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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Female chromosome X mosaicism is age-related and preferentially affects the inactivated X chromosome</title><author><name sortKey="Machiela, Mitchell J" sort="Machiela, Mitchell J" uniqKey="Machiela M" first="Mitchell J." last="Machiela">Mitchell J. Machiela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Weiyin" sort="Zhou, Weiyin" uniqKey="Zhou W" first="Weiyin" last="Zhou">Weiyin Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karlins, Eric" sort="Karlins, Eric" uniqKey="Karlins E" first="Eric" last="Karlins">Eric Karlins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, Joshua N" sort="Sampson, Joshua N" uniqKey="Sampson J" first="Joshua N." last="Sampson">Joshua N. Sampson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freedman, Neal D" sort="Freedman, Neal D" uniqKey="Freedman N" first="Neal D." last="Freedman">Neal D. Freedman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Qi" sort="Yang, Qi" uniqKey="Yang Q" first="Qi" last="Yang">Qi Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hicks, Belynda" sort="Hicks, Belynda" uniqKey="Hicks B" first="Belynda" last="Hicks">Belynda Hicks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagnall, Casey" sort="Dagnall, Casey" uniqKey="Dagnall C" first="Casey" last="Dagnall">Casey Dagnall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hautman, Christopher" sort="Hautman, Christopher" uniqKey="Hautman C" first="Christopher" last="Hautman">Christopher Hautman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Kevin B" sort="Jacobs, Kevin B" uniqKey="Jacobs K" first="Kevin B." last="Jacobs">Kevin B. Jacobs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Bioinformed, LLC</institution>, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abnet, Christian C" sort="Abnet, Christian C" uniqKey="Abnet C" first="Christian C." last="Abnet">Christian C. Abnet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aldrich, Melinda C" sort="Aldrich, Melinda C" uniqKey="Aldrich M" first="Melinda C." last="Aldrich">Melinda C. Aldrich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amos, Christopher" sort="Amos, Christopher" uniqKey="Amos C" first="Christopher" last="Amos">Christopher Amos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amundadottir, Laufey T" sort="Amundadottir, Laufey T" uniqKey="Amundadottir L" first="Laufey T." last="Amundadottir">Laufey T. Amundadottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arslan, Alan A" sort="Arslan, Alan A" uniqKey="Arslan A" first="Alan A." last="Arslan">Alan A. Arslan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>New York University Cancer Institute</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beane Freeman, Laura E" sort="Beane Freeman, Laura E" uniqKey="Beane Freeman L" first="Laura E." last="Beane-Freeman">Laura E. Beane-Freeman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berndt, Sonja I" sort="Berndt, Sonja I" uniqKey="Berndt S" first="Sonja I." last="Berndt">Sonja I. Berndt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Black, Amanda" sort="Black, Amanda" uniqKey="Black A" first="Amanda" last="Black">Amanda Black</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blot, William J" sort="Blot, William J" uniqKey="Blot W" first="William J." last="Blot">William J. Blot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>International Epidemiology Institute</institution>, Rockville, Maryland 20850,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bock, Cathryn H" sort="Bock, Cathryn H" uniqKey="Bock C" first="Cathryn H." last="Bock">Cathryn H. Bock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>, Detroit, Michigan 48201,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bracci, Paige M" sort="Bracci, Paige M" uniqKey="Bracci P" first="Paige M." last="Bracci">Paige M. Bracci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco</institution>, San Francisco, California 94143,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brinton, Louise A" sort="Brinton, Louise A" uniqKey="Brinton L" first="Louise A." last="Brinton">Louise A. Brinton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bueno De Mesquita, H Bas" sort="Bueno De Mesquita, H Bas" uniqKey="Bueno De Mesquita H" first="H Bas" last="Bueno-De-Mesquita">H Bas Bueno-De-Mesquita</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)</institution>, 3721 Bilthoven,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center</institution>, 3584 CX Utrecht,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London</institution>, London SW7 2AZ,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya</institution>, Kuala Lumpur 50603,<country>Malaysia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burdett, Laurie" sort="Burdett, Laurie" uniqKey="Burdett L" first="Laurie" last="Burdett">Laurie Burdett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buring, Julie E" sort="Buring, Julie E" uniqKey="Buring J" first="Julie E." last="Buring">Julie E. Buring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butler, Mary A" sort="Butler, Mary A" uniqKey="Butler M" first="Mary A." last="Butler">Mary A. Butler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canzian, Federico" sort="Canzian, Federico" uniqKey="Canzian F" first="Federico" last="Canzian">Federico Canzian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)</institution>, 69120 Heidelberg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carre N, Tania" sort="Carre N, Tania" uniqKey="Carre N T" first="Tania" last="Carre N">Tania Carre N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaffee, Kari G" sort="Chaffee, Kari G" uniqKey="Chaffee K" first="Kari G." last="Chaffee">Kari G. Chaffee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic</institution>, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, I Shou" sort="Chang, I Shou" uniqKey="Chang I" first="I-Shou" last="Chang">I-Shou Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a21"><institution>National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes</institution>, Zhunan 35053,<country>Taiwan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chatterjee, Nilanjan" sort="Chatterjee, Nilanjan" uniqKey="Chatterjee N" first="Nilanjan" last="Chatterjee">Nilanjan Chatterjee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Chu" sort="Chen, Chu" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Chu" last="Chen">Chu Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Constance" sort="Chen, Constance" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Constance" last="Chen">Constance Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Kexin" sort="Chen, Kexin" uniqKey="Chen K" first="Kexin" last="Chen">Kexin Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a24"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital</institution>, Tianjin 300040,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chung, Charles C" sort="Chung, Charles C" uniqKey="Chung C" first="Charles C." last="Chung">Charles C. Chung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cook, Linda S" sort="Cook, Linda S" uniqKey="Cook L" first="Linda S." last="Cook">Linda S. Cook</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>University of New Mexico</institution>, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous Bou, Marta" sort="Crous Bou, Marta" uniqKey="Crous Bou M" first="Marta" last="Crous Bou">Marta Crous Bou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cullen, Michael" sort="Cullen, Michael" uniqKey="Cullen M" first="Michael" last="Cullen">Michael Cullen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Faith G" sort="Davis, Faith G" uniqKey="Davis F" first="Faith G." last="Davis">Faith G. Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a27"><institution>Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta</institution>, Edmonton, Alberta,<country>Canada</country> T6G 2R3</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Vivo, Immaculata" sort="De Vivo, Immaculata" uniqKey="De Vivo I" first="Immaculata" last="De Vivo">Immaculata De Vivo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Ti" sort="Ding, Ti" uniqKey="Ding T" first="Ti" last="Ding">Ti Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Shanxi Cancer Hospital</institution>, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doherty, Jennifer" sort="Doherty, Jennifer" uniqKey="Doherty J" first="Jennifer" last="Doherty">Jennifer Doherty</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a29"><institution>Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College</institution>, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03755,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duell, Eric J" sort="Duell, Eric J" uniqKey="Duell E" first="Eric J." last="Duell">Eric J. Duell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a30"><institution>Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL)</institution>, 08908 Barcelona,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Epstein, Caroline G" sort="Epstein, Caroline G" uniqKey="Epstein C" first="Caroline G." last="Epstein">Caroline G. Epstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, Jin Hu" sort="Fan, Jin Hu" uniqKey="Fan J" first="Jin-Hu" last="Fan">Jin-Hu Fan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Shanghai Cancer Institute</institution>, Shanghai 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Jonine D" sort="Figueroa, Jonine D" uniqKey="Figueroa J" first="Jonine D." last="Figueroa">Jonine D. Figueroa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraumeni, Joseph F" sort="Fraumeni, Joseph F" uniqKey="Fraumeni J" first="Joseph F." last="Fraumeni">Joseph F. Fraumeni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedenreich, Christine M" sort="Friedenreich, Christine M" uniqKey="Friedenreich C" first="Christine M." last="Friedenreich">Christine M. Friedenreich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a32"><institution>Department of Population Health Research, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services</institution>, Calgary, Alberta,<country>Canada</country> T2N 2T9</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fuchs, Charles S" sort="Fuchs, Charles S" uniqKey="Fuchs C" first="Charles S." last="Fuchs">Charles S. Fuchs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallinger, Steven" sort="Gallinger, Steven" uniqKey="Gallinger S" first="Steven" last="Gallinger">Steven Gallinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>Fred A Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute</institution>, Toronto, Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X5</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, Yu Tang" sort="Gao, Yu Tang" uniqKey="Gao Y" first="Yu-Tang" last="Gao">Yu-Tang Gao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a35"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotaong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gapstur, Susan M" sort="Gapstur, Susan M" uniqKey="Gapstur S" first="Susan M." last="Gapstur">Susan M. Gapstur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society</institution>, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Closas, Montserrat" sort="Garcia Closas, Montserrat" uniqKey="Garcia Closas M" first="Montserrat" last="Garcia-Closas">Montserrat Garcia-Closas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a37"><institution>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Centre, Institute for Cancer Research</institution>, London SM2 5NG,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaudet, Mia M" sort="Gaudet, Mia M" uniqKey="Gaudet M" first="Mia M." last="Gaudet">Mia M. Gaudet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society</institution>, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaziano, J Michael" sort="Gaziano, J Michael" uniqKey="Gaziano J" first="J. Michael" last="Gaziano">J. Michael Gaziano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a38"><institution>Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a39"><institution>Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center/VA Cooperative Studies Programs, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02130,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giles, Graham G" sort="Giles, Graham G" uniqKey="Giles G" first="Graham G." last="Giles">Graham G. Giles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria & Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3010,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillanders, Elizabeth M" sort="Gillanders, Elizabeth M" uniqKey="Gillanders E" first="Elizabeth M." last="Gillanders">Elizabeth M. Gillanders</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a41"><institution>Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giovannucci, Edward L" sort="Giovannucci, Edward L" uniqKey="Giovannucci E" first="Edward L." last="Giovannucci">Edward L. Giovannucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a42"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldin, Lynn" sort="Goldin, Lynn" uniqKey="Goldin L" first="Lynn" last="Goldin">Lynn Goldin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldstein, Alisa M" sort="Goldstein, Alisa M" uniqKey="Goldstein A" first="Alisa M." last="Goldstein">Alisa M. Goldstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haiman, Christopher A" sort="Haiman, Christopher A" uniqKey="Haiman C" first="Christopher A." last="Haiman">Christopher A. Haiman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallmans, Goran" sort="Hallmans, Goran" uniqKey="Hallmans G" first="Goran" last="Hallmans">Goran Hallmans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a44"><institution>Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Nutritional Research, Umeå University</institution>, 901 87 Umeå,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hankinson, Susan E" sort="Hankinson, Susan E" uniqKey="Hankinson S" first="Susan E." last="Hankinson">Susan E. Hankinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a45"><institution>Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences</institution>, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Curtis C" sort="Harris, Curtis C" uniqKey="Harris C" first="Curtis C." last="Harris">Curtis C. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a46"><institution>Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henriksson, Roger" sort="Henriksson, Roger" uniqKey="Henriksson R" first="Roger" last="Henriksson">Roger Henriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a47"><institution>Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University</institution>, 901 87 Umeå,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holly, Elizabeth A" sort="Holly, Elizabeth A" uniqKey="Holly E" first="Elizabeth A." last="Holly">Elizabeth A. Holly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco</institution>, San Francisco, California 94143,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Yun Chul" sort="Hong, Yun Chul" uniqKey="Hong Y" first="Yun-Chul" last="Hong">Yun-Chul Hong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a48"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine</institution>, Seoul 151-742,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoover, Robert N" sort="Hoover, Robert N" uniqKey="Hoover R" first="Robert N." last="Hoover">Robert N. Hoover</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsiung, Chao A" sort="Hsiung, Chao A" uniqKey="Hsiung C" first="Chao A." last="Hsiung">Chao A. Hsiung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a49"><institution>Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes</institution>, Zhunan 35053,<country>Taiwan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Nan" sort="Hu, Nan" uniqKey="Hu N" first="Nan" last="Hu">Nan Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Wei" sort="Hu, Wei" uniqKey="Hu W" first="Wei" last="Hu">Wei Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunter, David J" sort="Hunter, David J" uniqKey="Hunter D" first="David J." last="Hunter">David J. Hunter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a50"><institution>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT</institution>, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutchinson, Amy" sort="Hutchinson, Amy" uniqKey="Hutchinson A" first="Amy" last="Hutchinson">Amy Hutchinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenab, Mazda" sort="Jenab, Mazda" uniqKey="Jenab M" first="Mazda" last="Jenab">Mazda Jenab</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a51"><institution>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO)</institution>, 69372 Lyon,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansen, Christoffer" sort="Johansen, Christoffer" uniqKey="Johansen C" first="Christoffer" last="Johansen">Christoffer Johansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a52"><institution>Oncology, Finsen Centre</institution>, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Unit of Survivorship Research, The Danish Cancer Society Research Centre</institution>, 2100 Copenhagen,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khaw, Kay Tee" sort="Khaw, Kay Tee" uniqKey="Khaw K" first="Kay-Tee" last="Khaw">Kay-Tee Khaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a54"><institution>School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge</institution>, Cambridge CB2 1TN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hee Nam" sort="Kim, Hee Nam" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hee Nam" last="Kim">Hee Nam Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a55"><institution>Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University</institution>, Gwangju 500-757,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Yeul Hong" sort="Kim, Yeul Hong" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yeul Hong" last="Kim">Yeul Hong Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a56"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital</institution>, Seoul 151-742,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Young Tae" sort="Kim, Young Tae" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Young Tae" last="Kim">Young Tae Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a57"><institution>Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine</institution>, Seoul 03080,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Alison P" sort="Klein, Alison P" uniqKey="Klein A" first="Alison P." last="Klein">Alison P. Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a58"><institution>Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21287,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Robert" sort="Klein, Robert" uniqKey="Klein R" first="Robert" last="Klein">Robert Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a59"><institution>Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York, 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koh, Woon Puay" sort="Koh, Woon Puay" uniqKey="Koh W" first="Woon-Puay" last="Koh">Woon-Puay Koh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a60"><institution>Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a61"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 119077,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolonel, Laurence N" sort="Kolonel, Laurence N" uniqKey="Kolonel L" first="Laurence N." last="Kolonel">Laurence N. Kolonel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a62"><institution>Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center</institution>, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kooperberg, Charles" sort="Kooperberg, Charles" uniqKey="Kooperberg C" first="Charles" last="Kooperberg">Charles Kooperberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraft, Peter" sort="Kraft, Peter" uniqKey="Kraft P" first="Peter" last="Kraft">Peter Kraft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krogh, Vittorio" sort="Krogh, Vittorio" uniqKey="Krogh V" first="Vittorio" last="Krogh">Vittorio Krogh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a63"><institution>Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori</institution>, Milano 20133,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurtz, Robert C" sort="Kurtz, Robert C" uniqKey="Kurtz R" first="Robert C." last="Kurtz">Robert C. Kurtz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a64"><institution>Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lacroix, Andrea" sort="Lacroix, Andrea" uniqKey="Lacroix A" first="Andrea" last="Lacroix">Andrea Lacroix</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lan, Qing" sort="Lan, Qing" uniqKey="Lan Q" first="Qing" last="Lan">Qing Lan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landi, Maria Teresa" sort="Landi, Maria Teresa" uniqKey="Landi M" first="Maria Teresa" last="Landi">Maria Teresa Landi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marchand, Loic Le" sort="Marchand, Loic Le" uniqKey="Marchand L" first="Loic Le" last="Marchand">Loic Le Marchand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a62"><institution>Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center</institution>, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Donghui" sort="Li, Donghui" uniqKey="Li D" first="Donghui" last="Li">Donghui Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a65"><institution>Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, Xiaolin" sort="Liang, Xiaolin" uniqKey="Liang X" first="Xiaolin" last="Liang">Xiaolin Liang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a66"><institution>Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, Linda M" sort="Liao, Linda M" uniqKey="Liao L" first="Linda M." last="Liao">Linda M. Liao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Dongxin" sort="Lin, Dongxin" uniqKey="Lin D" first="Dongxin" last="Lin">Dongxin Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a67"><institution>Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a68"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jianjun" sort="Liu, Jianjun" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jianjun" last="Liu">Jianjun Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a69"><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore</institution> 138672,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a70"><institution>School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University</institution>, Hefei 230032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lissowska, Jolanta" sort="Lissowska, Jolanta" uniqKey="Lissowska J" first="Jolanta" last="Lissowska">Jolanta Lissowska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a71"><institution>Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology</institution>, Warsaw 02-781,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Lingeng" sort="Lu, Lingeng" uniqKey="Lu L" first="Lingeng" last="Lu">Lingeng Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a72"><institution>Yale School of Public Health</institution>, New Haven, Connecticut 06510,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magliocco, Anthony M" sort="Magliocco, Anthony M" uniqKey="Magliocco A" first="Anthony M." last="Magliocco">Anthony M. Magliocco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a73"><institution>H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute</institution>, Tampa, Florida 33612,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malats, Nuria" sort="Malats, Nuria" uniqKey="Malats N" first="Nuria" last="Malats">Nuria Malats</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74"><institution>Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)</institution>, Madrid 28029,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsuo, Keitaro" sort="Matsuo, Keitaro" uniqKey="Matsuo K" first="Keitaro" last="Matsuo">Keitaro Matsuo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a75"><institution>Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute</institution>, Nagoya 464-8681,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcneill, Lorna H" sort="Mcneill, Lorna H" uniqKey="Mcneill L" first="Lorna H." last="Mcneill">Lorna H. Mcneill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76"><institution>Department of Health Disparities Research, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, and Center for Community-Engaged Translational Research, Duncan Family Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcwilliams, Robert R" sort="Mcwilliams, Robert R" uniqKey="Mcwilliams R" first="Robert R." last="Mcwilliams">Robert R. Mcwilliams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a77"><institution>Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic</institution>, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melin, Beatrice S" sort="Melin, Beatrice S" uniqKey="Melin B" first="Beatrice S." last="Melin">Beatrice S. Melin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a47"><institution>Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University</institution>, 901 87 Umeå,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirabello, Lisa" sort="Mirabello, Lisa" uniqKey="Mirabello L" first="Lisa" last="Mirabello">Lisa Mirabello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Lee" sort="Moore, Lee" uniqKey="Moore L" first="Lee" last="Moore">Lee Moore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olson, Sara H" sort="Olson, Sara H" uniqKey="Olson S" first="Sara H." last="Olson">Sara H. Olson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a66"><institution>Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orlow, Irene" sort="Orlow, Irene" uniqKey="Orlow I" first="Irene" last="Orlow">Irene Orlow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a66"><institution>Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jae Yong" sort="Park, Jae Yong" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jae Yong" last="Park">Jae Yong Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a78"><institution>Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center</institution>, Daegu 101,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pati O Garcia, Ana" sort="Pati O Garcia, Ana" uniqKey="Pati O Garcia A" first="Ana" last="Pati O-Garcia">Ana Pati O-Garcia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a79"><institution>Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research</institution>, Pamplona 31080,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peplonska, Beata" sort="Peplonska, Beata" uniqKey="Peplonska B" first="Beata" last="Peplonska">Beata Peplonska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a80"><institution>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine</institution>, Lodz 91-348,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peters, Ulrike" sort="Peters, Ulrike" uniqKey="Peters U" first="Ulrike" last="Peters">Ulrike Peters</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Gloria M" sort="Petersen, Gloria M" uniqKey="Petersen G" first="Gloria M." last="Petersen">Gloria M. Petersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic</institution>, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pooler, Loreall" sort="Pooler, Loreall" uniqKey="Pooler L" first="Loreall" last="Pooler">Loreall Pooler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81"><institution>University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90007,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prescott, Jennifer" sort="Prescott, Jennifer" uniqKey="Prescott J" first="Jennifer" last="Prescott">Jennifer Prescott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prokunina Olsson, Ludmila" sort="Prokunina Olsson, Ludmila" uniqKey="Prokunina Olsson L" first="Ludmila" last="Prokunina-Olsson">Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Purdue, Mark P" sort="Purdue, Mark P" uniqKey="Purdue M" first="Mark P." last="Purdue">Mark P. Purdue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qiao, You Lin" sort="Qiao, You Lin" uniqKey="Qiao Y" first="You-Lin" last="Qiao">You-Lin Qiao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a82"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajaraman, Preetha" sort="Rajaraman, Preetha" uniqKey="Rajaraman P" first="Preetha" last="Rajaraman">Preetha Rajaraman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Real, Francisco X" sort="Real, Francisco X" uniqKey="Real F" first="Francisco X." last="Real">Francisco X. Real</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74"><institution>Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)</institution>, Madrid 28029,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a83"><institution>Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra</institution>, Barcelona 08002,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riboli, Elio" sort="Riboli, Elio" uniqKey="Riboli E" first="Elio" last="Riboli">Elio Riboli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a84"><institution>Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London</institution>, London SW7 2AZ,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Risch, Harvey A" sort="Risch, Harvey A" uniqKey="Risch H" first="Harvey A." last="Risch">Harvey A. Risch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a72"><institution>Yale School of Public Health</institution>, New Haven, Connecticut 06510,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Santiago, Benjamin" sort="Rodriguez Santiago, Benjamin" uniqKey="Rodriguez Santiago B" first="Benjamin" last="Rodriguez-Santiago">Benjamin Rodriguez-Santiago</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a83"><institution>Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra</institution>, Barcelona 08002,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a85"><institution>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)</institution>, Barcelona, 28029,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a86"><institution>Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratory, qGenomics</institution>, Barcelona 08003,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruder, Avima M" sort="Ruder, Avima M" uniqKey="Ruder A" first="Avima M." last="Ruder">Avima M. Ruder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savage, Sharon A" sort="Savage, Sharon A" uniqKey="Savage S" first="Sharon A." last="Savage">Sharon A. Savage</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schumacher, Fredrick" sort="Schumacher, Fredrick" uniqKey="Schumacher F" first="Fredrick" last="Schumacher">Fredrick Schumacher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Ann G" sort="Schwartz, Ann G" uniqKey="Schwartz A" first="Ann G." last="Schwartz">Ann G. Schwartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>, Detroit, Michigan 48201,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Kendra L" sort="Schwartz, Kendra L" uniqKey="Schwartz K" first="Kendra L." last="Schwartz">Kendra L. Schwartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a87"><institution>Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>, Detroit, Michigan 48201,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seow, Adeline" sort="Seow, Adeline" uniqKey="Seow A" first="Adeline" last="Seow">Adeline Seow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a61"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 119077,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wendy Setiawan, Veronica" sort="Wendy Setiawan, Veronica" uniqKey="Wendy Setiawan V" first="Veronica" last="Wendy Setiawan">Veronica Wendy Setiawan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Severi, Gianluca" sort="Severi, Gianluca" uniqKey="Severi G" first="Gianluca" last="Severi">Gianluca Severi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria & Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3010,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a88"><institution>Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF)</institution>, Torino, 10126,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Hongbing" sort="Shen, Hongbing" uniqKey="Shen H" first="Hongbing" last="Shen">Hongbing Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89"><institution>Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University</institution>, Nanjing 210029,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a90"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health</institution>, Nanjing 210029,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheng, Xin" sort="Sheng, Xin" uniqKey="Sheng X" first="Xin" last="Sheng">Xin Sheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81"><institution>University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90007,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Min Ho" sort="Shin, Min Ho" uniqKey="Shin M" first="Min-Ho" last="Shin">Min-Ho Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a91"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School</institution>, Gwanju 501-746,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shu, Xiao Ou" sort="Shu, Xiao Ou" uniqKey="Shu X" first="Xiao-Ou" last="Shu">Xiao-Ou Shu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a92"><institution>Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silverman, Debra T" sort="Silverman, Debra T" uniqKey="Silverman D" first="Debra T." last="Silverman">Debra T. Silverman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spitz, Margaret R" sort="Spitz, Margaret R" uniqKey="Spitz M" first="Margaret R." last="Spitz">Margaret R. Spitz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a93"><institution>Baylor College of Medicine</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, Victoria L" sort="Stevens, Victoria L" uniqKey="Stevens V" first="Victoria L." last="Stevens">Victoria L. Stevens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society</institution>, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stolzenberg Solomon, Rachael" sort="Stolzenberg Solomon, Rachael" uniqKey="Stolzenberg Solomon R" first="Rachael" last="Stolzenberg-Solomon">Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stram, Daniel" sort="Stram, Daniel" uniqKey="Stram D" first="Daniel" last="Stram">Daniel Stram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Ze Zhong" sort="Tang, Ze Zhong" uniqKey="Tang Z" first="Ze-Zhong" last="Tang">Ze-Zhong Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Shanxi Cancer Hospital</institution>, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Philip R" sort="Taylor, Philip R" uniqKey="Taylor P" first="Philip R." last="Taylor">Philip R. Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teras, Lauren R" sort="Teras, Lauren R" uniqKey="Teras L" first="Lauren R." last="Teras">Lauren R. Teras</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society</institution>, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobias, Geoffrey S" sort="Tobias, Geoffrey S" uniqKey="Tobias G" first="Geoffrey S." last="Tobias">Geoffrey S. Tobias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Berg, David" sort="Van Den Berg, David" uniqKey="Van Den Berg D" first="David" last="Van Den Berg">David Van Den Berg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visvanathan, Kala" sort="Visvanathan, Kala" uniqKey="Visvanathan K" first="Kala" last="Visvanathan">Kala Visvanathan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a94"><institution>Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wacholder, Sholom" sort="Wacholder, Sholom" uniqKey="Wacholder S" first="Sholom" last="Wacholder">Sholom Wacholder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Jiu Cun" sort="Wang, Jiu Cun" uniqKey="Wang J" first="Jiu-Cun" last="Wang">Jiu-Cun Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a95"><institution>Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai 200433,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a96"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai 200433,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhaoming" sort="Wang, Zhaoming" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhaoming" last="Wang">Zhaoming Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wentzensen, Nicolas" sort="Wentzensen, Nicolas" uniqKey="Wentzensen N" first="Nicolas" last="Wentzensen">Nicolas Wentzensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wheeler, William" sort="Wheeler, William" uniqKey="Wheeler W" first="William" last="Wheeler">William Wheeler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a97"><institution>Information Management Services Inc.