,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff112"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0247</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5841.8</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Barcelona,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Derek W" sort="Morris, Derek W" uniqKey="Morris D" first="Derek W." last="Morris">Derek W. Morris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff60"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>SW4 794, Galway, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mothersill, Omar" sort="Mothersill, Omar" uniqKey="Mothersill O" first="Omar" last="Mothersill">Omar Mothersill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff60"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>SW4 794, Galway, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff55"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maniega, Susana Munoz" sort="Maniega, Susana Munoz" uniqKey="Maniega S" first="Susana Munoz" last="Maniega">Susana Munoz Maniega</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwangi, Benson" sort="Mwangi, Benson" uniqKey="Mwangi B" first="Benson" last="Mwangi">Benson Mwangi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff113"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9206 2401</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.267308.8</institution-id><institution>UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,</institution><institution>UT Houston Medical School,</institution></institution-wrap>Houston, TX USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamae, Takashi" sort="Nakamae, Takashi" uniqKey="Nakamae T" first="Takashi" last="Nakamae">Takashi Nakamae</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0667 4960</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.272458.e</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science,</institution><institution>Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Kyoto, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff114"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2291 1583</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.418163.9</institution-id><institution>Department of Neural Computation for Decision-Making,</institution><institution>ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group,</institution></institution-wrap>Kyoto, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakao, Tomohiro" sort="Nakao, Tomohiro" uniqKey="Nakao T" first="Tomohiro" last="Nakao">Tomohiro Nakao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff115"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2242 4849</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.177174.3</institution-id><institution>Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science,</institution><institution>Kyushu University,</institution></institution-wrap>Fukuoka, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Narayanaswaamy, Janardhanan C" sort="Narayanaswaamy, Janardhanan C" uniqKey="Narayanaswaamy J" first="Janardhanan C." last="Narayanaswaamy">Janardhanan C. Narayanaswaamy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1516 2246</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416861.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Bangalore, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nees, Frauke" sort="Nees, Frauke" uniqKey="Nees F" first="Frauke" last="Nees">Frauke Nees</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff68"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 4373</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7700.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,</institution><institution>Heidelberg University,</institution></institution-wrap>Square J5, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nordvik, Jan E" sort="Nordvik, Jan E" uniqKey="Nordvik J" first="Jan E." last="Nordvik">Jan E. Nordvik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff62"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0612 1014</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416731.6</institution-id><institution>Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT,</institution></institution-wrap>Nesodden, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onnink, A Marten H" sort="Onnink, A Marten H" uniqKey="Onnink A" first="A. Marten H." last="Onnink">A. Marten H. Onnink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Opel, Nils" sort="Opel, Nils" uniqKey="Opel N" first="Nils" last="Opel">Nils Opel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff21"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ophoff, Roel" sort="Ophoff, Roel" uniqKey="Ophoff R" first="Roel" last="Ophoff">Roel Ophoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff116"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9632 6718</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19006.3e</institution-id><institution>Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics,</institution><institution>University of California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paillere Martinot, Marie Laure" sort="Paillere Martinot, Marie Laure" uniqKey="Paillere Martinot M" first="Marie-Laure" last="Paillère Martinot">Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff22">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff117"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0274 3893</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411784.f</institution-id><institution>AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine,</institution><institution>Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri" sort="Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri" uniqKey="Papadopoulos Orfanos D" first="Dimitri" last="Papadopoulos Orfanos">Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff70"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.457334.2</institution-id><institution>Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique,</institution><institution>CEA-Saclay Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pauli, Paul" sort="Pauli, Paul" uniqKey="Pauli P" first="Paul" last="Pauli">Paul Pauli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff118"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1958 8658</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8379.5</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University of Würzburg,</institution></institution-wrap>Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paus, Tomas" sort="Paus, Tomas" uniqKey="Paus T" first="Tomáš" last="Paus">Tomáš Paus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff119"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2157 2938</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.17063.33</institution-id><institution>Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Toronto,</institution></institution-wrap>M6A 2E1, Toronto, ON Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poustka, Luise" sort="Poustka, Luise" uniqKey="Poustka L" first="Luise" last="Poustka">Luise Poustka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff26"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 4373</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7700.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,</institution><institution>Heidelberg University,</institution></institution-wrap>Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff120"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9259 8492</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.22937.3d</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>Medical University of Vienna,</institution></institution-wrap>Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reddy, Janardhan Yc" sort="Reddy, Janardhan Yc" uniqKey="Reddy J" first="Janardhan Yc." last="Reddy">Janardhan Yc. Reddy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1516 2246</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416861.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Bangalore, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renteria, Miguel E" sort="Renteria, Miguel E" uniqKey="Renteria M" first="Miguel E." last="Renteria">Miguel E. Renteria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff105"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 1395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1049.c</institution-id><institution>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roiz Santia Ez, Roberto" sort="Roiz Santia Ez, Roberto" uniqKey="Roiz Santia Ez R" first="Roberto" last="Roiz-Santiá Ez">Roberto Roiz-Santiá Ez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0627 4262</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411325.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL,</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff24">CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roos, Annerine" sort="Roos, Annerine" uniqKey="Roos A" first="Annerine" last="Roos">Annerine Roos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff103">Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, Cape Town South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Royle, Natalie A" sort="Royle, Natalie A" uniqKey="Royle N" first="Natalie A." last="Royle">Natalie A. Royle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sachdev, Perminder" sort="Sachdev, Perminder" uniqKey="Sachdev P" first="Perminder" last="Sachdev">Perminder Sachdev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales (UNSW),</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Juan, Pascual" sort="Sanchez Juan, Pascual" uniqKey="Sanchez Juan P" first="Pascual" last="Sánchez-Juan">Pascual Sánchez-Juan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff75"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1770 272X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7821.c</institution-id><institution>Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL),</institution><institution>University of Cantabria (UC),</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff76"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas,</institution></institution-wrap>Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmaal, Lianne" sort="Schmaal, Lianne" uniqKey="Schmaal L" first="Lianne" last="Schmaal">Lianne Schmaal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff121"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schumann, Gunter" sort="Schumann, Gunter" uniqKey="Schumann G" first="Gunter" last="Schumann">Gunter Schumann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff49"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shumskaya, Elena" sort="Shumskaya, Elena" uniqKey="Shumskaya E" first="Elena" last="Shumskaya">Elena Shumskaya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122931605</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5590.9</institution-id><institution>Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smolka, Michael N" sort="Smolka, Michael N" uniqKey="Smolka M" first="Michael N." last="Smolka">Michael N. Smolka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff95"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,</institution><institution>Technische Universität Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soares, Jair C" sort="Soares, Jair C" uniqKey="Soares J" first="Jair C." last="Soares">Jair C. Soares</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff122"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9206 2401</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.267308.8</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,</institution></institution-wrap>Houston, TX 77054 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soriano Mas, Carles" sort="Soriano Mas, Carles" uniqKey="Soriano Mas C" first="Carles" last="Soriano-Mas">Carles Soriano-Mas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff106">Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff111"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM),</institution><institution>Instituto de Salud Carlos III,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff123"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7080.f</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences,</institution><institution>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan J" sort="Stein, Dan J" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan J." last="Stein">Dan J. Stein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff124">Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strike, Lachlan T" sort="Strike, Lachlan T" uniqKey="Strike L" first="Lachlan T." last="Strike">Lachlan T. Strike</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff125"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9320 7537</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1003.2</institution-id><institution>Queensland Brain Institute,</institution><institution>The University of Queensland,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toro, Roberto" sort="Toro, Roberto" uniqKey="Toro R" first="Roberto" last="Toro">Roberto Toro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff126"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2353 6535</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.428999.7</institution-id><institution>Laboratory of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions,</institution><institution>Institut Pasteur,</institution></institution-wrap>75015 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, Jessica A" sort="Turner, Jessica A" uniqKey="Turner J" first="Jessica A." last="Turner">Jessica A. Turner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff127"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7400</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256304.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>Georgia State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Atlanta, GA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff128"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7400</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256304.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Georgia State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Atlanta, GA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff47"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0409 4614</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.280503.c</institution-id><institution>The Mind Research Network,</institution></institution-wrap>Albuquerque, NM USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tzourio Mazoyer, Nathalie" sort="Tzourio Mazoyer, Nathalie" uniqKey="Tzourio Mazoyer N" first="Nathalie" last="Tzourio-Mazoyer">Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff56"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2106 639X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412041.2</institution-id><institution>UMR5296 CNRS,</institution><institution>CEA and University of Bordeaux,</institution></institution-wrap>Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uhlmann, Anne" sort="Uhlmann, Anne" uniqKey="Uhlmann A" first="Anne" last="Uhlmann">Anne Uhlmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff129"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town, Observatory,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, Maria Valdes" sort="Hernandez, Maria Valdes" uniqKey="Hernandez M" first="Maria Valdés" last="Hernández">Maria Valdés Hernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Heuvel, Odile A" sort="Van Den Heuvel, Odile A" uniqKey="Van Den Heuvel O" first="Odile A." last="Van Den Heuvel">Odile A. Van Den Heuvel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff130"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff36"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff37">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Meer, Dennis" sort="Van Der Meer, Dennis" uniqKey="Van Der Meer D" first="Dennis" last="Van Der Meer">Dennis Van Der Meer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff89">Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Haren, Neeltje E M" sort="Van Haren, Neeltje E M" uniqKey="Van Haren N" first="Neeltje E. M" last="Van Haren">Neeltje E. M Van Haren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Veltman, Dick J" sort="Veltman, Dick J" uniqKey="Veltman D" first="Dick J." last="Veltman">Dick J. Veltman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff121"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan" sort="Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan" uniqKey="Venkatasubramanian G" first="Ganesan" last="Venkatasubramanian">Ganesan Venkatasubramanian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1516 2246</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416861.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Bangalore, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vetter, Nora C" sort="Vetter, Nora C" uniqKey="Vetter N" first="Nora C." last="Vetter">Nora C. Vetter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff95"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,</institution><institution>Technische Universität Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuletic, Daniella" sort="Vuletic, Daniella" uniqKey="Vuletic D" first="Daniella" last="Vuletic">Daniella Vuletic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walitza, Susanne" sort="Walitza, Susanne" uniqKey="Walitza S" first="Susanne" last="Walitza">Susanne Walitza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff85"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP),</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff131"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>Neuroscience Center Zurich,</institution><institution>University of Zurich and ETH Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff132"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology,</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walter, Henrik" sort="Walter, Henrik" uniqKey="Walter H" first="Henrik" last="Walter">Henrik Walter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff88"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2218 4662</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6363.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,</institution><institution>Universitätsmedizin Berlin,</institution></institution-wrap>Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walton, Esther" sort="Walton, Esther" uniqKey="Walton E" first="Esther" last="Walton">Esther Walton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff64"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff127"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7400</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256304.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>Georgia State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Atlanta, GA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhen" sort="Wang, Zhen" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhen" last="Wang">Zhen Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff90"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0368 8293</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16821.3c</institution-id><institution>Shanghai Mental Health Center,</institution><institution>Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wardlaw, Joanna" sort="Wardlaw, Joanna" uniqKey="Wardlaw J" first="Joanna" last="Wardlaw">Joanna Wardlaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wen, Wei" sort="Wen, Wei" uniqKey="Wen W" first="Wei" last="Wen">Wei Wen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales (UNSW),</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westlye, Lars T" sort="Westlye, Lars T" uniqKey="Westlye L" first="Lars T." last="Westlye">Lars T. Westlye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff63"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whelan, Robert" sort="Whelan, Robert" uniqKey="Whelan R" first="Robert" last="Whelan">Robert Whelan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff133"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0768 2743</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7886.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wittfeld, Katharina" sort="Wittfeld, Katharina" uniqKey="Wittfeld K" first="Katharina" last="Wittfeld">Katharina Wittfeld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff134"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0438 0426</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.424247.3</institution-id><institution>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE),</institution></institution-wrap>Site Rostock, Greifswald, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfers, Thomas" sort="Wolfers, Thomas" uniqKey="Wolfers T" first="Thomas" last="Wolfers">Thomas Wolfers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Margaret J" sort="Wright, Margaret J" uniqKey="Wright M" first="Margaret J." last="Wright">Margaret J. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff135"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9320 7537</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1003.2</institution-id><institution>Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging,</institution><institution>The University of Queensland,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff105"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 1395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1049.c</institution-id><institution>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Jian" sort="Xu, Jian" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jian" last="Xu">Jian Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff50"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414902.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,</institution></institution-wrap>Kunming, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Xiufeng" sort="Xu, Xiufeng" uniqKey="Xu X" first="Xiufeng" last="Xu">Xiufeng Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff50"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414902.