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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Planetary Stewardship in an Urbanizing World: Beyond City Limits</title><author><name sortKey="Seitzinger, Sybil P" sort="Seitzinger, Sybil P" uniqKey="Seitzinger S" first="Sybil P." last="Seitzinger">Sybil P. Seitzinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svedin, Uno" sort="Svedin, Uno" uniqKey="Svedin U" first="Uno" last="Svedin">Uno Svedin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crumley, Carole L" sort="Crumley, Carole L" uniqKey="Crumley C" first="Carole L." last="Crumley">Carole L. Crumley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Center for Biodiversity, Swedish Agricultural University, Box 7007, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steffen, Will" sort="Steffen, Will" uniqKey="Steffen W" first="Will" last="Steffen">Will Steffen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">The ANU Climate Change Institute, The College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Coombs Building, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdullah, Saiful Arif" sort="Abdullah, Saiful Arif" uniqKey="Abdullah S" first="Saiful Arif" last="Abdullah">Saiful Arif Abdullah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alfsen, Christine" sort="Alfsen, Christine" uniqKey="Alfsen C" first="Christine" last="Alfsen">Christine Alfsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Chemin du Vier, 06380 Sospel, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broadgate, Wendy J" sort="Broadgate, Wendy J" uniqKey="Broadgate W" first="Wendy J." last="Broadgate">Wendy J. Broadgate</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biermann, Frank" sort="Biermann, Frank" uniqKey="Biermann F" first="Frank" last="Biermann">Frank Biermann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8">Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bondre, Ninad R" sort="Bondre, Ninad R" uniqKey="Bondre N" first="Ninad R." last="Bondre">Ninad R. Bondre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dearing, John A" sort="Dearing, John A" uniqKey="Dearing J" first="John A." last="Dearing">John A. Dearing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deutsch, Lisa" sort="Deutsch, Lisa" uniqKey="Deutsch L" first="Lisa" last="Deutsch">Lisa Deutsch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dhakal, Shobhakar" sort="Dhakal, Shobhakar" uniqKey="Dhakal S" first="Shobhakar" last="Dhakal">Shobhakar Dhakal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Energy Field of Study, Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elmqvist, Thomas" sort="Elmqvist, Thomas" uniqKey="Elmqvist T" first="Thomas" last="Elmqvist">Thomas Elmqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farahbakhshazad, Neda" sort="Farahbakhshazad, Neda" uniqKey="Farahbakhshazad N" first="Neda" last="Farahbakhshazad">Neda Farahbakhshazad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Swedish Secretariat for Environmental Earth System Sciences, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaffney, Owen" sort="Gaffney, Owen" uniqKey="Gaffney O" first="Owen" last="Gaffney">Owen Gaffney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haberl, Helmut" sort="Haberl, Helmut" uniqKey="Haberl H" first="Helmut" last="Haberl">Helmut Haberl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff12">Institute of Social Ecology Vienna, Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavorel, Sandra" sort="Lavorel, Sandra" uniqKey="Lavorel S" first="Sandra" last="Lavorel">Sandra Lavorel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13">Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, BP 53, 2233 Rue de la Piscine, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mbow, Cheikh" sort="Mbow, Cheikh" uniqKey="Mbow C" first="Cheikh" last="Mbow">Cheikh Mbow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14">Institut des Sciences de l’Environment, Laboratoired’Enseignementet de Recherche en Géomatique (LERG), Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique (ESP)/FST, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmichael, Anthony J" sort="Mcmichael, Anthony J" uniqKey="Mcmichael A" first="Anthony J." last="Mcmichael">Anthony J. Mcmichael</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15">National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demorais, Joao M F" sort="Demorais, Joao M F" uniqKey="Demorais J" first="Joao M. F." last="Demorais">Joao M. F. Demorais</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff20">FORSK, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Valhallavägen 199, 105 25 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olsson, Per" sort="Olsson, Per" uniqKey="Olsson P" first="Per" last="Olsson">Per Olsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pinho, Patricia Fernanda" sort="Pinho, Patricia Fernanda" uniqKey="Pinho P" first="Patricia Fernanda" last="Pinho">Patricia Fernanda Pinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16">IGBP Regional Office Brazil, Brazil Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seto, Karen C" sort="Seto, Karen C" uniqKey="Seto K" first="Karen C." last="Seto">Karen C. Seto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff17">Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sinclair, Paul" sort="Sinclair, Paul" uniqKey="Sinclair P" first="Paul" last="Sinclair">Paul Sinclair</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stafford Smith, Mark" sort="Stafford Smith, Mark" uniqKey="Stafford Smith M" first="Mark" last="Stafford Smith">Mark Stafford Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18">CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sugar, Lorraine" sort="Sugar, Lorraine" uniqKey="Sugar L" first="Lorraine" last="Sugar">Lorraine Sugar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19">The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23076974</idno><idno type="pmc">3492563</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492563</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3492563</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s13280-012-0353-7</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000939</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000939</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Planetary Stewardship in an Urbanizing World: Beyond City Limits</title><author><name sortKey="Seitzinger, Sybil P" sort="Seitzinger, Sybil P" uniqKey="Seitzinger S" first="Sybil P." last="Seitzinger">Sybil P. Seitzinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Svedin, Uno" sort="Svedin, Uno" uniqKey="Svedin U" first="Uno" last="Svedin">Uno Svedin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crumley, Carole L" sort="Crumley, Carole L" uniqKey="Crumley C" first="Carole L." last="Crumley">Carole L. Crumley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Center for Biodiversity, Swedish Agricultural University, Box 7007, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steffen, Will" sort="Steffen, Will" uniqKey="Steffen W" first="Will" last="Steffen">Will