Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Is there continued evidence for an association between abacavir usage and myocardial infarction risk in individuals with HIV? A cohort collaboration</title><author><name sortKey="Sabin, Caroline A" sort="Sabin, Caroline A" uniqKey="Sabin C" first="Caroline A." last="Sabin">Caroline A. Sabin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reiss, Peter" sort="Reiss, Peter" uniqKey="Reiss P" first="Peter" last="Reiss">Peter Reiss</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Academic Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryom, Lene" sort="Ryom, Lene" uniqKey="Ryom L" first="Lene" last="Ryom">Lene Ryom</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Denmark Centre for Health and Infectious Disease Research (CHIP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Andrew N" sort="Phillips, Andrew N" uniqKey="Phillips A" first="Andrew N." last="Phillips">Andrew N. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, Rainer" sort="Weber, Rainer" uniqKey="Weber R" first="Rainer" last="Weber">Rainer Weber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Law, Matthew" sort="Law, Matthew" uniqKey="Law M" first="Matthew" last="Law">Matthew Law</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontas, Eric" sort="Fontas, Eric" uniqKey="Fontas E" first="Eric" last="Fontas">Eric Fontas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Department of Public Health, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mocroft, Amanda" sort="Mocroft, Amanda" uniqKey="Mocroft A" first="Amanda" last="Mocroft">Amanda Mocroft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Wit, Stephane" sort="De Wit, Stephane" uniqKey="De Wit S" first="Stephane" last="De Wit">Stephane De Wit</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Colette" sort="Smith, Colette" uniqKey="Smith C" first="Colette" last="Smith">Colette Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dabis, Francois" sort="Dabis, Francois" uniqKey="Dabis F" first="Francois" last="Dabis">Francois Dabis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8">Université Bordeaux Segalen, INSERM U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Rminio Monforte, Antonella" sort="D Rminio Monforte, Antonella" uniqKey="D Rminio Monforte A" first="Antonella" last="D Rminio Monforte">Antonella D Rminio Monforte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Clinica di Malattie Infectitive e Tropicali, Azienda Ospedaliera-Polo Universitario San Paolo, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Sadr, Wafaa" sort="El Sadr, Wafaa" uniqKey="El Sadr W" first="Wafaa" last="El-Sadr">Wafaa El-Sadr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10">ICAP-Columbia University and Harlem Hospital, New York, NY USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundgren, Jens D" sort="Lundgren, Jens D" uniqKey="Lundgren J" first="Jens D." last="Lundgren">Jens D. Lundgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Denmark Centre for Health and Infectious Disease Research (CHIP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27036962</idno><idno type="pmc">4815070</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4815070</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4815070</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12916-016-0588-4</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000B02</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000B02</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Is there continued evidence for an association between abacavir usage and myocardial infarction risk in individuals with HIV? A cohort collaboration</title><author><name sortKey="Sabin, Caroline A" sort="Sabin, Caroline A" uniqKey="Sabin C" first="Caroline A." last="Sabin">Caroline A. Sabin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reiss, Peter" sort="Reiss, Peter" uniqKey="Reiss P" first="Peter" last="Reiss">Peter Reiss</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Academic Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryom, Lene" sort="Ryom, Lene" uniqKey="Ryom L" first="Lene" last="Ryom">Lene Ryom</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Denmark Centre for Health and Infectious Disease Research (CHIP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Andrew N" sort="Phillips, Andrew N" uniqKey="Phillips A" first="Andrew N." last="Phillips">Andrew N. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, Rainer" sort="Weber, Rainer" uniqKey="Weber R" first="Rainer" last="Weber">Rainer Weber</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Law, Matthew" sort="Law, Matthew" uniqKey="Law M" first="Matthew" last="Law">Matthew Law</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontas, Eric" sort="Fontas, Eric" uniqKey="Fontas E" first="Eric" last="Fontas">Eric Fontas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Department of Public Health, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mocroft, Amanda" sort="Mocroft, Amanda" uniqKey="Mocroft A" first="Amanda" last="Mocroft">Amanda Mocroft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Wit, Stephane" sort="De Wit, Stephane" uniqKey="De Wit S" first="Stephane" last="De Wit">Stephane De Wit</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Brussels, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Colette" sort="Smith, Colette" uniqKey="Smith C" first="Colette" last="Smith">Colette Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dabis, Francois" sort="Dabis, Francois" uniqKey="Dabis F" first="Francois" last="Dabis">Francois Dabis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8">Université Bordeaux Segalen, INSERM U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Rminio Monforte, Antonella" sort="D Rminio Monforte, Antonella" uniqKey="D Rminio Monforte A" first="Antonella" last="D Rminio Monforte">Antonella D Rminio Monforte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Clinica di Malattie Infectitive e Tropicali, Azienda Ospedaliera-Polo Universitario San Paolo, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Sadr, Wafaa" sort="El Sadr, Wafaa" uniqKey="El Sadr W" first="Wafaa" last="El-Sadr">Wafaa El-Sadr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10">ICAP-Columbia University and Harlem Hospital, New York, NY USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lundgren, Jens D" sort="Lundgren, Jens D" uniqKey="Lundgren J" first="Jens D." last="Lundgren">Jens D. Lundgren</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Denmark Centre for Health and Infectious Disease Research (CHIP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1741-7015</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>In March 2008, the D:A:D study published results demonstrating an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) for patients on abacavir (ABC). We describe changes to the use of ABC since this date, and investigate changes to the association between ABC and MI with subsequent follow-up.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 49,717 D:A:D participants were followed from study entry until the first of an MI, death, 1 February 2013 or 6 months after last visit. Associations between a person’s 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and the likelihood of initiating or discontinuing ABC were assessed using multivariable logistic/Poisson regression. Poisson regression was used to assess the association between current ABC use and MI risk, adjusting for potential confounders, and a test of interaction was performed to assess whether the association had changed in the post-March 2008 period.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Use of ABC increased from 10 % of the cohort in 2000 to 20 % in 2008, before stabilising at 18–19 %. Increases in use pre-March 2008, and subsequent decreases, were greatest in those at moderate and high CVD risk. Post-March 2008, those on ABC at moderate/high CVD risk were more likely to discontinue ABC than those at low/unknown CVD risk, regardless of viral load (≤1,000 copies/ml: relative rate 1.49 [95 % confidence interval 1.34–1.65]; >1,000 copies/ml: 1.23 [1.02–1.48]); no such associations were seen pre-March 2008. There was some evidence that antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve persons at moderate/high CVD risk post-March 2008 were less likely to initiate ABC than those at low/unknown CVD risk (odds ratio 0.74 [0.48–1.13]). By 1 February 2013, 941 MI events had occurred in 367,559 person-years. Current ABC use was associated with a 98 % increase in MI rate (RR 1.98 [1.72–2.29]) with no difference in the pre- (1.97 [1.68–2.33]) or post- (1.97 [1.43–2.72]) March 2008 periods (interaction <italic>P =</italic> 0.74).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Despite a reduction in the channelling of ABC for patients at higher CVD risk since 2008, we continue to observe an association between ABC use and MI risk. Whilst confounding cannot be fully ruled out, this further diminishes channelling bias as an explanation for our findings.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sabin, Ca" uniqKey="Sabin C">CA Sabin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Worm, Sw" uniqKey="Worm S">SW Worm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, R" uniqKey="Weber R">R Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiss, P" uniqKey="Reiss P">P Reiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Sadr, W" uniqKey="El Sadr W">W El-Sadr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martin, A" uniqKey="Martin A">A Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bloch, M" uniqKey="Bloch M">M Bloch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, J" uniqKey="Amin J">J Amin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, D" uniqKey="Baker D">D Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Da" uniqKey="Cooper D">DA Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emery, S" uniqKey="Emery S">S Emery</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Obel, N" uniqKey="Obel N">N Obel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farkas, Dk" uniqKey="Farkas D">DK Farkas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kronborg, G" uniqKey="Kronborg G">G Kronborg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Larsen, Cs" uniqKey="Larsen C">CS Larsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pedersen, G" uniqKey="Pedersen G">G Pedersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riis, A" uniqKey="Riis A">A Riis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Durand, M" uniqKey="Durand M">M Durand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheehy, O" uniqKey="Sheehy O">O Sheehy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baril, Jg" uniqKey="Baril J">JG Baril</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lelorier, J" uniqKey="Lelorier J">J Lelorier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tremblay, Cl" uniqKey="Tremblay C">CL Tremblay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Choi, Ai" uniqKey="Choi A">AI Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vittinghoff, E" uniqKey="Vittinghoff E">E Vittinghoff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deeks, Sg" uniqKey="Deeks S">SG Deeks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weekley, Cc" uniqKey="Weekley C">CC Weekley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Y" uniqKey="Li Y">Y Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shlipak, Mg" uniqKey="Shlipak M">MG Shlipak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Young, J" uniqKey="Young J">J Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, Y" uniqKey="Xiao Y">Y Xiao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moodie, Eem" uniqKey="Moodie E">EEM Moodie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abrahamowicz, M" uniqKey="Abrahamowicz M">M Abrahamowicz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Mb" uniqKey="Klein M">MB Klein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bernasconi, E" uniqKey="Bernasconi E">E Bernasconi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Triant, Va" uniqKey="Triant V">VA Triant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Regan, S" uniqKey="Regan S">S Regan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, H" uniqKey="Lee H">H Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sax, Pe" uniqKey="Sax P">PE Sax</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meigs, Jb" uniqKey="Meigs J">JB Meigs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grinspoon, Sk" uniqKey="Grinspoon S">SK Grinspoon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brothers, Ch" uniqKey="Brothers C">CH Brothers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, Je" uniqKey="Hernandez J">JE Hernandez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cutrell, Ag" uniqKey="Cutrell A">AG Cutrell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Curtis, L" uniqKey="Curtis L">L Curtis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ait Khaled, M" uniqKey="Ait Khaled M">M Ait-Khaled</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bowlin, Sj" uniqKey="Bowlin S">SJ Bowlin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ribaudo, Hj" uniqKey="Ribaudo H">HJ Ribaudo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benson, Ca" uniqKey="Benson C">CA Benson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Y" uniqKey="Zheng Y">Y Zheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koletar, Sl" uniqKey="Koletar S">SL Koletar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Collier, Ac" uniqKey="Collier A">AC Collier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lok, Jj" uniqKey="Lok J">JJ Lok</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lang, S" uniqKey="Lang S">S Lang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mary Krause, M" uniqKey="Mary Krause M">M Mary-Krause</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cotte, L" uniqKey="Cotte L">L Cotte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilquin, J" uniqKey="Gilquin J">J Gilquin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Partisani, M" uniqKey="Partisani M">M Partisani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, A" uniqKey="Simon A">A Simon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bedimo, Rj" uniqKey="Bedimo R">RJ Bedimo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westfall, Ao" uniqKey="Westfall A">AO Westfall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brechsler, H" uniqKey="Brechsler H">H Brechsler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vidiella, G" uniqKey="Vidiella G">G Vidiella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tebas, P" uniqKey="Tebas P">P Tebas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ding, X" uniqKey="Ding X">X Ding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andraca Carrera, E" uniqKey="Andraca Carrera E">E Andraca-Carrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, C" uniqKey="Cooper C">C Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miele, P" uniqKey="Miele P">P Miele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kornegay, C" uniqKey="Kornegay C">C Kornegay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soukup, M" uniqKey="Soukup M">M Soukup</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cruciani, M" uniqKey="Cruciani M">M Cruciani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zanichelli, V" uniqKey="Zanichelli V">V Zanichelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Serpelloni, G" uniqKey="Serpelloni G">G Serpelloni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosco, O" uniqKey="Bosco O">O Bosco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malena, M" uniqKey="Malena M">M Malena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mazzi, R" uniqKey="Mazzi R">R Mazzi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Satchell, Cs" uniqKey="Satchell C">CS Satchell</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Alloran, Ja" uniqKey="O Alloran J">JA O’Halloran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cotter, Ag" uniqKey="Cotter A">AG Cotter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peace, Aj" uniqKey="Peace A">AJ Peace</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Onnor, Ef" uniqKey="O Onnor E">EF O’Connor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tedesco, Af" uniqKey="Tedesco A">AF Tedesco</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baum, Pd" uniqKey="Baum P">PD Baum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sullam, Pm" uniqKey="Sullam P">PM Sullam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stoddart, Ca" uniqKey="Stoddart C">CA Stoddart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccune, Jm" uniqKey="Mccune J">JM McCune</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Falcinelli, E" uniqKey="Falcinelli E">E Falcinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Francisci, D" uniqKey="Francisci D">D Francisci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belfiori, B" uniqKey="Belfiori B">B Belfiori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petito, E" uniqKey="Petito E">E Petito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guglielmini, G" uniqKey="Guglielmini G">G Guglielmini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malincarne, L" uniqKey="Malincarne L">L Malincarne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Katlama, C" uniqKey="Katlama C">C Katlama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fenske, S" uniqKey="Fenske S">S Fenske</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gazzard, B" uniqKey="Gazzard B">B Gazzard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lazzarin, A" uniqKey="Lazzarin A">A Lazzarin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clumeck, N" uniqKey="Clumeck N">N Clumeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mallolas, J" uniqKey="Mallolas J">J Mallolas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sabin, Ca" uniqKey="Sabin C">CA Sabin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Worm, S" uniqKey="Worm S">S Worm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, An" uniqKey="Phillips A">AN Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lundgren, Jd" uniqKey="Lundgren J">JD Lundgren</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Antoniou, T" uniqKey="Antoniou T">T Antoniou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gillis, J" uniqKey="Gillis J">J Gillis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, Mr" uniqKey="Loutfy M">MR Loutfy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, C" uniqKey="Cooper C">C Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hogg, Rs" uniqKey="Hogg R">RS Hogg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Mb" uniqKey="Klein M">MB Klein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Friis M Ller, N" uniqKey="Friis M Ller N">N Friis-Møller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiss, P" uniqKey="Reiss P">P Reiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sabin, Ca" uniqKey="Sabin C">CA Sabin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, R" uniqKey="Weber R">R Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monforte, Ad" uniqKey="Monforte A">AD Monforte</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tunstall Pedoe, H" uniqKey="Tunstall Pedoe H">H Tunstall-Pedoe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuulasmaa, K" uniqKey="Kuulasmaa K">K Kuulasmaa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amouyel, P" uniqKey="Amouyel P">P Amouyel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arveiler, D" uniqKey="Arveiler D">D Arveiler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rajakangas, Am" uniqKey="Rajakangas A">AM Rajakangas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pamak, A" uniqKey="Pamak A">A Pamak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Friis