</institution>, Calverton, Maryland, 20904,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Emily" sort="White, Emily" uniqKey="White E" first="Emily" last="White">Emily White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiencke, John K" sort="Wiencke, John K" uniqKey="Wiencke J" first="John K." last="Wiencke">John K. Wiencke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a98"><institution>University of California San Francisco</institution>, San Francisco, California 94143,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolpin, Brian M" sort="Wolpin, Brian M" uniqKey="Wolpin B" first="Brian M." last="Wolpin">Brian M. 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Wunder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a102"><institution>Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences</institution>, Guangzhou 515200,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, Lucy" sort="Xia, Lucy" uniqKey="Xia L" first="Lucy" last="Xia">Lucy Xia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81"><institution>University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90007,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Hannah P" sort="Yang, Hannah P" uniqKey="Yang H" first="Hannah P." last="Yang">Hannah P. Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Pan Chyr" sort="Yang, Pan Chyr" uniqKey="Yang P" first="Pan-Chyr" last="Yang">Pan-Chyr Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a103"><institution>Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine</institution>, St Louis, Missouri 63110,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Kai" sort="Yu, Kai" uniqKey="Yu K" first="Kai" last="Yu">Kai Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zanetti, Krista A" sort="Zanetti, Krista A" uniqKey="Zanetti K" first="Krista A." last="Zanetti">Krista A. Zanetti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a41"><institution>Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeleniuch Jacquotte, Anne" sort="Zeleniuch Jacquotte, Anne" uniqKey="Zeleniuch Jacquotte A" first="Anne" last="Zeleniuch-Jacquotte">Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>New York University Cancer Institute</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a105"><institution>Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Wei" sort="Zheng, Wei" uniqKey="Zheng W" first="Wei" last="Zheng">Wei Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Baosen" sort="Zhou, Baosen" uniqKey="Zhou B" first="Baosen" last="Zhou">Baosen Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a106"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University</institution>, Shenyang 110001,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ziegler, Regina G" sort="Ziegler, Regina G" uniqKey="Ziegler R" first="Regina G." last="Ziegler">Regina G. Ziegler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Jurado, Luis A" sort="Perez Jurado, Luis A" uniqKey="Perez Jurado L" first="Luis A." last="Perez-Jurado">Luis A. Perez-Jurado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a83"><institution>Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra</institution>, Barcelona 08002,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a85"><institution>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)</institution>, Barcelona, 28029,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caporaso, Neil E" sort="Caporaso, Neil E" uniqKey="Caporaso N" first="Neil E." last="Caporaso">Neil E. Caporaso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothman, Nathaniel" sort="Rothman, Nathaniel" uniqKey="Rothman N" first="Nathaniel" last="Rothman">Nathaniel Rothman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tucker, Margaret" sort="Tucker, Margaret" uniqKey="Tucker M" first="Margaret" last="Tucker">Margaret Tucker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dean, Michael C" sort="Dean, Michael C" uniqKey="Dean M" first="Michael C." last="Dean">Michael C. 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Machiela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Weiyin" sort="Zhou, Weiyin" uniqKey="Zhou W" first="Weiyin" last="Zhou">Weiyin Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karlins, Eric" sort="Karlins, Eric" uniqKey="Karlins E" first="Eric" last="Karlins">Eric Karlins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, Joshua N" sort="Sampson, Joshua N" uniqKey="Sampson J" first="Joshua N." last="Sampson">Joshua N. Sampson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freedman, Neal D" sort="Freedman, Neal D" uniqKey="Freedman N" first="Neal D." last="Freedman">Neal D. Freedman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Qi" sort="Yang, Qi" uniqKey="Yang Q" first="Qi" last="Yang">Qi Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hicks, Belynda" sort="Hicks, Belynda" uniqKey="Hicks B" first="Belynda" last="Hicks">Belynda Hicks</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagnall, Casey" sort="Dagnall, Casey" uniqKey="Dagnall C" first="Casey" last="Dagnall">Casey Dagnall</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hautman, Christopher" sort="Hautman, Christopher" uniqKey="Hautman C" first="Christopher" last="Hautman">Christopher Hautman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobs, Kevin B" sort="Jacobs, Kevin B" uniqKey="Jacobs K" first="Kevin B." last="Jacobs">Kevin B. Jacobs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Bioinformed, LLC</institution>, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abnet, Christian C" sort="Abnet, Christian C" uniqKey="Abnet C" first="Christian C." last="Abnet">Christian C. Abnet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aldrich, Melinda C" sort="Aldrich, Melinda C" uniqKey="Aldrich M" first="Melinda C." last="Aldrich">Melinda C. Aldrich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amos, Christopher" sort="Amos, Christopher" uniqKey="Amos C" first="Christopher" last="Amos">Christopher Amos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amundadottir, Laufey T" sort="Amundadottir, Laufey T" uniqKey="Amundadottir L" first="Laufey T." last="Amundadottir">Laufey T. Amundadottir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arslan, Alan A" sort="Arslan, Alan A" uniqKey="Arslan A" first="Alan A." last="Arslan">Alan A. Arslan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a7"><institution>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a8"><institution>Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>New York University Cancer Institute</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Beane Freeman, Laura E" sort="Beane Freeman, Laura E" uniqKey="Beane Freeman L" first="Laura E." last="Beane-Freeman">Laura E. Beane-Freeman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berndt, Sonja I" sort="Berndt, Sonja I" uniqKey="Berndt S" first="Sonja I." last="Berndt">Sonja I. Berndt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Black, Amanda" sort="Black, Amanda" uniqKey="Black A" first="Amanda" last="Black">Amanda Black</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blot, William J" sort="Blot, William J" uniqKey="Blot W" first="William J." last="Blot">William J. Blot</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a10"><institution>International Epidemiology Institute</institution>, Rockville, Maryland 20850,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bock, Cathryn H" sort="Bock, Cathryn H" uniqKey="Bock C" first="Cathryn H." last="Bock">Cathryn H. Bock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>, Detroit, Michigan 48201,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bracci, Paige M" sort="Bracci, Paige M" uniqKey="Bracci P" first="Paige M." last="Bracci">Paige M. Bracci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco</institution>, San Francisco, California 94143,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brinton, Louise A" sort="Brinton, Louise A" uniqKey="Brinton L" first="Louise A." last="Brinton">Louise A. Brinton</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bueno De Mesquita, H Bas" sort="Bueno De Mesquita, H Bas" uniqKey="Bueno De Mesquita H" first="H Bas" last="Bueno-De-Mesquita">H Bas Bueno-De-Mesquita</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a13"><institution>Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)</institution>, 3721 Bilthoven,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a14"><institution>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center</institution>, 3584 CX Utrecht,<country>The Netherlands</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a15"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London</institution>, London SW7 2AZ,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a16"><institution>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya</institution>, Kuala Lumpur 50603,<country>Malaysia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burdett, Laurie" sort="Burdett, Laurie" uniqKey="Burdett L" first="Laurie" last="Burdett">Laurie Burdett</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buring, Julie E" sort="Buring, Julie E" uniqKey="Buring J" first="Julie E." last="Buring">Julie E. Buring</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a17"><institution>Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Butler, Mary A" sort="Butler, Mary A" uniqKey="Butler M" first="Mary A." last="Butler">Mary A. Butler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Canzian, Federico" sort="Canzian, Federico" uniqKey="Canzian F" first="Federico" last="Canzian">Federico Canzian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a19"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)</institution>, 69120 Heidelberg,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carre N, Tania" sort="Carre N, Tania" uniqKey="Carre N T" first="Tania" last="Carre N">Tania Carre N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chaffee, Kari G" sort="Chaffee, Kari G" uniqKey="Chaffee K" first="Kari G." last="Chaffee">Kari G. Chaffee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic</institution>, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, I Shou" sort="Chang, I Shou" uniqKey="Chang I" first="I-Shou" last="Chang">I-Shou Chang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a21"><institution>National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes</institution>, Zhunan 35053,<country>Taiwan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chatterjee, Nilanjan" sort="Chatterjee, Nilanjan" uniqKey="Chatterjee N" first="Nilanjan" last="Chatterjee">Nilanjan Chatterjee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Chu" sort="Chen, Chu" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Chu" last="Chen">Chu Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Constance" sort="Chen, Constance" uniqKey="Chen C" first="Constance" last="Chen">Constance Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Kexin" sort="Chen, Kexin" uniqKey="Chen K" first="Kexin" last="Chen">Kexin Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a24"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital</institution>, Tianjin 300040,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chung, Charles C" sort="Chung, Charles C" uniqKey="Chung C" first="Charles C." last="Chung">Charles C. Chung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cook, Linda S" sort="Cook, Linda S" uniqKey="Cook L" first="Linda S." last="Cook">Linda S. Cook</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a25"><institution>University of New Mexico</institution>, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crous Bou, Marta" sort="Crous Bou, Marta" uniqKey="Crous Bou M" first="Marta" last="Crous Bou">Marta Crous Bou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cullen, Michael" sort="Cullen, Michael" uniqKey="Cullen M" first="Michael" last="Cullen">Michael Cullen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Faith G" sort="Davis, Faith G" uniqKey="Davis F" first="Faith G." last="Davis">Faith G. Davis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a27"><institution>Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta</institution>, Edmonton, Alberta,<country>Canada</country> T6G 2R3</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Vivo, Immaculata" sort="De Vivo, Immaculata" uniqKey="De Vivo I" first="Immaculata" last="De Vivo">Immaculata De Vivo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ding, Ti" sort="Ding, Ti" uniqKey="Ding T" first="Ti" last="Ding">Ti Ding</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Shanxi Cancer Hospital</institution>, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doherty, Jennifer" sort="Doherty, Jennifer" uniqKey="Doherty J" first="Jennifer" last="Doherty">Jennifer Doherty</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a29"><institution>Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College</institution>, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03755,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duell, Eric J" sort="Duell, Eric J" uniqKey="Duell E" first="Eric J." last="Duell">Eric J. Duell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a30"><institution>Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL)</institution>, 08908 Barcelona,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Epstein, Caroline G" sort="Epstein, Caroline G" uniqKey="Epstein C" first="Caroline G." last="Epstein">Caroline G. Epstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fan, Jin Hu" sort="Fan, Jin Hu" uniqKey="Fan J" first="Jin-Hu" last="Fan">Jin-Hu Fan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a31"><institution>Shanghai Cancer Institute</institution>, Shanghai 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Jonine D" sort="Figueroa, Jonine D" uniqKey="Figueroa J" first="Jonine D." last="Figueroa">Jonine D. Figueroa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraumeni, Joseph F" sort="Fraumeni, Joseph F" uniqKey="Fraumeni J" first="Joseph F." last="Fraumeni">Joseph F. Fraumeni</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedenreich, Christine M" sort="Friedenreich, Christine M" uniqKey="Friedenreich C" first="Christine M." last="Friedenreich">Christine M. Friedenreich</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a32"><institution>Department of Population Health Research, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services</institution>, Calgary, Alberta,<country>Canada</country> T2N 2T9</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fuchs, Charles S" sort="Fuchs, Charles S" uniqKey="Fuchs C" first="Charles S." last="Fuchs">Charles S. Fuchs</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gallinger, Steven" sort="Gallinger, Steven" uniqKey="Gallinger S" first="Steven" last="Gallinger">Steven Gallinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a34"><institution>Fred A Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute</institution>, Toronto, Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X5</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, Yu Tang" sort="Gao, Yu Tang" uniqKey="Gao Y" first="Yu-Tang" last="Gao">Yu-Tang Gao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a35"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotaong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai 200032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gapstur, Susan M" sort="Gapstur, Susan M" uniqKey="Gapstur S" first="Susan M." last="Gapstur">Susan M. Gapstur</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society</institution>, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Closas, Montserrat" sort="Garcia Closas, Montserrat" uniqKey="Garcia Closas M" first="Montserrat" last="Garcia-Closas">Montserrat Garcia-Closas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a37"><institution>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Centre, Institute for Cancer Research</institution>, London SM2 5NG,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaudet, Mia M" sort="Gaudet, Mia M" uniqKey="Gaudet M" first="Mia M." last="Gaudet">Mia M. Gaudet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society</institution>, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gaziano, J Michael" sort="Gaziano, J Michael" uniqKey="Gaziano J" first="J. Michael" last="Gaziano">J. Michael Gaziano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a38"><institution>Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a39"><institution>Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center/VA Cooperative Studies Programs, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02130,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giles, Graham G" sort="Giles, Graham G" uniqKey="Giles G" first="Graham G." last="Giles">Graham G. Giles</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria & Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3010,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gillanders, Elizabeth M" sort="Gillanders, Elizabeth M" uniqKey="Gillanders E" first="Elizabeth M." last="Gillanders">Elizabeth M. Gillanders</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a41"><institution>Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giovannucci, Edward L" sort="Giovannucci, Edward L" uniqKey="Giovannucci E" first="Edward L." last="Giovannucci">Edward L. Giovannucci</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a42"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldin, Lynn" sort="Goldin, Lynn" uniqKey="Goldin L" first="Lynn" last="Goldin">Lynn Goldin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goldstein, Alisa M" sort="Goldstein, Alisa M" uniqKey="Goldstein A" first="Alisa M." last="Goldstein">Alisa M. Goldstein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haiman, Christopher A" sort="Haiman, Christopher A" uniqKey="Haiman C" first="Christopher A." last="Haiman">Christopher A. Haiman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallmans, Goran" sort="Hallmans, Goran" uniqKey="Hallmans G" first="Goran" last="Hallmans">Goran Hallmans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a44"><institution>Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Nutritional Research, Umeå University</institution>, 901 87 