Steffen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">The ANU Climate Change Institute, The College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Coombs Building, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdullah, Saiful Arif" sort="Abdullah, Saiful Arif" uniqKey="Abdullah S" first="Saiful Arif" last="Abdullah">Saiful Arif Abdullah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alfsen, Christine" sort="Alfsen, Christine" uniqKey="Alfsen C" first="Christine" last="Alfsen">Christine Alfsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Chemin du Vier, 06380 Sospel, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Broadgate, Wendy J" sort="Broadgate, Wendy J" uniqKey="Broadgate W" first="Wendy J." last="Broadgate">Wendy J. Broadgate</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Biermann, Frank" sort="Biermann, Frank" uniqKey="Biermann F" first="Frank" last="Biermann">Frank Biermann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8">Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bondre, Ninad R" sort="Bondre, Ninad R" uniqKey="Bondre N" first="Ninad R." last="Bondre">Ninad R. Bondre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dearing, John A" sort="Dearing, John A" uniqKey="Dearing J" first="John A." last="Dearing">John A. Dearing</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deutsch, Lisa" sort="Deutsch, Lisa" uniqKey="Deutsch L" first="Lisa" last="Deutsch">Lisa Deutsch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dhakal, Shobhakar" sort="Dhakal, Shobhakar" uniqKey="Dhakal S" first="Shobhakar" last="Dhakal">Shobhakar Dhakal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Energy Field of Study, Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elmqvist, Thomas" sort="Elmqvist, Thomas" uniqKey="Elmqvist T" first="Thomas" last="Elmqvist">Thomas Elmqvist</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farahbakhshazad, Neda" sort="Farahbakhshazad, Neda" uniqKey="Farahbakhshazad N" first="Neda" last="Farahbakhshazad">Neda Farahbakhshazad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Swedish Secretariat for Environmental Earth System Sciences, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaffney, Owen" sort="Gaffney, Owen" uniqKey="Gaffney O" first="Owen" last="Gaffney">Owen Gaffney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haberl, Helmut" sort="Haberl, Helmut" uniqKey="Haberl H" first="Helmut" last="Haberl">Helmut Haberl</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff12">Institute of Social Ecology Vienna, Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lavorel, Sandra" sort="Lavorel, Sandra" uniqKey="Lavorel S" first="Sandra" last="Lavorel">Sandra Lavorel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff13">Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, BP 53, 2233 Rue de la Piscine, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mbow, Cheikh" sort="Mbow, Cheikh" uniqKey="Mbow C" first="Cheikh" last="Mbow">Cheikh Mbow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff14">Institut des Sciences de l’Environment, Laboratoired’Enseignementet de Recherche en Géomatique (LERG), Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique (ESP)/FST, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmichael, Anthony J" sort="Mcmichael, Anthony J" uniqKey="Mcmichael A" first="Anthony J." last="Mcmichael">Anthony J. Mcmichael</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15">National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Demorais, Joao M F" sort="Demorais, Joao M F" uniqKey="Demorais J" first="Joao M. F." last="Demorais">Joao M. F. Demorais</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1">International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff20">FORSK, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Valhallavägen 199, 105 25 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olsson, Per" sort="Olsson, Per" uniqKey="Olsson P" first="Per" last="Olsson">Per Olsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pinho, Patricia Fernanda" sort="Pinho, Patricia Fernanda" uniqKey="Pinho P" first="Patricia Fernanda" last="Pinho">Patricia Fernanda Pinho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff16">IGBP Regional Office Brazil, Brazil Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seto, Karen C" sort="Seto, Karen C" uniqKey="Seto K" first="Karen C." last="Seto">Karen C. Seto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff17">Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sinclair, Paul" sort="Sinclair, Paul" uniqKey="Sinclair P" first="Paul" last="Sinclair">Paul Sinclair</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stafford Smith, Mark" sort="Stafford Smith, Mark" uniqKey="Stafford Smith M" first="Mark" last="Stafford Smith">Mark Stafford Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff18">CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sugar, Lorraine" sort="Sugar, Lorraine" uniqKey="Sugar L" first="Lorraine" last="Sugar">Lorraine Sugar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff19">The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Ambio</title><idno type="ISSN">0044-7447</idno><idno type="eISSN">1654-7209</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Cities are rapidly increasing in importance as a major factor shaping the Earth system, and therefore, must take corresponding responsibility. With currently over half the world’s population, cities are supported by resources originating from primarily rural regions often located around the world far distant from the urban loci of use. The sustainability of a city can no longer be considered in isolation from the sustainability of human and natural resources it uses from proximal or distant regions, or the combined resource use and impacts of cities globally. The world’s multiple and complex environmental and social challenges require interconnected solutions and coordinated governance approaches to planetary stewardship. We suggest that a key component of planetary stewardship is a global system of cities that develop sustainable processes and policies in concert with its non-urban areas. The potential for cities to cooperate as a system and with rural connectivity could increase their capacity to effect change and foster stewardship at the planetary scale and also increase their resource security.