Moller, N" uniqKey="Friis Moller N">N Friis-Moller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thiebaut, R" uniqKey="Thiebaut R">R Thiebaut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reiss, P" uniqKey="Reiss P">P Reiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weber, R" uniqKey="Weber R">R Weber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monforte, Ad" uniqKey="Monforte A">AD Monforte</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Wit, S" uniqKey="De Wit S">S de Wit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mallon, Pw" uniqKey="Mallon P">PW Mallon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bavinger, C" uniqKey="Bavinger C">C Bavinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bendavid, E" uniqKey="Bendavid E">E Bendavid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niehaus, K" uniqKey="Niehaus K">K Niehaus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olshen, Ra" uniqKey="Olshen R">RA Olshen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olkin, I" uniqKey="Olkin I">I Olkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sundaram, V" uniqKey="Sundaram V">V Sundaram</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Desai, M" uniqKey="Desai M">M Desai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joyce, V" uniqKey="Joyce V">V Joyce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bendavid, E" uniqKey="Bendavid E">E Bendavid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olshen, Ra" uniqKey="Olshen R">RA Olshen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hlatky, M" uniqKey="Hlatky M">M Hlatky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chow, A" uniqKey="Chow A">A Chow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marcus, Jl" uniqKey="Marcus J">JL Marcus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neugebauer, Rs" uniqKey="Neugebauer R">RS Neugebauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leyden, Wa" uniqKey="Leyden W">WA Leyden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chao, Cr" uniqKey="Chao C">CR Chao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, L" uniqKey="Xu L">L Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quesenberry, Cp" uniqKey="Quesenberry C">CP Quesenberry</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brouwer, Es" uniqKey="Brouwer E">ES Brouwer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Napravnik, S" uniqKey="Napravnik S">S Napravnik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eron, Jj" uniqKey="Eron J">JJ Eron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stalzer, B" uniqKey="Stalzer B">B Stalzer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Floris Moore, M" uniqKey="Floris Moore M">M Floris-Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simpson, Rj" uniqKey="Simpson R">RJ Simpson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martin, A" uniqKey="Martin A">A Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amin, J" uniqKey="Amin J">J Amin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cooper, Da" uniqKey="Cooper D">DA Cooper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, A" uniqKey="Carr A">A Carr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kelleher, Ad" uniqKey="Kelleher A">AD Kelleher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bloch, M" uniqKey="Bloch M">M Bloch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ford, Es" uniqKey="Ford E">ES Ford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grenwald, Jh" uniqKey="Grenwald J">JH Grenwald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richterman, Ag" uniqKey="Richterman A">AG Richterman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rupert, A" uniqKey="Rupert A">A Rupert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dutcher, L" uniqKey="Dutcher L">L Dutcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Badralmaa, Y" uniqKey="Badralmaa Y">Y Badralmaa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kaplan, Rc" uniqKey="Kaplan R">RC Kaplan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Landay, Al" uniqKey="Landay A">AL Landay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hodis, Hn" uniqKey="Hodis H">HN Hodis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gange, Sj" uniqKey="Gange S">SJ Gange</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norris, Pj" uniqKey="Norris P">PJ Norris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, M" uniqKey="Young M">M Young</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccomsey, Ga" uniqKey="Mccomsey G">GA McComsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitch, D" uniqKey="Kitch D">D Kitch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daar, Es" uniqKey="Daar E">ES Daar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tierney, C" uniqKey="Tierney C">C Tierney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jahed, Nc" uniqKey="Jahed N">NC Jahed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Melbourne, K" uniqKey="Melbourne K">K Melbourne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rasmussen, Ta" uniqKey="Rasmussen T">TA Rasmussen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tolstrup, M" uniqKey="Tolstrup M">M Tolstrup</name></author><author><name sortKey="Melchjorsen, J" uniqKey="Melchjorsen J">J Melchjorsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frederiksen, Ca" uniqKey="Frederiksen C">CA Frederiksen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nielsen, Us" uniqKey="Nielsen U">US Nielsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langdahl, Bl" uniqKey="Langdahl B">BL Langdahl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hileman, Co" uniqKey="Hileman C">CO Hileman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Da" uniqKey="Wohl D">DA Wohl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tisch, Dj" uniqKey="Tisch D">DJ Tisch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Debanne, Sm" uniqKey="Debanne S">SM Debanne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccomsey, Ga" uniqKey="Mccomsey G">GA McComsey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hsue, Py" uniqKey="Hsue P">PY Hsue</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunt, Pw" uniqKey="Hunt P">PW Hunt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Y" uniqKey="Wu Y">Y Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schnell, A" uniqKey="Schnell A">A Schnell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jo, Je" uniqKey="Jo J">JE Jo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hatano, H" uniqKey="Hatano H">H Hatano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccomsey, Ga" uniqKey="Mccomsey G">GA McComsey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitch, D" uniqKey="Kitch D">D Kitch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sax, Pe" uniqKey="Sax P">PE Sax</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tierney, C" uniqKey="Tierney C">C Tierney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jahed, Nc" uniqKey="Jahed N">NC Jahed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Melbourne, K" uniqKey="Melbourne K">K Melbourne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hammond, E" uniqKey="Hammond E">E Hammond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mckinnon, E" uniqKey="Mckinnon E">E McKinnon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mallal, S" uniqKey="Mallal S">S Mallal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nolan, D" uniqKey="Nolan D">D Nolan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Da" uniqKey="Wohl D">DA Wohl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arnoczy, G" uniqKey="Arnoczy G">G Arnoczy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fichtenbaum, Cj" uniqKey="Fichtenbaum C">CJ Fichtenbaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, T" uniqKey="Campbell T">T Campbell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taiwo, B" uniqKey="Taiwo B">B Taiwo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hicks, C" uniqKey="Hicks C">C Hicks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patel, P" uniqKey="Patel P">P Patel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bush, T" uniqKey="Bush T">T Bush</name></author><author><name sortKey="Overton, T" uniqKey="Overton T">T Overton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, J" uniqKey="Baker J">J Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hammer, J" uniqKey="Hammer J">J Hammer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kojic, E" uniqKey="Kojic E">E Kojic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martinez, E" uniqKey="Martinez E">E Martinez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Larrousse, M" uniqKey="Larrousse M">M Larrousse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Podzamczer, D" uniqKey="Podzamczer D">D Podzamczer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez, I" uniqKey="Perez I">I Perez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, F" uniqKey="Gutierrez F">F Gutierrez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lonca, M" uniqKey="Lonca M">M Lonca</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Luca, A" uniqKey="De Luca A">A De Luca</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Gaetano Donati, K" uniqKey="De Gaetano Donati K">K de Gaetano Donati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cozzi Lepri, A" uniqKey="Cozzi Lepri A">A Cozzi-Lepri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colafigli, M" uniqKey="Colafigli M">M Colafigli</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Curtis, A" uniqKey="De Curtis A">A de Curtis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Capobianchi, Mr" uniqKey="Capobianchi M">MR Capobianchi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Pablo, C" uniqKey="De Pablo C">C De Pablo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orden, S" uniqKey="Orden S">S Orden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Apostolova, N" uniqKey="Apostolova N">N Apostolova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blanquer, A" uniqKey="Blanquer A">A Blanquer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esplugues, Jv" uniqKey="Esplugues J">JV Esplugues</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez, A" uniqKey="Alvarez A">A Alvarez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Pablo, C" uniqKey="De Pablo C">C De Pablo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orden, S" uniqKey="Orden S">S Orden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peris, Je" uniqKey="Peris J">JE Peris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barrachina, Md" uniqKey="Barrachina M">MD Barrachina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esplugues, Jv" uniqKey="Esplugues J">JV Esplugues</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez, A" uniqKey="Alvarez A">A Alvarez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Pablo, C" uniqKey="De Pablo C">C De Pablo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orden, S" uniqKey="Orden S">S Orden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calatayud, S" uniqKey="Calatayud S">S Calatayud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marti Cabrera, M" uniqKey="Marti Cabrera M">M Marti-Cabrera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Esplugues, Jv" uniqKey="Esplugues J">JV Esplugues</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez, A" uniqKey="Alvarez A">A Alvarez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Papakonstantinou, Vd" uniqKey="Papakonstantinou V">VD Papakonstantinou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chini, M" uniqKey="Chini M">M Chini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mangafas, N" uniqKey="Mangafas N">N Mangafas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stamatakis, Gm" uniqKey="Stamatakis G">GM Stamatakis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsogas, N" uniqKey="Tsogas N">N Tsogas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsoupras, Ab" uniqKey="Tsoupras A">AB Tsoupras</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Piconi, S" uniqKey="Piconi S">S Piconi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parisotto, S" uniqKey="Parisotto S">S Parisotto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rizzardini, G" uniqKey="Rizzardini G">G Rizzardini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Passerini, S" uniqKey="Passerini S">S Passerini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meraviglia, P" uniqKey="Meraviglia P">P Meraviglia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schiavini, M" uniqKey="Schiavini M">M Schiavini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chini, M" uniqKey="Chini M">M Chini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsoupras, Ab" uniqKey="Tsoupras A">AB Tsoupras</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mangafas, N" uniqKey="Mangafas N">N Mangafas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsogas, N" uniqKey="Tsogas N">N Tsogas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Papakonstantinou, Vd" uniqKey="Papakonstantinou V">VD Papakonstantinou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fragopoulou, E" uniqKey="Fragopoulou E">E Fragopoulou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haugaard, Ak" uniqKey="Haugaard A">AK Haugaard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lund, Tt" uniqKey="Lund T">TT Lund</name></author><author><name sortKey="Birch, C" uniqKey="Birch C">C Birch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fonsholt, F" uniqKey="Fonsholt F">F Fonsholt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Troseid, M" uniqKey="Troseid M">M Troseid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ullum, H" uniqKey="Ullum H">H Ullum</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Danaei, G" uniqKey="Danaei G">G Danaei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tavakkoli, M" uniqKey="Tavakkoli M">M Tavakkoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hernan, Ma" uniqKey="Hernan M">MA Hernán</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Med</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1741-7015</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27036962</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4815070</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">588</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12916-016-0588-4</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Is there continued evidence for an association between abacavir usage and myocardial infarction risk in individuals with HIV? A cohort collaboration</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Sabin</surname><given-names>Caroline A.</given-names></name><address><phone>0044 207 794 0500</phone><email>c.sabin@ucl.ac.uk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reiss</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><address><email>p.reiss@amc.uva.nl</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ryom</surname><given-names>Lene</given-names></name><address><email>lene.ryom.nielsen@regionh.dk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>Andrew N.</given-names></name><address><email>andrew.phillips@ucl.ac.uk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weber</surname><given-names>Rainer</given-names></name><address><email>rainer.weber@usz.ch</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Law</surname><given-names>Matthew</given-names></name><address><email>mlaw@kirby.unsw.edu.au</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fontas</surname><given-names>Eric</given-names></name><address><email>fontas.e@chu-nice.fr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mocroft</surname><given-names>Amanda</given-names></name><address><email>a.mocroft@ucl.ac.uk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Wit</surname><given-names>Stephane</given-names></name><address><email>stephane_dewit@stpierre-bru.be</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>Colette</given-names></name><address><email>c.smith@ucl.ac.uk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dabis</surname><given-names>Francois</given-names></name><address><email>francois.dabis@isped.u-bordeaux2.fr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>d’Arminio Monforte</surname><given-names>Antonella</given-names></name><address><email>antonella.darminio@unimi.it</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff9"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El-Sadr</surname><given-names>Wafaa</given-names></name><address><email>wme1@columbia.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff10"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lundgren</surname><given-names>Jens D.</given-names></name><address><email>jens.lundgren@regionh.dk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab>for the D:A:D Study Group</collab></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label></label>Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, London, UK</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label></label>Academic Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label></label>Denmark Centre for Health and Infectious Disease Research (CHIP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Section 2100, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label></label>Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label></label>The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label></label>Department of Public Health, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France</aff><aff id="Aff7"><label></label>Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Saint-Pierre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Brussels, Belgium</aff><aff id="Aff8"><label></label>Université Bordeaux Segalen, INSERM U897, Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France</aff><aff id="Aff9"><label></label>Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Clinica di Malattie Infectitive e Tropicali, Azienda Ospedaliera-Polo Universitario San Paolo, Milan, Italy</aff><aff id="Aff10"><label></label>ICAP-Columbia University and Harlem Hospital, New York, NY USA</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>31</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><elocation-id>61</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Sabin et al. 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>In March 2008, the D:A:D study published results demonstrating an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) for patients on abacavir (ABC). We describe changes to the use of ABC since this date, and investigate changes to the association between ABC and MI with subsequent follow-up.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A total of 49,717 D:A:D participants were followed from study entry until the first of an MI, death, 1 February 2013 or 6 months after last visit. Associations between a person’s 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and the likelihood of initiating or discontinuing ABC were assessed using multivariable logistic/Poisson regression. Poisson regression was used to assess the association between current ABC use and MI risk, adjusting for potential confounders, and a test of interaction was performed to assess whether the association had changed in the post-March 2008 period.