Umeå,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hankinson, Susan E" sort="Hankinson, Susan E" uniqKey="Hankinson S" first="Susan E." last="Hankinson">Susan E. Hankinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a45"><institution>Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences</institution>, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Curtis C" sort="Harris, Curtis C" uniqKey="Harris C" first="Curtis C." last="Harris">Curtis C. Harris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a46"><institution>Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henriksson, Roger" sort="Henriksson, Roger" uniqKey="Henriksson R" first="Roger" last="Henriksson">Roger Henriksson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a47"><institution>Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University</institution>, 901 87 Umeå,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holly, Elizabeth A" sort="Holly, Elizabeth A" uniqKey="Holly E" first="Elizabeth A." last="Holly">Elizabeth A. Holly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a12"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco</institution>, San Francisco, California 94143,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Yun Chul" sort="Hong, Yun Chul" uniqKey="Hong Y" first="Yun-Chul" last="Hong">Yun-Chul Hong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a48"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine</institution>, Seoul 151-742,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoover, Robert N" sort="Hoover, Robert N" uniqKey="Hoover R" first="Robert N." last="Hoover">Robert N. Hoover</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsiung, Chao A" sort="Hsiung, Chao A" uniqKey="Hsiung C" first="Chao A." last="Hsiung">Chao A. Hsiung</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a49"><institution>Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes</institution>, Zhunan 35053,<country>Taiwan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Nan" sort="Hu, Nan" uniqKey="Hu N" first="Nan" last="Hu">Nan Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Wei" sort="Hu, Wei" uniqKey="Hu W" first="Wei" last="Hu">Wei Hu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunter, David J" sort="Hunter, David J" uniqKey="Hunter D" first="David J." last="Hunter">David J. Hunter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a50"><institution>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT</institution>, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutchinson, Amy" sort="Hutchinson, Amy" uniqKey="Hutchinson A" first="Amy" last="Hutchinson">Amy Hutchinson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jenab, Mazda" sort="Jenab, Mazda" uniqKey="Jenab M" first="Mazda" last="Jenab">Mazda Jenab</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a51"><institution>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO)</institution>, 69372 Lyon,<country>France</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansen, Christoffer" sort="Johansen, Christoffer" uniqKey="Johansen C" first="Christoffer" last="Johansen">Christoffer Johansen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a52"><institution>Oncology, Finsen Centre</institution>, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a53"><institution>Unit of Survivorship Research, The Danish Cancer Society Research Centre</institution>, 2100 Copenhagen,<country>Denmark</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khaw, Kay Tee" sort="Khaw, Kay Tee" uniqKey="Khaw K" first="Kay-Tee" last="Khaw">Kay-Tee Khaw</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a54"><institution>School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge</institution>, Cambridge CB2 1TN,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hee Nam" sort="Kim, Hee Nam" uniqKey="Kim H" first="Hee Nam" last="Kim">Hee Nam Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a55"><institution>Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University</institution>, Gwangju 500-757,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Yeul Hong" sort="Kim, Yeul Hong" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yeul Hong" last="Kim">Yeul Hong Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a56"><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital</institution>, Seoul 151-742,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Young Tae" sort="Kim, Young Tae" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Young Tae" last="Kim">Young Tae Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a57"><institution>Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine</institution>, Seoul 03080,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Alison P" sort="Klein, Alison P" uniqKey="Klein A" first="Alison P." last="Klein">Alison P. Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a58"><institution>Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21287,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Robert" sort="Klein, Robert" uniqKey="Klein R" first="Robert" last="Klein">Robert Klein</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a59"><institution>Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York, 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koh, Woon Puay" sort="Koh, Woon Puay" uniqKey="Koh W" first="Woon-Puay" last="Koh">Woon-Puay Koh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a60"><institution>Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a61"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 119077,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kolonel, Laurence N" sort="Kolonel, Laurence N" uniqKey="Kolonel L" first="Laurence N." last="Kolonel">Laurence N. Kolonel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a62"><institution>Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center</institution>, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kooperberg, Charles" sort="Kooperberg, Charles" uniqKey="Kooperberg C" first="Charles" last="Kooperberg">Charles Kooperberg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kraft, Peter" sort="Kraft, Peter" uniqKey="Kraft P" first="Peter" last="Kraft">Peter Kraft</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krogh, Vittorio" sort="Krogh, Vittorio" uniqKey="Krogh V" first="Vittorio" last="Krogh">Vittorio Krogh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a63"><institution>Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori</institution>, Milano 20133,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurtz, Robert C" sort="Kurtz, Robert C" uniqKey="Kurtz R" first="Robert C." last="Kurtz">Robert C. Kurtz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a64"><institution>Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lacroix, Andrea" sort="Lacroix, Andrea" uniqKey="Lacroix A" first="Andrea" last="Lacroix">Andrea Lacroix</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lan, Qing" sort="Lan, Qing" uniqKey="Lan Q" first="Qing" last="Lan">Qing Lan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landi, Maria Teresa" sort="Landi, Maria Teresa" uniqKey="Landi M" first="Maria Teresa" last="Landi">Maria Teresa Landi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marchand, Loic Le" sort="Marchand, Loic Le" uniqKey="Marchand L" first="Loic Le" last="Marchand">Loic Le Marchand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a62"><institution>Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center</institution>, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Donghui" sort="Li, Donghui" uniqKey="Li D" first="Donghui" last="Li">Donghui Li</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a65"><institution>Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liang, Xiaolin" sort="Liang, Xiaolin" uniqKey="Liang X" first="Xiaolin" last="Liang">Xiaolin Liang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a66"><institution>Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, Linda M" sort="Liao, Linda M" uniqKey="Liao L" first="Linda M." last="Liao">Linda M. Liao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Dongxin" sort="Lin, Dongxin" uniqKey="Lin D" first="Dongxin" last="Lin">Dongxin Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a67"><institution>Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a68"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Jianjun" sort="Liu, Jianjun" uniqKey="Liu J" first="Jianjun" last="Liu">Jianjun Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a69"><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore</institution> 138672,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a70"><institution>School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University</institution>, Hefei 230032,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lissowska, Jolanta" sort="Lissowska, Jolanta" uniqKey="Lissowska J" first="Jolanta" last="Lissowska">Jolanta Lissowska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a71"><institution>Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology</institution>, Warsaw 02-781,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Lingeng" sort="Lu, Lingeng" uniqKey="Lu L" first="Lingeng" last="Lu">Lingeng Lu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a72"><institution>Yale School of Public Health</institution>, New Haven, Connecticut 06510,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magliocco, Anthony M" sort="Magliocco, Anthony M" uniqKey="Magliocco A" first="Anthony M." last="Magliocco">Anthony M. Magliocco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a73"><institution>H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute</institution>, Tampa, Florida 33612,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malats, Nuria" sort="Malats, Nuria" uniqKey="Malats N" first="Nuria" last="Malats">Nuria Malats</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74"><institution>Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)</institution>, Madrid 28029,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matsuo, Keitaro" sort="Matsuo, Keitaro" uniqKey="Matsuo K" first="Keitaro" last="Matsuo">Keitaro Matsuo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a75"><institution>Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute</institution>, Nagoya 464-8681,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcneill, Lorna H" sort="Mcneill, Lorna H" uniqKey="Mcneill L" first="Lorna H." last="Mcneill">Lorna H. Mcneill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a76"><institution>Department of Health Disparities Research, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, and Center for Community-Engaged Translational Research, Duncan Family Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcwilliams, Robert R" sort="Mcwilliams, Robert R" uniqKey="Mcwilliams R" first="Robert R." last="Mcwilliams">Robert R. Mcwilliams</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a77"><institution>Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic</institution>, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melin, Beatrice S" sort="Melin, Beatrice S" uniqKey="Melin B" first="Beatrice S." last="Melin">Beatrice S. Melin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a47"><institution>Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University</institution>, 901 87 Umeå,<country>Sweden</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mirabello, Lisa" sort="Mirabello, Lisa" uniqKey="Mirabello L" first="Lisa" last="Mirabello">Lisa Mirabello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Lee" sort="Moore, Lee" uniqKey="Moore L" first="Lee" last="Moore">Lee Moore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olson, Sara H" sort="Olson, Sara H" uniqKey="Olson S" first="Sara H." last="Olson">Sara H. Olson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a66"><institution>Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orlow, Irene" sort="Orlow, Irene" uniqKey="Orlow I" first="Irene" last="Orlow">Irene Orlow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a66"><institution>Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jae Yong" sort="Park, Jae Yong" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jae Yong" last="Park">Jae Yong Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a78"><institution>Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center</institution>, Daegu 101,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pati O Garcia, Ana" sort="Pati O Garcia, Ana" uniqKey="Pati O Garcia A" first="Ana" last="Pati O-Garcia">Ana Pati O-Garcia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a79"><institution>Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research</institution>, Pamplona 31080,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peplonska, Beata" sort="Peplonska, Beata" uniqKey="Peplonska B" first="Beata" last="Peplonska">Beata Peplonska</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a80"><institution>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine</institution>, Lodz 91-348,<country>Poland</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peters, Ulrike" sort="Peters, Ulrike" uniqKey="Peters U" first="Ulrike" last="Peters">Ulrike Peters</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Gloria M" sort="Petersen, Gloria M" uniqKey="Petersen G" first="Gloria M." last="Petersen">Gloria M. Petersen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a20"><institution>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic</institution>, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pooler, Loreall" sort="Pooler, Loreall" uniqKey="Pooler L" first="Loreall" last="Pooler">Loreall Pooler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81"><institution>University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90007,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prescott, Jennifer" sort="Prescott, Jennifer" uniqKey="Prescott J" first="Jennifer" last="Prescott">Jennifer Prescott</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a23"><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prokunina Olsson, Ludmila" sort="Prokunina Olsson, Ludmila" uniqKey="Prokunina Olsson L" first="Ludmila" last="Prokunina-Olsson">Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Purdue, Mark P" sort="Purdue, Mark P" uniqKey="Purdue M" first="Mark P." last="Purdue">Mark P. Purdue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qiao, You Lin" sort="Qiao, You Lin" uniqKey="Qiao Y" first="You-Lin" last="Qiao">You-Lin Qiao</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a82"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajaraman, Preetha" sort="Rajaraman, Preetha" uniqKey="Rajaraman P" first="Preetha" last="Rajaraman">Preetha Rajaraman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Real, Francisco X" sort="Real, Francisco X" uniqKey="Real F" first="Francisco X." last="Real">Francisco X. Real</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a74"><institution>Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)</institution>, Madrid 28029,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a83"><institution>Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra</institution>, Barcelona 08002,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riboli, Elio" sort="Riboli, Elio" uniqKey="Riboli E" first="Elio" last="Riboli">Elio Riboli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a84"><institution>Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London</institution>, London SW7 2AZ,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Risch, Harvey A" sort="Risch, Harvey A" uniqKey="Risch H" first="Harvey A." last="Risch">Harvey A. Risch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a72"><institution>Yale School of Public Health</institution>, New Haven, Connecticut 06510,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Santiago, Benjamin" sort="Rodriguez Santiago, Benjamin" uniqKey="Rodriguez Santiago B" first="Benjamin" last="Rodriguez-Santiago">Benjamin Rodriguez-Santiago</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a83"><institution>Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra</institution>, Barcelona 08002,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a85"><institution>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)</institution>, Barcelona, 28029,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a86"><institution>Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratory, qGenomics</institution>, Barcelona 08003,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruder, Avima M" sort="Ruder, Avima M" uniqKey="Ruder A" first="Avima M." last="Ruder">Avima M. Ruder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a18"><institution>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savage, Sharon A" sort="Savage, Sharon A" uniqKey="Savage S" first="Sharon A." last="Savage">Sharon A. Savage</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schumacher, Fredrick" sort="Schumacher, Fredrick" uniqKey="Schumacher F" first="Fredrick" last="Schumacher">Fredrick Schumacher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Ann G" sort="Schwartz, Ann G" uniqKey="Schwartz A" first="Ann G." last="Schwartz">Ann G. Schwartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a11"><institution>Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>, Detroit, Michigan 48201,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, Kendra L" sort="Schwartz, Kendra L" uniqKey="Schwartz K" first="Kendra L." last="Schwartz">Kendra L. Schwartz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a87"><institution>Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>, Detroit, Michigan 48201,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seow, Adeline" sort="Seow, Adeline" uniqKey="Seow A" first="Adeline" last="Seow">Adeline Seow</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a61"><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 119077,<country>Singapore</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wendy Setiawan, Veronica" sort="Wendy Setiawan, Veronica" uniqKey="Wendy Setiawan V" first="Veronica" last="Wendy Setiawan">Veronica Wendy Setiawan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Severi, Gianluca" sort="Severi, Gianluca" uniqKey="Severi