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akbari, H" uniqKey="Akbari H">H Akbari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menon, S" uniqKey="Menon S">S Menon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenfeld, A" uniqKey="Rosenfeld A">A Rosenfeld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Biermann, F" uniqKey="Biermann F">F Biermann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chapin, Rs" uniqKey="Chapin R">RS Chapin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pickett, Sta" uniqKey="Pickett S">STA Pickett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Power, 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Ambio</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Ambio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Ambio</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0044-7447</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1654-7209</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Springer Netherlands</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Dordrecht</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23076974</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3492563</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">353</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13280-012-0353-7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Perspective</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Planetary Stewardship in an Urbanizing World: Beyond City Limits</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Seitzinger</surname><given-names>Sybil P.</given-names></name><address><phone>46-86739-558</phone><fax>46-81664-05</fax><email>sybil.seitzinger@igbp.kva.se</email><uri>www.IGBP.net</uri></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><bio><sec id="d29e165"><title>Sybil P. Seitzinger</title><p>is the Executive Director of the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme. Her research interests include global environmental change, biogeochemistry of the Earth system, and science–stakeholder interactions.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Svedin</surname><given-names>Uno</given-names></name><address><email>uno.svedin@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><bio><sec id="d29e180"><title>Uno Svedin</title><p>is a Professor at Stockholm University with affiliations to the Department of computer and systems science as well as the Stockholm Resilience Center as Senior Research Fellow. His research interests include systems aspects of sustainability and resilience, research policy, urban issues, and the future role of agriculture.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crumley</surname><given-names>Carole L.</given-names></name><address><email>crumley@unc.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref><bio><sec id="d29e197"><title>Carole L. Crumley</title><p>is a Professor at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill (USA) and currently Visiting Professor at Uppsala University and the Swedish Agricultural University (SLU), Sweden. Her research interests include historical ecology and complex systems that incorporate humans.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steffen</surname><given-names>Will</given-names></name><address><email>will.steffen@anu.edu.au</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref><bio><sec id="d29e212"><title>Will Steffen</title><p>is an Adjunct Professor with the Australian National University and with the University of Canberra. His research interests span a broad range within the fields of climate and Earth system science, with an emphasis on incorporation of human processes in Earth system modelling and analysis, and on sustainability and climate change, with a focus on urban systems.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abdullah</surname><given-names>Saiful Arif</given-names></name><address><email>saiful_arif2002@yahoo.com</email><email>saiful@ukm.my</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref><bio><sec id="d29e231"><title>Saiful Arif Abdullah</title><p>is an Associate Professor at the Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi in Malaysia. His research interests include landscape study of effects of land-use changes on forested area, forest fragmentation analysis, and their link to conservation planning and sustainability of protected area system.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alfsen</surname><given-names>Christine</given-names></name><address><email>christinealfsen@mac.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7">7</xref><bio><sec id="d29e246"><title>Christine Alfsen</title><p>is retired from the United Nations. Her last position was senior advisor to the Global Sustainability Panel of the United Nations Secretary General. Her research interests include urban ecosystems, rural urban interface, and multi-scale planning.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Broadgate</surname><given-names>Wendy J.</given-names></name><address><email>Wendy@IGBP.kva.se</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><bio><sec id="d29e263"><title>Wendy J. Broadgate</title><p>is a Deputy Director, Natural Sciences at the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme secretariat. Her research interests include oceanography, Earth system science and sustainability, international scientific co-operation.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Biermann</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><address><email>frank.biermann@ivm.vu.nl</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8">8</xref><bio><sec id="d29e278"><title>Frank Biermann</title><p>is a Professor of Political Science and Environmental Policy Sciences at the VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and visiting professor of Earth System Governance at Lund University, Sweden. He specializes in the study of global institutions and global environmental governance.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bondre</surname><given-names>Ninad R.</given-names></name><address><email>ninad.bondre@igbp.kva.se</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><bio><sec id="d29e295"><title>Ninad R. Bondre</title><p>is the Science Editor at the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP) secretariat. His research interests include volcanology, science communication, and the social and political aspects of global change.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dearing</surname><given-names>John A.</given-names></name><address><email>j.dearing@soton.ac.uk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff9">9</xref><bio><sec id="d29e312"><title>John A. Dearing</title><p>is a Professor of Physical Geography at the University of Southampton. His research interests include complex social-ecological system dynamics and regional boundaries.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deutsch</surname><given-names>Lisa</given-names></name><address><email>lisa.deutsch@stockholmresilience.su.se</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><bio><sec id="d29e327"><title>Lisa Deutsch</title><p>is a Senior Lecturer and Director of Studies at the Stockholm Resilience Centre at Stockholm University. Her research examines the implications of trade for freshwater and ecosystem functioning relative to livestock and aquaculture production systems.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dhakal</surname><given-names>Shobhakar</given-names></name><address><email>shobhakar@ait.ac.th</email><email>shobhakar.dhakal@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff10">10</xref><bio><sec id="d29e345"><title>Shobhakar Dhakal</title><p>is an Associate Professor of the Energy Field of Study at Asian Institute of Technology in Thailand. His research interests include energy systems and climate change mitigation-related modeling and policy analyses and cities and climate change issues.