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,</institution></institution-wrap>Kunming, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yun, Je Yeon" sort="Yun, Je Yeon" uniqKey="Yun J" first="Je-Yeon" last="Yun">Je-Yeon Yun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff136"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0302 820X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412484.f</institution-id><institution>Seoul National University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jingjing" sort="Zhao, Jingjing" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jingjing" last="Zhao">Jingjing Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff137"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology & Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>Galway, SW4 794 Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff140"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 8395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412498.2</institution-id><institution>School of Psychology,</institution><institution>Shaanxi Normal University,</institution></institution-wrap>Xi’an, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Barbara" sort="Franke, Barbara" uniqKey="Franke B" first="Barbara" last="Franke">Barbara Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, Paul M" sort="Thompson, Paul M" uniqKey="Thompson P" first="Paul M." last="Thompson">Paul M. Thompson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Marina del Rey, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glahn, David C" sort="Glahn, David C" uniqKey="Glahn D" first="David C." last="Glahn">David C. Glahn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff138"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368710</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.47100.32</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Yale University,</institution></institution-wrap>New Haven, CT 06511 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff139">Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, CT 06114 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mazoyer, Bernard" sort="Mazoyer, Bernard" uniqKey="Mazoyer B" first="Bernard" last="Mazoyer">Bernard Mazoyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff56"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2106 639X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412041.2</institution-id><institution>UMR5296 CNRS,</institution><institution>CEA and University of Bordeaux,</institution></institution-wrap>Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, Simon E" sort="Fisher, Simon E" uniqKey="Fisher S" first="Simon E." last="Fisher">Simon E. Fisher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0501 3839</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419550.c</institution-id><institution>Language & Genetics Department,</institution><institution>Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Francks, Clyde" sort="Francks, Clyde" uniqKey="Francks C" first="Clyde" last="Francks">Clyde Francks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0501 3839</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419550.c</institution-id><institution>Language & Genetics Department,</institution><institution>Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27738994</idno><idno type="pmc">5540813</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5540813</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5540813</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s11682-016-9629-z</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000B36</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000B36</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex</title><author><name sortKey="Guadalupe, Tulio" sort="Guadalupe, Tulio" uniqKey="Guadalupe T" first="Tulio" last="Guadalupe">Tulio Guadalupe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0501 3839</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419550.c</institution-id><institution>Language & Genetics Department,</institution><institution>Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mathias, Samuel R" sort="Mathias, Samuel R" uniqKey="Mathias S" first="Samuel R." last="Mathias">Samuel R. Mathias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368710</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.47100.32</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Yale School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>New Haven, CT 06519 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vanerp, Theo G M" sort="Vanerp, Theo G M" uniqKey="Vanerp T" first="Theo G. M." last="Vanerp">Theo G. M. Vanerp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0668 7243</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266093.8</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior,</institution><institution>University of California,</institution></institution-wrap>Irvine, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whelan, Christopher D" sort="Whelan, Christopher D" uniqKey="Whelan C" first="Christopher D." last="Whelan">Christopher D. Whelan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Marina del Rey, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 7120</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4912.e</institution-id><institution>Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics,</institution><institution>The Royal College of Surgeons,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin 2, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zwiers, Marcel P" sort="Zwiers, Marcel P" uniqKey="Zwiers M" first="Marcel P." last="Zwiers">Marcel P. Zwiers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122931605</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5590.9</institution-id><institution>Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abe, Yoshinari" sort="Abe, Yoshinari" uniqKey="Abe Y" first="Yoshinari" last="Abe">Yoshinari Abe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0667 4960</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.272458.e</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science,</institution><institution>Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Kyoto, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abramovic, Lucija" sort="Abramovic, Lucija" uniqKey="Abramovic L" first="Lucija" last="Abramovic">Lucija Abramovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agartz, Ingrid" sort="Agartz, Ingrid" uniqKey="Agartz I" first="Ingrid" last="Agartz">Ingrid Agartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0512 8628</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413684.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Research and Development,</institution><institution>Diakonhjemmet Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff12"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0626</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4714.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section,</institution><institution>Karolinska Institutet,</institution></institution-wrap>Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andreassen, Ole A" sort="Andreassen, Ole A" uniqKey="Andreassen O" first="Ole A." last="Andreassen">Ole A. Andreassen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" sort="Arias Vasquez, Alejandro" uniqKey="Arias Vasquez A" first="Alejandro" last="Arias-Vásquez">Alejandro Arias-Vásquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aribisala, Benjamin S" sort="Aribisala, Benjamin S" uniqKey="Aribisala B" first="Benjamin S." last="Aribisala">Benjamin S. Aribisala</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff17"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0725 8811</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411276.7</institution-id><institution>Department of Computer Science,</institution><institution>Lagos State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Lagos, Nigeria</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Nicola J" sort="Armstrong, Nicola J" uniqKey="Armstrong N" first="Nicola J." last="Armstrong">Nicola J. Armstrong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales (UNSW),</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff20"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0436 6763</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1025.6</institution-id><institution>Mathematics and Statistics,</institution><institution>Murdoch University,</institution></institution-wrap>Murdoch, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arolt, Volker" sort="Arolt, Volker" uniqKey="Arolt V" first="Volker" last="Arolt">Volker Arolt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff21"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Artiges, Eric" sort="Artiges, Eric" uniqKey="Artiges E" first="Eric" last="Artiges">Eric Artiges</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff22">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ayesa Arriola, Rosa" sort="Ayesa Arriola, Rosa" uniqKey="Ayesa Arriola R" first="Rosa" last="Ayesa-Arriola">Rosa Ayesa-Arriola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0627 4262</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411325.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL,</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff24">CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baboyan, Vatche G" sort="Baboyan, Vatche G" uniqKey="Baboyan V" first="Vatche G." last="Baboyan">Vatche G. Baboyan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff25"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banaschewski, Tobias" sort="Banaschewski, Tobias" uniqKey="Banaschewski T" first="Tobias" last="Banaschewski">Tobias Banaschewski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff26"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 4373</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7700.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,</institution><institution>Heidelberg University,</institution></institution-wrap>Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barker, Gareth" sort="Barker, Gareth" uniqKey="Barker G" first="Gareth" last="Barker">Gareth Barker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff27"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,</institution><institution>King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bastin, Mark E" sort="Bastin, Mark E" uniqKey="Bastin M" first="Mark E." last="Bastin">Mark E. Bastin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baune, Bernhard T" sort="Baune, Bernhard T" uniqKey="Baune B" first="Bernhard T." last="Baune">Bernhard T. Baune</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff31"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7304</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1010.0</institution-id><institution>Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Adelaide,</institution></institution-wrap>Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blangero, John" sort="Blangero, John" uniqKey="Blangero J" first="John" last="Blangero">John Blangero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff32"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2215 0219</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.250889.e</institution-id><institution>Department of Genetics,</institution><institution>Texas Biomedical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>San Antonio, TX USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff33"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 5374 269X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.449717.8</institution-id><institution>South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute,</institution><institution>University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Brownsville, TX USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bokde, Arun L W" sort="Bokde, Arun L W" uniqKey="Bokde A" first="Arun L. W." last="Bokde">Arun L. W. Bokde</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff34"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Discipline of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boedhoe, Premika S W" sort="Boedhoe, Premika S W" uniqKey="Boedhoe P" first="Premika S. W." last="Boedhoe">Premika S. W. Boedhoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff35"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff36"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff37">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bose, Anushree" sort="Bose, Anushree" uniqKey="Bose A" first="Anushree" last="Bose">Anushree Bose</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1516 2246</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416861.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Bangalore, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brem, Silvia" sort="Brem, Silvia" uniqKey="Brem S" first="Silvia" last="Brem">Silvia Brem</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff39"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>University Clinic for and Adolescent Psychiatry UCCAP,</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff40"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>Neuroscience Center Zurich,</institution><institution>University of Zurich and ETH Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brodaty, Henry" sort="Brodaty, Henry" uniqKey="Brodaty H" first="Henry" last="Brodaty">Henry Brodaty</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff41"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), & Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales,</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bromberg, Uli" sort="Bromberg, Uli" uniqKey="Bromberg U" first="Uli" last="Bromberg">Uli Bromberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff42"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2180 3484</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13648.38</institution-id><institution>University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf,</institution></institution-wrap>House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, Samantha" sort="Brooks, Samantha" uniqKey="Brooks S" first="Samantha" last="Brooks">Samantha Brooks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buchel, Christian" sort="Buchel, Christian" uniqKey="Buchel C" first="Christian" last="Büchel">Christian Büchel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff42"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2180 3484</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13648.38</institution-id><institution>University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf,</institution></institution-wrap>House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buitelaar, Jan" sort="Buitelaar, Jan" uniqKey="Buitelaar J" first="Jan" last="Buitelaar">Jan Buitelaar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff45"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calhoun, Vince D" sort="Calhoun, Vince D" uniqKey="Calhoun V" first="Vince D." last="Calhoun">Vince D. Calhoun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff46"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2188 8502</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266832.b</institution-id><institution>Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Neurosciences, Computer Science, and Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The University of New Mexico,</institution></institution-wrap>Albuquerque, NM USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff47"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0409 4614</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.280503.c</institution-id><institution>The Mind Research Network,</institution></institution-wrap>Albuquerque, NM USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cannon, Dara M" sort="Cannon, Dara M" uniqKey="Cannon D" first="Dara M." last="Cannon">Dara M. Cannon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff48"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cattrell, Anna" sort="Cattrell, Anna" uniqKey="Cattrell A" first="Anna" last="Cattrell">Anna Cattrell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff49"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Yuqi" sort="Cheng, Yuqi" uniqKey="Cheng Y" first="Yuqi" last="Cheng">Yuqi Cheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff50"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414902.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,</institution></institution-wrap>Kunming, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conrod, Patricia J" sort="Conrod, Patricia J" uniqKey="Conrod P" first="Patricia J." last="Conrod">Patricia J. Conrod</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff51"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2292 3357</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.14848.31</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Montréal, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff52"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conzelmann, Annette" sort="Conzelmann, Annette" uniqKey="Conzelmann A" first="Annette" last="Conzelmann">Annette Conzelmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff53"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1958 8658</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8379.5</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy),</institution><institution>University of Würzburg, Germany,</institution></institution-wrap>Tübingen, Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff54"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 1447</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10392.39</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University of Tübingen,</institution></institution-wrap>Tübingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corvin, Aiden" sort="Corvin, Aiden" uniqKey="Corvin A" first="Aiden" last="Corvin">Aiden Corvin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff55"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crespo Facorro, Benedicto" sort="Crespo Facorro, Benedicto" uniqKey="Crespo Facorro B" first="Benedicto" last="Crespo-Facorro">Benedicto Crespo-Facorro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0627 4262</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411325.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL,</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff24">CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crivello, Fabrice" sort="Crivello, Fabrice" uniqKey="Crivello F" first="Fabrice" last="Crivello">Fabrice Crivello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff56"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2106 639X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412041.2</institution-id><institution>UMR5296 CNRS,</institution><institution>CEA and University of Bordeaux,</institution></institution-wrap>Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dannlowski, Udo" sort="Dannlowski, Udo" uniqKey="Dannlowski U" first="Udo" last="Dannlowski">Udo Dannlowski</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff57"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff58"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9756</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10253.35</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Marburg,</institution></institution-wrap>Marburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Zubicaray, Greig I" sort="De Zubicaray, Greig I" uniqKey="De Zubicaray G" first="Greig I." last="De Zubicaray">Greig I. De Zubicaray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff59"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000089150953</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1024.7</institution-id><institution>Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation,</institution><institution>Queensland University of Technology (QUT),</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane City, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Zwarte, Sonja M C" sort="De Zwarte, Sonja M C" uniqKey="De Zwarte S" first="Sonja M. C." last="De Zwarte">Sonja M. C. De Zwarte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deary, Ian J" sort="Deary, Ian J" uniqKey="Deary I" first="Ian J." last="Deary">Ian J. Deary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desrivieres, Sylvane" sort="Desrivieres, Sylvane" uniqKey="Desrivieres S" first="Sylvane" last="Desrivières">Sylvane Desrivières</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff49"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doan, Nhat Trung" sort="Doan, Nhat Trung" uniqKey="Doan N" first="Nhat Trung" last="Doan">Nhat Trung Doan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Donohoe, Gary" sort="Donohoe, Gary" uniqKey="Donohoe G" first="Gary" last="Donohoe">Gary Donohoe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff60"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>SW4 794, Galway, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff61"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry & trinity College Institute of Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Rum, Erlend S" sort="D Rum, Erlend S" uniqKey="D Rum E" first="Erlend S." last="D Rum">Erlend S. D Rum</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff62"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0612 1014</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416731.6</institution-id><institution>Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT,</institution></institution-wrap>Nesodden, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff63"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ehrlich, Stefan" sort="Ehrlich, Stefan" uniqKey="Ehrlich S" first="Stefan" last="Ehrlich">Stefan Ehrlich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff64"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff65"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Boston, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff66"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id><institution>Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,</institution><institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Charlestown, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Espeseth, Thomas" sort="Espeseth, Thomas" uniqKey="Espeseth T" first="Thomas" last="Espeseth">Thomas Espeseth</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff67"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez, Guillen" sort="Fernandez, Guillen" uniqKey="Fernandez G" first="Guillén" last="Fernández">Guillén Fernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flor, Herta" sort="Flor, Herta" uniqKey="Flor H" first="Herta" last="Flor">Herta Flor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff68"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 4373</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7700.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,</institution><institution>Heidelberg University,</institution></institution-wrap>Square J5, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fouche, Jean Paul" sort="Fouche, Jean Paul" uniqKey="Fouche J" first="Jean-Paul" last="Fouche">Jean-Paul Fouche</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff69"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frouin, Vincent" sort="Frouin, Vincent" uniqKey="Frouin V" first="Vincent" last="Frouin">Vincent Frouin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff70"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.457334.2</institution-id><institution>Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique,</institution><institution>CEA-Saclay Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fukunaga, Masaki" sort="Fukunaga, Masaki" uniqKey="Fukunaga M" first="Masaki" last="Fukunaga">Masaki Fukunaga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff71"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0001 2272 1771</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.467811.d</institution-id><institution>Division of Cerebral Integration,</institution><institution>National Institute for Physiological Sciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Okazaki, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallinat, Jurgen" sort="Gallinat, Jurgen" uniqKey="Gallinat J" first="Jürgen" last="Gallinat">Jürgen Gallinat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff72"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2180 3484</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13648.38</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE),</institution></institution-wrap>Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garavan, Hugh" sort="Garavan, Hugh" uniqKey="Garavan H" first="Hugh" last="Garavan">Hugh Garavan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff73"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7689</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.59062.38</institution-id><institution>Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Vermont,</institution></institution-wrap>Burlington, VT 05405 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, Michael" sort="Gill, Michael" uniqKey="Gill M" first="Michael" last="Gill">Michael Gill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff55"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff74"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Trinity College,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suarez, Andrea Gonzalez" sort="Suarez, Andrea Gonzalez" uniqKey="Suarez A" first="Andrea Gonzalez" last="Suarez">Andrea Gonzalez Suarez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff75"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1770 272X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7821.c</institution-id><institution>Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL),</institution><institution>University of Cantabria (UC),</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff76"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas,</institution></institution-wrap>Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gowland, Penny" sort="Gowland, Penny" uniqKey="Gowland P" first="Penny" last="Gowland">Penny Gowland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff77"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8868</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4563.4</institution-id><institution>Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy,</institution><institution>University of Nottingham, University Park,</institution></institution-wrap>Nottingham, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grabe, Hans J" sort="Grabe, Hans J" uniqKey="Grabe H" first="Hans J." last="Grabe">Hans J. Grabe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff78"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5603.