G" first="Gianluca" last="Severi">Gianluca Severi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a40"><institution>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria & Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3010,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a88"><institution>Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF)</institution>, Torino, 10126,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shen, Hongbing" sort="Shen, Hongbing" uniqKey="Shen H" first="Hongbing" last="Shen">Hongbing Shen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a89"><institution>Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University</institution>, Nanjing 210029,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a90"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health</institution>, Nanjing 210029,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sheng, Xin" sort="Sheng, Xin" uniqKey="Sheng X" first="Xin" last="Sheng">Xin Sheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81"><institution>University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90007,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Min Ho" sort="Shin, Min Ho" uniqKey="Shin M" first="Min-Ho" last="Shin">Min-Ho Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a91"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School</institution>, Gwanju 501-746,<country>Republic of Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shu, Xiao Ou" sort="Shu, Xiao Ou" uniqKey="Shu X" first="Xiao-Ou" last="Shu">Xiao-Ou Shu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a92"><institution>Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silverman, Debra T" sort="Silverman, Debra T" uniqKey="Silverman D" first="Debra T." last="Silverman">Debra T. Silverman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spitz, Margaret R" sort="Spitz, Margaret R" uniqKey="Spitz M" first="Margaret R." last="Spitz">Margaret R. Spitz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a93"><institution>Baylor College of Medicine</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, Victoria L" sort="Stevens, Victoria L" uniqKey="Stevens V" first="Victoria L." last="Stevens">Victoria L. Stevens</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society</institution>, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stolzenberg Solomon, Rachael" sort="Stolzenberg Solomon, Rachael" uniqKey="Stolzenberg Solomon R" first="Rachael" last="Stolzenberg-Solomon">Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stram, Daniel" sort="Stram, Daniel" uniqKey="Stram D" first="Daniel" last="Stram">Daniel Stram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tang, Ze Zhong" sort="Tang, Ze Zhong" uniqKey="Tang Z" first="Ze-Zhong" last="Tang">Ze-Zhong Tang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a28"><institution>Shanxi Cancer Hospital</institution>, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Philip R" sort="Taylor, Philip R" uniqKey="Taylor P" first="Philip R." last="Taylor">Philip R. Taylor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teras, Lauren R" sort="Teras, Lauren R" uniqKey="Teras L" first="Lauren R." last="Teras">Lauren R. Teras</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a36"><institution>Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society</institution>, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobias, Geoffrey S" sort="Tobias, Geoffrey S" uniqKey="Tobias G" first="Geoffrey S." last="Tobias">Geoffrey S. Tobias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Den Berg, David" sort="Van Den Berg, David" uniqKey="Van Den Berg D" first="David" last="Van Den Berg">David Van Den Berg</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a43"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Visvanathan, Kala" sort="Visvanathan, Kala" uniqKey="Visvanathan K" first="Kala" last="Visvanathan">Kala Visvanathan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a94"><institution>Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wacholder, Sholom" sort="Wacholder, Sholom" uniqKey="Wacholder S" first="Sholom" last="Wacholder">Sholom Wacholder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Jiu Cun" sort="Wang, Jiu Cun" uniqKey="Wang J" first="Jiu-Cun" last="Wang">Jiu-Cun Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a95"><institution>Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai 200433,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a96"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai 200433,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhaoming" sort="Wang, Zhaoming" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhaoming" last="Wang">Zhaoming Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wentzensen, Nicolas" sort="Wentzensen, Nicolas" uniqKey="Wentzensen N" first="Nicolas" last="Wentzensen">Nicolas Wentzensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wheeler, William" sort="Wheeler, William" uniqKey="Wheeler W" first="William" last="Wheeler">William Wheeler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a97"><institution>Information Management Services Inc.</institution>, Calverton, Maryland, 20904,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="White, Emily" sort="White, Emily" uniqKey="White E" first="Emily" last="White">Emily White</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a22"><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiencke, John K" sort="Wiencke, John K" uniqKey="Wiencke J" first="John K." last="Wiencke">John K. Wiencke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a98"><institution>University of California San Francisco</institution>, San Francisco, California 94143,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolpin, Brian M" sort="Wolpin, Brian M" uniqKey="Wolpin B" first="Brian M." last="Wolpin">Brian M. Wolpin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a26"><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a33"><institution>Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Maria Pik" sort="Wong, Maria Pik" uniqKey="Wong M" first="Maria Pik" last="Wong">Maria Pik Wong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a99"><institution>Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong</institution>, Hong Kong,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Chen" sort="Wu, Chen" uniqKey="Wu C" first="Chen" last="Wu">Chen Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a67"><institution>Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a68"><institution>State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Tangchun" sort="Wu, Tangchun" uniqKey="Wu T" first="Tangchun" last="Wu">Tangchun Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a100"><institution>Institute of Occupational Medicine and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology</institution>, Wuhan 430400,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Xifeng" sort="Wu, Xifeng" uniqKey="Wu X" first="Xifeng" last="Wu">Xifeng Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a101"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Yi Long" sort="Wu, Yi Long" uniqKey="Wu Y" first="Yi-Long" last="Wu">Yi-Long Wu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a102"><institution>Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences</institution>, Guangzhou 515200,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wunder, Jay S" sort="Wunder, Jay S" uniqKey="Wunder J" first="Jay S." last="Wunder">Jay S. Wunder</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a102"><institution>Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences</institution>, Guangzhou 515200,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xia, Lucy" sort="Xia, Lucy" uniqKey="Xia L" first="Lucy" last="Xia">Lucy Xia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a81"><institution>University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90007,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Hannah P" sort="Yang, Hannah P" uniqKey="Yang H" first="Hannah P." last="Yang">Hannah P. Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Pan Chyr" sort="Yang, Pan Chyr" uniqKey="Yang P" first="Pan-Chyr" last="Yang">Pan-Chyr Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a103"><institution>Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine</institution>, St Louis, Missouri 63110,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Kai" sort="Yu, Kai" uniqKey="Yu K" first="Kai" last="Yu">Kai Yu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zanetti, Krista A" sort="Zanetti, Krista A" uniqKey="Zanetti K" first="Krista A." last="Zanetti">Krista A. Zanetti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a41"><institution>Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zeleniuch Jacquotte, Anne" sort="Zeleniuch Jacquotte, Anne" uniqKey="Zeleniuch Jacquotte A" first="Anne" last="Zeleniuch-Jacquotte">Anne Zeleniuch-Jacquotte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a9"><institution>New York University Cancer Institute</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a105"><institution>Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Wei" sort="Zheng, Wei" uniqKey="Zheng W" first="Wei" last="Zheng">Wei Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Baosen" sort="Zhou, Baosen" uniqKey="Zhou B" first="Baosen" last="Zhou">Baosen Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a106"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University</institution>, Shenyang 110001,<country>China</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ziegler, Regina G" sort="Ziegler, Regina G" uniqKey="Ziegler R" first="Regina G." last="Ziegler">Regina G. Ziegler</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Jurado, Luis A" sort="Perez Jurado, Luis A" uniqKey="Perez Jurado L" first="Luis A." last="Perez-Jurado">Luis A. Perez-Jurado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a83"><institution>Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra</institution>, Barcelona 08002,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a85"><institution>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)</institution>, Barcelona, 28029,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caporaso, Neil E" sort="Caporaso, Neil E" uniqKey="Caporaso N" first="Neil E." last="Caporaso">Neil E. Caporaso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothman, Nathaniel" sort="Rothman, Nathaniel" uniqKey="Rothman N" first="Nathaniel" last="Rothman">Nathaniel Rothman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tucker, Margaret" sort="Tucker, Margaret" uniqKey="Tucker M" first="Margaret" last="Tucker">Margaret Tucker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dean, Michael C" sort="Dean, Michael C" uniqKey="Dean M" first="Michael C." last="Dean">Michael C. Dean</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yeager, Meredith" sort="Yeager, Meredith" uniqKey="Yeager M" first="Meredith" last="Yeager">Meredith Yeager</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chanock, Stephen J" sort="Chanock, Stephen J" uniqKey="Chanock S" first="Stephen J." last="Chanock">Stephen J. Chanock</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature Communications</title><idno type="eISSN">2041-1723</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>To investigate large structural clonal mosaicism of chromosome X, we analysed the SNP microarray intensity data of 38,303 women from cancer genome-wide association studies (20,878 cases and 17,425 controls) and detected 124 mosaic X events >2 Mb in 97 (0.25%) women. Here we show rates for X-chromosome mosaicism are four times higher than mean autosomal rates; X mosaic events more often include the entire chromosome and participants with X events more likely harbour autosomal mosaic events. X mosaicism frequency increases with age (0.11% in 50-year olds; 0.45% in 75-year olds), as reported for Y and autosomes. Methylation array analyses of 33 women with X mosaicism indicate events preferentially involve the inactive X chromosome. Our results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently than autosomes, which could have implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of mosaic events and their possible contribution to risk for chronic diseases.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Strachan, T" uniqKey="Strachan T">T. Strachan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Read, A P" uniqKey="Read A">A. P. 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contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Baosen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a106">106</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ziegler</surname><given-names>Regina G.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perez-Jurado</surname><given-names>Luis A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a83">83</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a85">85</xref><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1988-3005</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Caporaso</surname><given-names>Neil E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rothman</surname><given-names>Nathaniel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tucker</surname><given-names>Margaret</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dean</surname><given-names>Michael C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yeager</surname><given-names>Meredith</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chanock</surname><given-names>Stephen J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH)</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc.</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Bioinformed, LLC</institution>, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20877,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a6"><label>6</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a7"><label>7</label><institution>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University School of Medicine</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a8"><label>8</label><institution>Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a9"><label>9</label><institution>New York University Cancer Institute</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a10"><label>10</label><institution>International Epidemiology Institute</institution>, Rockville, Maryland 20850,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a11"><label>11</label><institution>Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>, Detroit, Michigan 48201,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a12"><label>12</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco</institution>, San Francisco, California 94143,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a13"><label>13</label><institution>Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)</institution>, 3721 Bilthoven,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a14"><label>14</label><institution>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center</institution>, 3584 CX Utrecht,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff><aff id="a15"><label>15</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London</institution>, London SW7 2AZ,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a16"><label>16</label><institution>Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya</institution>, Kuala Lumpur 50603,<country>Malaysia</country></aff><aff id="a17"><label>17</label><institution>Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a18"><label>18</label><institution>National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a19"><label>19</label><institution>Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)</institution>, 69120 Heidelberg,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a20"><label>20</label><institution>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic</institution>, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a21"><label>21</label><institution>National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes</institution>, Zhunan 35053,<country>Taiwan</country></aff><aff id="a22"><label>22</label><institution>Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center</institution>, Seattle, Washington 98109,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a23"><label>23</label><institution>Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a24"><label>24</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital</institution>, Tianjin 300040,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a25"><label>25</label><institution>University of New Mexico</institution>, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a26"><label>26</label><institution>Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a27"><label>27</label><institution>Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alberta</institution>, Edmonton, Alberta,<country>Canada</country> T6G 2R3</aff><aff id="a28"><label>28</label><institution>Shanxi Cancer Hospital</institution>, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030013,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a29"><label>29</label><institution>Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College</institution>, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03755,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a30"><label>30</label><institution>Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL)</institution>, 08908 Barcelona,<country>Spain</country></aff><aff id="a31"><label>31</label><institution>Shanghai Cancer Institute</institution>, Shanghai 200032,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a32"><label>32</label><institution>Department of Population Health Research, Cancer Control Alberta, Alberta Health Services</institution>, Calgary, Alberta,<country>Canada</country> T2N 2T9</aff><aff id="a33"><label>33</label><institution>Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02215,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a34"><label>34</label><institution>Fred A Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute</institution>, Toronto, Ontario,<country>Canada</country> M5G 1X5</aff><aff