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Elmqvist</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><address><email>thomase@ecology.su.se</email><uri>www.stockholmresilience.su.se</uri></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><bio><sec id="d29e362"><title>Thomas Elmqvist</title><p>is a Professor in Natural Resource Management and Stockholm Resilience Center at Stockholm University. His research includes urban ecosystem services, land-use change, natural disturbances, and components of resilience including the role of social institutions.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Farahbakhshazad</surname><given-names>Neda</given-names></name><address><email>neda.farahba@sseess.kva.se</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff11">11</xref><bio><sec id="d29e377"><title>Neda Farahbakhshazad</title><p>is a Science Advisor at the Swedish Secretariat for Environmental Earth System Sciences, SSEESS. Her current work is on improving research-development aid interfaces. Her research interests include eco-technological solutions for water resources management, nitrogen biogeochemistry, climate change, and agricultural sustainability.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gaffney</surname><given-names>Owen</given-names></name><address><email>owen.gaffney@igbp.kva.se</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><bio><sec id="d29e392"><title>Owen Gaffney</title><p>is the Director of Communications at the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme (IGBP) secretariat. His research interests are global change, the anthropocene, communications.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haberl</surname><given-names>Helmut</given-names></name><address><email>helmut.haberl@uni-klu.ac.at</email><email>helmut.haberl@aau.at</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff12">12</xref><bio><sec id="d29e409"><title>Helmut Haberl</title><p>Ph.D., is an Associate Professor of Human Ecology and Director of the Institute of Social Ecology Vienna at the Alpen-Adria Universitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz. His research interests are integrated land-system science and long-term socio-ecological research. He served as lead author of two chapters in the Global Energy Assessment and is now contributing to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report as lead author for the chapter Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use in Working Group III.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lavorel</surname><given-names>Sandra</given-names></name><address><email>sandra.lavorel@ujf-grenoble.fr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff13">13</xref><bio><sec id="d29e424"><title>Sandra Lavorel</title><p>is a CNRS Senior Research Scientist at the Alpine Ecology Laboratory in Grenoble, France. Her research focuses on the integration of state-of-the-art functional ecology for the quantification of ecosystem services, and to understand feedbacks among land use and biodiversity in the context of global change.
</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mbow</surname><given-names>Cheikh</given-names></name><address><email>cheikh1.mbow@ucad.edu.sn</email><email>cheikh_penda@yahoo.fr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff14">14</xref><bio><sec id="d29e441"><title>Cheikh Mbow</title><p>is an Associate Professor (Maître de Conférences), at the Institute of Environmental Sciences, Laboratoire d’Enseignement et de Recherche en Géomatique (LERG) of the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar. His research interests include disturbances of savanna vegetative systems, particularly the impact of bush fires and other land cover changes in rural areas, above-ground in situ carbon stock assessments and their use for carbon models and the monitoring of vegetative communities.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McMichael</surname><given-names>Anthony J.</given-names></name><address><email>Tony.McMichael@anu.edu.au</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff15">15</xref><bio><sec id="d29e458"><title>Anthony J. McMichael</title><p>is a Professor of Population Health at the Australian National University, Canberra. His research interests include the risks to health from climate and environmental changes; population health aspects of urban environments, food systems, and the ecology of infectious diseases; and health equity issues.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>deMorais</surname><given-names>Joao M. F.</given-names></name><address><email>joao.morais@sida.se</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff20">20</xref><bio><sec id="d29e477"><title>Joao M. F. deMorais</title><p>is a Senior Research Officer at FORSK, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. Scientific interests include Earth System science and sustainability, international scientific co-operation, coupled human–environmental systems, and environmental archaeology.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Olsson</surname><given-names>Per</given-names></name><address><email>per.olsson@stockholmresilience.su.se</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><bio><sec id="d29e492"><title>Per Olsson</title><p>Ph.D., is the theme leader for Adaptive Governance, Networks and Learning at Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University. His research interests are in linked social-ecological system dynamics and resilience, transformation, and adaptive governance of social-ecological systems.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pinho</surname><given-names>Patricia Fernanda</given-names></name><address><email>patricia.pinho@inpe.br</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff16">16</xref><bio><sec id="d29e509"><title>Patricia Fernanda Pinho</title><p>is a Researcher at Center for Earth System Science and Science Officer for IGBP Regional Office at the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil. Her research interests include human ecology, environmental anthropology, common property regimes, natural resources management, conservation strategies, and adaptation to global environmental change in tropical regions.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seto</surname><given-names>Karen C.</given-names></name><address><email>karen.seto@yale.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff17">17</xref><bio><sec id="d29e527"><title>Karen C. Seto</title><p>is an Associate Professor at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies. She is an expert in urbanization and satellite remote sensing to characterize land change.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sinclair</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><address><email>paul.sinclair@arkeologi.uu.se</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref><bio><sec id="d29e542"><title>Paul Sinclair</title><p>is a Professor of African Archaeology and World Historical Ecology at the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University. He is an archaeologist and his research interests include comparative studies of human environmental interactions and African urbanism from a deep time perspective.