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University Medicine Greifswald,</institution></institution-wrap>Greifswald, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff79">Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grotegerd, Dominik" sort="Grotegerd, Dominik" uniqKey="Grotegerd D" first="Dominik" last="Grotegerd">Dominik Grotegerd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff80"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gruber, Oliver" sort="Gruber, Oliver" uniqKey="Gruber O" first="Oliver" last="Gruber">Oliver Gruber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff81"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0482 5331</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411984.1</institution-id><institution>Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>D-37075 Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hagenaars, Saskia" sort="Hagenaars, Saskia" uniqKey="Hagenaars S" first="Saskia" last="Hagenaars">Saskia Hagenaars</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashimoto, Ryota" sort="Hashimoto, Ryota" uniqKey="Hashimoto R" first="Ryota" last="Hashimoto">Ryota Hashimoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff83"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0373 3971</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.136593.b</institution-id><institution>Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development,</institution><institution>Osaka University,</institution></institution-wrap>Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff84"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0373 3971</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.136593.b</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Osaka, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hauser, Tobias U" sort="Hauser, Tobias U" uniqKey="Hauser T" first="Tobias U." last="Hauser">Tobias U. Hauser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff85"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP),</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff86"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121901201</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.83440.3b</institution-id><institution>Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging,</institution><institution>University College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff87"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121901201</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.83440.3b</institution-id><institution>UCL Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing,</institution><institution>University College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinz, Andreas" sort="Heinz, Andreas" uniqKey="Heinz A" first="Andreas" last="Heinz">Andreas Heinz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff88"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2218 4662</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6363.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,</institution><institution>Universitätsmedizin Berlin,</institution></institution-wrap>Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hibar, Derrek P" sort="Hibar, Derrek P" uniqKey="Hibar D" first="Derrek P." last="Hibar">Derrek P. Hibar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Marina del Rey, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoekstra, Pieter J" sort="Hoekstra, Pieter J" uniqKey="Hoekstra P" first="Pieter J." last="Hoekstra">Pieter J. Hoekstra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff89">Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoogman, Martine" sort="Hoogman, Martine" uniqKey="Hoogman M" first="Martine" last="Hoogman">Martine Hoogman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Howells, Fleur M" sort="Howells, Fleur M" uniqKey="Howells F" first="Fleur M." last="Howells">Fleur M. Howells</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Hao" sort="Hu, Hao" uniqKey="Hu H" first="Hao" last="Hu">Hao Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff90"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0368 8293</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16821.3c</institution-id><institution>Shanghai Mental Health Center,</institution><institution>Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E" sort="Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E" uniqKey="Hulshoff Pol H" first="Hilleke E." last="Hulshoff Pol">Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huyser, Chaim" sort="Huyser, Chaim" uniqKey="Huyser C" first="Chaim" last="Huyser">Chaim Huyser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff91">De Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff92"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000404654431</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5650.6</institution-id><institution>AMC, department of child and adolescent psychiatry,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ittermann, Bernd" sort="Ittermann, Bernd" uniqKey="Ittermann B" first="Bernd" last="Ittermann">Bernd Ittermann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff93"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2186 1887</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4764.1</institution-id><institution>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB),</institution></institution-wrap>Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jahanshad, Neda" sort="Jahanshad, Neda" uniqKey="Jahanshad N" first="Neda" last="Jahanshad">Neda Jahanshad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff25"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonsson, Erik G" sort="Jonsson, Erik G" uniqKey="Jonsson E" first="Erik G." last="Jönsson">Erik G. Jönsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff12"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0626</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4714.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section,</institution><institution>Karolinska Institutet,</institution></institution-wrap>Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff94"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine. Psychiatry section,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jurk, Sarah" sort="Jurk, Sarah" uniqKey="Jurk S" first="Sarah" last="Jurk">Sarah Jurk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff95"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,</institution><institution>Technische Universität Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kahn, Rene S" sort="Kahn, Rene S" uniqKey="Kahn R" first="Rene S." last="Kahn">Rene S. Kahn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kelly, Sinead" sort="Kelly, Sinead" uniqKey="Kelly S" first="Sinead" last="Kelly">Sinead Kelly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff96"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, 90292 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraemer, Bernd" sort="Kraemer, Bernd" uniqKey="Kraemer B" first="Bernd" last="Kraemer">Bernd Kraemer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff81"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0482 5331</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411984.1</institution-id><institution>Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>D-37075 Göttingen, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kugel, Harald" sort="Kugel, Harald" uniqKey="Kugel H" first="Harald" last="Kugel">Harald Kugel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff97"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Radiology,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kwon, Jun Soo" sort="Kwon, Jun Soo" uniqKey="Kwon J" first="Jun Soo" last="Kwon">Jun Soo Kwon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff98"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0470 5905</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.31501.36</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science,</institution><institution>Seoul National University College of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff99"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0470 5905</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.31501.36</institution-id><institution>Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff100"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0470 5905</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.31501.36</institution-id><institution>Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Science,</institution><institution>Seoul National University,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemaitre, Herve" sort="Lemaitre, Herve" uniqKey="Lemaitre H" first="Herve" last="Lemaitre">Herve Lemaitre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff22">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lesch, Klaus Peter" sort="Lesch, Klaus Peter" uniqKey="Lesch K" first="Klaus-Peter" last="Lesch">Klaus-Peter Lesch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff101"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1958 8658</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8379.5</institution-id><institution>Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health,</institution><institution>University of Würzburg,</institution></institution-wrap>Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff102"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0481 6099</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5012.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS),</institution><institution>Maastricht University,</institution></institution-wrap>Maastricht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lochner, Christine" sort="Lochner, Christine" uniqKey="Lochner C" first="Christine" last="Lochner">Christine Lochner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff103">Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, Cape Town South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luciano, Michelle" sort="Luciano, Michelle" uniqKey="Luciano M" first="Michelle" last="Luciano">Michelle Luciano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff28"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marquand, Andre F" sort="Marquand, Andre F" uniqKey="Marquand A" first="Andre F." last="Marquand">Andre F. Marquand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122931605</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5590.9</institution-id><institution>Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff104"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, Nicholas G" sort="Martin, Nicholas G" uniqKey="Martin N" first="Nicholas G." last="Martin">Nicholas G. Martin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff105"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 1395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1049.c</institution-id><institution>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Zalacain, Ignacio" sort="Martinez Zalacain, Ignacio" uniqKey="Martinez Zalacain I" first="Ignacio" last="Martínez-Zalacaín">Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff106">Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinot, Jean Luc" sort="Martinot, Jean Luc" uniqKey="Martinot J" first="Jean-Luc" last="Martinot">Jean-Luc Martinot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff107">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff108">Maison de Solenn, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mataix Cols, David" sort="Mataix Cols, David" uniqKey="Mataix Cols D" first="David" last="Mataix-Cols">David Mataix-Cols</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff109"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0626</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4714.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education,</institution><institution>Karolinska Institutet,</institution></institution-wrap>Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mather, Karen" sort="Mather, Karen" uniqKey="Mather K" first="Karen" last="Mather">Karen Mather</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales (UNSW),</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, Colm" sort="Mcdonald, Colm" uniqKey="Mcdonald C" first="Colm" last="Mcdonald">Colm Mcdonald</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff48"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Katie L" sort="Mcmahon, Katie L" uniqKey="Mcmahon K" first="Katie L." last="Mcmahon">Katie L. Mcmahon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff110"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9320 7537</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1003.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Advanced Imaging,</institution><institution>University of Queensland,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medland, Sarah E" sort="Medland, Sarah E" uniqKey="Medland S" first="Sarah E." last="Medland">Sarah E. Medland</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff105"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 1395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1049.c</institution-id><institution>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mench N, Jose M" sort="Mench N, Jose M" uniqKey="Mench N J" first="José M." last="Mench N">José M. Mench N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff106">Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff111"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM),</institution><institution>Instituto de Salud Carlos III,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff112"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0247</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5841.8</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Barcelona,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Derek W" sort="Morris, Derek W" uniqKey="Morris D" first="Derek W." last="Morris">Derek W. Morris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff60"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>SW4 794, Galway, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mothersill, Omar" sort="Mothersill, Omar" uniqKey="Mothersill O" first="Omar" last="Mothersill">Omar Mothersill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff60"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>SW4 794, Galway, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff55"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maniega, Susana Munoz" sort="Maniega, Susana Munoz" uniqKey="Maniega S" first="Susana Munoz" last="Maniega">Susana Munoz Maniega</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwangi, Benson" sort="Mwangi, Benson" uniqKey="Mwangi B" first="Benson" last="Mwangi">Benson Mwangi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff113"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9206 2401</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.267308.8</institution-id><institution>UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,</institution><institution>UT Houston Medical School,</institution></institution-wrap>Houston, TX USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamae, Takashi" sort="Nakamae, Takashi" uniqKey="Nakamae T" first="Takashi" last="Nakamae">Takashi Nakamae</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0667 4960</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.272458.e</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science,</institution><institution>Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Kyoto, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff114"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2291 1583</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.418163.9</institution-id><institution>Department of Neural Computation for Decision-Making,</institution><institution>ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group,</institution></institution-wrap>Kyoto, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakao, Tomohiro" sort="Nakao, Tomohiro" uniqKey="Nakao T" first="Tomohiro" last="Nakao">Tomohiro Nakao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff115"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2242 4849</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.177174.3</institution-id><institution>Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science,</institution><institution>Kyushu University,</institution></institution-wrap>Fukuoka, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Narayanaswaamy, Janardhanan C" sort="Narayanaswaamy, Janardhanan C" uniqKey="Narayanaswaamy J" first="Janardhanan C." last="Narayanaswaamy">Janardhanan C. Narayanaswaamy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1516 2246</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416861.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Bangalore, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nees, Frauke" sort="Nees, Frauke" uniqKey="Nees F" first="Frauke" last="Nees">Frauke Nees</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff68"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 4373</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7700.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,</institution><institution>Heidelberg University,</institution></institution-wrap>Square J5, Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nordvik, Jan E" sort="Nordvik, Jan E" uniqKey="Nordvik J" first="Jan E." last="Nordvik">Jan E. Nordvik</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff62"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0612 1014</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416731.6</institution-id><institution>Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT,</institution></institution-wrap>Nesodden, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Onnink, A Marten H" sort="Onnink, A Marten H" uniqKey="Onnink A" first="A. Marten H." last="Onnink">A. Marten H. Onnink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Opel, Nils" sort="Opel, Nils" uniqKey="Opel N" first="Nils" last="Opel">Nils Opel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff21"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ophoff, Roel" sort="Ophoff, Roel" uniqKey="Ophoff R" first="Roel" last="Ophoff">Roel Ophoff</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff116"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9632 6718</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19006.3e</institution-id><institution>Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics,</institution><institution>University of California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paillere Martinot, Marie Laure" sort="Paillere Martinot, Marie Laure" uniqKey="Paillere Martinot M" first="Marie-Laure" last="Paillère Martinot">Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff22">Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes -Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff117"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0274 3893</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411784.f</institution-id><institution>AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine,</institution><institution>Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri" sort="Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri" uniqKey="Papadopoulos Orfanos D" first="Dimitri" last="Papadopoulos Orfanos">Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff70"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.457334.2</institution-id><institution>Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique,</institution><institution>CEA-Saclay Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pauli, Paul" sort="Pauli, Paul" uniqKey="Pauli P" first="Paul" last="Pauli">Paul Pauli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff118"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1958 8658</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8379.5</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University of Würzburg,</institution></institution-wrap>Würzburg, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paus, Tomas" sort="Paus, Tomas" uniqKey="Paus T" first="Tomáš" last="Paus">Tomáš Paus</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff119"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2157 2938</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.17063.33</institution-id><institution>Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Toronto,</institution></institution-wrap>M6A 2E1, Toronto, ON Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poustka, Luise" sort="Poustka, Luise" uniqKey="Poustka L" first="Luise" last="Poustka">Luise Poustka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff26"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 4373</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7700.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,</institution><institution>Heidelberg University,</institution></institution-wrap>Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff120"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9259 8492</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.22937.3d</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>Medical University of Vienna,</institution></institution-wrap>Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reddy, Janardhan Yc" sort="Reddy, Janardhan Yc" uniqKey="Reddy J" first="Janardhan Yc." last="Reddy">Janardhan Yc. Reddy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1516 2246</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416861.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Bangalore, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Renteria, Miguel E" sort="Renteria, Miguel E" uniqKey="Renteria M" first="Miguel E." last="Renteria">Miguel E. Renteria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff105"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 1395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1049.c</institution-id><institution>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roiz Santia Ez, Roberto" sort="Roiz Santia Ez, Roberto" uniqKey="Roiz Santia Ez R" first="Roberto" last="Roiz-Santiá Ez">Roberto Roiz-Santiá Ez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0627 4262</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411325.