id="a35"><label>35</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotaong University School of Medicine</institution>, Shanghai 200032,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a36"><label>36</label><institution>Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society</institution>, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a37"><label>37</label><institution>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Centre, Institute for Cancer Research</institution>, London SM2 5NG,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a38"><label>38</label><institution>Divisions of Preventive Medicine and Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a39"><label>39</label><institution>Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center/VA Cooperative Studies Programs, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02130,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a40"><label>40</label><institution>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria & Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne</institution>, Melbourne, Victoria 3010,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a41"><label>41</label><institution>Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a42"><label>42</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a43"><label>43</label><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Biostatistics Division, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90033,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a44"><label>44</label><institution>Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Nutritional Research, Umeå University</institution>, 901 87 Umeå,<country>Sweden</country></aff><aff id="a45"><label>45</label><institution>Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts School of Public Health and Health Sciences</institution>, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a46"><label>46</label><institution>Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute</institution>, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a47"><label>47</label><institution>Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University</institution>, 901 87 Umeå,<country>Sweden</country></aff><aff id="a48"><label>48</label><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine</institution>, Seoul 151-742,<country>Republic of Korea</country></aff><aff id="a49"><label>49</label><institution>Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes</institution>, Zhunan 35053,<country>Taiwan</country></aff><aff id="a50"><label>50</label><institution>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT</institution>, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a51"><label>51</label><institution>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO)</institution>, 69372 Lyon,<country>France</country></aff><aff id="a52"><label>52</label><institution>Oncology, Finsen Centre</institution>, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen,<country>Denmark</country></aff><aff id="a53"><label>53</label><institution>Unit of Survivorship Research, The Danish Cancer Society Research Centre</institution>, 2100 Copenhagen,<country>Denmark</country></aff><aff id="a54"><label>54</label><institution>School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge</institution>, Cambridge CB2 1TN,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a55"><label>55</label><institution>Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University</institution>, Gwangju 500-757,<country>Republic of Korea</country></aff><aff id="a56"><label>56</label><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology/Hematology, College of Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital</institution>, Seoul 151-742,<country>Republic of Korea</country></aff><aff id="a57"><label>57</label><institution>Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine</institution>, Seoul 03080,<country>Republic of Korea</country></aff><aff id="a58"><label>58</label><institution>Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21287,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a59"><label>59</label><institution>Program in Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York, 10065,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a60"><label>60</label><institution>Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School</institution>, Singapore 169857,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a61"><label>61</label><institution>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore</institution>, Singapore 119077,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a62"><label>62</label><institution>Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center</institution>, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a63"><label>63</label><institution>Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori</institution>, Milano 20133,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="a64"><label>64</label><institution>Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a65"><label>65</label><institution>Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a66"><label>66</label><institution>Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</institution>, New York, New York 10065,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a67"><label>67</label><institution>Department of Etiology & Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a68"><label>68</label><institution>State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a69"><label>69</label><institution>Department of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore</institution> 138672,<country>Singapore</country></aff><aff id="a70"><label>70</label><institution>School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University</institution>, Hefei 230032,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a71"><label>71</label><institution>Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology</institution>, Warsaw 02-781,<country>Poland</country></aff><aff id="a72"><label>72</label><institution>Yale School of Public Health</institution>, New Haven, Connecticut 06510,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a73"><label>73</label><institution>H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute</institution>, Tampa, Florida 33612,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a74"><label>74</label><institution>Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)</institution>, Madrid 28029,<country>Spain</country></aff><aff id="a75"><label>75</label><institution>Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute</institution>, Nagoya 464-8681,<country>Japan</country></aff><aff id="a76"><label>76</label><institution>Department of Health Disparities Research, Division of OVP, Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, and Center for Community-Engaged Translational Research, Duncan Family Institute, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a77"><label>77</label><institution>Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic</institution>, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a78"><label>78</label><institution>Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center</institution>, Daegu 101,<country>Republic of Korea</country></aff><aff id="a79"><label>79</label><institution>Department of Pediatrics, University Clinic of Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research</institution>, Pamplona 31080,<country>Spain</country></aff><aff id="a80"><label>80</label><institution>Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine</institution>, Lodz 91-348,<country>Poland</country></aff><aff id="a81"><label>81</label><institution>University of Southern California</institution>, Los Angeles, California 90007,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a82"><label>82</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences</institution>, Beijing 100730,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a83"><label>83</label><institution>Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra</institution>, Barcelona 08002,<country>Spain</country></aff><aff id="a84"><label>84</label><institution>Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London</institution>, London SW7 2AZ,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="a85"><label>85</label><institution>Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER)</institution>, Barcelona, 28029,<country>Spain</country></aff><aff id="a86"><label>86</label><institution>Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratory, qGenomics</institution>, Barcelona 08003,<country>Spain</country></aff><aff id="a87"><label>87</label><institution>Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine</institution>, Detroit, Michigan 48201,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a88"><label>88</label><institution>Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF)</institution>, Torino, 10126,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="a89"><label>89</label><institution>Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University</institution>, Nanjing 210029,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a90"><label>90</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Nanjing Medical University School of Public Health</institution>, Nanjing 210029,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a91"><label>91</label><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School</institution>, Gwanju 501-746,<country>Republic of Korea</country></aff><aff id="a92"><label>92</label><institution>Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center</institution>, Nashville, Tennessee 37232,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a93"><label>93</label><institution>Baylor College of Medicine</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a94"><label>94</label><institution>Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</institution>, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a95"><label>95</label><institution>Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai 200433,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a96"><label>96</label><institution>State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University</institution>, Shanghai 200433,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a97"><label>97</label><institution>Information Management Services Inc.</institution>, Calverton, Maryland, 20904,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a98"><label>98</label><institution>University of California San Francisco</institution>, San Francisco, California 94143,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a99"><label>99</label><institution>Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong</institution>, Hong Kong,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a100"><label>100</label><institution>Institute of Occupational Medicine and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology</institution>, Wuhan 430400,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a101"><label>101</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center</institution>, Houston, Texas 77030,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a102"><label>102</label><institution>Guangdong Lung Cancer Institute, Guangdong General Hospital & Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences</institution>, Guangzhou 515200,<country>China</country></aff><aff id="a103"><label>103</label><institution>Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine</institution>, St Louis, Missouri 63110,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a104"><label>104</label><institution>Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine</institution>, Taipei 10617,<country>Taiwan</country></aff><aff id="a105"><label>105</label><institution>Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine</institution>, New York, New York 10016,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a106"><label>106</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University</institution>, Shenyang 110001,<country>China</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>chanocks@mail.nih.gov</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id>11843</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>06</day><month>05</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>To investigate large structural clonal mosaicism of chromosome X, we analysed the SNP microarray intensity data of 38,303 women from cancer genome-wide association studies (20,878 cases and 17,425 controls) and detected 124 mosaic X events >2 Mb in 97 (0.25%) women. Here we show rates for X-chromosome mosaicism are four times higher than mean autosomal rates; X mosaic events more often include the entire chromosome and participants with X events more likely harbour autosomal mosaic events. X mosaicism frequency increases with age (0.11% in 50-year olds; 0.45% in 75-year olds), as reported for Y and autosomes. Methylation array analyses of 33 women with X mosaicism indicate events preferentially involve the inactive X chromosome. Our results provide further evidence that the sex chromosomes undergo mosaic events more frequently than autosomes, which could have implications for understanding the underlying mechanisms of mosaic events and their possible contribution to risk for chronic diseases.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="web-summary"><p><inline-graphic id="i1" xlink:href="ncomms11843-i1.jpg"></inline-graphic>It is unclear how often genetic mosaicism of chromosome X arises. Here, the authors examine women with cancer and cancer-free controls and show that X chromosome mosaicism occurs more frequently than on autosomes, especially on the inactive X chromosome, but is not linked to non-haematologic cancer risk</p></abstract></article-meta></front><body><p>Genetic mosaicism is classically defined as the coexistence of clonal cellular populations harbouring two or more distinct genotypes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>. To date, detectable mosaicism has been reported in apparently healthy individuals as well as in patients with rare diseases, such as neurofibromatosis type II (NF2), trisomy 21, naevus sebaceous and Proteus syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>. Emerging data from consortia of genome-wide association studies (GWAS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">10</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref> have demonstrated large autosomal mosaicism (events >2 Mb in size) in DNA collected from peripheral leukocytes and buccal epithelium. These studies suggest that autosomal mosaicism is associated with aging, hematologic cancer risk, and possibly ancestry and male sex. Whereas autosomal mosaicism is detectable in <2% of older individuals, recent studies indicate that large mosaic events may be far more common for the Y chromosome, and in particular among older men who smoke cigarettes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">13</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">14</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">15</xref>.</p><p>The functional consequences of detectable chromosomal mosaicism remain to be fully determined. A number of groups have reported detectable genetic mosaicism of single-nucleotide mutations in the general population, particularly in genes implicated in hematopoietic disorders such as leukaemias and lymphomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16">16</xref>. Point-mutation events could reflect early, preleukemic clones and separately could increase risk for cardiovascular events<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">4</xref>. Moreover, many reports have shown phenotypic consequences of chromosomal mosaicism that vary by genomic location of the event, developmental timing, tissue type involved and percentage of cells affected<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref>. In prospective cohort studies, it has been possible to detect large mosaic structural events in blood samples of individuals who eventually develop chronic leukaemia, as early as 14 years before diagnosis, suggesting detection of a subset of events that eventually become manifest as part of the molecular profile of leukaemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">17</xref>.</p><p>To date, reports have not systematically addressed the frequency and characteristics of X chromosomal mosaicism. The X chromosome is unique among the human chromosomes in that normal women carry two copies and normal men carry one. To compensate for dosage differences between sexes, one copy of the female X chromosome is rendered transcriptionally inactive in a process called X inactivation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">18</xref>. In humans, the inactive X-chromosome (Xi) is randomly chosen early in development. Once established, X inactivation is generally irreversible and stably maintained through mitotic divisions. Established mechanisms for maintaining X inactivation include expression of the non-coding <italic>XIST</italic> RNA, chromatin modifications, changes in nuclear scaffold proteins, and DNA methylation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">19</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20">20</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">21</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">22</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">23</xref>. Sequence data from cancer genomes suggest that the X chromosome, particularly the female Xi, has a higher somatic mutation load of point mutations than the autosomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref>. It has been postulated that the observed higher load of somatic point mutations could be directly related to the timing of Xi replication, which occurs late and is faster than either the active X-chromosome (Xa) or the autosomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25">25</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">27</xref>. Although these and other data suggest that X-chromosome mosaicism may be detectable at a prevalence higher than that observed on the autosomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">28</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">29</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">30</xref>, little is known about its frequency in the population or basic characteristics of the distribution and types of gains, losses and acquired loss of heterozygosity.