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Use of ABC increased from 10 % of the cohort in 2000 to 20 % in 2008, before stabilising at 18–19 %. Increases in use pre-March 2008, and subsequent decreases, were greatest in those at moderate and high CVD risk. Post-March 2008, those on ABC at moderate/high CVD risk were more likely to discontinue ABC than those at low/unknown CVD risk, regardless of viral load (≤1,000 copies/ml: relative rate 1.49 [95 % confidence interval 1.34–1.65]; >1,000 copies/ml: 1.23 [1.02–1.48]); no such associations were seen pre-March 2008. There was some evidence that antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve persons at moderate/high CVD risk post-March 2008 were less likely to initiate ABC than those at low/unknown CVD risk (odds ratio 0.74 [0.48–1.13]). By 1 February 2013, 941 MI events had occurred in 367,559 person-years. Current ABC use was associated with a 98 % increase in MI rate (RR 1.98 [1.72–2.29]) with no difference in the pre- (1.97 [1.68–2.33]) or post- (1.97 [1.43–2.72]) March 2008 periods (interaction <italic>P =</italic> 0.74).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Despite a reduction in the channelling of ABC for patients at higher CVD risk since 2008, we continue to observe an association between ABC use and MI risk. Whilst confounding cannot be fully ruled out, this further diminishes channelling bias as an explanation for our findings.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Abacavir</kwd><kwd>Cardiovascular disease</kwd><kwd>Myocardial infarction</kwd><kwd>Risk</kwd><kwd>Channelling bias</kwd><kwd>Confounding</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Oversight Committee </institution></funding-source><award-id>Not applicable</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Lundgren</surname><given-names>Jens D.</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1" sec-type="introduction"><title>Background</title><p>In March 2008, the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study presented findings at the 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Boston demonstrating a 90 % increase in the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in HIV-positive individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens that included abacavir (ABC) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>]; these findings were published in <italic>The Lancet</italic> in April 2008 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]. Subsequent attempts by other studies to replicate these findings have been inconsistent, with some studies reporting a similar association [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">9</xref>] and others not [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>]. Other studies have reported that a significant association in univariable analyses disappeared after adjustment for renal dysfunction or use of recreational drugs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>]. Published meta-analyses on the topic have also been inconsistent [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>]. Studies have explored mechanisms that could explain this association, for example, those which suggest that an increased risk of MI in patients receiving ABC may be a result of the propensity of the drug to induce platelet hyperreactivity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>].</p><p>One of the limitations of observational studies is the potential for confounding to introduce bias in any comparison of outcomes among those receiving different ART drugs. In the case of ABC, confounding was of real concern, as the drug was traditionally preferentially prescribed to those at higher underlying risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), where clinicians had avoided the use of other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) that were known to have adverse lipid effects [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>]. Thus, individuals receiving ABC before our findings were presented in 2008 were expected to have a higher underlying risk of CVD as a result of this ‘channelling bias’. The initial D:A:D analyses had adjusted for all factors that were thought to potentially confound any association between ABC use and MI risk, including age, sex, HIV mode of acquisition, ethnicity, calendar year, cohort, smoking status, family and personal history of CVD, body mass index (BMI), and exposure to other ART drugs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]. Subsequent analyses additionally included adjustment for renal dysfunction [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>], a factor also known to be associated with a higher underlying CVD risk, with similar findings. In addition, we provided further arguments against confounding as an explanation, notably that the association with MI appeared to be reversible on discontinuation of the drug, and that there was no similar association with tenofovir (another NRTI where channelling might be expected to act in the same direction). Nevertheless, there remained concern that it was not possible to fully account for the channelling of high CVD risk patients onto ABC, meaning that residual confounding may have remained.</p><p>Since the findings in the D:A:D publication of 2008 of a possible elevated risk of MI when ABC is prescribed in persons with already elevated underlying CVD risk, there have been subsequent changes to the package insert for ABC, and several changes to international guidelines for use of the drug as part of ART treatment of HIV-positive individuals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">22</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">23</xref>]. As a result, it is likely that prescribing patterns of ABC have changed, particularly for those at higher risk of CVD [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">24</xref>], meaning that the channelling of patients with high CVD risk onto ABC is reduced, absent or even reversed. In this paper, we describe changes in the use of ABC among participants in the D:A:D study since publication of the findings in March 2008, and investigate whether the association between ABC and MI remains present in data collected after this time, when ABC would be less likely to be prescribed to those at high CVD risk than before 2008. In this way, our report describes an example of how the various aspects of science have contributed to a better understanding of a potential causal association after a safety signal was first identified.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2" sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Methods</title><sec id="Sec3"><title>Study design</title><p>The D:A:D study is an observational study of >49,000 HIV-1-positive patients from 11 cohorts from Europe, Australia and the United States [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">25</xref>]. All participants were under active follow-up in their cohorts at the time of enrolment in the D:A:D study. The primary study aim is to investigate associations between the use of ART drugs and the risk of CVD and other major disease events. Data are collected prospectively during routine clinic visits; the standardised dataset includes information on socio-demographic factors (including ethnicity which is captured as part of individual cohort data collection processes, where permitted), AIDS events and deaths, known risk factors for CVD, laboratory markers for monitoring HIV (including CD4 count and HIV RNA) and CVD, ART and treatments that influence CVD risk. Enrolment in the D:A:D study took place in three phases: enrolment cohort I (enrolment from 1999–2000); enrolment cohort II (added in 2004); and enrolment cohort III (added in 2009).</p><p>Information on all incident cases of MI are reported to the study coordinating centre via a study event form which captures detailed information about the event and related circumstances. Study personnel (at the coordinating centre and at local sites) receive extensive training in the identification of events and completion of the event form. Once the event form has been received, each event is validated (with dialogue between the coordinating centre and local site to clarify any discrepancies or queries) and coded using criteria applied in the WHO MONICA Project [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">26</xref>]. Validation and coding is performed blind to information on the patient’s ART status. Reported MIs are classified as definite, possible and unclassifiable; events with insufficient evidence to verify that the event was, indeed, an MI were rejected. Standardised criteria for classification included relevant symptoms, relevant increase and decline in cardiac enzymes, ischaemic changes in electrocardiographic (ECG) readings and, in cases of death, autopsy results, if available. A sample of all MI events further undergoes additional checks by an external independent cardiologist, and a sample of patient records are verified at source to ensure that events are not missed. Non-fatal MIs not associated with clinical symptoms were not considered as events.</p></sec><sec id="Sec4"><title>Ethics, consent and permissions</title><p>All participating cohorts followed local national guidelines/regulations regarding patient consent and/or ethical review.</p></sec><sec id="Sec5"><title>Statistical methods</title><p>The demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals in the D:A:D study under follow-up on 1 January each year were summarised, as was the proportion of follow-up time in each year that was contributed by individuals receiving ABC (overall and after stratification by the individual’s 10-year CVD risk). Each individual’s 10-year CVD risk was calculated using the Framingham equation and was classified as low (<10 %), moderate (10–20 %), high (>20 %) or unknown. Note that although the D:A:D study has also published a CVD risk score [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">27</xref>], this was not in widespread use over the period of interest and so we used the Framingham score for stratification.</p><p>To investigate changes in the initiation of ABC as part of first-line ART regimens, we identified all ART-naïve individuals who initiated ART for the first time during prospective follow-up. Logistic regression models were used to assess associations of the calendar period (pre-/post-1 March 2008) and 10-year CVD risk (low/unknown or moderate/high) with whether the initial ART regimen included ABC or not. Analyses included adjustment for the following potential confounders: gender, mode of HIV acquisition, ethnicity, age, BMI, family (first degree relative) or personal history of an MI, and the individual’s CD4 count at the time of initiation of ART. To test whether the association between CVD risk and initiation of ABC had changed in the post-2008 era, tests of interaction were performed between calendar period and 10-year CVD risk group. Stratified analyses were performed to obtain estimates of the odds ratio for initiation of ABC according to CVD risk in the two calendar periods separately.</p><p>To investigate changes in the likelihood of discontinuing ABC in the post-March 2008 period, patients receiving an ABC-containing regimen were followed from the time of initiation of that regimen until discontinuation of ABC, or the earliest of death, 1 February 2013 or 6 months after the individual’s last clinic visit (the censoring date for all analyses). Poisson regression was used to describe associations between the calendar period, CVD risk group and the rate of ABC discontinuation, with adjustment for potential confounders as described above. Interaction tests and stratified analyses were again performed to assess whether associations between CVD risk and ABC discontinuation had changed over time. To reflect the fact that factors predicting ABC discontinuation may differ in the context of a suppressed or non-suppressed viral load, analyses were performed separately for follow-up time spent with a suppressed/low (≤1,000 copies/ml) or non-suppressed (>1,000 copies/ml) viral load; the cut-off of 1,000 copies/ml reflects the fact that in many clinical situations, clinicians may address adherence concerns first in individuals with detectable but low viral loads, before considering changes in ART.</p><p>Finally, to investigate whether the reported association between current use of ABC and MI risk has changed in the post-March 2008 period, we performed a similar analysis to that reported in the 2008 paper [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>]. Specifically, individuals were followed from study entry to the time of an MI, with censoring as described above. As in previous analyses of the dataset, each individual’s follow-up was split into a series of consecutive 1-month periods and his/her clinical, immunologic and virologic status at the start of each period was established. Poisson regression was then used to assess the association between current use of ABC (with a 6-month grace period to allow for recent discontinuation) and MI risk, adjusting for use of other ART drugs and known confounders (fixed covariates: gender, mode of HIV acquisition, ethnicity, participating clinical cohort; time-updated covariates: age, smoking status, family history of CVD, previous CVD event, BMI, cumulative exposure to the main protease inhibitors and non-NRTIs, and cumulative and current exposure to other NRTIs). These analyses did not adjust for factors thought to potentially lie on the causal pathway between ABC use and MI risk, due to the possibility of the introduction of bias to such analyses. Of note, reflecting our previous findings and the state of evidence surrounding the possible mechanism of any association with ABC, which would be consistent with a short-lived on/off effect, only current exposure to ABC was considered in analyses. Statistical tests of interaction were again performed to test whether the association between ABC and MI rate had changed in the post-March 2008 period. Subsequent sensitivity analyses additionally adjusted for factors that might potentially fall on the causal pathway between use of ABC and MI risk, including diabetes mellitus, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, receipt of anti-hypertensive drugs or ACE inhibitors, blood glucose, Framingham score, weight loss or gain, and renal function (expressed using the latest creatinine measurement, categorised into eight equally sized groups with a further category for those with missing creatinine measurements), all as time-updated covariates. Further sensitivity analyses incorporated the latest creatinine measurement in its continuous form, and also expressed renal function using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (either as a categorical or continuous covariate).</p><p>All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.13 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec6" sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec id="Sec7"><title>Changes in the use of ABC over time</title><p>The D:A:D cohort currently comprises 49,717 individuals, of whom 73.8 % are male. Median age at cohort entry was 38 (interquartile range 32–44) years. The majority of participants were infected with HIV through sex between men (44.1 %) or sex between men and women (32.6 %), with 15.3 % infected via injection drug use and 8.0 % through other or unknown routes. Around half of the cohort (50.6 %) is white, with 6.8 % of black African origin and 2.9 % of other ethnicities; information on ethnicity is unknown for 36.7 % of the cohort, largely because the collection of information on ethnicity is prohibited in several participating countries.</p><p>By 1 February 2013, individuals in the cohort had accrued a total of 367,559 person-years (PYRS) of follow-up (median 7.0, interquartile range 4.4–11.1 years), 210,250 of which had been accrued before 1 March 2008 and 157,309 after 1 March 2008. The changing characteristics of the cohort over time are shown in Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>; as expected, there has been a gradual increase in the age of the cohort over time and a gradual increase in the proportion with an AIDS event. Among those with known smoking status, the proportion of current smokers has dropped somewhat since 2005. Despite the ageing of the cohort, there have been positive changes in the proportion with dyslipidaemia and, in line with increased use of effective combination ART (cART), increases in the median CD4 count and decreases in the median HIV RNA level over time.<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Demographic and cardiovascular risk characteristics of the D:A:D cohort over time. The information shown in the table describes the current status of each individual under follow-up on 1 January each year (based on the last available measurement for that individual prior to the start of the year)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th></th><th colspan="13">Individuals under follow-up on 1 January of year:</th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th>2000</th><th>2001</th><th>2002</th><th>2003</th><th>2004</th><th>2005</th><th>2006</th><th>2007</th><th>2008</th><th>2009</th><th>2010</th><th>2011</th><th>2012</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><italic>N</italic></td><td></td><td>3,508</td><td>20,868</td><td>22,816</td><td>25,694</td><td>27,148</td><td>28,526</td><td>29,570</td><td>30,549</td><td>31,832</td><td>35,146</td><td>34,438</td><td>32,662</td><td>31,112</td></tr><tr><td>Male (%)</td><td></td><td>79.8</td><td>75.2</td><td>75.5</td><td>74.7</td><td>74.1</td><td>73.3</td><td>73.0</td><td>72.8</td><td>73.1</td><td>73.2</td><td>73.5</td><td>73.5</td><td>73.6</td></tr><tr><td>Age (years)</td><td>Median</td><td>39</td><td>39</td><td>40</td><td>41</td><td>42</td><td>43</td><td>44</td><td>45</td><td>46</td><td>47</td><td>48</td><td>49</td><td>50</td></tr><tr><td>Previous AIDS (%)</td><td></td><td>25.9</td><td>25.8</td><td>26.3</td><td>26.3</td><td>26.6</td><td>26.7</td><td>26.8</td><td>27.1</td><td>26.9</td><td>26.5</td><td>26.9</td><td>27.5</td><td>27.8</td></tr><tr><td>10-year CVD risk (%)</td><td>Low</td><td>5.1</td><td>35.7</td><td>42.3</td><td>45.4</td><td>49.5</td><td>52.8</td><td>57.0</td><td>61.9</td><td>64.2</td><td>63.9</td><td>66.8</td><td>69.8</td><td>71.7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Moderate</td><td>1.7</td><td>7.8</td><td>9.1</td><td>8.8</td><td>9.1</td><td>9.3</td><td>9.1</td><td>9.2</td><td>9.9</td><td>10.5</td><td>10.7</td><td>11.0</td><td>11.3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>High</td><td>2.8</td><td>4.6</td><td>5.3</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.2</td><td>5.1</td><td>4.8</td><td>4.9</td><td>5.3</td><td>5.4</td><td>5.6</td><td>5.8</td><td>6.0</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Unknown</td><td>90.7</td><td>51.9</td><td>43.4</td><td>40.7</td><td>36.2</td><td>32.8</td><td>29.2</td><td>24.0</td><td>20.7</td><td>20.2</td><td>16.9</td><td>13.4</td><td>11.1</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2">Smoking status<sup>a</sup></td><td>Current smoker</td><td>27.2</td><td>49.2</td><td>49.6</td><td>49.0</td><td>47.2</td><td>47.5</td><td>45.5</td><td>45.0</td><td>44.1</td><td>43.8</td><td>42.7</td><td>41.0</td><td>39.8</td></tr><tr><td>Ex-smoker</td><td>50.6</td><td>21.4</td><td>21.8</td><td>20.8</td><td>22.2</td><td>22.4</td><td>24.7</td><td>25.3</td><td>26.1</td><td>26.1</td><td>27.5</td><td>29.3</td><td>30.6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Never smoked</td><td>22.3</td><td>29.4</td><td>28.6</td><td>30.2</td><td>30.6</td><td>30.0</td><td>29.8</td><td>29.7</td><td>29.8</td><td>30.1</td><td>29.9</td><td>29.7</td><td>29.6</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Family history of CVD (%)</td><td>5.1</td><td>8.7</td><td>8.7</td><td>8.3</td><td>8.2</td><td>8.1</td><td>8.0</td><td>8.0</td><td>7.7</td><td>7.3</td><td>7.5</td><td>7.7</td><td>7.8</td></tr><tr><td>Diabetes (%)</td><td></td><td>3.6</td><td>3.9</td><td>4.5</td><td>4.7</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.2</td><td>5.6</td><td>5.9</td><td>6.3</td></tr><tr><td>TC (mmol/L)</td><td>Median</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.1</td><td>5.