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria-IDIVAL,</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff24">CIBERSAM, Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental, Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roos, Annerine" sort="Roos, Annerine" uniqKey="Roos A" first="Annerine" last="Roos">Annerine Roos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff103">Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, Cape Town South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Royle, Natalie A" sort="Royle, Natalie A" uniqKey="Royle N" first="Natalie A." last="Royle">Natalie A. Royle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sachdev, Perminder" sort="Sachdev, Perminder" uniqKey="Sachdev P" first="Perminder" last="Sachdev">Perminder Sachdev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales (UNSW),</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Juan, Pascual" sort="Sanchez Juan, Pascual" uniqKey="Sanchez Juan P" first="Pascual" last="Sánchez-Juan">Pascual Sánchez-Juan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff75"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1770 272X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7821.c</institution-id><institution>Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL),</institution><institution>University of Cantabria (UC),</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff76"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas,</institution></institution-wrap>Madrid, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmaal, Lianne" sort="Schmaal, Lianne" uniqKey="Schmaal L" first="Lianne" last="Schmaal">Lianne Schmaal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff121"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schumann, Gunter" sort="Schumann, Gunter" uniqKey="Schumann G" first="Gunter" last="Schumann">Gunter Schumann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff49"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shumskaya, Elena" sort="Shumskaya, Elena" uniqKey="Shumskaya E" first="Elena" last="Shumskaya">Elena Shumskaya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000122931605</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5590.9</institution-id><institution>Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smolka, Michael N" sort="Smolka, Michael N" uniqKey="Smolka M" first="Michael N." last="Smolka">Michael N. Smolka</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff95"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,</institution><institution>Technische Universität Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soares, Jair C" sort="Soares, Jair C" uniqKey="Soares J" first="Jair C." last="Soares">Jair C. Soares</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff122"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9206 2401</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.267308.8</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,</institution></institution-wrap>Houston, TX 77054 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soriano Mas, Carles" sort="Soriano Mas, Carles" uniqKey="Soriano Mas C" first="Carles" last="Soriano-Mas">Carles Soriano-Mas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff106">Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff111"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM),</institution><institution>Instituto de Salud Carlos III,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff123"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7080.f</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences,</institution><institution>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan J" sort="Stein, Dan J" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan J." last="Stein">Dan J. Stein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff124">Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strike, Lachlan T" sort="Strike, Lachlan T" uniqKey="Strike L" first="Lachlan T." last="Strike">Lachlan T. Strike</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff125"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9320 7537</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1003.2</institution-id><institution>Queensland Brain Institute,</institution><institution>The University of Queensland,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toro, Roberto" sort="Toro, Roberto" uniqKey="Toro R" first="Roberto" last="Toro">Roberto Toro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff126"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2353 6535</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.428999.7</institution-id><institution>Laboratory of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions,</institution><institution>Institut Pasteur,</institution></institution-wrap>75015 Paris, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, Jessica A" sort="Turner, Jessica A" uniqKey="Turner J" first="Jessica A." last="Turner">Jessica A. Turner</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff127"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7400</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256304.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>Georgia State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Atlanta, GA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff128"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7400</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256304.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Georgia State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Atlanta, GA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff47"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0409 4614</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.280503.c</institution-id><institution>The Mind Research Network,</institution></institution-wrap>Albuquerque, NM USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tzourio Mazoyer, Nathalie" sort="Tzourio Mazoyer, Nathalie" uniqKey="Tzourio Mazoyer N" first="Nathalie" last="Tzourio-Mazoyer">Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff56"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2106 639X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412041.2</institution-id><institution>UMR5296 CNRS,</institution><institution>CEA and University of Bordeaux,</institution></institution-wrap>Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uhlmann, Anne" sort="Uhlmann, Anne" uniqKey="Uhlmann A" first="Anne" last="Uhlmann">Anne Uhlmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff129"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town, Observatory,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, Maria Valdes" sort="Hernandez, Maria Valdes" uniqKey="Hernandez M" first="Maria Valdés" last="Hernández">Maria Valdés Hernández</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Heuvel, Odile A" sort="Van Den Heuvel, Odile A" uniqKey="Van Den Heuvel O" first="Odile A." last="Van Den Heuvel">Odile A. Van Den Heuvel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff130"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff36"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff37">Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Meer, Dennis" sort="Van Der Meer, Dennis" uniqKey="Van Der Meer D" first="Dennis" last="Van Der Meer">Dennis Van Der Meer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff89">Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Haren, Neeltje E M" sort="Van Haren, Neeltje E M" uniqKey="Van Haren N" first="Neeltje E. M" last="Van Haren">Neeltje E. M Van Haren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000090126352</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7692.a</institution-id><institution>Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus,</institution><institution>University Medical Centre Utrecht,</institution></institution-wrap>Utrecht, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Veltman, Dick J" sort="Veltman, Dick J" uniqKey="Veltman D" first="Dick J." last="Veltman">Dick J. Veltman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff121"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan" sort="Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan" uniqKey="Venkatasubramanian G" first="Ganesan" last="Venkatasubramanian">Ganesan Venkatasubramanian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff38"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1516 2246</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416861.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Bangalore, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vetter, Nora C" sort="Vetter, Nora C" uniqKey="Vetter N" first="Nora C." last="Vetter">Nora C. Vetter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff95"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,</institution><institution>Technische Universität Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vuletic, Daniella" sort="Vuletic, Daniella" uniqKey="Vuletic D" first="Daniella" last="Vuletic">Daniella Vuletic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff43"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walitza, Susanne" sort="Walitza, Susanne" uniqKey="Walitza S" first="Susanne" last="Walitza">Susanne Walitza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff85"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP),</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff131"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>Neuroscience Center Zurich,</institution><institution>University of Zurich and ETH Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff132"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology,</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walter, Henrik" sort="Walter, Henrik" uniqKey="Walter H" first="Henrik" last="Walter">Henrik Walter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff88"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2218 4662</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6363.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,</institution><institution>Universitätsmedizin Berlin,</institution></institution-wrap>Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walton, Esther" sort="Walton, Esther" uniqKey="Walton E" first="Esther" last="Walton">Esther Walton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff64"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff127"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7400</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256304.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>Georgia State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Atlanta, GA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhen" sort="Wang, Zhen" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhen" last="Wang">Zhen Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff90"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0368 8293</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16821.3c</institution-id><institution>Shanghai Mental Health Center,</institution><institution>Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030 China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wardlaw, Joanna" sort="Wardlaw, Joanna" uniqKey="Wardlaw J" first="Joanna" last="Wardlaw">Joanna Wardlaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff82"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Brain Research Imaging Centre,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff29"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff30"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wen, Wei" sort="Wen, Wei" uniqKey="Wen W" first="Wei" last="Wen">Wei Wen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales (UNSW),</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Westlye, Lars T" sort="Westlye, Lars T" uniqKey="Westlye L" first="Lars T." last="Westlye">Lars T. Westlye</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0389 8485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.55325.34</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction,</institution><institution>Oslo University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff63"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whelan, Robert" sort="Whelan, Robert" uniqKey="Whelan R" first="Robert" last="Whelan">Robert Whelan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff133"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0768 2743</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7886.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wittfeld, Katharina" sort="Wittfeld, Katharina" uniqKey="Wittfeld K" first="Katharina" last="Wittfeld">Katharina Wittfeld</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff134"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0438 0426</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.424247.3</institution-id><institution>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE),</institution></institution-wrap>Site Rostock, Greifswald, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfers, Thomas" sort="Wolfers, Thomas" uniqKey="Wolfers T" first="Thomas" last="Wolfers">Thomas Wolfers</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Margaret J" sort="Wright, Margaret J" uniqKey="Wright M" first="Margaret J." last="Wright">Margaret J. Wright</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff135"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9320 7537</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1003.2</institution-id><institution>Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging,</institution><institution>The University of Queensland,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff105"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 1395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1049.c</institution-id><institution>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Jian" sort="Xu, Jian" uniqKey="Xu J" first="Jian" last="Xu">Jian Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff50"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414902.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,</institution></institution-wrap>Kunming, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Xiufeng" sort="Xu, Xiufeng" uniqKey="Xu X" first="Xiufeng" last="Xu">Xiufeng Xu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff50"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414902.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,</institution></institution-wrap>Kunming, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yun, Je Yeon" sort="Yun, Je Yeon" uniqKey="Yun J" first="Je-Yeon" last="Yun">Je-Yeon Yun</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff136"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0302 820X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412484.f</institution-id><institution>Seoul National University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Jingjing" sort="Zhao, Jingjing" uniqKey="Zhao J" first="Jingjing" last="Zhao">Jingjing Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff137"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology & Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>Galway, SW4 794 Ireland</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff140"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 8395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412498.2</institution-id><institution>School of Psychology,</institution><institution>Shaanxi Normal University,</institution></institution-wrap>Xi’an, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franke, Barbara" sort="Franke, Barbara" uniqKey="Franke B" first="Barbara" last="Franke">Barbara Franke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour,</institution><institution>Radboud University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, Paul M" sort="Thompson, Paul M" uniqKey="Thompson P" first="Paul M." last="Thompson">Paul M. Thompson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Marina del Rey, CA USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glahn, David C" sort="Glahn, David C" uniqKey="Glahn D" first="David C." last="Glahn">David C. Glahn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff138"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368710</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.47100.32</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Yale University,</institution></institution-wrap>New Haven, CT 06511 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff139">Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, CT 06114 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mazoyer, Bernard" sort="Mazoyer, Bernard" uniqKey="Mazoyer B" first="Bernard" last="Mazoyer">Bernard Mazoyer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff56"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2106 639X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412041.2</institution-id><institution>UMR5296 CNRS,</institution><institution>CEA and University of Bordeaux,</institution></institution-wrap>Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, Simon E" sort="Fisher, Simon E" uniqKey="Fisher S" first="Simon E." last="Fisher">Simon E. Fisher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0501 3839</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419550.c</institution-id><institution>Language & Genetics Department,</institution><institution>Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Francks, Clyde" sort="Francks, Clyde" uniqKey="Francks C" first="Clyde" last="Francks">Clyde Francks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0501 3839</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419550.c</institution-id><institution>Language & Genetics Department,</institution><institution>Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff44">Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Brain Imaging and Behavior</title><idno type="ISSN">1931-7557</idno><idno type="eISSN">1931-7565</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">The two hemispheres of the human brain differ functionally and structurally. Despite over a century of research, the extent to which brain asymmetry is influenced by sex, handedness, age, and genetic factors is still controversial. Here we present the largest ever analysis of subcortical brain asymmetries, in a harmonized multi-site study using meta-analysis methods. Volumetric asymmetry of seven subcortical structures was assessed in 15,847 MRI scans from 52 datasets worldwide. There were sex differences in the asymmetry of the globus pallidus and putamen. Heritability estimates, derived from 1170 subjects belonging to 71 extended pedigrees, revealed that additive genetic factors influenced the asymmetry of these two structures and that of the hippocampus and thalamus. Handedness had no detectable effect on subcortical asymmetries, even in this unprecedented sample size, but the asymmetry of the putamen varied with age. Genetic drivers of asymmetry in the hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia may affect variability in human cognition, including susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.</p><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9629-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abedelahi, A" uniqKey="Abedelahi A">A Abedelahi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hasanzadeh, H" uniqKey="Hasanzadeh H">H Hasanzadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hadizadeh, H" uniqKey="Hadizadeh H">H Hadizadeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joghataie, Mt" uniqKey="Joghataie M">MT Joghataie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Almasy, L" uniqKey="Almasy L">L Almasy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blangero, J" uniqKey="Blangero J">J 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Brain Imaging Behav</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Brain Imaging Behav</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Brain Imaging and Behavior</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1931-7557</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1931-7565</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer US</publisher-name><publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27738994</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5540813</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">9629</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11682-016-9629-z</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Human subcortical brain asymmetries in 15,847 people worldwide reveal effects of age and sex</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guadalupe</surname><given-names>Tulio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mathias</surname><given-names>Samuel R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>vanErp</surname><given-names>Theo G. 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Zurich,</institution><institution>University of Zurich and ETH Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff41"><label>41</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 4902 0432</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1005.4</institution-id><institution>Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), & Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine,</institution><institution>University of New South Wales,</institution></institution-wrap>Sydney, Australia</aff><aff id="Aff42"><label>42</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2180 3484</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13648.38</institution-id><institution>University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf,</institution></institution-wrap>House W34, 3.OG, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff43"><label>43</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</aff><aff id="Aff44"><label>44</label>Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Raboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff45"><label>45</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0444 9382</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10417.33</institution-id><institution>Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Radboud university medical center,</institution></institution-wrap>Nijmegen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff46"><label>46</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2188 8502</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.266832.b</institution-id><institution>Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Neurosciences, Computer Science, and Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The University of New Mexico,</institution></institution-wrap>Albuquerque, NM USA</aff><aff id="Aff47"><label>47</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0409 4614</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.280503.c</institution-id><institution>The Mind Research Network,</institution></institution-wrap>Albuquerque, NM USA</aff><aff id="Aff48"><label>48</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland</aff><aff id="Aff49"><label>49</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Medical Research Council - Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</aff><aff id="Aff50"><label>50</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.414902.