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stafford Smith</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><address><email>Mark.staffordsmith@csiro.au</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff18">18</xref><bio><sec id="d29e557"><title>Mark Stafford-Smith</title><p>is the Science Director of CSIRO’s Climate Adaptation National Research Flagship where he applies his background as an drylands systems ecologist to a wide variety of issues related to climate variability and global change.</p></sec></bio></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sugar</surname><given-names>Lorraine</given-names></name><address><email>lsugar@worldbank.org</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff19">19</xref><bio><sec id="d29e572"><title>Lorraine Sugar</title><p>is a Climate Change Specialist working in the Sustainable Development Department of the World Bank’s Latin America and Caribbean Regional Vice-Presidency. She currently works on sustainable development projects in Latin America, including the city of Rio de Janeiro on the ISO-certified Rio Low Carbon City Development Program. Her research interests include greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories for cities, as well as the GHG savings potential from deploying sustainable infrastructure projects in cities.</p></sec></bio></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>International Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>Stockholm Resilience Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, 75126 Uppsala, Sweden</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>Center for Biodiversity, Swedish Agricultural University, Box 7007, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>The ANU Climate Change Institute, The College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Coombs Building, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label>Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia</aff><aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label>Chemin du Vier, 06380 Sospel, France</aff><aff id="Aff8"><label>8</label>Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="Aff9"><label>9</label>Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK</aff><aff id="Aff10"><label>10</label>Energy Field of Study, Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120 Thailand</aff><aff id="Aff11"><label>11</label>Swedish Secretariat for Environmental Earth System Sciences, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50005, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="Aff12"><label>12</label>Institute of Social Ecology Vienna, Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria</aff><aff id="Aff13"><label>13</label>Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, CNRS UMR 5553, BP 53, 2233 Rue de la Piscine, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France</aff><aff id="Aff14"><label>14</label>Institut des Sciences de l’Environment, Laboratoired’Enseignementet de Recherche en Géomatique (LERG), Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique (ESP)/FST, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal</aff><aff id="Aff15"><label>15</label>National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia</aff><aff id="Aff16"><label>16</label>IGBP Regional Office Brazil, Brazil Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil</aff><aff id="Aff17"><label>17</label>Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 USA</aff><aff id="Aff18"><label>18</label>CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia</aff><aff id="Aff19"><label>19</label>The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA</aff><aff id="Aff20"><label>20</label>FORSK, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Valhallavägen 199, 105 25 Stockholm, Sweden</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>41</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>787</fpage><lpage>794</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>14</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2012</copyright-statement></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p>Cities are rapidly increasing in importance as a major factor shaping the Earth system, and therefore, must take corresponding responsibility. With currently over half the world’s population, cities are supported by resources originating from primarily rural regions often located around the world far distant from the urban loci of use. The sustainability of a city can no longer be considered in isolation from the sustainability of human and natural resources it uses from proximal or distant regions, or the combined resource use and impacts of cities globally. The world’s multiple and complex environmental and social challenges require interconnected solutions and coordinated governance approaches to planetary stewardship. We suggest that a key component of planetary stewardship is a global system of cities that develop sustainable processes and policies in concert with its non-urban areas. The potential for cities to cooperate as a system and with rural connectivity could increase their capacity to effect change and foster stewardship at the planetary scale and also increase their resource security.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Urban</kwd><kwd>Rural</kwd><kwd>Resources</kwd><kwd>Sustainability</kwd><kwd>Planetary stewardship</kwd><kwd>Global</kwd><kwd>Governance</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2012</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Human activities now rival or exceed biogeophysical drivers in transforming the planet to the extent that this time in history warrants an epoch of its own, increasingly referred to as “the Anthropocene” (Crutzen and Stoermer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR9">2000</xref>; Crutzen <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR8">2002</xref>; Steffen et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">2011</xref>). Increasing size and urban concentration of world population, coupled with changing lifestyles and associated consumption patterns, have led to unprecedented resource use and waste generation during the twentieth century. This expanding level of demand requires a portfolio of responses that address environmental, social, and economic issues at the planetary scale. The interconnected nature of problems, the multiple scales and rates involved, and the geopolitical constellations make this a formidable yet urgent challenge.</p><p>Research approaches as well as governance responses to date have focused largely on single issues (e.g., air pollution, population, climate, water, etc.) and on the search for solutions and treaties that often do not match the magnitude of the problems. In contrast, many issues are interconnected, the drivers and effects cross many space and time scales, and encompass environmental and socio-economic dimensions. In addition, political imperatives and difficulties in assigning and quantifying responsibilities have contributed to lack of action and slow progress.