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.8</td><td>4.8</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.9</td><td>4.9</td><td>5.0</td></tr><tr><td>HDL-C (mmol/L)</td><td>Median</td><td>1.1</td><td>1.1</td><td>1.1</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td><td>1.2</td></tr><tr><td>TG (mmol/L)</td><td>Median</td><td>1.9</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.6</td><td>1.6</td><td>1.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>1.5</td><td>1.5</td></tr><tr><td>CD4 (cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td><td>Median</td><td>380</td><td>448</td><td>461</td><td>465</td><td>460</td><td>460</td><td>468</td><td>480</td><td>494</td><td>503</td><td>527</td><td>548</td><td>566</td></tr><tr><td>Viral load (log<sub>10</sub> copies/ml)</td><td>Median</td><td>2.4</td><td>2.1</td><td>1.9</td><td>1.8</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td><td>1.7</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><sup>a</sup>Expressed as a proportion of those with known smoking status, which has increased from 71.9 % of the cohort in 2000 to 89.5 % in 2012. <italic>CVD</italic> cardiovascular disease, <italic>HDL-C</italic> high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, <italic>TC</italic> total cholesterol, <italic>TG</italic> triglycerides</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>Use of ABC among cohort participants increased from 10.4 % of those under follow-up in 2000 to 19.7 % of those under follow-up in 2008. Since then, the rate has stabilised at around 18–19 % (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). After stratification by 10-year CVD risk, increases in use of ABC pre-March 2008, and subsequent decreases, were seen to be greatest in those at moderate and high CVD risk. For example, among those at moderate CVD risk in each year, use of ABC increased from 14.9 % in 2000 to 25.4 % in 2008 before dropping 21.2 % in 2012. Similarly, among those at high CVD risk, use of ABC was 17.5 %, 26.6 % and 21.7 % in these three years, respectively.<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Changes to the use of ABC in the D:A:D cohort over time, overall and among groups stratified by CVD risk</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="12916_2016_588_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig></p><sec id="Sec8"><title>Treatment initiations (Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2i</xref>)</title><p><table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Association between 10-year CVD risk and i) initiations or ii) discontinuations of ABC in the pre- and post-March 2008 periods (factors included in adjusted analyses are listed in the <xref rid="Sec2" ref-type="sec">Methods</xref> section)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Framingham risk group</th><th>ABC initiations/total ART initiations</th><th>Percentage (95 % CI)</th><th>aOR (95 % CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">i) Initiations of ABC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> Pre-March 2008</td></tr><tr><td> Low/unknown</td><td>1,251/9,213</td><td>13.6 (12.8, 14.3)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> Moderate/high</td><td>111/648</td><td>17.1 (13.9, 20.3)</td><td>1.14 (0.90, 1.44)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> Post-March 2008</td></tr><tr><td> Low/unknown</td><td>326/4,282</td><td>7.6 (6.8, 8.4)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> Moderate/high</td><td>33/622</td><td>5.3 (3.5, 7.1)</td><td>0.74 (0.48, 1.13)</td></tr><tr><td> Interaction <italic>P</italic> value</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.007</td></tr><tr><td>ii) Discontinuations of ABC</td><td>Discontinuations/PYRS</td><td>Rate/100 PYRS (95 % CI)</td><td>aRR (95 % CI)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Suppressed/low viral load</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> Pre-March 2008</td></tr><tr><td> Low/unknown</td><td>2,045/16,506</td><td>12.4 (11.9, 12.9)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> Moderate/high</td><td>562/5,465</td><td>10.3 (9.4, 11.1)</td><td>1.04 (0.93, 1.16)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> Post-March 2008</td></tr><tr><td> Low/unknown</td><td>1,403/13,950</td><td>10.1 (9.5, 10.6)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> Moderate/high</td><td>880/6,560</td><td>13.4 (12.5, 14.3)</td><td>1.49 (1.34, 1.65)</td></tr><tr><td> Interaction <italic>P</italic> value</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.0001</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Non-suppressed viral load</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> Pre-March 2008</td></tr><tr><td> Low/unknown</td><td>2,966/7,766</td><td>38.2 (36.8, 39.6)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> Moderate/high</td><td>662/2,041</td><td>32.4 (29.9, 34.9)</td><td>0.99 (0.90, 1.09)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4"> Post-March 2008</td></tr><tr><td> Low/unknown</td><td>622/2,297</td><td>27.1 (25.0, 29.2)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> Moderate/high</td><td>236/921</td><td>25.6 (22.4, 28.9)</td><td>1.23 (1.02, 1.48)</td></tr><tr><td> Interaction <italic>P</italic> value</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.07</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>ABC</italic> abacavir, <italic>aOR</italic> adjusted odds ratio, <italic>aRR</italic> adjusted rate ratio, <italic>ART</italic> antiretroviral therapy, <italic>CI</italic> confidence interval, <italic>CVD</italic> cardiovascular disease, <italic>PYRS</italic> person-years</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>Overall, there were 14,765 new initiations of ART among ART-naïve patients, of which 1,721 (11.7 %) involved initiation of ABC. Among the 9,861 ART initiations that occurred prior to March 2008, 1,362 (13.8 %) involved ABC, compared to 359 of 4,904 (7.3 %) ART initiations occurring after March 2008. In the pre-March 2008 era, those with a moderate or high CVD risk were somewhat more likely to initiate ABC as part of first-line regimens than those with low or unknown CVD risk (adjusted odds ratio 1.14 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.90–1.44]). In contrast, in the post-March 2008 period, those with moderate or high CVD risk were less likely to initiate first-line regimens that included ABC (0.74 [0.48–1.13]). A statistical interaction test demonstrated that this change was statistically significant (<italic>P</italic> = 0.0007).</p></sec><sec id="Sec9"><title>Treatment discontinuations (Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>ii)</title><p>Among those with a suppressed viral load, there were 4,890 ABC discontinuations over a total follow-up of 42,481 PYRS (rate 11.5/100 PYRS). Prior to March 2008 there had been a total of 2,607 ABC discontinuations over 21,971 PYRS (11.9/100 PYRS) and this dropped to 2,283 discontinuations over 20,510 PYRS (11.1/100 PYRS) post-March 2008. These patterns differed, however, by 10-year CVD risk score, with a decrease in discontinuation rate from 12.4 to 10.1/100 PYRS in those with low or unknown CVD risk score, but an increase in discontinuation rates from 10.3 to 13.4/100 PYRS in those with moderate or high CVD risk. Compared to those with a low or unknown CVD risk, those with a moderate or high CVD risk had a similar rate of switching in the pre-2008 era (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) 1.04 [0.93–1.16]) but in the post-March 2008 era those at moderate or high CVD risk were significantly more likely to discontinue ABC (aRR 1.49 [1.34–1.65], <italic>P</italic> value for interaction = 0.0001).</p><p>Among those with a non-suppressed viral load, there were 4,486 ABC discontinuations over a total follow-up of 13,025 PYRS (rate 33.4/100 PYRS). Prior to March 2008 there had been a total of 3,628 ABC discontinuations over 9,808 PYRS (37.0/100 PYRS) and this dropped to 858 discontinuations over 3,217 PYRS (26.7/100 PYRS) post-March 2008. Whilst overall there was a decrease in discontinuation rates over the two periods, regardless of the individual’s underlying CVD risk score, the relative decrease in discontinuation was lower in those with a moderate or high underlying risk. Thus, whereas in the pre-March 2008 era, the results suggested that those with low/unknown CVD risk had a similar discontinuation rate to those with moderate or high CVD risk (aRR 0.99 [0.90–1.09]), in the post-March 2008 era, those with moderate or high CVD risk were 23 % more likely to discontinue ABC than those with low or unknown risk (aRR 1.23 [1.02–1.48], <italic>P</italic> value for interaction = 0.07).</p></sec></sec><sec id="Sec10"><title>Association between current use of ABC and MI risk</title><p>By 1 February 2013, 941 MI events had occurred in the cohort (rate 0.26 [95 % CI 0.24–0.27]/100 PYRS). Overall, the rate of MI was 0.47 [0.42–0.52]/100 PYRS among those currently receiving ABC and 0.21 [0.19–0.22]/100 PYRS among those not currently receiving ABC. After adjustment for potential confounders, current ABC use was associated with a 98 % increase in MI rate (aRR 1.98 [1.72–2.29]), with no difference in the pre- (1.97 [1.68–2.33]) and post- (1.97 [1.43–2.72]) March 2008 periods (<italic>P</italic> value for interaction = 0.74) (Table <xref rid="Tab3" ref-type="table">3</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab3"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Results from multivariable Poisson regression models of association between current receipt of ABC and MI rate, overall and stratified by calendar period. Factors included in adjusted analyses are listed in the <xref rid="Sec2" ref-type="sec">Methods</xref> section</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th>MI/PYRS</th><th>Rate (95 % CI)/100 PYRS</th><th>aRR (95 % CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">Overall</td></tr><tr><td> Not currently on ABC</td><td>600/295,642</td><td>0.20 (0.19, 0.22)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> Currently on ABC</td><td>341/71,917</td><td>0.47 (0.42, 0.52)</td><td>1.98 (1.72, 2.29)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Pre-March 2008</td></tr><tr><td> Not currently on ABC</td><td>425/169,417</td><td>0.25 (0.23, 0.28)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> Currently on ABC</td><td>247/40,833</td><td>0.61 (0.53, 0.68)</td><td>1.97 (1.68, 2.33)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">Post-March 2008</td></tr><tr><td> Not currently on ABC</td><td>175/126,225</td><td>0.14 (0.12, 0.16)</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><td> Currently on ABC</td><td>94/31,084</td><td>0.30 (0.24, 0.36)</td><td>1.97 (1.43, 2.72)</td></tr><tr><td> Interaction <italic>P</italic> value</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.74</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>ABC</italic> abacavir, <italic>aRR</italic> adjusted rate ratio, <italic>CI</italic> confidence interval, <italic>MI</italic> myocardial infarction, <italic>PYRS</italic> person-years</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><sec id="Sec11"><title>Sensitivity analyses</title><p>Results were unchanged after stratifying by Framingham risk group, or after further adjusting for factors potentially on the causal pathway, including renal function, dyslipidaemia and hypertension (Table <xref rid="Tab4" ref-type="table">4</xref>).<table-wrap id="Tab4"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Results from sensitivity analyses. i) Adjusted rate ratio for the association between MI and ABC, stratified by calendar period and CVD risk, and ii) adjusted rate ratio for the association between MI and ABC after further adjustment for factors that potentially lie on the causal pathway (see <xref rid="Sec2" ref-type="sec">Methods</xref> section)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">Pre-March 2008</th><th colspan="2">Post-March 2008</th><th rowspan="2"><italic>P</italic> value (interaction between ABC use and calendar period)</th></tr><tr><th>Sensitivity analysis</th><th>MI event rate (95 % CI)/100 PYRS</th><th>aRR (95 % CI)</th><th>MI event rate (95 % CI)/100 PYRS</th><th>aRR (95 % CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>i) Stratified by Framingham risk</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Low</td><td>0.14 (0.12, 0.16)</td><td>2.48 (1.74, 3.52)</td><td>0.08 (0.06, 0.09)</td><td>2.11 (1.12, 3.98)</td><td>0.78</td></tr><tr><td> Moderate</td><td>0.69 (0.59, 0.80)</td><td>1.69 (1.21, 2.35)</td><td>0.32 (0.26, 0.39)</td><td>2.19 (1.25, 3.84)</td><td>0.68</td></tr><tr><td> High</td><td>1.80 (1.56, 2.05)</td><td>1.51(1.12, 2.05)</td><td>0.74 (0.58, 0.90)</td><td>1.65 (0.93, 2.92)</td><td>0.16</td></tr><tr><td>ii) Further adjustment for factors on causal pathway</td><td>n/a</td><td>1.88 (1.55, 2.28)</td><td>n/a</td><td>2.03 (1.46, 2.84)</td><td>0.61</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p><italic>ABC</italic> abacavir, <italic>aRR</italic> adjusted rate ratio, <italic>CI</italic> confidence interval, <italic>CVD</italic> cardiovascular disease, <italic>MI</italic> myocardial infarction</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec></sec></sec><sec id="Sec12" sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>It is clear that there has been some reduction in the use of ABC among those at higher risk of CVD in the more recent period. In particular, since March 2008 individuals at moderate or high CVD risk have been somewhat less likely to initiate ABC as part of first-line ART regimens, and more likely to discontinue ABC compared to their counterparts with low or unknown underlying CVD risk. Despite this reduction in the use of ABC in higher risk persons, we continue to observe a strong association between current ABC use and MI risk. This association remains unchanged, even after adjustment for the majority of known risk factors for CVD that may have influenced the choice of NRTI within this population. While it is not possible to adjust for unmeasured confounders, the reduction in the use of ABC among individuals with high measured CVD risk is likely also to have occurred in individuals with observed but unmeasured high CVD risk. This strongly suggests that our finding of a raised risk of MI for people on ABC is not explained by channelling of people with high CVD risk onto the drug. These results are of particular importance at a time when the use of ABC, as part of a new single tablet regimen, is likely to increase within many settings. The clinical relevance of our findings will always be dependent on the underlying risk of the event in a given individual. However, the relative rate that we see is similar even in those at high CVD risk, raising particular concerns about the use of ABC in this group.</p><p>Since the original publication from the D:A:D Study Group in 2008 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>], several research groups have attempted to replicate the findings from the study; the findings from these studies have been reviewed in detail in several recent review articles [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">28</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">29</xref>]. The strongest associations with ABC have, arguably, come from observational cohort studies. In 2008, the combined SMART/INSIGHT and D:A:D study groups reported findings based on the subgroup of patients who had been randomised to receive continuous ART in the SMART trial [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>]; current use of ABC was associated with an excess risk of clinical MI and major CVD events, both when a strict and expanded definition for CVD was considered. Three studies from the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Clinical Case Registries investigated the association. In the study from Bedimo et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>], ABC-containing cART was associated with a 27 % increase in the risk of MI; this association was reduced, although remained raised, after controlling for markers of chronic kidney disease (adjusted rate ratio 1.23) and for known risk factors for MI (1.18). In an updated analysis of the same dataset [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>], use of ABC was significantly associated with several outcomes, including atherosclerotic CVD events, coronary disease and cerebrovascular disease, with non-significant raised risk also seen for heart failure. Finally, Desai et al. reported a significant odds ratio of 1.50 for current abacavir exposure in a study published in 2015 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">30</xref>]. The risk of hospitalisation with MI among participants in the Danish HIV cohort study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>] was doubled in ABC users compared with non-ABC users. In contrast, no association was seen between MI risk and ABC use in 6,517 patients receiving HIV care at one of two hospitals in Boston [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>]. More recently, Marcus et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">31</xref>] reported that ABC users in the Kaiser Permanente Northern and Southern California cohort had a 2.2-fold higher risk of CVD compared with patients initiating regimens without ABC.</p><p>Several case-control studies have been conducted to investigate the association. In the French Hospital’s Database on HIV [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>], 289 individuals with a first definite/probable MI occurring between 2000 and 2006 were each matched to up to five control individuals with no history of MI. Whilst recent and past ABC use in this study was more likely to be seen in cases than in controls, these associations were marginally non-significant. In Montreal [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>], Durand et al. reported that increased recent exposure to ABC, didanosine (ddI), stavudine (d4T) and zalcitabine (ddC) was found in cases with MI compared to controls without MI.</p><p>One of the limitations of observational studies is the potential presence of confounding. As patients are not randomised to the choice of therapy, the characteristics of those starting different drugs are likely to differ, and this may introduce bias if these characteristics are also associated with CVD risk. Due to the randomisation process employed, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are generally thought to be free of confounding and, as such, provide a high-level of evidence to support a causal association. In the STEAL trial [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>], serious non-AIDS events (including CVD) and ischaemic CVD both occurred significantly less frequently in individuals randomised to tenofovir/emtricitabine compared to those randomised to ABC/lamivudine. The trial was, however, a small one and had not been powered to detect a difference in these secondary endpoints.</p><p>Several meta-analyses of randomised trials have also been performed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>] and have failed to demonstrate an association between ABC use and MI risk. Results from these meta-analyses must be interpreted, however, in the context of a population of largely ART-naïve individuals who are generally healthier and at lower CVD risk (due to trial inclusion/exclusion criteria, particularly relating to age restrictions and the presence of co-morbidities) than the wider HIV population. Many of the trials included in these meta-analyses were conducted at a time when associations with CVD had not yet been recognised, and MI and CVD were not captured as pre-specified endpoints. The under-ascertainment of events that may result, combined with an already low underlying event rate, is likely to contribute to the lack of associations seen in these meta-analyses. Of note, a recent study that attempted to emulate a RCT using data from a North Carolina Medicaid dataset, did report an increased rate of MI among patients initiating ABC compared with tenofovir [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">32</xref>]. A recent meta-analysis of observational studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">29</xref>] also reported an association between use of ABC and MI risk, although the pooled estimates were based on only the D:A:D [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>] and Danish [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>] studies.