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University,</institution></institution-wrap>Kunming, China</aff><aff id="Aff51"><label>51</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2292 3357</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.14848.31</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Montréal, Canada</aff><aff id="Aff52"><label>52</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</aff><aff id="Aff53"><label>53</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1958 8658</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8379.5</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy),</institution><institution>University of Würzburg, Germany,</institution></institution-wrap>Tübingen, Würzburg, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff54"><label>54</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 1447</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10392.39</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University of Tübingen,</institution></institution-wrap>Tübingen, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff55"><label>55</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</aff><aff id="Aff56"><label>56</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2106 639X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412041.2</institution-id><institution>UMR5296 CNRS,</institution><institution>CEA and University of Bordeaux,</institution></institution-wrap>Bordeaux, France</aff><aff id="Aff57"><label>57</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff58"><label>58</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9756</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10253.35</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Marburg,</institution></institution-wrap>Marburg, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff59"><label>59</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000089150953</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1024.7</institution-id><institution>Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation,</institution><institution>Queensland University of Technology (QUT),</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane City, Australia</aff><aff id="Aff60"><label>60</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Cognitive Therapy Group, Neuroimaging, Cognition & Genomics Centre (NICOG), School of Psychology and Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>SW4 794, Galway, Ireland</aff><aff id="Aff61"><label>61</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry & trinity College Institute of Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Trinity College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</aff><aff id="Aff62"><label>62</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0612 1014</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.416731.6</institution-id><institution>Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT,</institution></institution-wrap>Nesodden, Norway</aff><aff id="Aff63"><label>63</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="Aff64"><label>64</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff65"><label>65</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Boston, USA</aff><aff id="Aff66"><label>66</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0386 9924</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.32224.35</institution-id><institution>Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,</institution><institution>Massachusetts General Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Charlestown, USA</aff><aff id="Aff67"><label>67</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT - KG Jebsen Centre, Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="Aff68"><label>68</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2190 4373</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7700.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim,</institution><institution>Heidelberg University,</institution></institution-wrap>Square J5, Mannheim, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff69"><label>69</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</aff><aff id="Aff70"><label>70</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.457334.2</institution-id><institution>Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique,</institution><institution>CEA-Saclay Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff71"><label>71</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI"> 0000 0001 2272 1771</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.467811.d</institution-id><institution>Division of Cerebral Integration,</institution><institution>National Institute for Physiological Sciences,</institution></institution-wrap>Okazaki, Japan</aff><aff id="Aff72"><label>72</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2180 3484</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13648.38</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE),</institution></institution-wrap>Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff73"><label>73</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7689</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.59062.38</institution-id><institution>Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology,</institution><institution>University of Vermont,</institution></institution-wrap>Burlington, VT 05405 USA</aff><aff id="Aff74"><label>74</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9705</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8217.c</institution-id><institution>Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Trinity College,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</aff><aff id="Aff75"><label>75</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1770 272X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7821.c</institution-id><institution>Service of Neurology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL),</institution><institution>University of Cantabria (UC),</institution></institution-wrap>Santander, Spain</aff><aff id="Aff76"><label>76</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas,</institution></institution-wrap>Madrid, Spain</aff><aff id="Aff77"><label>77</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8868</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4563.4</institution-id><institution>Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy,</institution><institution>University of Nottingham, University Park,</institution></institution-wrap>Nottingham, UK</aff><aff id="Aff78"><label>78</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5603.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University Medicine Greifswald,</institution></institution-wrap>Greifswald, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff79"><label>79</label>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff80"><label>80</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff81"><label>81</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0482 5331</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411984.1</institution-id><institution>Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>D-37075 Göttingen, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff82"><label>82</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7988</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4305.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology,</institution><institution>University of Edinburgh,</institution></institution-wrap>Edinburgh, UK</aff><aff id="Aff83"><label>83</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0373 3971</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.136593.b</institution-id><institution>Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development,</institution><institution>Osaka University,</institution></institution-wrap>Osaka, Japan</aff><aff id="Aff84"><label>84</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0373 3971</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.136593.b</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Osaka, Japan</aff><aff id="Aff85"><label>85</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>University Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (UCCAP),</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff86"><label>86</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121901201</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.83440.3b</institution-id><institution>Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging,</institution><institution>University College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</aff><aff id="Aff87"><label>87</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121901201</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.83440.3b</institution-id><institution>UCL Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing,</institution><institution>University College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</aff><aff id="Aff88"><label>88</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2218 4662</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6363.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité,</institution><institution>Universitätsmedizin Berlin,</institution></institution-wrap>Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff89"><label>89</label>Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff90"><label>90</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0368 8293</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16821.3c</institution-id><institution>Shanghai Mental Health Center,</institution><institution>Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>No. 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030 China</aff><aff id="Aff91"><label>91</label>De Bascule, Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff92"><label>92</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000404654431</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5650.6</institution-id><institution>AMC, department of child and adolescent psychiatry,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff93"><label>93</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2186 1887</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4764.1</institution-id><institution>Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB),</institution></institution-wrap>Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff94"><label>94</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 8921</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5510.1</institution-id><institution>NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine. Psychiatry section,</institution><institution>University of Oslo,</institution></institution-wrap>Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="Aff95"><label>95</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2111 7257</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4488.0</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center,</institution><institution>Technische Universität Dresden,</institution></institution-wrap>Dresden, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff96"><label>96</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2156 6853</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.42505.36</institution-id><institution>Imaging Genetics Center, Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics,</institution><institution>Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, 90292 USA</aff><aff id="Aff97"><label>97</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2172 9288</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5949.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Radiology,</institution><institution>University of Münster,</institution></institution-wrap>Münster, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff98"><label>98</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0470 5905</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.31501.36</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science,</institution><institution>Seoul National University College of Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="Aff99"><label>99</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0470 5905</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.31501.36</institution-id><institution>Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="Aff100"><label>100</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0470 5905</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.31501.36</institution-id><institution>Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Science,</institution><institution>Seoul National University,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="Aff101"><label>101</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1958 8658</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8379.5</institution-id><institution>Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health,</institution><institution>University of Würzburg,</institution></institution-wrap>Würzburg, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff102"><label>102</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0481 6099</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5012.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS),</institution><institution>Maastricht University,</institution></institution-wrap>Maastricht, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff103"><label>103</label>Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Tygerberg, Cape Town South Africa</aff><aff id="Aff104"><label>104</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2322 6764</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.13097.3c</institution-id><institution>Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences,</institution><institution>Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London,</institution></institution-wrap>London, UK</aff><aff id="Aff105"><label>105</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 1395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1049.c</institution-id><institution>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</aff><aff id="Aff106"><label>106</label>Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital - Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="Aff107"><label>107</label>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM Unit 1000 “Neuroimaging & Psychiatry”, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Maison de Solenn, Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff108"><label>108</label>Maison de Solenn, Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff109"><label>109</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0626</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.4714.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education,</institution><institution>Karolinska Institutet,</institution></institution-wrap>Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="Aff110"><label>110</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9320 7537</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1003.2</institution-id><institution>Centre for Advanced Imaging,</institution><institution>University of Queensland,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</aff><aff id="Aff111"><label>111</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9314 1427</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413448.e</institution-id><institution>CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM),</institution><institution>Instituto de Salud Carlos III,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="Aff112"><label>112</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0247</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5841.8</institution-id><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Barcelona,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="Aff113"><label>113</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9206 2401</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.267308.8</institution-id><institution>UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,</institution><institution>UT Houston Medical School,</institution></institution-wrap>Houston, TX USA</aff><aff id="Aff114"><label>114</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2291 1583</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.418163.9</institution-id><institution>Department of Neural Computation for Decision-Making,</institution><institution>ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group,</institution></institution-wrap>Kyoto, Japan</aff><aff id="Aff115"><label>115</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2242 4849</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.177174.3</institution-id><institution>Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science,</institution><institution>Kyushu University,</institution></institution-wrap>Fukuoka, Japan</aff><aff id="Aff116"><label>116</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9632 6718</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.19006.3e</institution-id><institution>Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics,</institution><institution>University of California,</institution></institution-wrap>Los Angeles, USA</aff><aff id="Aff117"><label>117</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0274 3893</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411784.f</institution-id><institution>AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine,</institution><institution>Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff118"><label>118</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1958 8658</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8379.5</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>University of Würzburg,</institution></institution-wrap>Würzburg, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff119"><label>119</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2157 2938</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.17063.33</institution-id><institution>Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest and Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry,</institution><institution>University of Toronto,</institution></institution-wrap>M6A 2E1, Toronto, ON Canada</aff><aff id="Aff120"><label>120</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9259 8492</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.22937.3d</institution-id><institution>Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy,</institution><institution>Medical University of Vienna,</institution></institution-wrap>Vienna, Austria</aff><aff id="Aff121"><label>121</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff122"><label>122</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9206 2401</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.267308.8</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,</institution><institution>University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,</institution></institution-wrap>Houston, TX 77054 USA</aff><aff id="Aff123"><label>123</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7080.f</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Sciences,</institution><institution>Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona,</institution></institution-wrap>Barcelona, Spain</aff><aff id="Aff124"><label>124</label>Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town and MRC Unit on Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa</aff><aff id="Aff125"><label>125</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9320 7537</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1003.2</institution-id><institution>Queensland Brain Institute,</institution><institution>The University of Queensland,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</aff><aff id="Aff126"><label>126</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2353 6535</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.428999.7</institution-id><institution>Laboratory of Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions,</institution><institution>Institut Pasteur,</institution></institution-wrap>75015 Paris, France</aff><aff id="Aff127"><label>127</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7400</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256304.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>Georgia State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Atlanta, GA USA</aff><aff id="Aff128"><label>128</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 7400</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.256304.6</institution-id><institution>Department of Neuroscience,</institution><institution>Georgia State University,</institution></institution-wrap>Atlanta, GA USA</aff><aff id="Aff129"><label>129</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1151</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7836.a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health,</institution><institution>University of Cape Town, Observatory,</institution></institution-wrap>Cape Town, South Africa</aff><aff id="Aff130"><label>130</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0435 165X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.16872.3a</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>VU University Medical Center,</institution></institution-wrap>Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff131"><label>131</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>Neuroscience Center Zurich,</institution><institution>University of Zurich and ETH Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff132"><label>132</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0650</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7400.3</institution-id><institution>Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology,</institution><institution>University of Zurich,</institution></institution-wrap>Zurich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff133"><label>133</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0768 2743</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7886.1</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychology,</institution><institution>University College Dublin,</institution></institution-wrap>Dublin, Ireland</aff><aff id="Aff134"><label>134</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0438 0426</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.424247.3</institution-id><institution>German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE),</institution></institution-wrap>Site Rostock, Greifswald, Germany</aff><aff id="Aff135"><label>135</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9320 7537</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1003.2</institution-id><institution>Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging,</institution><institution>The University of Queensland,</institution></institution-wrap>Brisbane, Australia</aff><aff id="Aff136"><label>136</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0302 820X</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412484.f</institution-id><institution>Seoul National University Hospital,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, Republic of Korea</aff><aff id="Aff137"><label>137</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0488 0789</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6142.1</institution-id><institution>Cognitive Genetics and Therapy Group, School of Psychology & Discipline of Biochemistry,</institution><institution>National University of Ireland Galway,</institution></institution-wrap>Galway, SW4 794 Ireland</aff><aff id="Aff138"><label>138</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368710</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.47100.32</institution-id><institution>Department of Psychiatry,</institution><institution>Yale University,</institution></institution-wrap>New Haven, CT 06511 USA</aff><aff id="Aff139"><label>139</label>Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Hartford, CT 06114 USA</aff><aff id="Aff140"><label>140</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1759 8395</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412498.2</institution-id><institution>School of Psychology,</institution><institution>Shaanxi Normal University,</institution></institution-wrap>Xi’an, China</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>1497</fpage><lpage>1514</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold> This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">The two hemispheres of the human brain differ functionally and structurally. Despite over a century of research, the extent to which brain asymmetry is influenced by sex, handedness, age, and genetic factors is still controversial. Here we present the largest ever analysis of subcortical brain asymmetries, in a harmonized multi-site study using meta-analysis methods. Volumetric asymmetry of seven subcortical structures was assessed in 15,847 MRI scans from 52 datasets worldwide. There were sex differences in the asymmetry of the globus pallidus and putamen. Heritability estimates, derived from 1170 subjects belonging to 71 extended pedigrees, revealed that additive genetic factors influenced the asymmetry of these two structures and that of the hippocampus and thalamus. Handedness had no detectable effect on subcortical asymmetries, even in this unprecedented sample size, but the asymmetry of the putamen varied with age. Genetic drivers of asymmetry in the hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia may affect variability in human cognition, including susceptibility to psychiatric disorders.