</p><p>In this report, we investigate the frequency of large-scale chromosome X mosaicism (>2 Mb) in blood or buccal samples from 38,303 women. We observe an overall frequency of X mosaicism of ∼0.25%, roughly four times the mean autosomal rate. The frequency of X mosaicism increases with increasing age, but is not associated with non-haematologic cancer risk. Further investigations by methylation analyses suggest the inactive X chromosome is preferentially gained or lost in X mosaic events.</p><sec disp-level="1"><title>Results</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Detected chromosome X events</title><p>Using a segmentation algorithm, we conducted a systematic scan of large structural detectable mosaicism on the X chromosomes of 38,303 women (20,878 cancer cases and 17,425 cancer-free controls), who had been previously examined for autosomal mosaicism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">11</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref>. In total, 124 mosaic events greater than 2 Mb in size were detected on the X chromosomes of 97 of the 38,303 women who were scanned (0.25%, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 2</xref>); all detected cases of trisomy X and XO (Turner's syndrome) were removed from subsequent analyses (<italic>n</italic>=5). Of the 97 women with detected X events, 15 (15%) had more than one event detected on their X chromosome, with one woman having as many as five events. The base-pair adjusted rate of mosaic X events was 1.07 events per 10,000 Mb, over fourfold higher than the mean 0.25 events per 10,000 Mb rate observed across the autosomes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref> (<italic>P</italic> value=1.32 × 10<sup>−5</sup>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>). Significantly elevated rates were observed for the X chromosome in comparison with all autosomes except for chromosome 20 (chr20=0.89, chrX=1.07 events per 10,000 MB; <italic>P</italic> value=0.29). The 124 mosaic X events consisted of 59 mosaic losses, 43 mosaic copy-neutral events and 22 mosaic gains (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 1</xref>). These events mostly included the whole chromosome, with a fraction (37%) mapping to the interstitial region (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Few events were found at either the centromeric or telomeric ends. Most whole-X-chromosome events were mosaic losses. Interstitial events were primarily mosaic copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity, which have been less extensively documented in the cytogenetic literature on chromosome X (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 3</xref>). Two notable clusters of interstitial mosaic copy-neutral events are centered at approximately 26 and 49 Mb (NCBI36/hg18, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>). While X-chromosome mosaic events were more common than autosomal events, the mean proportion of cells with X-chromosome mosaicism tended to be lower than the mosaic proportion with autosomal events overall (X=0.299, autosomes=0. 359, <italic>P</italic> value=0.01, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 2</xref>), however, this association was not observed in cancer-free individuals (<italic>P</italic> value=0.10). Women with an X-chromosome mosaic event had a significantly higher likelihood of harbouring an autosomal event relative to women without detectable X mosaicism (unadjusted odds ratio (OR<sub>unadj</sub>)=16.7, 95% confidence interval (CI)=8.3-33.6, <italic>P</italic> value=2.5 × 10<sup>−15</sup>), even after adjusting for age (adjusted odds ratio (OR<sub>adj</sub>)=15.6, 95% CI=7.3-33.0, <italic>P</italic> value=8.6 × 10<sup>−13</sup>).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Validation by qPCR</title><p>Detected X mosaic events were experimentally validated using a set of 12 quantitative PCR assays (qPCR) across chromosome X. Specifically, we estimated copy-number ratios for 26 events across 25 females with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray-detected X mosaicism with a range of mosaic proportions from 6 to 88%. In the 18 mosaic samples with events that spanned the entire X chromosome, the concordance rate was 100% for gains and 80% for losses (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 5</xref>). An inspection of the discordant copy-loss samples called as copy-neutral events revealed qPCR copy-number values near the calling threshold, or samples with low mosaic proportions. For detected mosaic events spanning only a portion of the X chromosome, four of the eight (50%) showed evidence for mosaic copy-number changes by qPCR, although only 25% were concordant in copy-number state with qPCR (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 5</xref>), suggesting the limited subsets of qPCR probes that spanned events may have been insufficient to adequately call copy-number states.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>X mosaicism in men</title><p>We also examined X-chromosome mosaicism in men. Although we identified 187 men with suggestive evidence of X-chromosome mosaicism (from 43,735 scanned participants), results from qPCR validation in 39 men with available DNA were poor (15% concordance). Calling X-chromosome mosaicism is inherently more challenging in men as their possession of a single X-chromosome precludes analysis with the B-allele frequency (BAF). Although certainly of interest, further refinement of the calling algorithm is required before we can reliably call detectable X mosaicism in men. All subsequent analyses of X mosaicism reported herein are restricted to women.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>X mosaicism associations</title><p>Detectable X mosaicism increases with age, with more events in older women than in younger women. The estimated frequency of X mosaicism was 0.11% in women under 50 years of age and 0.45% in women 75 years or older (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref>). Multivariate analyses adjusted for ancestry, cancer status and study found a statistically significant association with an OR of 1.04 per 1-year increase in age (95% CI=1.01–1.06, <italic>P</italic> value=0.005), with a 20-year increase in age resulting in over twice the odds of a acquiring a mosaic event on the X chromosome. Altogether with prior evidence from autosomes and the Y chromosome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">13</xref>, our data suggest that each human chromosome is susceptible to age-related structural deterioration related to clonal mosaicism, but at distinct rates. Y mosaic events are more common than X events, and X events are more common than those in autosomes. These frequencies may reflect intrinsic differences in the mechanisms by which each type of chromosome is replicated or protected against age-related DNA damage<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">26</xref>.</p><p>Comparable to what we reported for the autosomes (in over 127,000 individuals scanned), we found little to no evidence for an overall association between X mosaicism and non-haematologic cancer (<italic>P</italic> value=0.19)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref>. An analysis by cancer site found at most a marginally significant association between X mosaicism and lung cancer risk (OR=1.89, 95% CI=1.02–3.50, <italic>P</italic> value=0.042; 26 lung cancer cases with mosaicism). However, we had only a limited sample size, were unable to adequately adjust for the major lung cancer risk factor, cigarette smoking and we did not consider multiple comparisons across cancer types. We did not detect an association between X mosaicism and ancestry (three continental populations: European, African and East Asian, <italic>P</italic> value=0.40) that was detected in prior autosomal mosaicism analyses<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">12</xref>. In addition, we did not find evidence for an association between X mosaicism and smoking for a subset of women with available smoking information (<italic>N</italic>=19,197, ever smoker versus never smoker <italic>P</italic> value=0.54). Interestingly, an association was found between DNA source and X mosaicism in which X mosaicism was more frequent in buccal cells as compared with leukocytes (OR=3.50, 95% CI=1.45–8.46, <italic>P</italic> value=0.005). Larger studies are required to confirm these findings.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Methylation analysis</title><p>To investigate the molecular basis of X-chromosome mosaicism, we used Illumina HumanMethylation450 microarray data for a subset of mosaic females with sufficient DNA to determine whether mosaic events are preferential for either the Xa or Xi. Established sex-specific differences in chromosome X promoter methylation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref> provide an opportunity to determine whether the pattern of large structural mosaic events parallels what has previously been reported for analyses of somatic mutations in cancer, namely, events more likely occurring in the inactive X-chromosome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref>. After we completed a rigorous quality control process for methylation microarray data in a control population of 1,665 men and 136 women, probes in gene promoter sites on the X chromosome were extracted and filtered to focus analyses on a reference set of probes that were differentially methylated between men and women, as these are the locations that are inactivated on Xi (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 3</xref>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">31</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref>. Methylation beta values for the resulting set of 1,888 probes were evaluated for differences from normal expected values in women (beta values greater than expected suggest mosaic gain of Xi and less than expected suggest mosaic loss of Xi) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref>). Of the 21 women with mosaic losses, 16 had evidence for a loss of the Xi chromosome. Similarly, all 5 women with mosaic gains had evidence suggesting a mosaic gain of Xi. For mosaic copy-neutral events, 6 women showed evidence for a loss of a portion of the Xa and a replacement with Xi and one woman showed evidence for a loss of a portion of Xi and a replacement with the Xa. Our combined data for mosaic gains and losses suggest that Xi is preferentially involved in mosaic copy-number changes, with Xi more commonly altered in mosaic losses and preferentially gained for mosaic gains (<italic>P</italic> value=0.002). Mosaic events on the X chromosome that do not follow this trend, particularly the five mosaic losses with evidence for a loss of the Xa, could represent normal variation, perhaps due to different DNA extraction techniques, noise in the methylation assay or statistical outliers. Alternatively, chromosome X events could occur early in female development, perhaps at a time that precedes X-inactivation, and thus X-inactivation could only occur in cells with more than one X chromosome.</p></sec></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Discussion</title><p>Our analysis using SNP microarray intensities identified detectable mosaic events on the female X chromosome that occur at higher frequencies than mosaic events on the autosomes. We observed evidence that individual women with mosaic events of the X chromosome are also more likely to have mosaic events of the autosomes. Furthermore, X mosaic events are more likely to involve the inactive X chromosome than the active X chromosome, and thus might be phenotypically neutral. As with autosomal and Y mosaicism, X mosaicism increases with age.</p><p>For decades, it has been apparent that an appreciable fraction of paediatric developmental disorders are directly attributable to a spectrum of mosaic events (for example, from point mutations to large structural alterations) that can also influence clinical course<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">9</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">33</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">34</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">35</xref>. Our data indicate that substantial numbers of adults also possess mosaic chromosomes in blood and buccal cells, suggesting the genome undergoes somatic alterations that either are generated later due to less efficient protective mechanisms or were perhaps tolerated from early age and subsequently expanded due to less efficient mechanisms for retaining genomic stability.</p><p>A limitation of our analysis is the low level of validation for partial chromosome copy-neutral events. Because of both the smaller event size and the need for log R ratio (LRR) baseline correction, our array-based detection algorithm together with qPCR-based validation yielded a low level of concordance. Further work is needed to improve the calling algorithms, which could also be accelerated by the analysis of larger samples sizes, ultimately leading to more precise measurement of mosaic X-chromosomal events.</p><p>It is striking that the frequency of large megabase mosaicism is higher in the inactive X as well as the Y chromosome compared with the autosomes. This higher frequency of mosaicism on sex chromosomes could be a reflection of less cell selection because the inactive X is transcriptionally inactive while the Y chromosome has the smallest number of genes. Future studies are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the generation and selection of these mosaic alterations in sex and autosomal chromosomes, which occur at different frequencies. In turn, insights into the underlying mechanisms as well as the differences in frequencies of large structural genetic mosaicism should provide an important foundation for understanding their contribution to health and chronic diseases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">6</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">36</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">37</xref>.</p></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Methods</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Study population</title><p>The data set was drawn from cancer GWAS of solid tumours performed at the National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and the Cancer Genome Research Laboratory. In total, peripheral leukocyte or buccal epithelial DNA was available for 20,878 solid tumour cancer cases and 17,425 cancer-free controls. DNA was genotyped on one or more commercially available Illumina Infinium Human SNP array (Hap300, Hap240, Hap550, Hap610, Hap660, Hap 1, Omni Express, Omni 1, Omni 2.5 and Omni 5). Quality control procedures were applied after genotyping and samples were clustered in batches to optimize accuracy and minimize batch effects. All GWAS studies were reviewed by the Institutional Review Board of the National Cancer Institute and those of the participating study centers. Informed consent was received for each study participant before study enrollment.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Detection algorithm</title><p>BAF and LRR are two metrics used to detect mosaic events. BAF is a measure of allelic imbalance and used to quantify deviation of an individual's SNP genotype from expected AA, AB and BB genotype clusters. Contiguous runs of heterozygous SNPs with BAF values that deviate from the expected value of 0.5 are evidence for mosaicism. The LRR value of an individual's SNP is a proxy for copy number. LRR values are the log<sub>2</sub> of the ratio of observed SNP intensity value to expected intensity value. LRR values greater than expected baseline LRR suggest copy gain and less than expected baseline LRR suggest copy loss. The expected baseline LRR was calculated from women within each clustering group based on the ratio of males and females in the original genotyping cluster group. All BAF and LRR values were calculated using methods described<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">38</xref> and renormalized as outlined previously<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref>.</p><p>For female participants, BAF and LRR values were systematically scanned across the X chromosome. Chromosomes were segmented for mosaic events using circular binary segmentation (CBS) on BAF values with the BAF segmentation package<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref>. Segments <2 Mb in size were filtered out to control the false-positive rate. Gaussian mixture models were fit to BAF bands to assign event type given the best-fitting model (2–4 Gaussian components). Event copy-number state was assigned based on LRR values with baselines adjusted for the number of men present within original genotyping cluster groups. For whole-chromosome mosaic X events, LRR deviations of 0.01 and −0.01 were used to classify events as gain and losses, respectively. For mosaic X events encompassing only a portion of the X chromosome, we chose a more conservative threshold of 0.05 and −0.05 for gains and losses due to greater LRR variation due to the reduced number of X probes that spanned the events. Mosaic proportions were estimated using deviation from the expected BAF given the LRR defined copy-number state. Further details are outlined in our prior work on autosomal mosaicism<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">3</xref>.