</p><p>One of the reasons for the continued debate about the potential association between ABC and MI is that there is no confirmed biological mechanism for the association. The MI signal associated with use of ABC is maintained as long as the drug is continued (i.e. over many years), eliminating the possibility that this is an adverse effect related to the well-known hypersensitivity reaction that may present early after drug initiation in persons with a HLA-B*5701 haplotype. Nevertheless, as the mechanism for the hypersensitivity reaction develops when the drug is presented by the HLA system to T-lymphocytes, it is possible that other HLA haplotypes may also convey a similar risk but without a distinct clinical phenotype. This possibility was supported by early cross-sectional analyses of the SMART trial [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>], which suggested that baseline levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and IL-6 at baseline were higher in those receiving ABC than in those receiving other NRTIs. Subsequent analyses of follow-up information from the STEAL study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">33</xref>] and other (generally small) studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">34</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">36</xref>] provided an inconsistent picture, with associations reported in some studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">37</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">39</xref>] but not others [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR40">40</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR45">45</xref>]. Recently, in vitro and in vivo animal experiments have demonstrated the ability of ABC to induce inflammation of the vascular wall by enhancing leucocyte attachment to endothelial cells through enhanced expression and/or function of the macrophage-1 antigen [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">46</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR48">48</xref>]. A recent study from Papakonstantinou et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR49">49</xref>] demonstrated an increased level of platelet activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory factor, at 3 months after individuals started ABC suggesting a link between ABC use and MI risk. The possibility of a different underlying mechanism for the development of atherosclerosis and CVD in treated and untreated individuals [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR50">50</xref>] may explain differences in outcomes between studies of ART- naïve individuals starting cART for the first time (as is commonly the case in randomised trials), and those who are on established treatment (as is more often the case in observational studies).</p><p>ABC use has been shown to impair endothelial function [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR39">39</xref>]. Unfortunately, no measurements of endothelial function are currently available from randomised trials that compare virologically suppressive regimens of ABC versus non-ABC-containing regimens. The mechanisms that explain this observation also remain to be elucidated, but the studies that suggest that ABC causes vascular endothelial inflammation may hint at one possibility [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR46">46</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR48">48</xref>]. Conversely, ABC is not known to affect lipid or glucose metabolism nor accelerate subclinical atherosclerosis. This is in contrast to the HIV protease inhibitors, which likely accelerate CVD risk by perturbing lipid metabolism generally and, in particular, in macrophages involved in plaque formation.</p><p>Arguably, the most promising potential mechanism to date relates to the ability of ABC to lead to platelet reactivity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">17</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>]. The metabolite of ABC, carbovir triphosphate, is a competitive inhibitor of the guanylyl cyclase enzyme in platelets [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>], and this inhibition lowers the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentration resulting in platelets that are more reactive. An association with hyperreactive platelets, with their short lifespan, would be consistent with the reversible nature of the ABC association with MI, and with the findings related to increased expression of PAF in the first few months on ABC [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR49">49</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR51">51</xref>]. In support of this, Falcinelli et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>] reported findings suggesting that treatment with ABC enhances in vivo platelet activation and induces platelet hyperreactivity by blunting the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide on platelets. Seemingly in contrast to these findings, a recent Danish study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR52">52</xref>] found evidence of reduced platelet aggregation and clot initiation in both treated and untreated HIV-positive individuals. However, the authors did not state how many patients in the treated group were receiving ABC, nor did they consider any specific drug associations.</p><p>Clearly, confounding cannot be ruled out in any cohort study. Although our initial report provided several arguments against confounding as an explanation, this concern continued to be levelled against the study. In particular, there has been a frequently raised concern that channelling by renal function (whereby those with poorer renal function would be preferentially placed on ABC-containing regimens to avoid use of tenofovir, a drug that has well-known renal toxicities) might induce an artificial association with MI, due to the known correlation between renal function and CVD risk. This was first raised by Bedimo and colleagues [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>] who reported that after adjustment for renal function the <italic>P</italic> value for the association between MI and ABC use changed from 0.06 to 0.11. However, it is noteworthy that the hazard ratio itself was reduced only slightly from 1.27 to 1.23, indicative of only a modest confounding effect of renal function. The later study from the VA group did include adjustment for renal function, both at baseline and over follow-up [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>] with no attenuation of association; Marcus et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">31</xref>] also confirmed that their association was independent of renal function. Further, in an updated analysis from the D:A:D group [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">21</xref>] (as well as in the present analysis), the reported association with ABC was unchanged after adjustment for various measures of renal function. Confounding by recreational drug use has also been proposed as a possible explanation for the findings [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>], although the VA analysis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>] did also include adjustment for this factor and clinicians within the D:A:D study reported that this information, if available, would be unlikely to influence choice of cART. Most importantly, we consider that, the fact that the reported association between MI and ABC is unchanged, provides the strongest evidence against channelling bias as an explanation for our findings.</p><p>One concern in analyses such as this is the possibility of time-varying confounding. If factors that are associated with the initiation of ABC also lie on the causal pathway between the use of abacavir and MI risk, then adjustment for these factors in standard multivariable analyses will generally result in biased estimates of the relative risk. For this reason, we did not include such factors in our primary analysis. However, the fact that the relative risk associated with current abacavir use was virtually unchanged in our sensitivity analyses which did include factors thought to be potentially on the causal pathway suggests that little time-varying confounding exists with these factors. This is also supported by the mechanistic studies which suggest a very different pathway for the association seen.</p></sec><sec id="Sec13" sec-type="conclusion"><title>Conclusion</title><p>In conclusion, there has been some channelling of ABC away from those at higher risk of CVD since 2008 when this safety signal was first identified. Despite this, we continue to observe a strong association between current ABC use and MI risk. The signal is furthermore supported by some, but not all, other observational studies, whereas meta-analyses of previous RCTs of ABC do not support an association among low CVD risk populations. Outside of the HIV field there have been well-documented examples of reported safety signals from observational studies that have failed to be confirmed in large-scale randomised trials (for example, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR53">53</xref>]). However, in these cases, there is rarely an evidence-based biological mechanism for the associations seen. The clinical relevance of the ABC signal with CVD has been explored by basic science studies that suggest several potential biological mechanisms to explain the association. Despite these advances, a suitably powered RCT able to provide definitive evidence on the safety of ABC in patients with elevated underlying CVD risk has not been undertaken and it is questionable, given this further analysis of the D:A:D study, whether such a trial would be deemed to be ethical. Unfortunately, the inconsistent findings from the studies, together with few attempts to generate evidence of better quality, leaves patients with HIV and their treating physicians with continued ambiguity as to the safety of using ABC in patients with elevated risk of CVD. We call for action to address this ambiguity, with a greater focus on mechanistic studies which may lead to greater insight into such an association.</p><sec id="Sec14"><title>Availability of data and materials</title><p>The D:A:D Steering Committee encourages the submission of concepts for research projects. Concepts can be submitted for review by the D:A:D Steering Committee using an online form (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cphiv.dk/Ongoing-Studies/DAD/Submit-research-concept">http://www.cphiv.dk/Ongoing-Studies/DAD/Submit-research-concept</ext-link>). The research concept will undergo review by the D:A:D Steering Committee for evaluation of the scientific relevance, relevance to the D:A:D study, design, statistical power and feasibility. Upon completion of the review, feedback will be provided to the proposer(s). In some circumstances, a revision of the concept may be requested. If the concept is approved for implementation, a writing group will be established consisting of the proposers (up to three persons that were centrally involved in the development of the concept) and members of the D:A:D Steering Committee (or other appointed cohort representatives), statistical department and coordinating centre. All persons involved in the process of reviewing these research concepts are bound by confidentiality.</p></sec></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn><p><bold>Competing interests</bold></p><p>LR, JDL, WES, SdW, FD and EF have no conflicts of interest. PR has served as a scientific advisor to Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Grupo Ferrer, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Merck and ViiV Healthcare. He has served on data and safety monitoring boards and endpoint adjudication committees for Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and his institution has received honoraria for speaking engagements at scientific conferences from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences and GlaxoSmithKline. He has received research support from Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Abbott and Boehringer Ingelheim. ML has received research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Pfizer and F. Hoffman-La Roche. AM has received consultancy fees, honoraria and speaker fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Merck, Boehringer Ingelheim and Gilead Sciences. Ad’M has past board membership at AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals and Merck. CS has a pending grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb, and received payment for development of educational presentations by Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. ANP received personal fees from Gilead Sciences, AbbVie, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines and grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb. CAS has served on data and safety monitoring boards for ViiV Healthcare and Janssen-Cilag, and has received honoraria for the development of educational materials and membership of speaker panels from Gilead Sciences, Janssen-Cilag, ViiV Healthcare and Bristol-Myers Squibb.</p></fn><fn><p><bold>Authors’ contributions</bold></p><p>JDL, CAS, ANP, PR, ML, FD, Ad’M and WES provided substantial input to the conception and design of the D:A:D study; JDL, PR, LR, RW, ML, EF, AM, SdW, FD, Ad’M and WES have contributed to the acquisition of data for the study over the past 15 years. CAS, ANP, JDL and LR developed the analysis plan for this particular analysis; CAS performed all statistical analyses and prepared initial drafts of the manuscript. All authors provided intellectual input to the drafting of the manuscript, and have provided comments on and approved the final manuscript for publication. All authors agree to be accountable for the work included in the manuscript.</p></fn></fn-group><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p><bold>D:A:D participating cohorts:</bold> AHOD (Australia); Aquitaine (France); ATHENA (The Netherlands); BASS (Spain); CPCRA (USA); EuroSIDA (multinational); HivBivus (Sweden); ICONA (Italy); Nice (France); SHCS (Switzerland); and St. Pierre (Belgium).</p><p><bold>D:A:D Steering Committee:</bold> names marked with <sup>1</sup>, chair with <sup>2</sup>.</p><p><bold>Members of the D:A:D Steering Committee from the Oversight Committee:</bold> B. Powderly<sup>1</sup>, N. Shortman<sup>1</sup>, C. Moecklinghoff<sup>1</sup>, G. Reilly<sup>1</sup> and X. Franquet<sup>1</sup>.</p><p><bold>D:A:D central coordination:</bold> L. Ryom, C.A. Sabin<sup>1</sup>, D. Kamara, C. Smith, A. Phillips<sup>1</sup>, A. Mocroft, A. Bojesen, J. Nielsen, D. Raben and J.D. Lundgren<sup>2</sup>.</p><p><bold>D:A:D data managers:</bold> R. Salbøl Brandt (coordinator), M. Rickenbach, I. Fanti, E. Krum, M. Hillebregt, S Geffard, A. Sundström, M. Delforge, E. Fontas, F. Torres, H. McManus, S. Wright and J. Kjær.</p><p><bold>Verification of endpoints:</bold> A. Sjøl (CVD primary endpoint), P. Meidahl (oncology), J. Helweg-Larsen (hematology) and J. Schmidt Iversen (nephrology).</p><p><bold>Kidney working group:</bold> L. Ryom, A. Mocroft, O. Kirk<sup>1</sup>, P. Reiss<sup>1</sup>, M. Ross, C.A. Fux, P. Morlat, O. Moranne, D.A. Kamara, C. Smith and J.D. Lundgren<sup>2</sup>.</p><p><bold>Mortality working group:</bold> C. Smith, L. Ryom, A. Phillips<sup>1</sup>, R. Weber<sup>1</sup>, P. Morlat, C. Pradier<sup>1</sup>, P. Reiss<sup>1</sup>, N. Friis-Møller, J. Kowalska and J.D. Lundgren<sup>2</sup>.</p><p><bold>Cancer working group:</bold> C. Sabin<sup>1</sup>, M. Law<sup>1</sup>, A. d’Arminio Monforte<sup>1</sup>, F. Dabis<sup>1</sup>, M. Bruyand, P. Reiss<sup>1</sup>, C. Smith, D.A. Kamara, M. Bower, G. Fätkenheuer, A. Donald, A. Grulich, L. Ryom and J.D. Lundgren<sup>2</sup>.</p><p>The members of the 11 cohorts are as follows:</p><p><bold>1. AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands (ATHENA) project, The Netherlands</bold></p><p><bold>Central coordination:</bold> P. Reiss<sup>1</sup>, S. Zaheri, M. Hillebregt and L. Gras.</p><p><bold>Participating physicians:</bold> Academisch Medisch Centrum bij de Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam: Prof. Dr. J.M. Prins<sup>3</sup>, Prof. Dr. T.W. Kuijpers, Dr. H.J. Scherpbier, Dr. J.T.M. van der Meer, Dr. F.W.M.N. Wit, Dr. M.H. Godfried, Prof. Dr. P. Reiss<sup>1,3</sup>, Prof. Dr. T. van der Poll, Dr. F.J.B. Nellen, Prof. Dr. J.M.A. Lange, Dr. S.E. Geerlings, Dr. M. van Vugt, Dr. D. Pajkrt, Drs. J.C. Bos, Drs. M. van der Valk, Drs. M.L. Grijsen, Dr. W.J. Wiersinga, Dr. A. Goorhuis and Dr. J.W.R. Hovius; Academisch Ziekenhuis Maastricht, Maastricht: Dr. S. Lowe<sup>3</sup>, Dr. A. Oude Lashof and Dr. D. Posthouwer; Catharina Ziekenhuis, Eindhoven: Drs. M.J.H. Pronk<sup>3</sup> and Dr. H.S.M. Ammerlaan; Erasmus Medisch Centrum, Rotterdam: Dr. M.E. van der Ende<sup>3</sup>, Dr. T.E.M.S. de Vries-Sluijs, Dr. C.A.M. Schurink, Dr. J.L. Nouwen, Dr. A. Verbon, Drs. B.J.A. Rijnders, Dr. E.C.M. van Gorp and Drs. M. van der Feltz; Erasmus Medisch Centrum–Sophia, Rotterdam: Dr. G.J.A. Driessen and Dr. A.M.C. van Rossum; Flevoziekenhuis, Almere: Dr. J. Branger<sup>3</sup>; HagaZiekenhuis, Den Haag: Dr. E.F. Schippers<sup>3</sup>, Dr. C. van Nieuwkoop and Drs. E.P. van Elzakker; Isala Klinieken, Zwolle: Dr. P.H.P. Groeneveld<sup>3</sup> and Drs. J.W. Bouwhuis; Kennemer Gasthuis, Haarlem: Drs. R. Soetekouw<sup>3</sup> and Prof. Dr. R.W. ten Kate; Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum, Leiden: Dr. F.P. Kroon<sup>3</sup>, Prof. Dr. J.T. van Dissel, Dr. S.M. Arend, Dr. M.G.J. de Boer, Drs. H. Jolink, Dr. H.J.M. ter Vollaard and Drs. M.P. Bauer; Maasstadziekenhuis, Rotterdam: Dr. J.G. den Hollander<sup>3</sup> and Dr. K. Pogany; Medisch Centrum Alkmaar, Alkmaar: Drs. G. van Twillert<sup>3</sup>, Drs. W. Kortmann<sup>3</sup>, Dr. J.W.T. Cohen Stuart and Dr. B.M.W. Diederen; Medisch Centrum Haaglanden, Den Haag: Dr. E.M.S. Leyten<sup>3</sup> and Dr. L.B.S. Gelinck; Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede: Drs. G.J. Kootstra<sup>3</sup> and Drs. C.E. Delsing; Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam: Prof. Dr. K. Brinkman<sup>3</sup>, Dr. W.L. Blok, Dr. P.H.J. Frissen, Drs. W.E.M. Schouten and Drs. G.E.L. van den Berk; St. Elisabeth Ziekenhuis, Tilburg: Dr. M.E.E. van Kasteren<sup>3</sup> and Dr. A.E. Brouwer; St. Lucas Andreas Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam: Dr. J. Veenstra<sup>3</sup> and Dr. K.D. Lettinga; Slotervaartziekenhuis, Amsterdam: Dr. J.W. Mulder<sup>3</sup>, Drs. S.M.E. Vrouenraets and Dr. F.N. Lauw; Stichting Medisch Centrum Jan van Goyen, Amsterdam: Drs. A. van Eeden<sup>3</sup> and Dr. D.W.M. Verhagen; Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, Groningen: Drs. H.G. Sprenger<sup>3</sup>, Drs. R. Doedens, Dr. E.H. Scholvinck, Dr. S. van Assen and Dr. W.F.W. Bierman; Universitair Medisch Centrum Sint Radboud, Nijmegen: Dr. P.P. Koopmans<sup>3</sup>, Dr. M. Keuter, Dr. A.J.A.M. van der Ven, Dr. H.J.M. ter Hofstede, Dr. A.S.M. Dofferhoff, Dr. A Warris and Dr. R. van Crevel; Universitair Medisch Centrum Utrecht, Utrecht: Prof. Dr. A.I.M. Hoepelman<sup>3</sup>, Dr. T. Mudrikova, Dr. M.M.E. Schneider, Dr. P.M. Ellerbroek, Dr. J.J. Oosterheert, Dr. J.E. Arends, Dr. M.W.M. Wassenberg and Dr. R.E. Barth; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam: Dr. M.A. van Agtmael<sup>3</sup>, Dr. R.M. Perenboom, Drs. F.A.P. Claessen, Dr. M. Bomers and Dr. E.J.G. Peters; Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis, Utrecht: Dr. S.P.M. Geelen, Dr. T.F.W. Wolfs and Dr. L.J. Bont; Ziekenhuis Rijnstate, Arnhem: Dr. C. Richter<sup>3</sup>, Dr. J.P. van der Berg and Dr. E.H. Gisolf; Admiraal De Ruyter Ziekenhuis, Vlissingen: Drs. M. van den Berge<sup>3</sup> and Drs. A. Stegeman; Medisch Centrum Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden: Dr. M.G.A. van Vonderen<sup>3</sup> and Drs. D.P.F. van Houte; Medisch Centrum Zuiderzee, Lelystad: Dr. S. Weijer<sup>3</sup> and Dr. R. el Moussaoui; and St. Elisabeth Hospitaal, Willemstad, Curaçao: Dr. C. Winkel, Drs. F. Muskiet, Drs. Durand and Drs. R. Voigt. Site-coordinating physicians marked with <sup>3</sup>.