</p><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9629-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Subcortical brain asymmetry</kwd><kwd>Age</kwd><kwd>Handedness</kwd><kwd>Sex</kwd><kwd>Enigma</kwd><kwd>Heritability</kwd><kwd>Meta-analysis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>Detailed funding disclosure is being submitted as a separate document.</institution></funding-source></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1" sec-type="introduction"><title>Introduction</title><p id="Par2">Left–right differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) results in anatomical, functional, and behavioral asymmetries in many organisms (Ocklenburg and Gunturkun <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">2012</xref>). Humans are no exception: functions including language, visuospatial cognition, and hand–motor control are asymmetrically organized between hemispheres in a typical human brain (Haaland and Harrington <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">1996</xref>; Mellet et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">2014</xref>). At the population level, these asymmetries show clear directional biases, or <italic>lateralizations</italic> (Bryden <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">1982</xref>). Handedness is the most overt example: around 90 % of people have a right-hand preference, a strong bias not seen in other species including our closest evolutionary relatives, the apes (Hopkins et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">2011</xref>).</p><p id="Par3">Functional and structural lateralization of the human brain may be influenced by left-right differences in gene expression (Francks <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">2015</xref>), as recently demonstrated in language-related regions of the adult superior temporal cortex (Karlebach and Francks <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2015</xref>). Even so, lateralization varies markedly across individuals. Women and men show average differences in asymmetry, as well. Men show, on average, more pronounced asymmetries in superior temporal language regions of the cerebral cortex than women, based on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from over 3000 people (Guadalupe et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">2015</xref>). Genes involved in steroid hormone biology may affect the degree of lateralization in both men and women (Guadalupe et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">2015</xref>). Another trait linked to cerebral lateralization is handedness (Willems et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR69">2014</xref>): the largest study of cerebral cortical structural differences by handedness showed weak associations with changes in surface area of the left precentral sulcus (Guadalupe et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">2014a</xref>), consistent with prior reports (Amunts et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">1996</xref>; Foundas et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">1998</xref>). Left-handers have a slightly higher incidence of atypical functional hemispheric language dominance (Mazoyer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR44">2014</xref>). Alterations of cerebral cortical lateralization have also been linked to cognitive and psychiatric disorders , including language-related impairments (Altarelli et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">2014</xref>; Herbert et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">2005</xref>), autism (Eyler et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">2012</xref>; Herbert et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">2005</xref>), schizophrenia (SCZ; Oertel-Knochel et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">2012</xref>), and substance-use disorders (Balconi and Finocchiaro <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">2015</xref>).</p><p id="Par4">In contrast to the cerebral cortex, lateralizations of human subcortical structures and the hippocampus have not been well studied, nor the factors that might affect their individual differences or roles in lateralized cognition. Most investigations have been in clinical contexts, where differences between cases and controls in asymmetry patterns of subcortical structures have been linked to various neuropsychiatric disorders. For example, abnormal asymmetries in the basal ganglia, particularly of the globus pallidus and caudate nucleus, have been observed in cases of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Hynd et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">1993</xref>), and in developmental stuttering and Tourette’s syndrome (TS; Foundas et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">2013</xref>; Singer et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR60">1993</xref>). Abnormal asymmetry of the striatum has been linked to prenatal alcohol or methamphetamine exposure (Roos et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR56">2014</xref>; Willford et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR70">2010</xref>). Changes in thalamic asymmetry have been found in cases of TS (Lee et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR41">2006</xref>) and SCZ (Zhou et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR74">2003</xref>). Regarding limbic system structures, studies of major depression (Xia et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR72">2004</xref>), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Szeszko et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR64">1999</xref>), SCZ (Niemann et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR49">2000</xref>), anorexia nervosa (Titova et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR66">2013</xref>), and age-related memory impairment (Soininen et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR61">1994</xref>) have shown abnormal asymmetries of the hippocampus, which in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy also included the amygdala (Cendes et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">1993</xref>). Abnormal asymmetries of the amygdala have also been reported in SCZ (Niu et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">2004</xref>) and in cocaine addiction (Makris et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR42">2004</xref>). Some of these disorders differ in their prevalence between sexes and by handedness (Castellanos et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">2001</xref>; DeLisi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">2002</xref>; Niemann et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR49">2000</xref>). Interestingly, sex differences in subcortical asymmetries have been suggested to have an etiological role in TS (Zimmerman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR75">2000</xref>) and SCZ (Niu et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">2004</xref>). These findings suggest that, in addition to the more salient cerebral cortical asymmetries, asymmetries of the subcortical nuclei also play a role in brain health and disease.</p><p id="Par5">Despite these intriguing initial findings with respect to disease states, decades of research have failed to answer definitively how brain asymmetries in the healthy population are linked to basic biological factors such as age, sex, and handedness. This is partly because many brain asymmetries and their normal variability are subtle, and difficult to measure reliably in small studies (tens to low hundreds of subjects are typical). Regarding sexual dimorphisms, a sex difference in asymmetry of the amygdala has been reported (Niu et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">2004</xref>), while no sex difference was detected in another study (Szabo et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR63">2001</xref>). For striatal asymmetry, no significant sex differences were observed by three studies (Abedelahi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2013</xref>; Giedd et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1996</xref>; Wyciszkiewicz and Pawlak <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR71">2014</xref>), although a sex difference in putamen asymmetry was suggested to affect TS etiology (Zimmerman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR75">2000</xref>). Sexual dimorphism in thalamic asymmetry has been recently reported (Kang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">2015</xref>) but not replicated. Asymmetry of striatal nuclei changes with age (Abedelahi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2013</xref>; Yamashita et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">2011</xref>), but prior studies of subcortical structures have tended to look at age and asymmetry as separate aspects of study (Caviness et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">1996</xref>; Giedd et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1996</xref>). Left-handedness has not been robustly investigated in relation to subcortical asymmetries, as there are so few left-handers in most datasets (Foundas et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">1998</xref>; Kloppel et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2007</xref>). Likewise, in clinical studies, possible effects of sex, age, and handedness have not often been investigated, either as a result of restricted inclusion criteria, or otherwise not considering these factors in their analyses (e.g. Kang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">2015</xref>; Yamashita et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR73">2011</xref>).</p><p id="Par6">The present study was the first by the Lateralization working-group embedded within the ENIGMA (Enhancing Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Consortium (Thompson et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2014</xref>). Our goal was to detect effects of sex, handedness, and age on the normal variability in subcortical asymmetries, through a harmonized multi-site study using meta-analysis methods, based on 52 healthy control and population-based datasets which comprised a total of 15,847 participants. All brain magnetic resonance (MR) images were analyzed using a single, uniform protocol, despite inevitable heterogeneity in image acquisition (Hibar et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">2015</xref>; Stein et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2012</xref>). This study was by two orders of magnitude the largest ever of asymmetry with respect to subcortical structures of the human brain, and factors affecting its variability. This allowed us to establish subtle but definitive findings of sex and age-related effects on some of the structures, where previously the literature has been inconsistent and contradictory (see Discussion). We also measured the heritabilities of subcortical and hippocampal asymmetries in a large family dataset, as previous studies have suggested these to be partially heritable (Eyler et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">2014</xref>; Hulshoff Pol et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">2006</xref>; Renteria <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">2013</xref>). This heritability screen is a valuable precursor to future genome-wide association studies of laterality in brain traits, as well as identifying genetic overlap between asymmetries and cognitive or psychiatric disorders.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Methods</title><sec id="Sec3"><title>Datasets</title><p id="Par7">The participating sites were members of the Lateralization working-group within the ENIGMA Consortium (Thompson et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2014</xref>), who contributed data from 52 independent samples to this study comprising a total of 15,847 healthy participants (7524 males and 8323 females). Samples were drawn from the general population or comprised healthy controls from clinical studies. Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref> and Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S1</xref> summarize the datasets’ sample sizes and age distributions. Each dataset and its image acquisition protocols are described in Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S2</xref>.<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>List of contributing datasets (arranged alphabetically in two columns), their sample sizes split by sex, and their median ages. Each dataset is also given a suffix number code for reference to Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>, Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>, and Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S5</xref></p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Dataset</th><th colspan="2">N</th><th rowspan="2">Median age (years)</th><th rowspan="2">Dataset</th><th colspan="2">N</th><th rowspan="2">Median age (years)</th></tr><tr><th>Males</th><th>Females</th><th>Males</th><th>Females</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>BIG 1.5 T<sub>1</sub></td><td>733</td><td>728</td><td>23</td><td>OCD-Kunming 3 T<sub>27</sub></td><td>27</td><td>68</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>BIG 3T<sub>2</sub></td><td>579</td><td>729</td><td>22</td><td>OCD-Kyoto 1.5 T<sub>28</sub></td><td>25</td><td>23</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>BIL & GIN<sub>3</sub></td><td>221</td><td>232</td><td>24</td><td>OCD-Kyoto 3 T<sub>29</sub></td><td>20</td><td>22</td><td>30</td></tr><tr><td>BP-Houston<sub>4</sub></td><td>79</td><td>94</td><td>19</td><td>OCD-London<sub>30</sub></td><td>12</td><td>21</td><td>32</td></tr><tr><td>CIAM<sub>5</sub></td><td>16</td><td>14</td><td>27</td><td>OCD-Shangai<sub>31</sub></td><td>21</td><td>17</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>CLiNG<sub>6</sub></td><td>132</td><td>191</td><td>24</td><td>OCD-SNU A<sub>32</sub></td><td>53</td><td>26</td><td>25</td></tr><tr><td>FBIRN<sub>7</sub></td><td>129</td><td>54</td><td>37</td><td>OCD-SNU B<sub>33</sub></td><td>97</td><td>59</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>HMS<sub>8</sub></td><td>21</td><td>34</td><td>41</td><td>OCD-SNU C<sub>34</sub></td><td>115</td><td>72</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>HUBIN<sub>9</sub></td><td>69</td><td>33</td><td>46</td><td>OCD-SU<sub>35</sub></td><td>11</td><td>18</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>IMAGEN<sub>10</sub></td><td>735</td><td>847</td><td>15</td><td>OCD-VUmc Amsterdam 1.5 T<sub>36</sub></td><td>16</td><td>38</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>IMpACT<sub>11</sub></td><td>61</td><td>80</td><td>32</td><td>OCD-VUmc Amsterdam 3 T<sub>37</sub></td><td>20</td><td>22</td><td>38</td></tr><tr><td>LBC-1936<sub>12</sub></td><td>282</td><td>274</td><td>73</td><td>OCD-Zürich<sub>38</sub></td><td>15</td><td>23</td><td>17</td></tr><tr><td>MAS<sub>13</sub></td><td>224</td><td>280</td><td>78</td><td>Osaka 1.5 T<sub>39</sub></td><td>206</td><td>231</td><td>33</td></tr><tr><td>MCIC<sub>14</sub></td><td>103</td><td>60</td><td>28</td><td>Osaka 3 T<sub>40</sub></td><td>131</td><td>106</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Meth-CT<sub>15</sub></td><td>50</td><td>13</td><td>25</td><td>PAFIP-IDIVAL1<sub>41</sub></td><td>51</td><td>30</td><td>26</td></tr><tr><td>MüNC<sub>16</sub></td><td>327</td><td>420</td><td>32</td><td>PAFIP-IDIVAL2<sub>42</sub></td><td>69</td><td>45</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>NCNG<sub>17</sub></td><td>105</td><td>222</td><td>54</td><td>PAFIP-IDIVAL3<sub>43</sub></td><td>13</td><td>21</td><td>69</td></tr><tr><td>NESDA<sub>18</sub></td><td>23</td><td>43</td><td>41</td><td>QTIM<sub>44</sub></td><td>169</td><td>422</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>NeuroIMAGE<sub>19</sub></td><td>180</td><td>208</td><td>17</td><td>SHIP-2<sub>45</sub></td><td>538</td><td>572</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>OATS<sub>20</sub></td><td>87</td><td>153</td><td>69</td><td>SHIP-Trend<sub>46</sub></td><td>994</td><td>1046</td><td>52</td></tr><tr><td>OCD-AMC<sub>21</sub></td><td>9</td><td>18</td><td>14</td><td>STROKEMRI<sub>47</sub></td><td>19</td><td>33</td><td>45</td></tr><tr><td>OCD-Barcelona<sub>22</sub></td><td>30</td><td>36</td><td>33</td><td>TCD|NUIG<sub>48</sub></td><td>116</td><td>145</td><td>28</td></tr><tr><td>OCD-Fukuoka<sub>23</sub></td><td>16</td><td>25</td><td>37</td><td>TOP<sub>49</sub></td><td>159</td><td>144</td><td>34</td></tr><tr><td>OCD-India 1.5T<sub>24</sub></td><td>34</td><td>12</td><td>26</td><td>UCLA|NL BP<sub>50</sub></td><td>82</td><td>84</td><td>46</td></tr><tr><td>OCD-India 3T<sub>25</sub></td><td>95</td><td>60</td><td>26</td><td>UMCU<sub>51</sub></td><td>166</td><td>121</td><td>29</td></tr><tr><td>OCD-Kunming 1.5T<sub>26</sub></td><td>13</td><td>27</td><td>31</td><td>Würzburg|Tübingen<sub>52</sub></td><td>24</td><td>29</td><td>44</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p id="Par8">Handedness of participants was known for a subset of the overall sample. The method of assessment varied per dataset (see Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S3</xref>). An ambidextrous category was not included and only datasets with enough left-handers to perform statistical comparisons were considered. In total, 959 and 11,236 subjects were left- and right-handed, respectively.</p><p id="Par9">The final numbers of subjects and datasets that were used for meta-analyses differed per test and structure according to the availability of covariate and structure-specific volumetric information, and the minimum sample-size criteria. Details are given below per analysis.</p></sec><sec id="Sec4"><title>Image acquisition and subcortical segmentation</title><p id="Par10">Image acquisition and subcortical volume measurement has been described in previous reports from the ENIGMA Consortium (e.g. (Hibar et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">2015</xref>; Stein et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2012</xref>) , and is consistent enough to detect SNP effects at a genome-wide significant level, which individually account for less than 1 % of the variance in structure volumes. To summarize, T1-weighted brain structural MRI scans were acquired at multiple different sites using scanners of mostly 1.5 or 3 Tesla field strengths. One dataset (QTIM) was acquired with a 4 Tesla field strength scanner. See Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S2</xref> for detailed information on manufacturers and image acquisition parameters per dataset. All sites followed the same protocol for segmentation of subcortical structures, volume computation, and quality control. The protocol is downloadable from the ENIGMA website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/protocols/imaging-protocols/">http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/protocols/imaging-protocols/</ext-link>). Specifically, image pre-processing and subcortical segmentation were done with FreeSurfer versions 4.3 through to 5.3 (Fischl et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">2002</xref>), using the “-recon-all” pipeline and default settings. This pipeline performs automated bias field correction, spatial normalization, skull stripping, and segments brain tissue into cortical gray/white matter, as well as into several non-cortical tissues. This resulted in volume estimates for the following seven bilaterally paired structures: nucleus accumbens, amygdala, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, hippocampus, putamen, and thalamus, and estimates of total intracranial volume (ICV).</p><p id="Par11">Quality control was performed separately by each of the contributing sites, and followed the harmonized protocol developed by the ENIGMA consortium (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/protocols/imaging-protocols/">http://enigma.ini.usc.edu/protocols/imaging-protocols/</ext-link>). The protocol consisted of visually checking individual images, plotted from a set of axial slices. Volume estimates derived from poorly segmented structures (i.e. where tissue labels were assigned incorrectly) were excluded from each site’s datasets and subsequent analyses. In addition, a number of checks were performed to assess potential errors in the left-right orientation of the data (see Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S4</xref> for details).</p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>Within-dataset analyses</title><p id="Par12">For each dataset and each of the seven bilaterally paired structures, the volumetric asymmetries, descriptive and statistical analyses were computed at each participating site using a single script in R (R Development Core Team; 2012), on table-formatted data. Asymmetry Indices (AI) were defined as the relative volume difference between the left and right structure in relation to its total bilateral volume: (Left - Right)/(Left + Right). To exclude possible outliers in volumes or AIs we used an adaptive SD threshold (SD<sub>Thresh</sub>) depending on each dataset’s sample size (<italic>N</italic> < 150 ⇒ SD<sub>Thresh</sub> = 2.5; 150 ≥ <italic>N</italic> ≥ 1000 ⇒ SD<sub>Thresh</sub> = 3; <italic>N</italic> > 1000 ⇒ SD<sub>Thresh</sub> = 3.5). Statistical tests were run on the seven subcortical AIs separately. Differences between sexes or handedness groups were assessed by Welch’s two-sample t-test, to avoid assuming balanced group sizes and equal variances (Ruxton <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR58">2006</xref>). Tests were performed on residualised AIs, after removing effects of age and ICV (and sex for the handedness tests) by linear regression. Possible non-linear effects of ICV were investigated using the BIG sample but found to be negligible (Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S5</xref>), hence all analyses were performed using only linear correction for this covariate. The effects of age on AIs were estimated by ANCOVAs, modelled together with sex and ICV as covariate factors.</p><p id="Par13">This approach supported the subsequent application of meta-analysis methodology, through using within-site summary statistics, and without sites needing to share primary data.</p></sec><sec id="Sec6"><title>AI heterogeneity between datasets</title><p id="Par14">For each of the seven AIs we assessed heterogeneity due to dataset differences through analyses of variance, with ‘dataset’ and ‘FreeSurfer version’ as the main factors. For this analysis we re-computed the total AI variance for a given structure and partitioned it into between-and within-'dataset’ contributions, and between- and within-'FreeSurfer version’ contributions. This allowed us to calculate estimates of eta-squared (η<sup>2</sup>), i.e., the percentage of the total variance explained by each factor. Given that individual sites ran their analyses on one version of FreeSurfer only, we computed main effects but not their potential interactions.</p></sec><sec id="Sec7"><title>Meta-analyses</title><p id="Par15">We combined the test statistics obtained across datasets by means of random-effect meta-analyses (Borenstein et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">2010</xref>). This method calculates and tests the significance of a pooled effect while weighting each dataset’s contribution to the overall effect by the inverse of its error variance. In contrast to a fixed-effect meta-analysis test, this method also takes into account the amount of variability present between effects from different studies in its calculation, and hence does not make strong assumptions regarding equal effects underlying all datasets (Borenstein et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">2010</xref>).</p><p id="Par16">For meta-analyses of sex and handedness effects, we used the mean group differences in residualised AIs and recomputed the standard errors from 95 % confidence intervals and degrees of freedom generated by the Welch’s two sample t-tests. For meta-analyses of age-effects, we used the coefficients from the ANCOVA regressions of AIs on age, and their corresponding standard errors.</p><p id="Par17">Including results based on too few observations is likely to reduce reliability, therefore we chose to test with a cut-off of 15 observations per group and include assessments of fail-safe N’s for any significant finding (at a corrected alpha of <italic>P</italic> = 0.007). The method used was Rosenberg’s (Rosenberg <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR57">2005</xref>), which takes into account the weighted nature of the meta-analysis test, and its outcome can be interpreted as the number of studies averaging null-results which would be needed to render the observed <italic>p</italic>-value non-significant (<italic>P</italic> >= 0.007). Furthermore, effect heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran’s Q and the complementary Higgins’ I<sup>2</sup>, which both assess the contribution of dataset differences to the observed pooled effect. All tests were performed in R using the ‘metafor’ library (Viechtbauer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR68">2010</xref>).</p><p id="Par18">For the sex group comparisons, a 15-observation minimum threshold resulted in totals between 6867 and 6962 males versus 7708 to 7897 females, depending on the specific structure. For handedness, the totals were from 644 to 668 left handers versus 7298 to 7667 right handers. For meta-analyses of age-effects we applied the threshold of at least 15 observations per sex group and included an extra criterion based on the age-range of each dataset. Only results from datasets with a minimum 5-year range between their 1st and 3rd quartile (50 % of the dataset) were included.</p><p id="Par19">To assess the pattern of statistically significant age effects across the lifespan, we performed a post-hoc weighted meta-regression of the age coefficients from each dataset on the corresponding median ages. Datasets were weighted by the square root of their corresponding sample size. The same criterion for dataset inclusion was used as described above.</p></sec><sec id="Sec8"><title>Population-level lateralization</title><p id="Par20"><italic>T</italic>-scores and corresponding <italic>P</italic>-values were calculated for the difference between the mean AI and zero (i.e. the point of volumetric symmetry) for each structure and dataset, separately by sex. These were combined to assess population-level lateralizations for each structure, separately for each sex.</p></sec><sec id="Sec9"><title>Heritability of AIs</title><p id="Par21">We estimated the heritability of volumetric asymmetries using the Genetics of Brain Structure (GOBS) dataset (McKay et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">2014</xref>; Mitchell et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR47">1996</xref>). This analysis included data from 1170 subjects of Mexican-American ancestry, belonging to 71 extended pedigrees. Heritability estimates were derived from variance-component analysis (Almasy and Blangero <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">1998</xref>). The method partitions the observed phenotypic variance into sub-components based on the relationship structures within the families, in order to estimate the proportion of overall phenotypic variance due to additive genetic effects. To calculate this family-based heritability estimate, the method requires large pedigrees and accurate kinship estimates between family members. For a more detailed description of the approach, applied to brain imaging measures, see (Chouinard-Decorte et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2014</xref>; Koran et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">2014</xref>). These analyses were performed using SOLAR (Almasy and Blangero <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">1998</xref>) including age, sex, and ICV as covariates. For each of the seven structures we estimated the heritability of the AI and the heritability of the phenotypic correlation (i.e. genetic correlation) between left and right volumes. Lastly, we also assessed the phenotypic and genetic correlations across all seven AIs.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec10" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec id="Sec11"><title>AI heterogeneity between datasets</title><p id="Par22">We observed notable heterogeneity in the AI distributions across datasets (Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref> and Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S6</xref>). Except for the hippocampus and putamen, dataset heterogeneity explained over 10 % (η<sup>2</sup> > 0.1) of the total observed variance per structure. Likewise, heterogeneity attributable to different versions of FreeSurfer was also substantial, with η<sup>2</sup> > 0.1 for AI’s of the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus and thalamus.<table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>AI heterogeneity across datasets assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The η<sup>2</sup> statistic gives the proportion of the total variability attributed to mean AI differences between datasets or FreeSurfer versions. All mean AIs were significantly different from zero</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Regions</th><th>Mean AI (σ<sup>2</sup><sub>within</sub>)</th><th>N (observed)</th><th>η<sup>2</sup> - dataset</th><th>η<sup>2</sup> - FreeSurfer</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Nucleus accumbens</td><td>-0.0072 (0.0061)</td><td>15,010</td><td>0.180</td><td>0.130</td></tr><tr><td>Amygdala</td><td>-0.0205 (0.0027)</td><td>15,167</td><td>0.103</td><td>0.017</td></tr><tr><td>Caudate nucleus</td><td>-0.0095 (0.0006)</td><td>15,105</td><td>0.279</td><td>0.014</td></tr><tr><td>Globus pallidus</td><td>0.0180 (0.0027)</td><td>14,932</td><td>0.171</td><td>0.142</td></tr><tr><td>Hippocampus</td><td>-0.0066 (0.0008)</td><td>15,046</td><td>0.070</td><td>0.010</td></tr><tr><td>Putamen</td><td>0.0194 (0.0008)</td><td>14,961</td><td>0.065</td><td>0.006</td></tr><tr><td>Thalamus</td><td>0.0211 (0.0009)</td><td>15,158</td><td>0.189</td><td>0.333</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p id="Par23">Independent of dataset mean differences, the nucleus accumbens showed the most variable AI estimates, and the caudate nucleus was the least variable (see Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>). The average variability around AI means, as a proportion of bilateral volume (σ<sup>2</sup><sub>within</sub>*100), was 7.8 % for the nucleus accumbens and 2.5 % for the caudate nucleus. All structures showed highly significant mean lateralization, as well as consistency in mean direction of lateralization between the sexes (see Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref> and Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>, as well as Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S7</xref>).<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Visual representation of the 7 bilaterally paired structures, colored on the side of the relatively larger volume</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="11682_2016_9629_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec12"><title>Meta-analysis of group differences by sex and handedness</title><p id="Par24">After adjusting the significance threshold to <italic>P</italic> = 0.007 for multiple testing of seven structures, meta-analyses showed significant differences in AIs between males and females for the globus pallidus and putamen (Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref> and Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>), corrected for covariate effects of age and intracranial volume (ICV) within datasets. The direction of the sex difference for the putamen was negative (see Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>), indicating a lower AI in males versus females, i.e. a rightwards shift in asymmetry in males. The opposite was found for the globus pallidus, where a leftward shift in AI was observed in males relative to females. Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref> also reports the results of the study-heterogeneity and fail-safe N estimations. We observed no significant heterogeneity in sex effects across datasets for putamen and globus pallidus. A nominally significant sex effect (uncorrected <italic>P</italic> = 0.02) was also found for the hippocampus. Meta-analyses of handedness effects on AIs showed no significant group differences (uncorrected <italic>P</italic>-values > 0.1, results not shown).<table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Meta-analyses results of (residualised) AI differences by sex, corrected for possible covariate effects of age and ICV. The significance threshold was Bonferroni-adjusted to 0.007 for the seven comparisons. Cochran’s Q and Higgins’ I<sup>2</sup> are the statistics for the heterogeneity of effects. Highlighted in bold are the statistically significant results. Fail-safe N estimates are also given for the globus pallidus and putamen</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Structure</th><th>Pooled effect</th><th>Standard error</th><th><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th>N (datasets)</th><th>Cochran’s Q (<italic>P</italic>-value)</th><th>Higgins’ I<sup>2</sup></th><th>Fail-safe N</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Nucleus accumbens</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.34</td><td>14,652 (42)</td><td>76.9 (5.8*10<sup>−4</sup>)</td><td>51.2</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Amygdala</td><td>5.7*10<sup>−5</sup></td><td>7.4*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>0.94</td><td>14,859 (43)</td><td>33.37 (0.83)</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Caudate nucleus</td><td>-1.3*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>6.5*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>0.84</td><td>14,723 (41)</td><td>75.13 (6.4*10<sup>−4</sup>)</td><td>50.78</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Globus pallidus</td><td>0.004</td><td>0.001</td><td>2*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>14,575 (40)</td><td>52.49(0.073)</td><td>27.26</td><td>56</td></tr><tr><td>Hippocampus</td><td>0.001</td><td>4.5*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>0.02</td><td>14,765 (43)</td><td>19.99 (1.0)</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Putamen</td><td>-0.002</td><td>4.1*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>4.5*10<sup>−5</sup></td><td>14,604 (41)</td><td>24.49 (0.97)</td><td>0</td><td>53</td></tr><tr><td>Thalamus</td><td>-0.001</td><td>7.3*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>0.07</td><td>14,773 (41)</td><td>65.73 (0.006)</td><td>50.27</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Forest plots of the mean sex differences in AIs per dataset, for the structures that showed significant sex effects in meta-analysis. For each structure, the datasets are ordered top-to-bottom by their estimated sex difference. The identities of the datasets are given by the numbers in the left-hand columns, with reference to Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>. The size of a square is proportional to the weights assigned in meta-analysis. The confidence intervals are shown, as well as dashed vertical lines to indicate the point of no mean sex difference</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="11682_2016_9629_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic></fig></p></sec><sec id="Sec13"><title>Meta-analysis of age effects on AIs</title><p id="Par25">After adjusting the significance threshold to <italic>P</italic> = 0.007 for multiple testing over seven structures, meta-analysis revealed a significant effect of age on the AI of the putamen (see Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref> and Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>a), corrected for covariate effects of sex and ICV within datasets. A positive pooled effect for the putamen indicated increasingly leftward shifts in asymmetry with increasing age. Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref> also reports the results of the study-heterogeneity tests. While the heterogeneity tests for age effects on putamen AI were statistically significant, the estimate of a fail-safe N (<italic>n</italic> = 85) suggested that a biasing influence of study heterogeneity on the results was unlikely.<table-wrap id="Tab4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Meta-analyses results for the age coefficients on AIs, corrected for sex and ICV. The significance threshold was Bonferroni-adjusted to 0.007 for the seven comparisons. Cochran’s Q and Higgins’ I<sup>2</sup> are the statistics for the heterogeneity of effects. Fail-safe N estimates are also given for the putamen. The statistically significant results are highlighted in bold</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Structure</th><th>Pooled effect</th><th>Standard error</th><th><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th>Total N (datasets)</th><th>Cochran’s Q (<italic>p</italic>-value)</th><th>Higgins’ I<sup>2</sup></th><th>Fail-safe N</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Nucleus accumbens</td><td>2.1*10<sup>−6</sup></td><td>2.1*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>0.99</td><td>12,073 (37)</td><td>229.16(5.8*10<sup>−30</sup>)</td><td>88.08</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Amygdala</td><td>-1.8*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>6.9*10<sup>−5</sup></td><td>0.009</td><td>12,287 (38)</td><td>74.75(2.3*10<sup>−4</sup>)</td><td>54.07</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Caudate nucleus</td><td>5.9*10<sup>−5</sup></td><td>5.0*10<sup>−5</sup></td><td>0.24</td><td>12,150 (36)</td><td>148.03 (7.5*10<sup>−16</sup>)</td><td>78.14</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Globus pallidus</td><td>-2.0*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>1.8*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>0.26</td><td>12,026 (35)</td><td>151.14 (1.0*10<sup>−16</sup>)</td><td>94.34</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Hippocampus</td><td>-1.0*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>4.0*10<sup>−5</sup></td><td>0.012</td><td>12,212 (38)</td><td>77.31(1.1*10<sup>−4</sup>)</td><td>48.69</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>Putamen</td><td>1.5*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>4.35*10<sup>−5</sup></td><td>4.0*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>12,042 (36)</td><td>68.96 (5.3*10<sup>−4</sup>)</td><td>59.34</td><td>85</td></tr><tr><td>Thalamus</td><td>1.5*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>8.4*10<sup>−5</sup></td><td>0.071</td><td>12,202 (36)</td><td>184.65 (3.0*10<sup>−22</sup>)</td><td>90.91</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><fig id="Fig3"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>Results from meta-analysis of age effects. <bold>a</bold> Forest plot of the age coefficients for each dataset on putamen AI. The datasets are ordered top-to-bottom by their estimated age coefficient. The identities of the datasets are given by the numbers in the left-hand columns, with reference to Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>. The size of a square is proportional to the weights assigned in meta-analysis. The confidence intervals are also depicted, as well as dashed vertical lines to indicate the point of an age coefficient with value zero. <bold>b</bold> Plot of the weighted regression of the age coefficients on each sample’s median age. The dotted line represents the best linear fit (<italic>P</italic> = 0.03). The size of a point is proportional to the square-root of a dataset’s sample size</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="11682_2016_9629_Fig3_HTML" id="MO3"></graphic></fig></p><p id="Par26">In our post-hoc analysis of age effects, by means of weighted meta-regressions, the putamen showed effects that changed across the median ages of our samples. We found larger effects of age in the younger datasets, compared to the older datasets (see Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec14"><title>Heritability of AIs</title><p id="Par27">AIs of the globus pallidus, hippocampus, putamen, and thalamus showed modest but statistically significant heritabilities, ranging from h<sup>2</sup> = 0.15 to 0.27 (using a corrected alpha of <italic>P</italic> = 0.007; Table <xref rid="Tab5" ref-type="table">5</xref>). For each subcortical region, we also estimated the genetic correlation (the proportion of variance that two traits share due to the additive effects of genes) between the absolute volumes of the left and right structures. While these correlations were all high (indicating partial pleiotropy), most were significantly different from 1 (i.e., complete pleiotropy; see Table <xref rid="Tab5" ref-type="table">5</xref>). In other words, most genetic effects on volume variation are shared between the left and right hemispheres and therefore affect bilateral volumes of these structures, but some independent or quantitatively different genetic effects may operate uniquely on each hemisphere, thus constituting heritable effects on asymmetry. The nucleus accumbens also showed a suggestively significant heritability of its AI using an uncorrected alpha of 0.05 (see Table <xref rid="Tab5" ref-type="table">5</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab5"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Heritability estimates for the AIs, their corresponding standard errors and <italic>P</italic>-values, based on a large family dataset (GOBS). In the middle part of the table are the genetic correlations between left and right volumes (heritabilities of their phenotypic correlations), and test <italic>P</italic>-values for whether the genetic correlations differ significantly from 0 and 1. In the right-hand part of the table are the environmental and phenotypic correlation estimates between left and right volumes</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2">Structure</th><th colspan="2">AI heritability</th><th colspan="3">Genetic correlation (ρ) between Left and Right</th><th colspan="2">Phenotypic (ρ-phen) and environmental (ρ-env) correlation between Left and Right</th></tr><tr><th>h<sup>2</sup> (se)</th><th><italic>P-value</italic></th><th>ρ (se)</th><th>P (ρ = 0)</th><th>P (ρ = 1)</th><th>ρ-phen</th><th>ρ-env</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Nucleus accumbens</td><td>0.114 (0.06)</td><td>0.010</td><td>0.841 (0.07)</td><td>4*10<sup>−10</sup></td><td>0.003</td><td>0.54</td><td>0.34</td></tr><tr><td>Amygdala</td><td>0.040 (0.05)</td><td>0.222</td><td>0.995 (0.03)</td><td>8*10<sup>−24</sup></td><td>0.424</td><td>0.71</td><td>0.39</td></tr><tr><td>Caudate nucleus</td><td>0.096 (0.06)</td><td>0.053</td><td>0.974 (0.01)</td><td>2*10<sup>−32</sup></td><td>0.021</td><td>0.85</td><td>0.56</td></tr><tr><td>Globus pallidus</td><td>0.148 (0.06)</td><td>0.002</td><td>0.823 (0.08)</td><td>8*10<sup>−8</sup></td><td>0.005</td><td>0.57</td><td>0.45</td></tr><tr><td>Hippocampus</td><td>0.180 (0.06)</td><td>4*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>0.939 (0.02)</td><td>2*10<sup>−25</sup></td><td>7*10<sup>−4</sup></td><td>0.78</td><td>0.53</td></tr><tr><td>Putamen</td><td>0.270 (0.07)</td><td>8*10<sup>−7</sup></td><td>0.899 (0.03)</td><td>5*10<sup>−23</sup></td><td>4*10<sup>−7</sup></td><td>0.78</td><td>0.58</td></tr><tr><td>Thalamus</td><td>0.228 (0.06)</td><td>2*10<sup>−5</sup></td><td>0.824 (0.05)</td><td>1*10<sup>−13</sup></td><td>4*10<sup>−6</sup></td><td>0.68</td><td>0.56</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p id="Par28">Pairwise phenotypic and genetic correlations, assessed in the GOBS sample, are shown in Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S8</xref>. Many of the phenotypic correlations were significant, but only the AIs of the putamen and thalamus showed a nominally significant genetic correlation (<italic>r</italic> = −0.48, uncorrected <italic>P</italic> = 0.037) in the presence of a significant phenotypic correlation (<italic>r</italic> = −0.26, <italic>P</italic> = 8.26*10<sup>−23</sup>). In other words, there may be genetic variability which affects these two AIs in opposite directions.</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec15" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><sec id="Sec16"><title>Establishing effects of age, sex, and genetics</title><p id="Par29">There is an inconsistent literature regarding basic biological factors that may affect subcortical and hippocampal asymmetries, including age, handedness, and sex. Subcortical asymmetries are subtle compared to some cerebral cortical asymmetries, and have so far only been assessed in small sample sizes, often with different analysis methods across studies (see Introduction). Compared to prior reports on subcortical asymmetries, our study analyzed a large number of datasets worldwide using a harmonized protocol and meta-analysis methods. To our knowledge, this was by far the largest ever study of healthy variation in any aspect of human brain asymmetry. The 52 datasets had technical and demographic differences, which appeared to influence the levels of asymmetry measured, but in this respect were representative of the heterogeneity that exists across cohorts worldwide. Given the scale of our study, and in contrast to literature-based meta-analyses, ours was not affected by publication bias nor by spurious results from underpowered studies. For future genome-wide screens, we also revealed significant heritabilities of asymmetries in a family sample.</p><p id="Par30">We found reliable sex differences in asymmetries of the globus pallidus and putamen which, together with the hippocampus and thalamus, were also the most strongly heritable asymmetries among the seven structures analyzed. With increasing age, there were changes in the mean asymmetry of the putamen. Handedness was not detectably related to any subcortical asymmetry. The ENIGMA Consortium (Thompson et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR65">2014</xref>) plans future genome-wide association studies in sample sizes comparable to, or greater than, that used here. Our data show which subcortical asymmetries are heritable and suitable for detecting subtle modulatory effects and group differences. Taken together, our heritability- and meta-analyses indicate that asymmetries of the putamen, globus pallidus, hippocampus and thalamus are the most likely structures through which genetic variation may impact lateralization for human cognition, its variability, and susceptibility to brain disorders.</p><p id="Par31">From a developmental perspective, some human CNS lateralizations change throughout life (Kovalev et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR40">2003</xref>). Asymmetries are detectable during fetal gestation behaviorally (Hepper <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">2013</xref>) and anatomically (Corballis <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">2013</xref>), so differential development between the two human brain hemispheres must, at least in part, be genetically coded in utero (Francks <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">2015</xref>). Three prior reports have suggested genetic contributions to variability in subcortical asymmetries based on twin-based heritability estimates. One found evidence for amygdala volumes being under strong genetic control, with higher heritability for the left than the right hemisphere (h<sup>2</sup> = 0.80 and 0.55, respectively; (Hulshoff Pol et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">2006</xref>)). Another found that genetic contributions to left and right volume variability were partly distinct for the nucleus accumbens and globus pallidus in particular (Eyler et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">2014</xref>). A third found significant heritabilities of asymmetry indexes for the caudate nucleus and putamen, h2 = 0.17 and 0.32, respectively (Renteria <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR55">2013</xref>).</p><p id="Par32">In terms of developmental biology and molecular genetics, the best studied model organism for CNS lateralization is the zebrafish. During the zebrafish’s development, there is a left-biased migration of a midline structure (the parapineal organ) that results in differential innervation of the bilateral epithalamus into the surrounding tissue, which later affects other brain regions (Concha et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">2009</xref>). Specific molecular contributions to this process have been identified (Colombo et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">2013</xref>). The relevance of this mechanism to humans is not clear, but a subcortical origin of lateralized development in the zebrafish brain suggests that similar or related mechanisms may be important in our species. Cerebral cortical lateralization may even be a downstream consequence of early subcortical lateralization.</p><p id="Par33">For the putamen AI, asymmetry increased with age. In particular, the observed effect of age was more pronounced in samples with younger median ages, suggesting a non-linear relationship. Environmental or age-dependent genetic factors may contribute to this increased lateralization over time. To our knowledge, these associations have not been reported before, except for an opposite age effect for the putamen in 120 healthy, young adults (Abedelahi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2013</xref>). We tested only linear effects of age at the dataset level, and these coefficients were meta-analyzed. Non-linear changes in AI with age might have gone undetected in our analysis, and may affect the measured linear effects. However, these meta-analyses were restricted to age effects observed in datasets with at least a 5-year age-range between the first and third quartile of participants. Most of our datasets had median ages between 20 and 60 years, so a linear regressor would have captured main effects of age on AIs, in these datasets, even if there were subtle non-linear effects. However, these factors should be considered when interpreting the pooled effect sizes reported.</p><p id="Par34">Perhaps surprisingly, handedness had no detectable effect on subcortical asymmetries. However, as there are fewer left-handers than right-handers, the effective sample size was roughly one sixth for this analysis than for our analysis of sex differences. It remains possible, through even larger-scale meta-analysis, that handedness will relate to subcortical asymmetries. However, based on our present data, such effects must be very small.</p></sec><sec id="Sec17"><title>Dataset heterogeneity</title><p id="Par35">Studies of subcortical structure have been greatly advanced by in vivo imaging. Even so, findings of population-level mean lateralizations of subcortical structures have been inconsistently reported. For example, there have been reports of the putamen being leftward lateralized on average (i.e. the left volume larger than the right (Giedd et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">1996</xref>; Kang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">2015</xref>), as well as rightward lateralized (Abedelahi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2013</xref>). Likewise the globus pallidus has been reported as leftward lateralized (Kang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">2015</xref>), as well as rightward lateralized (Wyciszkiewicz and Pawlak <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR71">2014</xref>). Similar discrepancies have also been found for the hippocampus (Kang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">2015</xref>; Niemann et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR49">2000</xref>; Shi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR59">2009</xref>), amygdala (Makris et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR42">2004</xref>; Niu et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">2004</xref>; Szeszko et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR64">1999</xref>) and the caudate nucleus (Abedelahi et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2013</xref>; Glenthoj et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">2007</xref>; Raz et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR54">1995</xref>; Vernaleken et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR67">2007</xref>).</p><p id="Par36">Here we used uniform image processing protocols, but our analysis showed substantial differences in mean AIs across datasets, which were partly attributable to different versions of FreeSurfer (see Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref> and Supplemental Information <xref rid="MOESM1" ref-type="media">S3</xref>). However, the majority of datasets (39 out of 52) were processed using version 5.3, so that our ability to assess the contributions of other FreeSurfer versions to AI variability was limited. Variability in image acquisition is likely a substantial source of dataset AI heterogeneity. The ability to distinguish different structures using MRI depends on the contrast achieved between different tissues. Subcortical structures and the surrounding tissue are often imperfectly contrasted, so that automated methods of image analysis must rely to some extent on atlas-derived information. These are often based on manual segmentations of existing datasets, which will reflect any mean asymmetries present in those datasets (Han and Fischl <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">2007</xref>; Patenaude et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">2011</xref>). In addition, any subtle but uncorrected scanner magnetic field inhomogeneities may lead to geometric distortions in segmentation of brain structures (Han and Fischl <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">2007</xref>; Jovicich et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">2009</xref>). These factors might bias segmentation, subtly affecting AI means. Manual segmentation does not avoid this problem, and can introduce asymmetric biases (Maltbie et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR43">2012</xref>). In particular for assessing population variability (as opposed to as a diagnostic tool), automated methods clearly outperform manual segmentation in their reproducibility and feasibility for larger-scale studies (Guadalupe et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">2014b</xref>; Morey et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR48">2010</xref>).</p><p id="Par37">In our study, all structures showed highly significant deviations from mean AI = 0, i.e. all showed population-level lateralization. Except for the hippocampus, the directions of significant mean AIs were in line with those reported in a study of 138 young adults, based also on subcortical volumes generated by FreeSurfer (Kang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">2015</xref>). However, given the caveats outlined above, we are cautious about interpreting the mean population AIs at face value. Different AI means across datasets may indicate which structures are more or less susceptible to methodological biases. The mean AIs for the hippocampus, amygdala, and putamen differed the least between datasets. The mean AI of the thalamus, on the other hand, showed the highest heterogeneity attributable to dataset heterogeneity (including FreeSurfer versions), and at the same time showed one of the strongest population-level AI lateralizations. This pattern is in line with our previous report that the hippocampus AI showed the highest scan-rescan correlation of all structures quantified with FreeSurfer (among the seven structures studied here), while the thalamus showed the second lowest scan-rescan correlation, in subjects scanned twice using varying protocols, and sometimes using different scanners with different field strengths (Guadalupe et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">2014b</xref>).</p><p id="Par38">In contrast to the substantial heterogeneity across datasets in mean AIs for some structures, there was less evidence for dataset heterogeneity in the effects of sex on mean AIs. We detected stable sex differences in AIs regardless of differences in age or ICV between and within datasets, and the sex differences were highly significant in our meta-analyses. The structures for which we detected sex differences in AIs showed L > R population-level asymmetry. For the globus pallidus this was more pronounced in males, while the opposite was observed for the putamen.</p></sec><sec id="Sec18"><title>Implications for future studies</title><p id="Par39">Our study underlines the utility, and indeed the necessity, of analyzing subtle subcortical asymmetries in vast samples. Regarding clinical studies, some brain disorders may be associated with larger alterations in subcortical asymmetries than variables such as sex, handedness, and age. Nonetheless future studies linking subcortical asymmetries to disorders should be better powered if they analyze larger samples than used previously. Such studies will be possible within the ENIGMA Consortium.</p><p id="Par40">It is reassuring that consistent sex differences could be measured in our study, even when AI means varied across cohorts. Some AIs were also heritable, based on studying relative-pair similarities. It is therefore clear that automated segmentation methods can measure meaningful individual differences in subcortical and hippocampal volumetric asymmetries (Guadalupe et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">2014b</xref>; Hibar et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">2015</xref>). It follows that genome-wide association studies of subcortical and hippocampal AIs are supported by this methodology, which will require very large samples for their success (Hibar et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">2015</xref>; Stein et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR62">2012</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><sec id="Sec19"><p><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="MOESM1"><media xlink:href="11682_2016_9629_MOESM1_ESM.pdf"><label>ESM 1</label><caption><p>(PDF 262 kb)</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Electronic supplementary material</bold></p><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9629-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></fn></fn-group><ack><p>Open access funding provided by Max Planck Society. The QTIM study thanks research assistants Marlene Grace, Ann Eldridge, Richard Parker, Lenore Sullivan, Lorelle Nunn, Kerrie Mcaloney, Kori Johnson, Aaron Quiggle, and Natalie Garden, radiographers Matthew Meredith, Peter Hobden, Kate Borg, Aiman Al Najjar, and Anita Burns for acquisition of the scans, and David Smyth, Anthony Conciotrorre, Daniel Park, and David Butler for IT support. The IDIVAL-PAFIP study thanks the IDIVAL Neuroimaging Unit for its help in the technical execution of this work. Both Sydney MAS and OATS thank their respective research teams. The LBC1936 study would like to thank Catherine Murray for recruitment of the participants, the radiographers and other staff at the Brain Research Imaging Centre. The Zurich OCD study thanks Reto Iannaccone for supporting the data collection. BIG would also like to thank Hans van Bokhoven for his contributions to the Cognomics initiative.</p><p>Finally, all sites within the ENIGMA-Lateralization working group are very grateful to the involved participants for their generosity of time and willingness to participate in each of the collaborating studies. All authors have no conflict of interests to declare for this study.</p></ack><notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Compliance with ethical standards</title><p><bold>ENIGMA</bold> protocol development is supported by the NIH BD2K “Big Data to Knowledge” initiative (U54 020403; PI: Paul Thompson) which is funded by a cross-NIH partnership.</p><p>The <bold>AMC OCD</bold> dataset was supported by grants from ZonMW (grant numbers: 3160007, 91676084, 31160003, 31180002, 31000056, 2812412, 100001002, 100002034), NWO (grant numbers: 90461193, 40007080, 48004004, 40003330), and grants from the Amsterdam Brain Imaging Platform, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam and the Dutch Brain foundation. The processing with FreeSurfer was performed on the Dutch e-Science Grid through BiG Grid project and COMMIT project “e-Biobanking with imaging for healthcare”, which are funded by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).</p><p>The <bold>Barcelona OCD</bold> study was supported by project grants no. PI09/01331, PI10/01753, PI10/01003, CP10/00604, PI13/01958 and CIBER-CB06/03/0034 from the Carlos III Health Institute, grant no. 2014SGR1672 from the Agency for Administration of University and Research (AGAUR), and a ‘Miguel Servet’ contract (CP10/00604) from the Carlos III Health Institute to Dr. Soriano-Mas.</p><p>The <bold>Brain Imaging Genetics (BIG)</bold> database was established in Nijmegen in 2007. This resource is now part of Cognomics, a joint initiative by researchers of the Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, the Human Genetics and Cognitive Neuroscience departments of the Radboud University Medical Center, and the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. The Cognomics Initiative is supported by the participating departments and centres and by external grants, i.e. the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (Netherlands) (BBMRI-NL), the Hersenstichting Nederland, and the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). The research on BIG also receives funding from the European Community‘s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreements #602450 (IMAGEMEND) and #602805 (Aggressotype) and from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centers of Excellence. We would also like to thank Hans van Bokhoven for his contributions to the Cognomics initiative and to all persons who kindly participated in this research. In addition, AF Marquand gratefully acknowledges support from the Language in Interaction project, funded by the NWO under the Gravitation Programme (grant 024.001.006).</p><p>The <bold>CIAM</bold> and <bold>OCD-SU</bold> datasets were supported by the Medical Research Council of South Africa .</p><p><bold>CLiNG</bold> and <bold>HMS</bold> studies were partially supported by a research grant from the Competence Network Schizophrenia to Oliver Gruber.</p><p>The <bold>FBIRN</bold> study was supported by the National Center for Research Resources at the National Institutes of Health (grant numbers: NIH 1 U24 RR021992 (Function Biomedical Informatics Research Network) and NIH 1 U24 RR025736–01 (Biomedical Informatics Research Network Coordinating Center; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.birncommunity.org">http://www.birncommunity.org</ext-link>). FBIRN data was processed by the UCI High Performance Computing cluster supported by Joseph Farran, Harry Mangalam, and Adam Brenner and the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Grant UL1 TR000153. FBIRN thanks Mrs. Liv McMillan for overall study coordination.</p><p>The <bold>HUBIN</bold> study was supported by the Swedish Research Council (grant numbers K2009-62X-15077-06-3 and K2012-61X-15077-09-3), the Karolinska Institutet and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.</p><p>The <bold>IDIVAL-PAFIP</bold> study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, FIS 00/3095, 01/3129, PI020499, PI060507, PI10/00183, PI14/00639, the SENY Fundació Research Grant CI 2005–0308007, and the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla API07/011. We thank IDIVAL Neuroimaging Unit for its help in the technical execution of this work.</p><p>The <bold>IMpACT</bold> study was supported by a grant from the Brain & Cognition Excellence Program and a Vici grant (to Barbara Franke) of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, grant numbers 433–09-229 and 016–130-669) and in part by the Netherlands Brain Foundation (grant number, 15F07[2]27)and the and BBMRI-NL (grant CP2010–33). The research leading to these results also received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no. 602805 (Aggressotype), no. 278948 (TACTICS), and no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND). In addition, the project received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no 643051 (MiND), the NIH BD2K U54 020403 grant for the ENIGMA Consortium, and from the ECNP Network ADHD across the lifespan.</p><p><bold>IMAGEN</bold> received support from the following sources: the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND(602450; IMAging GEnetics for MENtal Disorders), AGGRESSOTYPE (602805) and MATRICS (603016), the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300–2), a Medical Research Council Programme Grant “Developmental pathways into adolescent substance abuse” (93558), the Swedish funding agency FORMAS, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, the Bundesministeriumfür Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7–1, SM 80/7–2, SFB 940/1), the National Institutes of Health, U.S.A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01 A1), and by NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence.</p><p><bold>LBC1936</bold>: Data collection was supported by the Disconnected Mind project, funded by Age UK. J.M.W. is partly funded by the Scottish Funding Council as part of the SINAPSE Collaboration. The work was undertaken by The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross-council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (MR/K026992/1). Funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and MRC is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the study participants. We also thank Catherine Murray for recruitment of the participants and the radiographers and other staff at the Brain Research Imaging Centre.</p><p><bold>Sydney MAS and OATS</bold> were supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/Australian Research Council Strategic Award (Grant 401162); NHMRC Program Grants (350833, 568969) and a Project Grant (1045325). OATS was facilitated through access to the Australian Twin Registry, which is funded by the NHMRC Enabling Grant 310667. Karen Mather is supported by the NHMRC Capacity Building Grant 568940 and an Alzheimer’s Australia Dementia Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship. We would like to thank the Sydney MAS and OATS participants and their respective research teams.</p><p>The <bold>MCIC</bold> study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NCRR P41RR14075 and R01EB005846 to Vince D. Calhoun), the Department of Energy (DE-FG02-99ER62764), the Mind Research Network, the Morphometry BIRN (1 U24, RR021382A), the Function BIRN (U24RR021992–01, NIH.NCRR MO1 RR025758–01,1RC1MH089257 and 5P20RR021938/P20GM103472 to Vince D. Calhoun), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (research fellowship to Stefan Ehrlich and Esther Walton), and a NARSAD Young Investigator Award (to Stefan Ehrlich).</p><p><bold>The Münster Neuroimaging Cohort (MüNC</bold>) was supported by grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG; grant FOR 2107; DA1151/5–1 to UD) and Innovative Medizinische Forschung (IMF) of the Medical Faculty of Münster (DA120903 to UD, DA111107 to UD, and DA211012 to UD).</p><p>The <bold>NCNG</bold> study was supported by the Research Council of Norway (#154313, #177458, and #231286).</p><p>The infrastructure for the <bold>NESDA</bold> study (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nesda.nl">www.nesda.nl</ext-link>) is funded through the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (Zon-Mw, grant number 10–000-1002) and is supported by participating universities (VU University Medical Center, GGZ inGeest, Arkin, Leiden University Medical Center, GGZ Rivierduinen, University Medical Center Groningen) and mental health care organizations, see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nesda.nl">www.nesda.nl</ext-link>. Lianne Schmaal is supported by The Netherlands Brain Foundation Grant number F2014(1)-24.</p><p>The <bold>NeuroIMAGE</bold> study was supported by NIH Grant R01MH62873, NWO Large Investment Grant 1750102007010, and grants from Radboud university medical center, University Medical Center Groningen and Accare, and VU University Amsterdam. This work was also supported by a grant from NWO Brain & Cognition (433–09-242). Further support was received from the European Union FP7 programmes TACTICS (278948) and IMAGEMEND (602450).</p><p>The <bold>OCD-London</bold> dataset was supported by project grant no. 064846 from the Wellcome Trust and a pilot R&D grant from the South London & Maudsley Trust, UK.</p><p>The <bold>Osaka</bold> study was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 25293250 and 23659565, MEXT Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Comprehensive Brain Science Network) Grant Number 221S0003, and Brain/MINDS, AMED. Part of computations were performed using Research Center for Computational Science, Okazaki, Japan.</p><p><bold>QTIM</bold>: Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Project Grants No. 496682 and 1009064 to MJ Wright and Fellowship No. 464914 to IB Hickie), US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (RO1HD050735 to MJ Wright), and US National Institute on Drug Abuse (R00DA023549 to NA Gillespie). Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne is supported by a University of Queensland International PhD scholarship. We are grateful to the twins for their generosity of time and willingness to participate in our studies. We thank research assistants Marlene Grace, Ann Eldridge, Richard Parker, Lenore Sullivan, Lorelle Nunn, Kerrie Mcaloney, Kori Johnson, Aaron Quiggle, and Natalie Garden, radiographers Matthew Meredith, Peter Hobden, Kate Borg, Aiman Al Najjar, and Anita Burns for acquisition of the scans, and David Smyth, Anthony Conciotrorre, Daniel Park, and David Butler for IT support.</p><p><bold>The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)</bold> is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103 and 01ZZ0403) the Ministry of Cultural Affairs as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. MRI scans were supported by Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany. SHIP-LEGEND was supported by the German Research Foundation (GR1912/5–1).</p><p>The <bold>TCD|NUIG</bold> sample was supported by grant funding from the Health Research Board (grant number HRA_POR/2011/100; HRA_POR/2012/54), Science Foundation ireland (12/IP/1359; 08/IN.1/B1916), the Wellcome Trust (grant number 072894/2/03/Z) and the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation (grant number 17026), USA.</p><p>The <bold>TOP</bold> study was supported by the Research Council of Norway (#213837, #217776, #223273), the South-East Norway Health Authority (2013–123), and the KG Jebsen Foundation.</p><p>The <bold>Zürich OCD</bold> study was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (No. 320030_130237) and the Hartmann Müller Foundation (No. 1460). We thank Reto Iannaccone for supporting the data collection. 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