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Quantitative PCR</title><p>qPCR assays were selected to determine copy-number status of 12 regions spanning the X chromosome by normalizing to an autosomal gene, RNase P, which is present in two copies in a diploid genome (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 4</xref>). One additional assay was run to validate the presence of the Y chromosome. According to Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA quantitation (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY), 5 ng of sample DNA were transferred into LightCycler-compatible 384-well plates (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) in triplicate and dried down. Two internal standard curves were run separately in each plate, pooled gDNA samples of males and pooled gDNA samples of females, both with no detectable X chromosome loss/gain, and serially diluted to 6 concentrations. qPCR was performed using 5 μl reaction volumes consisting of: 2.5 μl of LightCycler 480 Probes Master Mix (Roche, Indianapolis, IN), 2.0 ul of MBG Water, 0.25 μl of 20 × TaqMan Copy Number Reference Assay, RNase P (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY), and 0.25 μl of specific 20 × TaqMan Copy Number Assay (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY). Thermal cycling was performed on a LightCycler 480 (Roche) where PCR conditions consisted of: 95 °C hold for 5 min, denature at 95 °C for 15 s, anneal at 60 °C for 30 s, with fluorescence data collection over 45 cycles. All experimental and control samples were assayed in triplicate on each plate, separately for all 12 individual target assays.</p><p>The LightCycler software (Release 1.5.0) was used for initial analysis of the raw data, utilizing the absolute quantification analysis with the second derivative maximum method and high-confidence detection algorithm, to yield a crossing threshold (Ct) for all replicates. The Ct for each assay was used to interpolate concentration of target and reference sequences using the standard curves. The ratio of target to reference was multiplied by 2 to determine the diploid amount of X chromosome in that region. The ratios of the 12 assays were then averaged to yield an overall X-chromosome signal ratio. Seventy-five normal copy-number controls were used to estimate normal probe ratio means and s.d. A value of 3 s.d. above the normal mean ratio was used as the threshold to call gains and a value of 3 s.d. below the normal mean ratio was the threshold for calling losses.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Methylation arrays</title><p>After Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA quantitation (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY), 1,000 ng of sample DNA were treated with sodium bisulfite using the EZ-96 DNA Methylation MagPrep Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA) to convert unmethylated cytosine residues to uracils (detected as thymidines), leaving 5′-methylcytosines residues unaffected. Bisulfite-treated samples were denatured, neutralized and then whole-genome amplified, isothermally, to increase the amount of DNA template. The amplified product was enzymatically fragmented, precipitated and resuspended in hybridization buffer. Samples were hybridized overnight on Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA), which allowed fragmented DNA to anneal to locus-specific 50mers (covalently linked to one of over 500,000 bead types). Single-base extension of oligonucleotides on the BeadChip, using the captured DNA as template, incorporated tagged nucleotides on the BeadChip, which were subsequently fluorophore labelled during staining. BeadChips were scanned by an Illumina iScan at two wavelengths to create image and intensity files. An internal control, a DNA sample from a lymphoblastoid cell line NA07057 (Coriell Cell Repositories, Camden, NJ), was utilized to confirm the efficiency of bisulfite conversion and subsequent methylation analysis.</p><p>Methylation beta values are indicators of site-specific methylation with a theoretical range from 0 to 1, where low values indicate hypomethylation and high values indicate hypermethylation. Raw beta intensity values were extracted for probes in promoter sites on the X chromosome and further filtered to include only probes that are differentially methylated between women (Xa/Xi) and men (Xa). A control sample of available men (<italic>N</italic>=1,665) and women (<italic>N</italic>=136) was used to determine expected beta value means and s.d. Using the RnBeads R library, promoter probes were selected that had mean beta values between 0.35 and 0.5 and s.d. <0.09 in women and mean beta values <0.15 and s.d. <0.05 in men (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Fig. 3</xref>). This left a total of 1,888 differentially methylated probes that spanned 212 promoter sites across the X chromosome for analysis. For each mosaic female, mean beta values and z-scores were calculated for all differentially methylated promoter probes that spanned detected mosaic X events in an effort to determine changes in methylation profiles and thus phase mosaic events to the Xa or Xi chromosomes. The mosaic proportions were calculated from SNP microarray per cent mosaicism values. Only X events spanning 5 or more promoter regions were used for the analysis.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>All statistical analyses were performed on a 64 bit Windows build of R 3.0.1 "Good Sport". Multivariate analyses used logistic regression models (glm procedure) with X mosaicism as the dependent variable and adjusted for age of DNA collection, study indicator variables, cancer status (case=1, control=0), and genetically inferred ancestry (%European, %African and %Asian) unless otherwise specified. Inferred ancestry proportions were estimated for each individual using reference populations from the HapMap project<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">40</xref> with the GLU software package (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://code.google.com/p/glu-genetics/">https://code.google.com/p/glu-genetics/</ext-link>) using the struct.admix module. Confidence intervals for plots are Wilson intervals. All reported <italic>P</italic> values are two-sided.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Data availability</title><p>Original study data has been posted in dbGaP (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap</ext-link>) under accession numbers phs000093.v2.p2, phs000336.v1.p1, phs000351.v1.p1, phs000361.v1.p1, phs000652.v1.p1, phs000716.v1.p1, phs000734.v1.p1, phs000396.v1.p1, phs000147.v2.p1, phs000346.v2.p1, phs000863.v1.p1 and phs000206.v5.p3. Data on called event features, location and individual characteristics are available in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 1</xref>. Methylation array beta values for events are presented in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">Supplementary Table 6</xref> and raw data is posted in dbGaP under accession number phs001112.v1.p1. The methylation data has been deposited in dbGaP under accession code phs001112.v1.p1</p></sec></sec><sec disp-level="1"><title>Additional information</title><p><bold>How to cite this article:</bold> Machiela, M.J. <italic>et al</italic>. Female chromosome X mosaicism is age-related and preferentially affects the inactivated X chromosome. <italic>Nat. Commun.</italic> 7:11843 doi: 10.1038/ncomms11843 (2016).</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="S1"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="d33e18" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>Supplementary Information</title><p>Supplementary Figures 1-3 and Supplementary Tables 1-6.</p></caption><media xlink:href="ncomms11843-s1.pdf"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><ack><p>Some individuals, studies, and centers received individual support as follows: Broad Center for Genotyping and Analysis (U01HG04424); Cancer Prevention Study-II (American Cancer Society); Center for Inherited Disease Research (U01HG004438, HHSN268200782096C); Endometrial cancer (R01 CA 134958); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (funds from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and National Institute of Health grants (R35 CA 39779, RO1 CA 75977, RO3 CA 80636, N01 HD 2 3166, K05 CA 92002, CA 105212 and R01 CA87538)); Fudan Lung Cancer Study (Ministry of Health (201002007); Ministry of Science and Technology (2011BAI09B00); National S&T Major Special Project (2011ZX09102-010-01); China National High-Tech Research and Development Program (2012AA02A517, 2012AA02A518); National Science Foundation of China (30890034); National Basic Research Program (2012CB944600); Scientific and Technological Support Plans from Jiangsu Province (BE2010715)); Gene-Environment Association Studies (Coordinating Center:U01 HG004446, Manuscript preparation: P01-GM099568); Genes and Environment in Lung Cancer, Singapore Study (National Medical Research Council Singapore grant (NMRC/0897/2004, NMRC/1075/2006); Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) of Singapore); Genetic Epidemiological Study of Lung Adenocarcinoma (National Research Program on Genomic Medicine in Taiwan (DOH98-TD-G-111-015); National Research Program for Biopharmaceuticals in Taiwan (DOH 100-TD-PB-111-TM013); National Science Council, Taiwan (NSC 100-2319-B-400-001)); Guangdong Study (Foundation of Guangdong Science and Technology Department (2006B60101010, 2007A032000002, 2011A030400010); Guangzhou Science and Information Technology Bureau (2011Y2-00014); Chinese Lung Cancer Research Foundation; National Natural Science Foundation of China (81101549); Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (S2011010000792)); Hong Kong Study (General Research Fund of Research Grant Council, Hong Kong (781511M)); Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH; Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Library of Medicine; Intramural Research Program of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Japanese Female Lung Cancer Collaborative Study (Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare for Research on Applying Health Technology and for the 3rd-term Comprehensive 10-year Strategy for Cancer Control; National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund; Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas and on Innovative Area from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology of Japan; NCI (R01-CA121210)); Korea Health Technology R&D Project (Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI14C0066 )); Lung cancer (Z01CP010200); Lung health (U01HG004738); Ministry of Health (201002007); Ministry of Science and Technology (2011BAI09B00); Melanoma (NCI R29CA70334, R01CA100264, P50CA093459); Multiethnic Cohort Study (Infrastructure grant (U01 CA164973) and U01 CA098758); National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (NRF-2014R1A2A2A05003665)); NLCS (China National High-Tech Research and Development Program Grant (2009AA022705); Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution; National Key Basic Research Program Grant (2011CB503805)); Nurses' Health Study (P01 CA87969, R01 CA49449); Nurses' Health Study II (UM1 CA176726, R01 67262); OpPancreatic cancer (Mayo Clinic SPORE in Pancreatic Cancer: P50CA102701); Prostate cancer (U01HG004726, NCI: CA63464, CA54281, CA1326792, RC2 CA148085); Shanghai Women's Health Cohort Study (National Institutes of Health (R37 CA70867); National Cancer Institute intramural research program; NCI Intramural Research Program contract (N02 CP1101066)); Shenyang Lung Cancer Study (National Nature Science Foundation of China (81102194); Liaoning Provincial Department of Education (LS2010168); China Medical Board (00726)); Singapore Chinese Health Study (NIH grants: NCI R01 CA55069, R35 CA53890, R01 CA80205, and R01 CA144034); South Korea Multi-Center Lung Cancer Study (National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (2011-0016106); National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health &Welfare, Republic of Korea (0720550-2); (A010250)); Tianjin Lung Cancer Study (Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (PCSIRT); China (IRT1076), Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Foundation for Cancer Research US); University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (institutional support for the Center for Translational and Public Health Genomics (NIH grant P50 CA 91846)); Women's Health Initiative (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services contracts HHSN268201100046C, HHSN268201100001C, HHSN268201100002C, HHSN268201100003C, HHSN268201100004C, and HHSN271201100004C); Wuhan lung cancer study (National Key Basic Research and Development Program (2011CB503800)) and Yunnan Lung Cancer Study (Intramural program of U.S. National Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute). Melinda C. Aldrich was supported by NIH/NCI grant K07 CA 172294. We would like to thank the participants and staff of the NHS and NHSII cohorts for their valuable contributions as well as the following state registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. This study was approved by the Connecticut Department of Public Health (DPH) Human Investigations Committee. Certain data used in this publication were obtained from the DPH. The authors assume full responsibility for the analyses and interpretation of these data. 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C.C.A., M.C.A., C.A., L.T.A., A.A.A., L.E.B., S.I.B., A.B., W.J.B., C.H.B., P.M.B., L.A.B., H.B.B., L.B., J.E.B., M.A.B., F.C., T.C., K.G.C., I.S.C., N.C., C.C., C.C., K.C., C.C.C., L.S.C., M.C.B., M.C., F.G.D., I.D.V., T.D., J.D., E.J.D., C.G.E., J.H.F., J.D.F., J.F.F., G.M.F., C.S.F., S.G., Y.T.G., S.M.G., M.G.C., M.M.G., J.M.G., G.G.G., E.M.G., E.L.G., L.G., A.M.G., C.A.H., G.H., S.E.H., C.C.H., R.H., E.A.H., Y.C.H., R.N.H., C.A.H., N.H., W.H., D.J.H., A.H., M.J., C.H., K.T.K., H.N.K., Y.H.K., Y.T.K., A.P.K., R.K., W.P.K., L.N.K., C.K., P.K., V.K., R.C.K., A.L.C., Q.L., M.T.L., L.L.M., D.L., X.L., L.M.L., D.L., J.L., J.L., L.L., A.N.N., N.M., K.M., L.H.M., R.R.M., B.S.M., L.M., L.M., S.H.O., I.O., J.Y.P., A.P.G., B.P., U.P., G.M.P., L.P., J.P., L.P.O., M.P.P., Y.L.Q., P.R., F.X.R., E.R., H.A.R., B.R.S., A.M.R., S.A.S., F.S., A.G.S., K.L.S., A.S., V.W.S., G.S., H.S., X.S., M.H.S., X.O.S., D.T.S., M.R.S., V.L.S., R.S.S., D.S., Z.Z.T., P.R.T., L.R.T., G.S.T., D.V.D.B., K.V., S.W., J.C.W., Z.W., N.W., W.W., E.W., J.K.W., B.M.W., M.P.W., C.W., T.W., X.W., Y.L.W., J.S.W., L.X., H.P.Y., P.C.Y., K.Y., K.A.Z., A.Z.J., W.Z., B.Z., R.G.Z., L.A.P., N.E.C., N.R., M.T., M.D., M.Y. and S.J.C. contributed samples and provided feedback. B.H., C.D. and C.H. designed and carried out laboratory experiments. M.J.M., W.Z., E.K., J.N.S., N.D.F., Q.Y. and K.B.J. performed and contributed to the analysis. M.J.M., W.Z., M.D., M.Y. and S.J.C. drafted the manuscript. All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript.</p></fn></fn-group></back><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Adjusted mean rate of events by chromosome.</title><p>A comparison of detected mosaic events >2 Mb in size in the autosomes to the X chromosome (X events=124, Autosomal events=430).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11843-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Detected mosaic events on the X chromosome.</title><p>Mosaic losses (<italic>N</italic>=59) are in red, mosaic gains (<italic>N</italic>=22) are green, and mosaic copy-neutral events (<italic>N</italic>=43) are in blue.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11843-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Unadjusted age relationship with X mosaicism.</title><p>Dashed line represents the mean overall proportion with mosaic X events across all age groups and error pars represent 95% Wilson confidence intervals (<italic>N</italic>=31,982).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11843-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Chromosome X methylation beta values by estimated mosaic proportion.</title><p>Average beta values (range: 0.0–1.0) indicate amount of methylation at a genomic locus where low values indicate hypomethylation and high values indicate hypermethylation. X methylation beta values are plotted for promoter probes spanning a mosaic X event and points are sized for the number of probes. The estimated mosaic proportion is calculated from the mosaic proportion estimate of the SNP microarrays and direction (positive versus negative) is determined from average probe beta <italic>z</italic>-scores. Control men (<italic>N</italic>=1,665) and women (<italic>N</italic>=136) are shown as light grey squares and circles. Mosaic females (<italic>N</italic>=48) are plotted as green, blue and red circles for mosaic gains, copy-neutral events and losses, respectively. Solid and dashed black lines are median and interquartile range for control men (left) and women (right) beta values.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ncomms11843-f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Chromosomal arm location of detected mosaic autosomal and X events.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="char" char="("></col><col align="char" char="("></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">Autosomes</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">X chromosome</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Interstitial</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">148 (34.4%)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">46 (37.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Spans centromere</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">17 (4.0%)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">2 (1.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Telomeric p</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">95 (22.1%)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">4(3.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Telomeric q</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">148 (34.4%)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">12 (9.7%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Whole</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">22 (5.1%)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">60 (48.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">430 (100%)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">124 (100%)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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