</p><p><bold>2. Aquitaine Cohort, France</bold></p><p><bold>Principal investigator:</bold> Pr F. Dabis<sup>1</sup>.</p><p><bold>Scientific committee:</bold> Prs F. Bonnet, F. Dabis<sup>1</sup>, M. Dupon, G. Chêne, D. Breilh, H. Fleury, D. Malvy, P. Mercié, I. Pellegrin, P. Morlat, D. Neau, JL. Pellegrin; Drs S. Bouchet, V. Gaborieau, D. Lacoste, S. Tchamgoué and R. Thiébaut.</p><p><bold>Composition of the Groupe Epidémiologique Clinique du Sida en Aquitaine (GECSA):</bold> Prs G. Chêne, F. Dabis, R. Thiébaut; Drs M. Bruyand, S. Lawson-Ayayi and L. Wittkop (epidemiology and biostatistics).</p><p><bold>Clinical and biological hospital units:</bold> Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux: Pr P. Morlat (Pr F. Bonnet, Drs N. Bernard, M. Hessamfar, D. Lacoste, M.A. Vandenhende), Pr M. Dupon (Drs F.A. Dauchy, H. Dutronc), Pr M. Longy-Boursier (Pr P. Mercié, Drs P. Duffau, J. Roger Schmeltz), Pr D. Malvy (Drs T. Pistone, M.C. Receveur), Pr D. Neau (Drs C. Cazanave, A. Ochoa, M.O. Vareil), Pr J.L. Pellegrin (Pr J.F. Viallard, Drs C. Greib, E. Lazaro), Pr H. Fleury (Pr M.E. Lafon, Drs S. Reigadas, P. Trimoulet), Pr D. Breilh, Pr M. Molimard (Drs S. Bouchet, K. Titier), Pr J.F. Moreau (Dr I. Pellegrin), Drs F. Haramburu and G. Miremont-Salamé; Arcachon Hospital, Arcachon: Dr A. Dupont; Dax Hospital, Dax: Dr Y. Gerard (Drs L. Caunègre, K. André); Bayonne Hospital, Bayonne: Dr F. Bonnal (Drs S. Farbos, M.C. Gemain); Libourne Hospital, Libourne: Dr J. Ceccaldi (Dr S. Tchamgoué); Mont-de-Marsan Hospital, Mont-de-Marsan: Dr S. De Witte (Dr C. Courtault); Pau Hospital, Pau: Dr E. Monlun (Dr V. Gaborieau); Périgueux Hospital, Périgueux: Dr P. Lataste (Dr JP. Meraud); and Villeneuve-sur-Lot Hospital: Dr I. Chossat.</p><p><bold>Permanent team:</bold> M.J. Blaizeau, M. Bruyand, V. Conte, M. Decoin, J. Delaune, S. Delveaux, F. Diarra, C. D’Ivernois, A. Frosch, S. Geffard, C. Hannapier, S. Lawson-Ayayi, E. Lenaud, O. Leleux, F. Le Marec, J. Leray, I. Louis, G. Palmer, A. Pougetoux, X. Sicard, D. Touchard and B. Uwamaliya-Nziyumvira.</p><p><bold>3. Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD), Australia</bold></p><p><bold>Central coordination:</bold> M. Law<sup>1</sup>, K. Petoumenos, H. McManus, S. Wright and C. Bendall (Sydney, New South Wales).</p><p><bold>Participating physicians:</bold> R. Moore, S. Edwards, J. Hoy, K. Watson, N. Roth, J. Nicholson (Melbourne, Victoria); M. Bloch, T. Franic, D. Baker, R. Vale, A. Carr, D. Cooper (Sydney, New South Wales); J. Chuah, M. Ngieng (Gold Coast, Queensland); D. Nolan and J. Skett (Perth, Western Australia).</p><p><bold>4. Barcelona Antiretroviral Surveillance Study (BASS), Spain</bold></p><p><bold>Central coordination:</bold> G. Calvo<sup>1</sup>, F. Torres and S. Mateu (Barcelona).</p><p><bold>Participating physicians:</bold> P. Domingo, M.A. Sambeat, J. Gatell, E. Del Cacho, J. Cadafalch, M. Fuster (Barcelona); C. Codina, G. Sirera and A. Vaqué (Badalona).</p><p><bold>5. The Brussels St. Pierre Cohort, Belgium</bold></p><p><bold>Coordination:</bold> S. De Wit<sup>1</sup>, N. Clumeck, M. Delforge and C. Necsoi.</p><p><bold>Participating physicians:</bold> N. Clumeck, S. De Wit<sup>1</sup>, A.F. Gennotte, M. Gerard, K. Kabeya, D. Konopnicki, A. Libois, C. Martin, M.C. Payen, P. Semaille and Y. Van Laethem.</p><p><bold>6. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA), USA</bold></p><p><bold>Central coordination:</bold> J. Neaton, G. Bartsch, W.M. El-Sadr<sup>1</sup>, E. Krum, G. Thompson and D. Wentworth.</p><p><bold>Participating physicians:</bold> R. Luskin-Hawk (Chicago, IL); E. Telzak (Bronx, NY); W.M. El-Sadr (Harlem, NY); D.I. Abrams (San Francisco, CA); D. Cohn (Denver, CO); N. Markowitz (Detroit, MI); R. Arduino (Houston, TX); D. Mushatt (New Orleans, LA); G. Friedland (New Haven, CT); G. Perez (Newark, NJ); E. Tedaldi (Philadelphia, PA); E. Fisher (Richmond, VA); F. Gordin (Washington, DC); L.R. Crane (Detroit, MI); J. Sampson (Portland, OR); and J. Baxter (Camden, NJ).</p><p><bold>7. EuroSIDA, multinational</bold></p><p><bold>Coordinating centre:</bold> J. Lundgren<sup>1,2</sup>, O. Kirk<sup>1</sup>, A. Mocroft, A. Cozzi-Lepri, D. Grint, D. Podlekareva, J. Kjær, L. Peters, J. Reekie, J. Kowalska, J. Tverland, A.H. Fischer and J. Nielsen.</p><p><bold>Participating countries and physicians:</bold></p><p><bold>Argentina:</bold> (M. Losso), C. Elias, Hospital JM Ramos Mejia, Buenos Aires.</p><p><bold>Austria:</bold> (N. Vetter), Pulmologisches Zentrum der Stadt Wien, Vienna; and R. Zangerle, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck.</p><p><bold>Belarus:</bold> (I. Karpov), A. Vassilenko, Belarus State Medical University, Minsk; V.M. Mitsura, Gomel State Medical University, Gomel; and O. Suetnov, Regional AIDS Centre, Svetlogorsk.</p><p><bold>Belgium:</bold> (N. Clumeck), S. De Wit<sup>1</sup> and M. Delforge, Saint-Pierre Hospital, Brussels; R. Colebunders, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp; and L. Vandekerckhove, University Ziekenhuis Gent, Gent.</p><p><bold>Bosnia-Herzegovina:</bold> (V. Hadziosmanovic), Klinicki Centar Univerziteta Sarajevo, Sarajevo.</p><p><bold>Bulgaria:</bold> (K. Kostov), Infectious Diseases Hospital, Sofia.</p><p><bold>Croatia:</bold> (J. Begovac), University Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Zagreb.</p><p><bold>Czech Republic:</bold> (L. Machala), D. Jilich, Faculty Hospital Bulovka, Prague; and D. Sedlacek, Charles University Hospital, Plzen.</p><p><bold>Denmark:</bold> (J. Nielsen), G. Kronborg, T. Benfield and M. Larsen, Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen; J. Gerstoft, T. Katzenstein, A.B.E. Hansen and P. Skinhøj, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen; C. Pedersen, Odense University Hospital, Odense; and L. Ostergaard, Skejby Hospital, Aarhus.</p><p><bold>Estonia:</bold> (K. Zilmer), West-Tallinn Central Hospital, xTallinn; and J. Smidt, Nakkusosakond Siseklinik, Kohtla-Järve.</p><p><bold>Finland:</bold> (M. Ristola), Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki.</p><p><bold>France:</bold> (C. Katlama), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétière, Paris; J.P. Viard, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris; P.M. Girard, Hospital Saint-Antoine, Paris; J.M. Livrozet, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon; P. Vanhems, University Claude Bernard, Lyon; C. Pradier, Hôpital de l’Archet, Nice; and F. Dabis<sup>1</sup> and D. Neau, Unité INSERM, Bordeaux.</p><p><bold>Germany:</bold> (J. Rockstroh), Universitäts Klinik Bonn; R. Schmidt, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover; J. van Lunzen and O. Degen, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Infectious Diseases Unit, Hamburg; H.J. Stellbrink, IPM Study Center, Hamburg; S. Staszewski, J.W. Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt; M. Bickel, Medizinische Poliklinik, Munich; and G. Fätkenheuer, Universität Köln, Cologne.</p><p><bold>Greece:</bold> (J. Kosmidis), P. Gargalianos, G. Xylomenos and J. Perdios, Athens General Hospital, Athens; G. Panos, A. Filandras and E. Karabatsaki, 1st IKA Hospital, Athens; and H. Sambatakou, Ippokration Genereal Hospital, Athens.</p><p><bold>Hungary:</bold> (D. Banhegyi), Szent Lásló Hospital, Budapest.</p><p><bold>Ireland:</bold> (F. Mulcahy), St. James’s Hospital, Dublin.</p><p><bold>Israel:</bold> (I. Yust), D. Turner and M. Burke, Ichilov Hospital, Tel Aviv; S. Pollack and G. Hassoun, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa; and S. Maayan, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem.</p><p><bold>Italy:</bold> (S. Vella), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome; R. Esposito, I. Mazeu and C. Mussini, Università Modena, Modena; C. Arici, Ospedale Riuniti, Bergamo; R. Pristera, Ospedale Generale Regionale, Bolzano; F. Mazzotta, A. Gabbuti, Ospedale Santa Maria Annunziata, Firenze; V. Vullo and M. Lichtner, University di Roma la Sapienza, Rome; A. Chirianni, E. Montesarchio and M. Gargiulo, Presidio Ospedaliero AD Cotugno, Monaldi Hospital, Napoli; G. Antonucci, A. Testa, P. Narciso, C. Vlassi and M. Zaccarelli, Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome; A. Lazzarin, A. Castagna and N. Gianotti, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan; M. Galli and A. Ridolfo, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, Milan; and A. d’Arminio Monforte, Istituto Di Clinica Malattie Infettive e Tropicale, Milan.</p><p><bold>Latvia:</bold> (B. Rozentale), I. Zeltina, Infectology Centre of Latvia, Riga.</p><p><bold>Lithuania:</bold> (S. Chaplinskas), Lithuanian AIDS Centre, Vilnius.</p><p><bold>Luxembourg:</bold> (R. Hemmer), T. Staub, Centre Hospitalier, Luxembourg.</p><p><bold>Netherlands:</bold> (P. Reiss<sup>1</sup>), Academisch Medisch Centrum bij de Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.</p><p><bold>Norway:</bold> (V. Ormaasen), A. Maeland and J. Bruun, Ullevål Hospital, Oslo.</p><p><bold>Poland:</bold> (B. Knysz), J. Gasiorowski, Medical University, Wroclaw; A. Horban and E. Bakowska, Centrum Diagnostyki i Terapii AIDS, Warsaw; A. Grzeszczuk and R. Flisiak, Medical University, Bialystok; A. Boron-Kaczmarska, M. Pynka and M. Parczewski, Medical University, Szczecin; M. Beniowski and E. Mularska, Osrodek Diagnostyki i Terapii AIDS, Chorzow; H. Trocha, Medical University, Gdansk; and E. Jablonowska, E. Malolepsza and K. Wojcik, Wojewodzki Szpital Specjalistyczny, Lodz.</p><p><bold>Portugal:</bold> (F. Antunes), M. Doroana and L. Caldeira, Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon; K. Mansinho, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisbon; and F. Maltez, Hospital Curry Cabral, Lisbon.</p><p><bold>Romania:</bold> (D. Duiculescu), Spitalul Clinic de Boli Infectioase si Tropicale “Dr. Victor Babes”, Bucuresti.</p><p><bold>Russia:</bold> (A. Rakhmanova), Medical Academy Botkin Hospital, St. Petersburg; N. Zakharova, St. Petersburg AIDS Centre, St. Peterburg; and S. Buzunova, Novgorod Centre for AIDS, Novgorod.</p><p><bold>Serbia:</bold> (D. Jevtovic), Institute for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Belgrade.</p><p><bold>Slovakia:</bold> (M. Mokráš), D. Staneková, Dérer Hospital, Bratislava.</p><p><bold>Slovenia:</bold> (J. Tomazic), University Clinical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana.</p><p><bold>Spain:</bold> (J. González-Lahoz), V. Soriano, P. Labarga and J. Medrano, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid; S. Moreno and J.M. Rodriguez, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid; B. Clotet, A. Jou, R. Paredes, C. Tural, J. Puig and I. Bravo, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona; J.M. Gatell and J.M. Miró, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona; and P. Domingo, M. Gutierrez, G. Mateo and M.A. Sambeat, Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona.</p><p><bold>Sweden:</bold> (A. Karlsson), Venhaelsan-Sodersjukhuset, Stockholm; and L. Flamholc, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö.</p><p><bold>Switzerland:</bold> (B. Ledergerber), R. Weber<sup>1</sup>, University Hospital, Zürich; P. Francioli and M. Cavassini, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne; B. Hirschel and E. Boffi, Hospital Cantonal Universitaire de Geneve, Geneva; H. Furrer, Inselspital Bern, Bern; and M. Battegay and L. Elzi, University Hospital Basel, Basel.</p><p><bold>Ukraine:</bold> (E. Kravchenko), N. Chentsova, Kiev Centre for AIDS, Kiev; V. Frolov and G. Kutsyna, Luhansk State Medical University; Luhansk; S. Servitskiy, Odessa Region AIDS Center, Odessa; and M. Krasnov, Kharkov State Medical University, Kharkov.</p><p><bold>United Kingdom:</bold> (S. Barton), John Hunter Clinic, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London; A.M. Johnson and D. Mercey, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London (University College Campus); A. Phillips, M.A. Johnson and A. Mocroft, Royal Free and University College London Medical School, London (Royal Free Campus); M. Murphy, Medical College of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London; J. Weber and G. Scullard, Faculty of Medicine at Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Hospital, London; M. Fisher, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton; and C. Leen, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh.</p><p><bold>8. HivBivus, Sweden</bold></p><p><bold>Central coordination:</bold> L. Morfeldt<sup>1</sup>, G. Thulin and A. Sundström.</p><p><bold>Participating physicians:</bold> B. Åkerlund (Huddinge); K. Koppel, A. Karlsson (Stockholm); L. Flamholc and C. Håkangård (Malmö).</p><p><bold>9. The ICONA Foundation, Italy</bold></p><p><bold>Board of directors:</bold> M. Moroni (chair), G. Angarano, A. Antinori, O. Armignacco, A. d’Arminio Monforte<sup>1</sup>, F. Castelli, R. Cauda, G. Di Perri, M. Galli, R. Iardino, G. Ippolito, A. Lazzarin, C.F. Perno, F. von Schloesser and P. Viale.</p><p><bold>Scientific secretary:</bold> A d’Arminio Monforte<sup>1</sup>, A. Antinori, A. Castagna, F. Ceccherini-Silberstein, A. Cozzi-Lepri, E. Girardi, S. Lo Caputo, C. Mussini and M. Puoti.</p><p><bold>ICONA Steering Committee:</bold> M. Andreoni, A. Ammassari, A. Antinori, A. d’Arminio Monforte, C. Balotta, P. Bonfanti, S. Bonora, M. Borderi, R. Capobianchi, A. Castagna, F. Ceccherini-Silberstein, A. Cingolani, P. Cinque, A. Cozzi-Lepri, A. De Luca, A. Di Biagio, E. Girardi, N. Gianotti, A. Gori, G. Guaraldi, G. Lapadula, M. Lichtner, S. Lo Caputo, G. Madeddu, F. Maggiolo, G. Marchetti, S. Marcotullio, L. Monno, C. Mussini, M. Puoti, E. Quiros Roldan and S. Rusconi.</p><p><bold>Statistical and monitoring team:</bold> A.Cozzi-Lepri, P. Cicconi, I. Fanti, T. Formenti, L. Galli and P. Lorenzini.</p><p><bold>Participating physicians:</bold> A. Giacometti, A. Costantini (Ancona); G. Angarano, L. Monno, C. Santoro (Bari); F. Maggiolo, C. Suardi (Bergamo); P. Viale, E. Vanino, G. Verucchi (Bologna); F. Castelli, E. Quiros Roldan, C. Minardi (Brescia); T. Quirino, C. Abeli (Busto Arsizio); P.E. Manconi, P. Piano (Cagliari); J. Vecchiet, K. Falasca (Chieti); L. Sighinolfi, D. Segala (Ferrara); F. Mazzotta, S. Lo Caputo (Firenze); G. Cassola, G. Viscoli, A. Alessandrini, R. Piscopo, G. Mazzarello (Genova); C. Mastroianni, V. Belvisi (Latina); P. Bonfanti, I. Caramma (Lecco); A.P. Castelli (Macerata); M. Galli, A. Lazzarin, G. Rizzardini, M. Puoti, A. d’Arminio Monforte, A.L. Ridolfo, R. Piolini, A. Castagna, S. Salpietro, L. Carenzi, M.C. Moioli, P. Cicconi, G. Marchetti (Milano); C. Mussini, C. Puzzolante (Modena); A. Gori, G. Lapadula (Monza); N. Abrescia, A. Chirianni, M.G. Guida, M. Onofrio (Napoli); F. Baldelli, D. Francisci (Perugia); G. Parruti, T. Ursini (Pescara); G. Magnani, M.A. Ursitti (Reggio Emilia); R. Cauda, M. Andreoni, A. Antinori, V. Vullo, A. Cingolani, A. d’Avino, A. Ammassari, L. Gallo, E. Nicastri, R. Acinapura, M. Capozzi, R. Libertone, G. Tebano (Roma); A. Cattelan (Rovigo); M.S. Mura, G. Madeddu (Sassari); P. Caramello, G. Di Perri, G.C. Orofino, S. Bonora, M. Sciandra (Torino); G. Pellizzer and V. Manfrin (Vicenza).</p><p><bold>10. Nice HIV Cohort, France</bold></p><p><bold>Central coordination</bold>: C. Pradier<sup>1</sup>, E. Fontas and C. Caissotti.</p><p><bold>Participating physicians:</bold> P. Dellamonica, E. Bernard, E. Cua, F. De Salvador-Guillouet, J. Durant, S. Ferrando, V. Mondain-Miton, A. Naqvi, I. Perbost, B. Prouvost-Keller, S. Pillet, P. Pugliese, V. Rahelinirina and P.M. Roger.</p><p><bold>Clinical research assistant:</bold> K. Dollet.</p><p><bold>11. Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS), Switzerland</bold></p><p><bold>Participating physicians:</bold> V. Aubert, M. Battegay, E. Bernasconi, J. Böni, H.C. Bucher, C. Burton-Jeangros, A. Calmy, M. Cavassini, G. Dollenmaier, M. Egger, L. Elzi, J. Fehr, J. Fellay, H. Furrer (Chairman of the Clinical and Laboratory Committee), C.A. Fux, M. Gorgievski, H. Günthard (President of the SHCS), D. Haerry (Deputy of “Positive Council”), B. Hasse, H.H. Hirsch, M. Hoffmann, I. Hösli, C. Kahlert, L. Kaiser, O. Keiser, T. Klimkait, R. Kouyos, H. Kovari, B. Ledergerber, G. Martinetti, B. Martinez de Tejada, K. Metzner, N. Müller, D. Nadal, D. Nicca, G. Pantaleo, A. Rauch (Chairman of the Scientific Board), S. Regenass, M. Rickenbach (Head of Data Center), C. Rudin (Chairman of the Mother and Child Substudy), F. Schöni-Affolter, P. Schmid, J. Schüpbach, R. Speck, P. Tarr, A. Telenti, A. Trkola, P. Vernazza, R. Weber<sup>1</sup> and S. Yerly.</p><p>The data are gathered by five Swiss university hospitals, two cantonal hospitals, 15 affiliated hospitals and 36 private physicians (listed in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.shcs.ch/180-health-care-providers">http://www.shcs.ch/180-health-care-providers</ext-link>).</p><sec id="FPar1"><title>Source of funding</title><p>This work was supported by the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Oversight Committee (HAART-OC), a collaborative committee with representation from academic institutions, the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the patient community, and all pharmaceutical companies with licensed anti-HIV drugs in the European Union: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Pfizer, F. Hoffman-La Roche and Janssen Pharmaceuticals.</p><p>Supported by a grant [grant number CURE/97-46486] from the Health Insurance Funds Council, Amstelveen, The Netherlands, to the AIDS Therapy Evaluation in the Netherlands (ATHENA) project; by a grant from the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le sida [grant number Action Coordonnée no.7, Cohortes], to the Aquitaine Cohort; The Australian HIV Observational Database (AHOD) is funded as part of the Asia Pacific HIV Observational Database, a program of The American Foundation for AIDS Research, amfAR, and is supported in part by a grant from the United States National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) [grant number U01-AI069907], and by unconditional grants from Merck, Gilead Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. The Kirby Institute is funded by The Australian Government Department of Health, and is affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine, The University of New South Wales (UNSW). By grants from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria [grant number FIS 99/0887] and Fundación para la Investigación y la Prevención del Sida en Espanã [grant number FIPSE 3171/00], to the Barcelona Antiretroviral Surveillance Study (BASS); by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health [grant numbers 5U01AI042170-10, 5U01AI046362-03], to the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA); by grants from the BIOMED 1 [grant number CT94-1637] and BIOMED 2 [grant number CT97-2713] programs and the fifth framework program [grant number QLK2-2000-00773] of the European Commission, and grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche, to the EuroSIDA study; by unrestricted educational grants of AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Janssen Pharmaceuticals to the Italian Cohort Naive to Antiretrovirals (The ICONA Foundation); and by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation, to the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS).</p><p>The content of this publication is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of any of the institutions mentioned above.</p></sec></ack><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Sabin C, Worm S, Weber R, El-Sadr W, Reiss P, Thiebaut R, et al. Do thymidine analogues, abacavir, didanosine and lamivudine contribute to the risk of myocardial infarction? The D:A:D Study. Poster 957c. 15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, 3–6 February 2008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR2"><label>2.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>D:A:D Study Group</collab><name><surname>Sabin</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Worm</surname><given-names>SW</given-names></name><name><surname>Weber</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiss</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>El-Sadr</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: a multi-cohort collaboration</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2008</year><volume>371</volume><fpage>1417</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60423-7</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18387667</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Strategies for Management of Anti-Retroviral Therapy/INSIGHT; DAD Study Groups. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2008;22:F17–24.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR4"><label>4.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bloch</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Amin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Emery</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Simplification of antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine: a randomized, 96 week trial</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2009</year><volume>49</volume><fpage>1591</fpage><lpage>601</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1086/644769</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19842973</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR5"><label>5.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Obel</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Farkas</surname><given-names>DK</given-names></name><name><surname>Kronborg</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Larsen</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Pedersen</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Riis</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Abacavir and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: a population-based nationwide cohort study</article-title><source>HIV Med</source><year>2010</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>130</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1468-1293.2009.00751.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19682101</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR6"><label>6.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Durand</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Sheehy</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Baril</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Lelorier</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Tremblay</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Association between HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy, and risk of myocardial infarction: a cohort and nested case-control study using Québec's public health insurance database</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2011</year><volume>57</volume><fpage>245</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0b013e31821d33a5</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21499115</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR7"><label>7.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>AI</given-names></name><name><surname>Vittinghoff</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Deeks</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></name><name><surname>Weekley</surname><given-names>CC</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Shlipak</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Cardiovascular risks associated with abacavir and tenofovir exposure in HIV-infected persons</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2011</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>1289</fpage><lpage>98</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e328347fa16</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21516027</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Palella FJ, Althoff KN, Moore R, Zhang J, Kitahata M, Gange SJ, et al. Abacavir use and risk for myocardial infarction in the NA-ACCORD. Poster 749LB. 22nd Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, 23–26 February 2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR9"><label>9.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Moodie</surname><given-names>EEM</given-names></name><name><surname>Abrahamowicz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name><name><surname>Bernasconi</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effect of cumulating exposure to abacavir on the risk of cardiovascular disease events in patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2015</year><volume>69</volume><fpage>413</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25932884</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR10"><label>10.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Triant</surname><given-names>VA</given-names></name><name><surname>Regan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Sax</surname><given-names>PE</given-names></name><name><surname>Meigs</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Grinspoon</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Association of immunologic and virologic factors with myocardial infarction rates in a US healthcare system</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2010</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>615</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181f4b752</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20827215</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR11"><label>11.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brothers</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernandez</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Cutrell</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></name><name><surname>Curtis</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Ait-Khaled</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bowlin</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Risk of myocardial infarction and abacavir therapy: no increased risk across 52 GlaxoSmithKline-sponsored clinical trials in adult subjects</article-title><source>J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr</source><year>2009</year><volume>51</volume><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0b013e31819ff0e6</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR12"><label>12.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ribaudo</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Benson</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Koletar</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Collier</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Lok</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>No risk of myocardial infarction associated with initial antiretroviral treatment containing abacavir: short and long-term results from ACTG A5001/ALLRT</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2011</year><volume>52</volume><fpage>929</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cid/ciq244</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21427402</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR13"><label>13.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lang</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Mary-Krause</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Cotte</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Gilquin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Partisani</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Simon</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Impact of individual antiretroviral drugs on the risk of myocardial infarction in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients</article-title><source>Arch Int Med</source><year>2010</year><volume>170</volume><fpage>1228</fpage><lpage>38</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archinternmed.2010.197</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20660842</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR14"><label>14.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bedimo</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Westfall</surname><given-names>AO</given-names></name><name><surname>Brechsler</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Vidiella</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Tebas</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Abacavir use and risk of acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2011</year><volume>53</volume><fpage>84</fpage><lpage>91</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cid/cir269</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21653308</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR15"><label>15.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ding</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Andraca-Carrera</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Miele</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Kornegay</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Soukup</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>No association of abacavir use with myocardial infarction: findings of an FDA meta-analysis</article-title><source>J Aquir Immun Defic Syndr</source><year>2012</year><volume>61</volume><fpage>441</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0b013e31826f993c</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR16"><label>16.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cruciani</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Zanichelli</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Serpelloni</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Bosco</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Malena</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Mazzi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Abacavir use and cardiovascular disease events: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2011</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>1993</fpage><lpage>2004</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e328349c6ee</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21716077</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR17"><label>17.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Satchell</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>O’Halloran</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Cotter</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></name><name><surname>Peace</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><name><surname>O’Connor</surname><given-names>EF</given-names></name><name><surname>Tedesco</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Increased platelet reactivity in HIV-1-infected patients receiving abacavir-containing antiretroviral therapy</article-title><source>J Infect Dis</source><year>2011</year><volume>204</volume><fpage>1202</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/infdis/jir509</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21917893</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR18"><label>18.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baum</surname><given-names>PD</given-names></name><name><surname>Sullam</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Stoddart</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>McCune</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Abacavir increases platelet reactivity via competitive inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2011</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>2243</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834d3cc3</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21941165</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR19"><label>19.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Falcinelli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Francisci</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Belfiori</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Petito</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Guglielmini</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Malincarne</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>In vivo platelet activation and platelet hyperreactivity in abacavir-treated HIV-infected patients</article-title><source>Thromb Haemost</source><year>2013</year><volume>110</volume><fpage>349</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1160/TH12-07-0504</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23703656</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR20"><label>20.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Katlama</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Fenske</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Gazzard</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Lazzarin</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Clumeck</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Mallolas</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>TRIZAL study: switching from successful HAART to Trizivir (abacavir-lamivudine-zidovudine combination tablet): 48 weeks efficacy, safety and adherence results</article-title><source>HIV Med</source><year>2003</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1046/j.1468-1293.2003.00139.x</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12702127</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR21"><label>21.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sabin</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Worm</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>AN</given-names></name><name><surname>Lundgren</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Abacavir and increased risk of myocardial infarction. Authors’ reply</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2008</year><volume>372</volume><fpage>804</fpage><lpage>5</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61332-X</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR22"><label>22.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>British HIV Association</collab></person-group><article-title>British HIV Association Guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-positive adults with antiretroviral therapy 2012</article-title><source>HIV Med</source><year>2014</year><volume>15 Suppl 1</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>85</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">European AIDS Clinical Society. Guidelines. Version 7.0. 2013. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.eacsociety.org/Portals/0/Guidelines_Online_131014.pdf">www.eacsociety.org/Portals/0/Guidelines_Online_131014.pdf</ext-link>. Accessed 14 Oct 2014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR24"><label>24.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Antoniou</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Gillis</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Hogg</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Impact of the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs cohort study on abacavir prescription among treatment-naïve, HIV-infected patients in Canada</article-title><source>J Int Assoc Prov AIDS Care</source><year>2014</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/2325957413495565</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR25"><label>25.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><collab>DAD Study Group</collab><name><surname>Friis-Møller</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiss</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Sabin</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Weber</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Monforte</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2007</year><volume>356</volume><fpage>1723</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa062744</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17460226</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR26"><label>26.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tunstall-Pedoe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuulasmaa</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Amouyel</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Arveiler</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Rajakangas</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Pamak</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Myocardial infarction and coronary deaths in the World Health Organization MONICA Project registration procedures, event rates, and case-fatality rates in 38 populations from 21 countries in four continents</article-title><source>Circulation</source><year>1994</year><volume>90</volume><fpage>583</fpage><lpage>612</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.90.1.583</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8026046</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR27"><label>27.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Friis-Moller</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Thiebaut</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Reiss</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Weber</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Monforte</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><name><surname>de Wit</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients: the data collection on adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs study</article-title><source>Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil</source><year>2010</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>491</fpage><lpage>501</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJR.0b013e328336a150</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20543702</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR28"><label>28.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mallon</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impact of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors on coronary heart disease</article-title><source>Rev Cardiovasc Med</source><year>2014</year><volume>15</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S21</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24987860</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR29"><label>29.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bavinger</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Bendavid</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Niehaus</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Olshen</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Olkin</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Sundaram</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Risk of cardiovascular disease from antiretroviral therapy for HIV: a systematic review</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><year>2013</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>e59551</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0059551</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23555704</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR30"><label>30.