</p><p>Here, we build on and extend previous thinking on earth and planetary stewardship (e.g., Steffen et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR32">2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR33">2011</xref>; Chapin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">2011</xref>). We define planetary stewardship as the active shaping of trajectories of change on the planet, that integrates across scales from local to global, to enhance the combined sustainability of human well-being and the planet’s ecosystems and non-living resources. To support planetary stewardship a coordinated polycentric governance approach is required that is informed by a deeper understanding of the complex, multi-scalar, and interconnected nature of today’s global environmental challenges. Given the increasing importance of urbanization and concomitant pressure on resources, we contend that one of the necessary elements for achieving stewardship is the sustainability of the emerging global system of cities, including their hinterlands.</p></sec><sec id="Sec2"><title>The Urban Dimension</title><p>Contemporary urbanization differs from the past in its rate, scale, location, and form (Seto et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">2010</xref>). In 1800, when the world population hovered around 1000 million people, the only city with more than a million inhabitants was Beijing (Chandler <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">1987</xref>). By 1900, about 16 cities had crossed this threshold, a number that swelled to 200 at the beginning of this millennium. If the trend continues, by 2025 there will be around 600 cities worldwide with populations of a million or more. By 2100, the global population is projected to be 3000 million more than today, with 70–90 % of people living in urban regions (UN <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">2011</xref>). This increase in urban population is projected to be not only from global population increase but also from immigration from rural areas.</p><p>Currently, more than half of the global population lives in urban areas (UN <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">2011</xref>), although urban areas account for only about 2 % of global land surface (Akbari et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">2009</xref>). These are global centers of production and consumption (Seto et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR28">2010</xref>). By some accounts, more than 90 % of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP) is produced in urban regions (Gutman <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">2007</xref>). Consequently, urban regions, in both developed and developing countries, use a large amount of energy and other resources (Dhakal <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">2009</xref>). Approximately, 70 % of energy-related carbon emissions, 60 % of residential water use, and 76 % of wood used for industrial purposes is attributed to cities globally (Brown <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">2001</xref>; World Energy Outlook <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR37">2008</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="Sec3"><title>Global Flows and Interconnected Issues</title><p>With increasing globalization, materials and energy are drawn in great quantities from all over the world—often from large distances to the primarily urban locus of consumption and waste generation. Such distal flows and dependencies provide a global perspective of the more traditional view of the urban–rural nexus. For example, fish meal is imported from marine ecosystems worldwide to feed shrimps farmed in ponds in Thailand which are then exported to primarily urban global markets (Deutsch et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">2007</xref>). Folke et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">1997</xref>) estimated that people living in 744 large cities worldwide appropriate ~25 % of the globally available shelf, coastal, and upwelling areas for their seafood consumption. The connection of urban regions to globally dispersed areas of terrestrial production is illustrated by the global, spatial analysis of the link between plant production required for food, feed, fiber, and bioenergy supply and the location of the consumption of these products (Erb et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">2009</xref>). It is not only land use related to the production but also implications of the water used to produce the food that is of concern. Globally, the volume of virtual water “embodied” in international food trade more than doubled in the period from 1986 to 2007 (Dalin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">2012</xref>).</p><p>Studies of the urban metabolism of specific cities have documented the inflows, transformations, and outflows of resources and wastes (e.g., Warren-Rhodes and Koenig <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR36">2001</xref>; Kennedy et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">2007</xref>). Ecological footprints of cities provide another approach. For example, an ecological footprint analysis of London indicated that around 80 % of food consumed in London is imported from other countries (Best Foot Forward Ltd. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">2002</xref> cited in Satterthwaite <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR27">2011</xref>). However, the geographic distribution of resource extraction and waste generation by individual cities is not yet available, although insights are provided by analyses of the global reach of resource use by highly urbanized countries such as The Netherlands and Japan. An analysis by Rood et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">2004</xref>) documented the global distribution of land used by The Netherlands (Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>). To supply the food and fiber needs of The Netherlands’ population, required an area four times larger than this small and highly urbanized country. This emphasizes the dependence on rural land and communities in other countries. The distal flows and connections between urban and non-urban regions are an important driver of land-use change (Seto et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR29">2012</xref>). Some countries and corporations are now even attempting to assure their food and energy security via land lease arrangements in other countries (e.g., in Africa; Mbow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR21">2010</xref>), which has impacts on land use as well as potentially negative and positive implications for local livelihoods.<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Land use for consumption in the Netherlands in 2000. Areas smaller than 50 000 ha are not shown (modified from Rood et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR25">2004</xref>)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13280_2012_353_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic></fig></p><p>As with many issues, land use does not stand alone but rather is interrelated with the use of other resources, including water and nitrogen. This is illustrated by the global analysis of the use of these resources in livestock production and trade (Galloway et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR17">2007</xref>). For example, the consumption of meat (pork and chicken) in highly urbanized Japan is supported by the use in other countries (e.g., Brazil, USA, China) of over 2 million ha of land mainly for feed crop production, 3500 million m<sup>3</sup> of water for irrigation and processing, etc., and 2.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> metric tons of N fertilizer which contributes to aquatic eutrophication.</p><p>As the global urban population and its consumption increase, it is not only the sheer physical use of the planet’s resources, primarily from the hinterlands, that is of concern, but also the impacts on society and the environment. These impacts occur at many scales and the critical thresholds in many cases are crossed first at local and regional scales nearer the locus of resource use—with more immediate social and biogeophysical repercussions for regional food supply, water pollution as noted above, migration, social inequality, etc. For example, with increasing urbanization, emigration from rural areas to urban centers may not only erode rural communities but also continue to shift the focus of governments away from rural areas; this can lead to poor governance of the regions which are critical to the successful delivery of resource flows and ecosystem services to urban areas (Stafford Smith and Cribb <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR31">2009</xref>).</p><p>Given the complexity of systemic environmental and social issues now facing us, we should seek solutions that have positive, multiple synergetic effects and which, in combination, address the three dimensions of sustainability: social, economic, and environmental. Air pollution in many urban regions, including increasingly in Asia and Africa, poses major human and environmental health risks. At the same time a number of air pollutants also affect climate. To address the interrelated issues of climate and air pollution, Shindell et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR30">2012</xref>) identified a suite of pollution-control measures. If these were to be implemented simultaneously with ambitious CO<sub>2</sub> emission reductions, they suggest that global warming might be limited to <2 °C during the coming 60 years, with substantial direct co-benefits for human health and improved crop productivity.</p><p>Recent studies suggest that global food supply would need to roughly double by 2050 to meet the food and dietary changes of the primarily (~70 %) urban global population (Royal Society of London <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR26">2009</xref>; Godfray et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">2010</xref>; UN <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR35">2011</xref>). Doubling global food supply without extensive additional environmental degradation to non-urban areas presents a major challenge (Foley et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">2011</xref>; Tilman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">2011</xref>). Foley et al. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">2011</xref>) suggested an approach to double food supply using a combination of measures to decrease the yield gap, decrease waste, and decrease meat consumption primarily in developed countries, while at the same time protecting key carbon sequestering ecosystems, biodiversity, and water quality. International co-operation in the form of technology transfer between rich and poor regions could be a key component of meeting food demands and at the same time reduce environmental degradation (Tilman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR34">2011</xref>). Technology transfer resulting in moderate intensification in croplands in under yielding nations could reduce, by 2050, land clearing by 80 %, land use-related GHG emissions by 1 Pg CO<sub>2</sub>-eq y<sup>−1</sup>, and N pollution of land and water.</p><p>In summary, the sustainability of a city can no longer be thought of in isolation from the combined resource use and impacts of cities globally. Urban areas are supported by human and natural resources often drawn from far distant regions. Multiple cities often draw on the same regions for their resource requirements. Therefore, interconnected solutions and new governance systems that take into account the planet’s limited resources are needed.</p></sec><sec id="Sec4"><title>Bringing Stewardship to Practice</title><p>Planetary stewardship must take into account the planet’s limited resources, interconnected issues, increasing urban population, and the reliance of urban areas on rural resources and their communities. Urban and rural are no longer useful boundaries to make with regard to planetary stewardship. It has become clear that urban activities drive much of the global changes we see, whether in energy use, resource depletion, land-use change, etc. Yet, we do not have adequate information on resource flows and their impacts or a conceptual framework for governance that takes into consideration the combined use of resources by cities and their interconnections with rural areas. At local scales efforts have been made to bridge the urban–rural divide and integrate social and ecological systems in regional urban planning (e.g., Alfsen et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2011</xref>). But how to address the planetary scale challenges?</p><p>Many recent analyses have questioned the benefits of an exclusive reliance on a single global governance solution for tackling climate change and other environmental and socio-economic challenges (Ostrom et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR24">1961</xref>; Biermann <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">2010</xref>; Ostrom <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR23">2010</xref>; Young <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR38">2011</xref>). The diverse and interconnected issues facing the planet warrant a cross-scalar, multi-agent approach to planetary stewardship. Because urban regions will likely remain key loci of intensive processing of global resources, they must take corresponding responsibility and that responsibility must connect to rural regions. In addition, the sustainability of an individual city must be seen within the context of the combined resource use by cities globally (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>).<fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>A global system of cities cooperating with rural regions for sustainable management of planetary resources</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13280_2012_353_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic></fig></p><p>Collaboration across a global system of cities could and should provide a new component of a framework to manage sustainable resource chains and their impacts (Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>). The geographical and cultural diversity within a system of cities can provide powerful support for creative action (Ernstson et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">2010</xref>; Olsson and Galaz <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR22">2012</xref>). However, sustainability practices and policies for a global system of cities must consider the urban teleconnections and therefore must be developed with a two-way dialog with distal rural areas. The potential for cities to cooperate as a system and with rural connectivity—as a positive component of the Anthropocene—could not only increase their capacity to effect change and foster stewardship at the planetary scale but also increase their resource security.</p><p>Cities are already engaging in cooperative partnerships and beginning to take an active role in the management of resources and impacts on the regional or even global scale. For example, complementary to national and international efforts to curb greenhouse gases, initiatives have emerged such as the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and the World Mayor’s Council on Climate Change. However, additional cooperative partnerships among urban and non-urban places are needed and these must extend to other global environmental issues, and address their interconnections and impacts on our planet. A global system of cities must also operate within a framework of other actors such as national, regional and local governments, multinational corporations, and civil society (Fig. <xref rid="Fig3" ref-type="fig">3</xref>). Each of these actors has important roles to play in managing planetary resources.<fig id="Fig3"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>A collaboration across a global system of cities and rural areas must operate within a framework of actors at multiple scales</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="13280_2012_353_Fig3_HTML" id="MO3"></graphic></fig></p><p>How to move forward given the magnitude and the complexity of the challenge, and insufficient knowledge, tools, and experience? Planetary stewardship of the sort proposed in this article is essentially untested. Experimental case studies that include cities across a range of geographic, development, and cultural settings are an essential first step. In addition, we suggest three priority areas of user-engaged research that are needed to bring planetary stewardship to practice. Co-design, co-production, and analysis of results by scholars, professionals, decision makers, and civil society should be a component in each of these.<list list-type="order"><list-item><p>Resources: Sustainable solutions require a deeper understanding of the geographic distribution of the planet’s resources, flows, interconnected uses, resultant wastes and stressors, and environmental and social impacts. The response of the social-ecological system to shocks (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, severe droughts) must be a component of such studies (Chapin et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">2011</xref>). Studies should be developed within a fuller cost-accounting context considering the externalities of rural production and urban use. Building on existing and new knowledge a suite of user-friendly tools that allow analysis of future scenarios of resource use and impacts within a societal context should be developed.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Governance: We need empirical data on, for example, how the growing power and centrality of cities is appropriately connected to rural areas in terms of their empowerment and subsidiarity. This requires research on multi-dimensional networks that encompass different cities as well as the governance units along resource chains. Some specific questions to address include: what can facilitate better coordination between governance units at the same as well as different levels? How can polycentric governance increase resilience while at the same time minimizing the transaction and communication/coordination costs?</p></list-item><list-item><p>Information: Continuously updated information about coupled social-ecological systems is critical to achieve stewardship. Modern information technologies can support a system for monitoring and analysis of planetary conditions and support decision making at all levels. Putting this into practice will require sustainability services—an extension of the concept of the emerging climate services—to provide easy access to the data and analysis tools and a shared knowledge platform for communities of practice. At the same time, experimentation with novel models of governance will generate a pool of experience to draw on depending on the physical and socio-economic context.</p></list-item></list></p><p>Planetary stewardship that is mindful of society and the planet is the challenge of the Anthropocene. Effective stewardship must consider the multi-scale, interconnected resource chains, and their diverse actors. Urban regions must take an increased responsibility for motivating and implementing solutions that take into account their profound connections with and impacts on the rest of the planet.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>The text of this article is based on the outcomes of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme workshop on Planetary Stewardship, June 13–15, 2011 in Stockholm, Sweden. Institutional partners were the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SIDA, and the Stockholm Resilience Center. Financial support was provided by FORMAS, Vinnova, SSEESS, and Forskningsrådet. The authors of the article have all been involved in different phases of the workshop and writing this article. We acknowledge the following: other workshop participants who did not work on the article; T. Rood for providing the original of Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref> for modification and use; and the comments of two anonymous reviewers which improved the final article.</p><sec id="d29e1139"><title>Open Access</title><p>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.</p></sec></ack><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Akbari</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Menon</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Rosenfeld</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Global cooling: Increasing world-wide urban albedos to offset CO<sub>2</sub></article-title><source>Climate Change</source><year>2009</year><volume>94</volume><fpage>275</fpage><lpage>286</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10584-008-9515-9</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR2"><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Alfsen, C., A. 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