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Desai</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Joyce</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Bendavid</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Olshen</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Hlatky</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Chow</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Risk of cardiovascular events associated with current exposure to HIV antiretroviral therapies in a US Veteran population</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2015</year><volume>61</volume><fpage>445</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cid/civ316</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25908684</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR31"><label>31.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Marcus</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Neugebauer</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Leyden</surname><given-names>WA</given-names></name><name><surname>Chao</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Quesenberry</surname><given-names>CP</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Use of abacavir and risk of cardiovascular disease among HIV-infected individuals</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2016</year><volume>71</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>413</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0000000000000881</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26536316</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR32"><label>32.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brouwer</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name><name><surname>Napravnik</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Eron</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Stalzer</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Floris-Moore</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Simpson</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of combination antiretroviral therapies on the risk of myocardial infarction among HIV patients</article-title><source>Epidemiology</source><year>2014</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>406</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/EDE.0000000000000041</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24713880</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR33"><label>33.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Amin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Carr</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kelleher</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><name><surname>Bloch</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Abacavir does not affect circulating levels of inflammatory or coagulopathic biomarkers in suppressed HIV: a randomized clinical trial</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2010</year><volume>24</volume><fpage>2657</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833f147f</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20827168</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR34"><label>34.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ford</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name><name><surname>Grenwald</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name><name><surname>Richterman</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></name><name><surname>Rupert</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Dutcher</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Badralmaa</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Traditional risk factors and D-dimer predict incident cardiovascular disease events in chronic HIV infection</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2010</year><volume>24</volume><fpage>1509</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833ad914</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20505494</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR35"><label>35.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kaplan</surname><given-names>RC</given-names></name><name><surname>Landay</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name><name><surname>Hodis</surname><given-names>HN</given-names></name><name><surname>Gange</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Norris</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Potential cardiovascular disease risk markers among HIV-infected women initiating antiretroviral treatment</article-title><source>J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr</source><year>2012</year><volume>60</volume><fpage>359</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0b013e31825b03be</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR36"><label>36.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McComsey</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name><name><surname>Kitch</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Daar</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name><name><surname>Tierney</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Jahed</surname><given-names>NC</given-names></name><name><surname>Melbourne</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Inflammation markers after randomization to abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with efavirenz or atazanavir/ritonavir</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2012</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>1371</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e328354f4fb</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22546988</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR37"><label>37.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Rasmussen</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><name><surname>Tolstrup</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Melchjorsen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Frederiksen</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Nielsen</surname><given-names>US</given-names></name><name><surname>Langdahl</surname><given-names>BL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of cardiovascular biomarkers in HIV-infected persons switching to abacavir or tenofovir based therapy</article-title><source>BMC Infect Dis</source><year>2011</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>267</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2334-11-267</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21970555</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR38"><label>38.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hileman</surname><given-names>CO</given-names></name><name><surname>Wohl</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Tisch</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Debanne</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>McComsey</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Initiation of an abacavir-containing regimen in HIV-infected adults is associated with a smaller decrease in inflammation and endothelial activation markers compared to non-abacavir-containing regimens</article-title><source>AIDS Res Hum Retrovir</source><year>2012</year><volume>28</volume><fpage>1561</fpage><lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/aid.2012.0034</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22463776</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR39"><label>39.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hsue</surname><given-names>PY</given-names></name><name><surname>Hunt</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Schnell</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Jo</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Hatano</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Association of abacavir and impaired endothelial function in treated and suppressed HIV-infected patients</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2009</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>2021</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832e7140</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19542863</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR40"><label>40.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McComsey</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name><name><surname>Kitch</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Sax</surname><given-names>PE</given-names></name><name><surname>Tierney</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Jahed</surname><given-names>NC</given-names></name><name><surname>Melbourne</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Associations of inflammatory markers with AIDS and non-AIDS clinical events after initiation of antiretroviral therapy: AIDS clinical trials group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2014</year><volume>65</volume><fpage>167</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.qai.0000437171.00504.41</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24121755</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR41"><label>41.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hammond</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>McKinnon</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Mallal</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Nolan</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Longitudinal evaluation of cardiovascular disease-associated biomarkers in relation to abacavir therapy</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2008</year><volume>22</volume><fpage>2540</fpage><lpage>3</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e328319807f</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19005279</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR42"><label>42.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wohl</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Arnoczy</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Fichtenbaum</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Taiwo</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Hicks</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Comparison of cardiovascular disease risk markers in HIV-infected patients receiving abacavir and tenofovir: the nucleoside inflammation, coagulation and endothelial function (NICE) study</article-title><source>Antiviral Ther</source><year>2014</year><volume>19</volume><fpage>141</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3851/IMP2681</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR43"><label>43.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Bush</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Overton</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Hammer</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Kojic</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effect of abacavir on acute changes in biomarkers associated with cardiovascular dysfunction</article-title><source>Antiviral Ther</source><year>2012</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>755</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3851/IMP2020</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR44"><label>44.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Larrousse</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Podzamczer</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Perez</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Gutierrez</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Lonca</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Abacavir-based therapy does not affect biological mechanisms associated with cardiovascular dysfunction</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2010</year><volume>24</volume><fpage>F1</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833562c5</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20009917</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR45"><label>45.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>De Luca</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>de Gaetano Donati</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Cozzi-Lepri</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Colafigli</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>de Curtis</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Capobianchi</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Exposure to abacavir and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in HIV-1-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy: a longitudinal study</article-title><source>J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr</source><year>2012</year><volume>60</volume><fpage>e98</fpage><lpage>e100</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAI.0b013e318259875b</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR46"><label>46.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>De Pablo</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Orden</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Apostolova</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Blanquer</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Esplugues</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name><name><surname>Alvarez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Abacavir and didanosine induce the interaction between human leukocytes and endothelial cells through Mac-1 upregulation</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2010</year><volume>24</volume><fpage>1259</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20453628</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR47"><label>47.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>De Pablo</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Orden</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Peris</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Barrachina</surname><given-names>MD</given-names></name><name><surname>Esplugues</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name><name><surname>Alvarez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Profile of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions induced in venules and arterioles by nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors in vivo</article-title><source>J Infect Dis</source><year>2013</year><volume>208</volume><fpage>1448</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/infdis/jit340</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23908487</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR48"><label>48.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>De Pablo</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Orden</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Calatayud</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Marti-Cabrera</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Esplugues</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name><name><surname>Alvarez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Differential effects of tenofovir/emtricitabine and abacavir/lamivudine on human leukocyte recruitment</article-title><source>Antivir Ther</source><year>2012</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>1615</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3851/IMP2357</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22954798</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR49"><label>49.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Papakonstantinou</surname><given-names>VD</given-names></name><name><surname>Chini</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Mangafas</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Stamatakis</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsogas</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsoupras</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>In vivo effect of two first-line ART regimens on inflammatory mediators in male HIV patients</article-title><source>Lipids Health Dis</source><year>2014</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>90</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1476-511X-13-90</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24884881</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR50"><label>50.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Piconi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Parisotto</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Rizzardini</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Passerini</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Meraviglia</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Schiavini</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Atherosclerosis is associated with multiple pathogenic mechanisms in HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive or treated individuals</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2013</year><volume>27</volume><fpage>381</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835abcc9</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23079800</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR51"><label>51.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chini</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsoupras</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></name><name><surname>Mangafas</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsogas</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Papakonstantinou</surname><given-names>VD</given-names></name><name><surname>Fragopoulou</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on platelet activating factor metabolism in naïve HIV-infected patients: ii) study of the abacavir/lamivudine/Efavirenz HAART regimen</article-title><source>Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol</source><year>2012</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>247</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22507337</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR52"><label>52.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Haugaard</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></name><name><surname>Lund</surname><given-names>TT</given-names></name><name><surname>Birch</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Fonsholt</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Troseid</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ullum</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Discrepant coagulation profile in HIV infection: elevated D-dimer but impaired platelet aggregation and clot initiation</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2013</year><volume>27</volume><fpage>2749</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/01.aids.0000432462.21723.ed</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23842126</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR53"><label>53.</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Danaei</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Tavakkoli</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hernán</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Bias in observational studies of prevalent users: lessons for comparative effectiveness research from a meta-analysis of statins</article-title><source>Am J Epidemiol</source><year>2012</year><volume>175</volume><fpage>250</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kwr301</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22223710</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000B02 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000B02 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |