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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Definition and diagnostic criteria of sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy</title><author><name sortKey="Tinuper, Paolo" sort="Tinuper, Paolo" uniqKey="Tinuper P" first="Paolo" last="Tinuper">Paolo Tinuper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bisulli, Francesca" sort="Bisulli, Francesca" uniqKey="Bisulli F" first="Francesca" last="Bisulli">Francesca Bisulli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cross, J H" sort="Cross, J H" uniqKey="Cross J" first="J. H." last="Cross">J. H. Cross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hesdorffer, Dale" sort="Hesdorffer, Dale" uniqKey="Hesdorffer D" first="Dale" last="Hesdorffer">Dale Hesdorffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kahane, Philippe" sort="Kahane, Philippe" uniqKey="Kahane P" first="Philippe" last="Kahane">Philippe Kahane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nobili, Lino" sort="Nobili, Lino" uniqKey="Nobili L" first="Lino" last="Nobili">Lino Nobili</name></author><author><name sortKey="Provini, Federica" sort="Provini, Federica" uniqKey="Provini F" first="Federica" last="Provini">Federica Provini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scheffer, Ingrid E" sort="Scheffer, Ingrid E" uniqKey="Scheffer I" first="Ingrid E." last="Scheffer">Ingrid E. Scheffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tassi, Laura" sort="Tassi, Laura" uniqKey="Tassi L" first="Laura" last="Tassi">Laura Tassi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vignatelli, Luca" sort="Vignatelli, Luca" uniqKey="Vignatelli L" first="Luca" last="Vignatelli">Luca Vignatelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bassetti, Claudio" sort="Bassetti, Claudio" uniqKey="Bassetti C" first="Claudio" last="Bassetti">Claudio Bassetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cirignotta, Fabio" sort="Cirignotta, Fabio" uniqKey="Cirignotta F" first="Fabio" last="Cirignotta">Fabio Cirignotta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Derry, Christopher" sort="Derry, Christopher" uniqKey="Derry C" first="Christopher" last="Derry">Christopher Derry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gambardella, Antonio" sort="Gambardella, Antonio" uniqKey="Gambardella A" first="Antonio" last="Gambardella">Antonio Gambardella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guerrini, Renzo" sort="Guerrini, Renzo" uniqKey="Guerrini R" first="Renzo" last="Guerrini">Renzo Guerrini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halasz, Peter" sort="Halasz, Peter" uniqKey="Halasz P" first="Peter" last="Halasz">Peter Halasz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Licchetta, Laura" sort="Licchetta, Laura" uniqKey="Licchetta L" first="Laura" last="Licchetta">Laura Licchetta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahowald, Mark" sort="Mahowald, Mark" uniqKey="Mahowald M" first="Mark" last="Mahowald">Mark Mahowald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manni, Raffaele" sort="Manni, Raffaele" uniqKey="Manni R" first="Raffaele" last="Manni">Raffaele Manni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marini, Carla" sort="Marini, Carla" uniqKey="Marini C" first="Carla" last="Marini">Carla Marini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mostacci, Barbara" sort="Mostacci, Barbara" uniqKey="Mostacci B" first="Barbara" last="Mostacci">Barbara Mostacci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naldi, Ilaria" sort="Naldi, Ilaria" uniqKey="Naldi I" first="Ilaria" last="Naldi">Ilaria Naldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parrino, Liborio" sort="Parrino, Liborio" uniqKey="Parrino L" first="Liborio" last="Parrino">Liborio Parrino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Picard, Fabienne" sort="Picard, Fabienne" uniqKey="Picard F" first="Fabienne" last="Picard">Fabienne Picard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pugliatti, Maura" sort="Pugliatti, Maura" uniqKey="Pugliatti M" first="Maura" last="Pugliatti">Maura Pugliatti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryvlin, Philippe" sort="Ryvlin, Philippe" uniqKey="Ryvlin P" first="Philippe" last="Ryvlin">Philippe Ryvlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vigevano, Federico" sort="Vigevano, Federico" uniqKey="Vigevano F" first="Federico" last="Vigevano">Federico Vigevano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zucconi, Marco" sort="Zucconi, Marco" uniqKey="Zucconi M" first="Marco" last="Zucconi">Marco Zucconi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berkovic, Samuel" sort="Berkovic, Samuel" uniqKey="Berkovic S" first="Samuel" last="Berkovic">Samuel Berkovic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ottman, Ruth" sort="Ottman, Ruth" uniqKey="Ottman R" first="Ruth" last="Ottman">Ruth Ottman</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27164717</idno><idno type="pmc">4862248</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4862248</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4862248</idno><idno type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0000000000002666</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000663</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000663</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Definition and diagnostic criteria of sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy</title><author><name sortKey="Tinuper, Paolo" sort="Tinuper, Paolo" uniqKey="Tinuper P" first="Paolo" last="Tinuper">Paolo Tinuper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bisulli, Francesca" sort="Bisulli, Francesca" uniqKey="Bisulli F" first="Francesca" last="Bisulli">Francesca Bisulli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cross, J H" sort="Cross, J H" uniqKey="Cross J" first="J. H." last="Cross">J. H. Cross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hesdorffer, Dale" sort="Hesdorffer, Dale" uniqKey="Hesdorffer D" first="Dale" last="Hesdorffer">Dale Hesdorffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kahane, Philippe" sort="Kahane, Philippe" uniqKey="Kahane P" first="Philippe" last="Kahane">Philippe Kahane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nobili, Lino" sort="Nobili, Lino" uniqKey="Nobili L" first="Lino" last="Nobili">Lino Nobili</name></author><author><name sortKey="Provini, Federica" sort="Provini, Federica" uniqKey="Provini F" first="Federica" last="Provini">Federica Provini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scheffer, Ingrid E" sort="Scheffer, Ingrid E" uniqKey="Scheffer I" first="Ingrid E." last="Scheffer">Ingrid E. Scheffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tassi, Laura" sort="Tassi, Laura" uniqKey="Tassi L" first="Laura" last="Tassi">Laura Tassi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vignatelli, Luca" sort="Vignatelli, Luca" uniqKey="Vignatelli L" first="Luca" last="Vignatelli">Luca Vignatelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bassetti, Claudio" sort="Bassetti, Claudio" uniqKey="Bassetti C" first="Claudio" last="Bassetti">Claudio Bassetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cirignotta, Fabio" sort="Cirignotta, Fabio" uniqKey="Cirignotta F" first="Fabio" last="Cirignotta">Fabio Cirignotta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Derry, Christopher" sort="Derry, Christopher" uniqKey="Derry C" first="Christopher" last="Derry">Christopher Derry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gambardella, Antonio" sort="Gambardella, Antonio" uniqKey="Gambardella A" first="Antonio" last="Gambardella">Antonio Gambardella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guerrini, Renzo" sort="Guerrini, Renzo" uniqKey="Guerrini R" first="Renzo" last="Guerrini">Renzo Guerrini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halasz, Peter" sort="Halasz, Peter" uniqKey="Halasz P" first="Peter" last="Halasz">Peter Halasz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Licchetta, Laura" sort="Licchetta, Laura" uniqKey="Licchetta L" first="Laura" last="Licchetta">Laura Licchetta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahowald, Mark" sort="Mahowald, Mark" uniqKey="Mahowald M" first="Mark" last="Mahowald">Mark Mahowald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manni, Raffaele" sort="Manni, Raffaele" uniqKey="Manni R" first="Raffaele" last="Manni">Raffaele Manni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marini, Carla" sort="Marini, Carla" uniqKey="Marini C" first="Carla" last="Marini">Carla Marini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mostacci, Barbara" sort="Mostacci, Barbara" uniqKey="Mostacci B" first="Barbara" last="Mostacci">Barbara Mostacci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naldi, Ilaria" sort="Naldi, Ilaria" uniqKey="Naldi I" first="Ilaria" last="Naldi">Ilaria Naldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parrino, Liborio" sort="Parrino, Liborio" uniqKey="Parrino L" first="Liborio" last="Parrino">Liborio Parrino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Picard, Fabienne" sort="Picard, Fabienne" uniqKey="Picard F" first="Fabienne" last="Picard">Fabienne Picard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pugliatti, Maura" sort="Pugliatti, Maura" uniqKey="Pugliatti M" first="Maura" last="Pugliatti">Maura Pugliatti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryvlin, Philippe" sort="Ryvlin, Philippe" uniqKey="Ryvlin P" first="Philippe" last="Ryvlin">Philippe Ryvlin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vigevano, Federico" sort="Vigevano, Federico" uniqKey="Vigevano F" first="Federico" last="Vigevano">Federico Vigevano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zucconi, Marco" sort="Zucconi, Marco" uniqKey="Zucconi M" first="Marco" last="Zucconi">Marco Zucconi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berkovic, Samuel" sort="Berkovic, Samuel" uniqKey="Berkovic S" first="Samuel" last="Berkovic">Samuel Berkovic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ottman, Ruth" sort="Ottman, Ruth" uniqKey="Ottman R" first="Ruth" last="Ottman">Ruth Ottman</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Neurology</title><idno type="ISSN">0028-3878</idno><idno type="eISSN">1526-632X</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The syndrome known as nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is recognized worldwide and has been studied in a wide range of clinical and scientific settings (epilepsy, sleep medicine, neurosurgery, pediatric neurology, epidemiology, genetics). Though uncommon, it is of considerable interest to practicing neurologists because of complexity in differential diagnosis from more common, benign sleep disorders such as parasomnias, or other disorders like psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Moreover, misdiagnosis can have substantial adverse consequences on patients' lives. At present, there is no consensus definition of this disorder and disagreement persists about its core electroclinical features and the spectrum of etiologies involved. To improve the definition of the disorder and establish diagnostic criteria with levels of certainty, a consensus conference using formal recommended methodology was held in Bologna in September 2014. It was recommended that the name be changed to sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), reflecting evidence that the attacks are associated with sleep rather than time of day, the seizures may arise from extrafrontal sites, and the motor aspects of the seizures are characteristic. The etiology may be genetic or due to structural pathology, but in most cases remains unknown. Diagnostic criteria were developed with 3 levels of certainty: witnessed (possible) SHE, video-documented (clinical) SHE, and video-EEG-documented (confirmed) SHE. The main research gaps involve epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lugaresi, E" uniqKey="Lugaresi E">E Lugaresi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cirignotta, F" uniqKey="Cirignotta F">F Cirignotta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Williamson, Pd" uniqKey="Williamson P">PD Williamson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spencer, Dd" uniqKey="Spencer D">DD Spencer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spencer, Ss" uniqKey="Spencer S">SS Spencer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Novelly, Ra" uniqKey="Novelly R">RA Novelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mattson, Rh" uniqKey="Mattson R">RH Mattson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Waterman, K" uniqKey="Waterman K">K Waterman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Purves, Sj" uniqKey="Purves S">SJ 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sortKey="Bisulli, F" uniqKey="Bisulli F">F Bisulli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vignatelli, L" uniqKey="Vignatelli L">L Vignatelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lamberts, Rj" uniqKey="Lamberts R">RJ Lamberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thijs, Rd" uniqKey="Thijs R">RD Thijs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laffan, A" uniqKey="Laffan A">A Laffan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langan, Y" uniqKey="Langan Y">Y Langan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sander, Jw" uniqKey="Sander J">JW Sander</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Poduri, A" uniqKey="Poduri A">A Poduri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evrony, Gd" uniqKey="Evrony G">GD Evrony</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, X" uniqKey="Cai X">X Cai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, Ca" uniqKey="Walsh C">CA Walsh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jh" uniqKey="Lee J">JH Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huynh, M" uniqKey="Huynh M">M Huynh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silhavy, Jl" uniqKey="Silhavy J">JL Silhavy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Poduri, A" uniqKey="Poduri A">A Poduri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evrony, Gd" uniqKey="Evrony G">GD Evrony</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cai, X" uniqKey="Cai X">X Cai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scheffer, Ie" uniqKey="Scheffer I">IE Scheffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heron, Se" uniqKey="Heron S">SE Heron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Regan, Bm" uniqKey="Regan B">BM Regan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bearden, D" uniqKey="Bearden D">D Bearden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strong, A" uniqKey="Strong A">A Strong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ehnot, J" uniqKey="Ehnot J">J Ehnot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Giovine, M" uniqKey="Di Giovine M">M Di Giovine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dlugos, D" uniqKey="Dlugos D">D Dlugos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldberg, Em" uniqKey="Goldberg E">EM Goldberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Neurology</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Neurology</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">neurology</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">neur</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">neurology</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">NEUROLOGY</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Neurology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0028-3878</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1526-632X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Hagerstown, MD</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27164717</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4862248</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">NEUROLOGY2015683854</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1212/WNL.0000000000002666</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Views & Reviews</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Definition and diagnostic criteria of sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Tinuper</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>Commercial, Bohringer Ingelheim Commercial, Cephalon Commercial,Jazz Commercial, Lundbeck Commercial, Pfizer Commercial, ResMed Commercial, Respironics Commercial, UCB Pharma Commercial, Vifor Pharma</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Commercial, Bohringer Ingelheim Commercial, Cephalon Commercial,Jazz Commercial, Lundbeck Commercial, Pfizer Commercial, ResMed Commercial, Respironics Commercial, UCB Pharma Commercial, Vifor Pharma</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Prof. Bassetti serves as Chief Editor of the Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry (past 2 years) Is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Sleep Research (past 2 years) Is on the editorial board of Sleep Medicine (past 2 years) Is on the editorial boardof Somnology (past 2 years) Is on the editorial board of Sleep (past 2 years) Is on the editorial board of European Neurology (past 2 years) Is on the editoarial board of the Belgian Neurological Journal (past 2 years)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bisulli</surname><given-names>Francesca</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>Italian Ministry of Health Young Investigators /euros 16.316; grant number: GR-2009-1574072, Coordinator of the Second Unit; 3 years</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>Telethon foundation (grant GGP 13200 to P.T.)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cross</surname><given-names>J.H.</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>Italian Ministry of Health Young Investigators /euros 16.316; grant number: GR-2009-1574072, Coordinator of the Second Unit; 3 years</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>Telethon foundation (grant GGP 13200 to P.T.)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hesdorffer</surname><given-names>Dale</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>(1) Commercial entity: Acorda, Upsher Smith, Cyberonics</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Acorda, Upsher Smith: Covered travel and hotel for Advisory Board meetings International League Against Epilepsy: Epilepsia Associate Editor and funding to attend a meeting</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Associate Editor, Epilepsia 2013-present Editorial Board, Epilepsy and Behavior 2011-present; Contributing editor, Epilepsy Currents, 2009- 2015</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>Mount Sinai Medical Center, Injury prevention center grant, paid advisor</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>1. CDC, U01 DP006089 PI of Columbia subcontract 2015-2018 2. NINDS, NS04320, Co-I (PI of Columbia subcontract), 2003-2018; 3. NINDS, NS078419, Co-I, 2012-2015 4. NINDS, NS078419, Co-I 2012-2016 5. PCORI, Co-PI 2014-2018 6. FACES, PI of subcontract 2015-2016 7. The Epilepsy Study Consortium. PI of subcontract 2013- 2018</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>Epilepsy Foundation of America 2010-2016</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kahane</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>(1) GlaxoSmithKline : Scientific Advisory Board (2) Eisai : Scientific Advisory Board (3) French League Against Epilepsy : Scientific Council (4) French Society of Clinical Neurophysiology : Scientific Council (5) French Foundation for Research on Epilepsy : Scientific Council (6) French Foundation for Brain Research : Scientific Council</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>(1) UCB Pharma : funding for travel (2) Eisai : speaker hononaria</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>(1) Epileptic Disorders, associate editor, > 10 years (2) Neurophysiologie Clinique, editorial board member, > 10 years (3) Epilepsia, editorial board member, 2 years</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>2013: ANR, INNERSPEECH project, participant, 263 KE in total, 4 years 2013: ANR, FORCE project, PI, 600 KE in total, 4 years 2013: FP7 HBP, HID project, participant, 2 years</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nobili</surname><given-names>Lino</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>Commercial - UCB Pharma/ briveracetam</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Commercial Speaker at educational meeting for UCB Attended american Epilepsy Society meeting 2015 with travel funded by UCB</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>Muir Maxwell Epilepsy Trust, UK - seed corn funding</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Provini</surname><given-names>Federica</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scheffer</surname><given-names>Ingrid E.</given-names></name><degrees>PhD, MBBS</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Travel: Zogenix Investigator Meeting (Dravet Syndrome study), USA 2016 World Congress of Neurology, Chile 2015 Conference (Scientific and clinical foundation for precision medicine in epilepsy), USA 2015 International Symposium for Neurologists, Chile 2015 GSK 2015 AOCCN Taiwan 2015 Weizmann Institute 2015, 2014 American Academy of Neurology 2015, 2014 IRCCS Oasi Maria SS 2015 Sanofi China 2015 International Epilepsy Congress, 2015 QBI, University of Queensland 2015, 2014 International League Against Epilepsy, 2015, 2014 Australian Academy of Science, 2015, 2014 Westmead Hospital, 2015, 2014 Commonwealth Department of Industry, Australia 2014 Perpetual, 2014 University of California, 2014 Matthew's Friends, 2014 SBS, Australia 2014 PTS for NFLE conference, 2014 Turkish Child Neurology Association, 2014 European Congress on Epileptology, 2014 International Child Neurology Association, 2014 UCB 2015, 2014 Honoraria: Eisai, 2015 AOCCN, 2015 Sanofi 2015 UCB speaker 2015, 2014, 2013 Transgenomic 2014, 2013</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>(1) Neurology, Editorial Board, 2014-present (2) Epilepsy Currents, Editorial Board, 2014-present (2) Annals of Neurology, Editorial Board, 2007-present (3) Epileptic Disorders, Editorial Board, 2006-present (4) Progress in Epileptic Disorders series, Editorial Board, 2005-present (5) Virtual Neuro Centre, Editorial Board, 2005-present</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>Has received revenue for: (1) Diagnostic and therapeutic methods for EFMR Issued</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>(1) NHMRC Program Grant #628952 CI 2011-2015, 2016-2020 (2) NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship 2011-2015 (3) NHMRC Project Grant 2013-2015 (4) NIH Centre Without Walls funding “Epi4K” 2011-2015</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>(1) Epilepsy Association of Tasmania 2013-2015 (2) Melbourne Neurosciences Institute 2014 (3) Weizmann Institute 2013-2014 (4) CURE SUDEP Award 2012-2013 (5) Perpetual Philanthropic Services 2012-2013</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tassi</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>(1)P.Hal?sz, R. B?dizs, Dynamic structures of NREM sleep,2013, Springer</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vignatelli</surname><given-names>Luca</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>(1) Commercial entity: Acorda, Upsher Smith, Cyberonics</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Acorda, Upsher Smith: Covered travel and hotel for Advisory Board meetings International League Against Epilepsy: Epilepsia Associate Editor and funding to attend a meeting</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Associate Editor, Epilepsia 2013-present Editorial Board, Epilepsy and Behavior 2011-present; Contributing editor, Epilepsy Currents, 2009- 2015</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>Mount Sinai Medical Center, Injury prevention center grant, paid advisor</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>1. CDC, U01 DP006089 PI of Columbia subcontract 2015-2018 2. NINDS, NS04320, Co-I (PI of Columbia subcontract), 2003-2018; 3. NINDS, NS078419, Co-I, 2012-2015 4. NINDS, NS078419, Co-I 2012-2016 5. PCORI, Co-PI 2014-2018 6. FACES, PI of subcontract 2015-2016 7. The Epilepsy Study Consortium. PI of subcontract 2013- 2018</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>Epilepsy Foundation of America 2010-2016</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bassetti</surname><given-names>Claudio</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>Commercial, Bohringer Ingelheim Commercial, Cephalon Commercial,Jazz Commercial, Lundbeck Commercial, Pfizer Commercial, ResMed Commercial, Respironics Commercial, UCB Pharma Commercial, Vifor Pharma</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Commercial, Bohringer Ingelheim Commercial, Cephalon Commercial,Jazz Commercial, Lundbeck Commercial, Pfizer Commercial, ResMed Commercial, Respironics Commercial, UCB Pharma Commercial, Vifor Pharma</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Prof. Bassetti serves as Chief Editor of the Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry (past 2 years) Is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Sleep Research (past 2 years) Is on the editorial board of Sleep Medicine (past 2 years) Is on the editorial boardof Somnology (past 2 years) Is on the editorial board of Sleep (past 2 years) Is on the editorial board of European Neurology (past 2 years) Is on the editoarial board of the Belgian Neurological Journal (past 2 years)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cirignotta</surname><given-names>Fabio</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Derry</surname><given-names>Christopher</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Editorial advisory board: Sleep and Sleep Medicine (resigned from both 5 years ago)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gambardella</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>The author received speaker's fees from the manufacturers Glaxo Wellcome, Eisai, and Johnson and Johnson.</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Member of the editorial board of following scientific journals: 1. Clinical Cases and Reviews in Epilepsy, CIC Ed. Internaz. Srl 2. Epilepsia - ISSN: 1528-1167 3. Frontiers in Cellular neuroscience, ISSN: 1662-5102 4. ISRN Neurology - ISSN: 2090-5513 5. Journal of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry 6. Molecular & Cellular Epilepsy ISSN 2330-3883</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guerrini</surname><given-names>Renzo</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>Honoraria for Advisory Board activities and travel related expenses for: (1) Eisai Inc, (2) Novartis (3) Viropharma</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>(1) Viropharma, funding for travel and speaker honoraria. (2) EISAI: funding for travel. (3) Novartis funding for travel.</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>(1) Epilepsia: Associate Editor 2006-2013, (2) Progress in Epileptic Disorders, International Advisory Board, 2007- (3) Neuropediatrics, Editorial Board, 2001-2009 (4) Journal of Child Neurology, Editorial Board, 1995-2010, (5) Seizure, Editorial Board 2005-, (6) BMC Medical Genetics,Editorial Board, 2006-, (7) Topics in Epilepsy, Editorial Board, 2009- (8) Journal of Pediatric Epilepsy, Editorial Board, 2011- (9) Epileptic Disorders,Editorial Board, 1999-2012 (10) European Neurological Journal, Editorial Board, 2010- (11) Neurology, Editorial Board, 2013-</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>(1) Epilepsy and Movements disorders, Cambridge University Press, 2002, (2) Aicardi's Epilepsy in Children, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, (3) Progress in Epileptic Spasms and West Syndrome, John Libbey Eurotext, 2007, (4) Epilepsy and Migraine, John Libbey Eurotext, 2009, (5) The Causes of Epilepsy, Cambridge University Press, 2011. (6) Dravet syndrome, John Libbey Eurotext, 2011. (7) Epilepsy and epileptic seizures, Oxford University Press, 2012</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>(1) EU contract number LSH-CT-2006-2011 037315 (EPICURE) FP6 - LIFESCIHEALTH. Subproject Coordinator (2) Tuscany Region. Research Department. Drug treatment and neuroprotection in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and neonatal? infantile seizures. 2010-2013. Project Coordinator. (3) EC PROGRAM Rare disease: use of clinical trial simulation for the choice and optimization of study Design: Era-Net. 2011 ? 2014. Unit Coordinator. (4) EC. Genetics of cortical gyral dysgenesis and pathophysiology of tubulin-related malformations of cortical development. EU PROGRAM: E-RARE2. 2012-2014. Unit Coordinator. (5) EC FP7, 2013-2018. DESIRE: Development and Epilepsy - Strategies for Innovative Research to improve diagnosis, prevention and treatment in children with difficult to treat Epilepsy. Grant Agreement 6602531. Project Coordinator</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>Pisa Foundation. Grant Title: Development of technology for the diagnostic characterisation and post-chemotherapy- radiotherapy monitoring of paediatric brain tumours using ultra high field MRI. 2013-2016. Project Coordinator.</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Halasz</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Licchetta</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mahowald</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Video case section Editor for the journal Sleep Medicine</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manni</surname><given-names>Raffaele</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Epilepsy research and treatment; Associate editor; 2009- 2010</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marini</surname><given-names>Carla</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Sleep Medicine (since 2006) Sleep Disorders (since 2010)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mostacci</surname><given-names>Barbara</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>a grant from the Swiss National Foundation No. 320030-127608</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Naldi</surname><given-names>Ilaria</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parrino</surname><given-names>Liborio</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>Commercial entities: Bayer (2014), Biogen (2014), Biogen (2015) Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM, Italia) (2014, 2015)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Commercial entities: Biogen Idec, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis and/or Teva, Genzyme.</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other activities:</title><list-item><p>Expert evaluator for European Commission</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Picard</surname><given-names>Fabienne</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>UCB pharma: Funding for travel and speaker honoraria Eisai: Funding for travel and speaker honoraria Cyberonics: Funding for travel and speaker honoraria</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pugliatti</surname><given-names>Maura</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Travel (1) GSK 2015 (2) AOCCN Taiwan 2015 (3) Weizmann Institute 2015, 2014 (4) American Academy of Neurology 2015, 2014 (5) IRCCS Oasi Maria SS 2015 (6) Sanofi China 2015 (7) QBI, University of Queensland 2015, 2014 (8) International League Against Epilepsy, 2015, 2014 (9) Australian Academy of Science, 2015, 2014 (10) Commonwealth Department of Industry, Australia 2014 (11) Westmead Hospital, 2014 (12) Perpetual, 2014 (13) University of California, 2014 (14) Matthew's Friends, 2014 (15) SBS, Australia 2014 (16) PTS for NFLE conference, 2014 (17) Turkish Child Neurology Association, 2014 (18) European Congress on Epileptology, 2014 (19) International Child Neurology Association, 2014 (20) UCB 2015, 2014, 2013 (21) Movement Disorder Society, 2013 (22) International Epilepsy Congress, 2015, 2013 (23) University of Auckland, 2013 (24) World Congress of Neurology, 2013 (25) Epileptic Disorders, 2013 Honoraria (1) Eisai, 2015 (2) AOCCN, 2015 (3) Sanofi 2015 (4) UCB speaker 2015, 2014, 2013 (5) Transgenomic 2014, 2013</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>(1) Neurology, Editorial Board, 2014-present (2) Epilepsy Currents, Editorial Board, 2014-present (2) Annals of Neurology, Editorial Board, 2007-present (3) Epileptic Disorders, Editorial Board, 2006-present (4) Progress in Epileptic Disorders series, Editorial Board, 2005-present (5) Virtual Neuro Centre, Editorial Board, 2005-present</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>Has received revenue for: (1) Diagnostic and therapeutic methods for EFMR Issued</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>(1) NHMRC Program Grant #628952 CI 2011-2015, 2016-2020 (2) NHMRC Practitioner Fellowship 2011-2015 (3) NHMRC Project Grant 2013-2015 (4) NIH Centre Without Walls funding</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>(1) Epilepsy Association of Tasmania 2013-2015 (2) Melbourne Neurosciences Institute 2014 (3) Weizmann Institute 2013-2014 (4) CURE SUDEP Award 2012-2013 (5) Perpetual Philanthropic Services 2012-2013</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ryvlin</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Epileptic Disorders, Editorial advisory board, 2009-2010</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>EU grant EPICURE contract N? LSHM-CT-2006.0373315.2007- 2010 and Grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (2008- 2010).</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>Progetto Fondazioni Paolo Zorzi (2007-2010) Fondazione FBML (2007-2010)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vigevano</surname><given-names>Federico</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>1) Dr Tinuper seved on scientific advisory boards of UCB Pharma, EISAI and Cyberonics</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Dr Tinuper received sponsorisation for partecipation to International Congresses (Cyberonics)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Dr Tinuper served as editorial advisory board member of Seizures</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>Telethon Grant GGP 13200</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zucconi</surname><given-names>Marco</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>Speaker honoraria from UCB</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Member of the Editorial board of Brain Development</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Berkovic</surname><given-names>Samuel</given-names></name><degrees>MD, FRS</degrees><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1">*</xref><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>UCB Pharma</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for Travel or Speaker Honoraria:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>Brain (Editorial Board ? 2000 - 2004; Advisory Board 2005- ) Epileptic Disorders (1999- ) Lancet Neurology (2011- )</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>I am one of the inventors listed on a patent held by Bionomics Inc on diagnostic testing of using the SCN1A gene. International publication number WO2006/133508; filed 16/06/2006. I am one of the inventors on pending patent WO61/010176: Therapeutic Compound that relates to discovery of PCDH19 gene as the cause of familial epilepsy with mental retardation limited to females</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>UCB unrestricted research grant Janssen-Cilag unrestricted research grant Sanofi Aventis unrestricted research grant</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Program Grant #628952; 2011-2015) NINDS (U01 NS077367-01; 2011-2014)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ottman</surname><given-names>Ruth</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn1">*</xref><author-comment content-type="disclosure"><p><list list-type="order"><title>Scientific Advisory Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Gifts:</title><list-item><p>American Epilepsy Society, Clinical Scientist Research Recognition Award (2014)</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Funding for travel or speaker honoraria:</title><list-item><p>(1) American Epilepsy Society, travel (2) ?cole des Hautes Etudes en Sant? Publique, travel (3) Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, travel (4) Sociedad Andaluza de Epilepsia, travel (5) International League Against Epilepsy, travel (6) Canadian League Against Epilepsy, travel</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Editorial Boards:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Patents:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Publishing Royalties:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Employment, Commercial Entity:</title><list-item><p>(1) Columbia University, professor (2) New York State Psychiatric Institute, Research Scientist</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Consultancies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Speakers' Bureaus:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Other Activities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Clinical Procedures or Imaging Studies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Commercial Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Government Entities:</title><list-item><p>NIH grants: (1) U01 NS077276, MPI, 2011-2016 (2) U01 NS077367, MPI, 2011-2015 (3) R01 NS078419, PI, 2012-2016 (4) P50 HG007257, Co-I, 2013-2018 (5) R01 NS073872, Co-I, 2015-2020 (6) R01 AG041797, Co-I, 2012-2017 Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials: Trigeminal Solutions, Inc., 2008-2015</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Academic Entities:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Research Support, Foundations and Societies:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options/Board of Directors Compensation:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>License Fee Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Royalty Payments, Technology or Inventions:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Research Sponsor:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Stock/Stock Options, Medical Equipment & Materials:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p><p><list list-type="order"><title>Legal Proceedings:</title><list-item><p>NONE</p></list-item></list></p></author-comment></contrib><aff>From IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche (P.T., F.B., F. Provini, L.V., L.L., B.M., I.N.), Bologna; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (P.T., F.B., F. Provini, L.L.), University of Bologna, Italy; University College London–Institute of Child Health (J.H.C.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London and Young Epilepsy, Lingfield, UK; Department of Epidemiology (D.H., R.O.), Mailman School of Public Health, and G.H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY; Unité Médicale Epilepsie et Malaises (P.K.), Pôle de Neurologie et Psychiatrie, CHU de Grenoble, France; “C. Munari” Center for Epilepsy Surgery (L.N., L.T.), Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy; Epilepsy Research Centre (I.E.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Bern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurology (F.C.), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (C.D.), Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (A.G.), Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy; Neurology Unit and Laboratories (R.G., C.M.), A. Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy; National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience (P.H.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Neurology (M.M.), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Institute of Neurology Mondino (R.M.), University of Pavia; Sleep Disorders Center (L.P.), Department of Neurology, University of Parma, Italy; Department of Neurology (F. Picard), University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences (M.P.), University of Ferrara, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.R.), CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland; Functional Neurology and Epileptology (P.R.), Hospices Civils de Lyon and CRNL, Lyon; Epilepsy Institute (P.R.), IDEE, Lyon, France; Division of Neurology (F.V.), Bambin Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome; Sleep Disorders Centre (M.Z.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Institute and Hospital, Milan, Italy; Epilepsy Research Centre (S.B.), Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Australia; and Department of Neurology (R.O.), College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp>Correspondence to Dr. Tinuper: <email>paolo.tinuper@unibo.it</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other" id="fn1"><label>*</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn><fn fn-type="financial-disclosure"><p>Go to <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002666">Neurology.org</ext-link> for full disclosures. Funding information and disclosures deemed relevant by the authors, if any, are provided at the end of the article. The Article Processing Charge was paid by the authors.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>10</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>10</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the
<volume>86</volume><issue>19</issue><fpage>1834</fpage><lpage>1842</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 American Academy of Neurology</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>American Academy of Neurology</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND)</ext-link>, which permits downloading and sharing the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="NEUROLOGY2015683854.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The syndrome known as nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy is recognized worldwide and has been studied in a wide range of clinical and scientific settings (epilepsy, sleep medicine, neurosurgery, pediatric neurology, epidemiology, genetics). Though uncommon, it is of considerable interest to practicing neurologists because of complexity in differential diagnosis from more common, benign sleep disorders such as parasomnias, or other disorders like psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Moreover, misdiagnosis can have substantial adverse consequences on patients' lives. At present, there is no consensus definition of this disorder and disagreement persists about its core electroclinical features and the spectrum of etiologies involved. To improve the definition of the disorder and establish diagnostic criteria with levels of certainty, a consensus conference using formal recommended methodology was held in Bologna in September 2014. It was recommended that the name be changed to sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), reflecting evidence that the attacks are associated with sleep rather than time of day, the seizures may arise from extrafrontal sites, and the motor aspects of the seizures are characteristic. The etiology may be genetic or due to structural pathology, but in most cases remains unknown. Diagnostic criteria were developed with 3 levels of certainty: witnessed (possible) SHE, video-documented (clinical) SHE, and video-EEG-documented (confirmed) SHE. The main research gaps involve epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis.</p></abstract><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>OPEN-ACCESS</meta-name><meta-value>TRUE</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><p>Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) was first described in 1981, in 5 patients with a peculiar motor disorder confined to sleep, characterized by violent limb movements or tonic-dystonic postures.<sup><xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> Investigators debated for several years about whether this was an epileptic phenomenon or a new movement disorder.</p><p>Subsequently, similarity of the attacks to those in patients with frontal lobe epilepsy undergoing neurosurgical evaluation<sup><xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>,<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> and demonstration of epileptiform discharges in some patients<sup><xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> strongly suggested that these attacks were epileptic seizures. Insights into the biology occurred with the discovery of an autosomal dominant form<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> and identification of the first gene, <italic>CHRNA4</italic>, encoding a neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit.<sup><xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup></p><p>This disorder is of interest to a broad spectrum of specialists, from child neurologists to neurosurgeons. Distinction from nonepileptic paroxysmal behaviour occurring physiologically or pathologically during sleep is often difficult or impossible on clinical grounds alone, and misdiagnosis is common.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Poor recognition and misdiagnosis have multiple negative consequences, including unnecessary, costly investigations, ineffective and potentially harmful therapeutic regimens, and adverse psychosocial effects of erroneous epilepsy diagnosis.</p><p>Today, disagreement persists on key clinical features and criteria needed for diagnosis. Thus, a consensus development conference including experts in adult and pediatric epileptology, sleep medicine, and epidemiology was convened in Bologna on August 30–September 1, 2014. The aims of the conference were to (1) define the clinical features of the disorder, (2) define the electroclinical characteristics of the seizures, (3) establish diagnostic criteria with levels of certainty, (4) assess evidence for etiology, and (5) define research needs.</p><sec sec-type="methods" id="s1"><title>METHODS</title><p>The method was inspired by the US NIH Consensus Development Program (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://consensus.nih.gov">http://consensus.nih.gov</ext-link>) and adapted from the Methodological Handbook of the Italian National Guideline System.<sup><xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> The consensus conference method is recommended for addressing important clinical questions in the face of limited high-quality evidence. The main outcome, a consensus statement, represents the collective opinions of an expert panel, derived from systematic review and discussion of available evidence.<sup><xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> The Bologna Consensus Conference was organized by the Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Italy. Planning and execution was carried out in 4 phases: (1) assignment, (2) scoping, (3) assessment, and (4) the consensus conference itself. All activities were completed between November 2013 and September 2014.</p><p>The project included 4 entities: (1) the Scientific Committee (5 members) planned and organized the whole project, nominated Consensus Development Panel and Workgroup members, performed the systematic review with evidence mapping, chose the questions to be answered by the Workgroups, and established methods and rules of the Consensus Conference; (2) the Systematic Review and Technical Committee (4 members) assisted with defining questions and the systematic review with evidence mapping; (3) 3 Workgroups of experts (5 members each), each focused on 1 relevant topic, synthesized and integrated information from the systematic review before the consensus conference, provided shared answers to the proposed questions, and presented their findings during the Consensus Conference; (4) the Consensus Development Panel (8 members) chaired the Consensus Conference, established review and presentation procedures, and provided final statements.</p><p>The systematic review was performed according to accepted criteria for the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews<sup>e1</sup> and reported according to PRISMA guidelines.<sup>e2</sup> The descriptive map of available research evidence (i.e., evidence mapping) was performed by adapting the methodology reported by the Global Evidence Mapping Initiative,<sup>e3</sup> which involved detailed coding of included studies and a series of in-depth syntheses in which the available research was assessed in terms of, e.g., study design, number of patients, and topic.</p><sec id="s1-1"><title>Studies eligible for inclusion in evidence mapping.</title><p>Published studies of any design, written in English, Italian, French, or Spanish, were included. Studies were included if they reported original data on patients with any type of motor complex behavior during sleep of epileptic origin with possible frontal lobe involvement. Reviews or concept papers and studies published only in abstract form were excluded.</p></sec><sec id="s1-2"><title>Search strategy.</title><p>Published studies were identified from the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database, Elsevier's EMBASE database, or the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials by means of specific search strategies, using a combination of exploded terms and free text combining 3 concepts: motor phenomena in sleep, epilepsy, frontal lobe involvement (see appendix e-1 on the <italic>Neurology</italic>® Web site at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002666">Neurology.org</ext-link> for details). Finally, reference lists of identified articles were reviewed to find additional references.</p></sec><sec id="s1-3"><title>Study selection and quality appraisal.</title><p>All abstracts or full papers without electronic abstracts were reviewed independently by 2 reviewers to identify potentially relevant studies. Disagreement was resolved by a third reviewer. Subsequently, 2 reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion from the full text, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Each study was classified according to various descriptors (see appendix e-1), including topic domain, sample size, design, presence of diagnostic criteria of the syndrome, and quality of evidence according to the Classification of Evidence Schemes of the Clinical Practice Guideline Process Manual of the American Academy of Neurology (2011).<sup>e4</sup> Briefly, each study is graded according to its risk of bias from Class I (highest quality) to Class IV (lowest quality). Risk of bias is judged by assessing specific quality elements (i.e., study design, patient spectrum, data collection, masking) for each clinical topic (causation, diagnostic accuracy, prognostic accuracy, therapeutic). As this classification does not consider molecular genetic studies, these were assessed using the checklist proposed for molecular studies from the Clinical Genetics Society,<sup>e5</sup> which also provides a 4-level classification scheme with decreasing quality from 1 to 4 by assessing specific quality elements (e.g., study design, evidence of altered function of a gene product, evidence of genomic structure conserved across species). This classification was performed by 3 reviewers, with disagreement resolved by discussion.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2"><title>SYSTEMATIC REVIEW WITH EVIDENCE MAPPING</title><p>The literature search was performed in December 2013 and April 2014, and retrieved 1,540 citations after duplicate removal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">figure</xref>). Each retrieved article was screened to assess potential relevance, and 329 were reviewed from the full text for inclusion. A total of 197 studies finally met the prespecified inclusion criteria. See appendix e-1 for bibliometric details.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure</label><caption><title>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram<sup>e2</sup></title><p>Process and result of the systematic search for studies on nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="NEUROLOGY2015683854FF1"></graphic></fig><p>According to simple descriptors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">table</xref>), the majority of studies were of low quality. Most included fewer than 10 patients (57%), were case series or case reports (78%), and did not report a definition of the syndrome (85%). Analytic designs (cohort, case-control) were used in only 19% of studies. The topics most frequently considered were clinical semiology (71%), neurophysiology (68%), etiology (64%), therapy (51%), and genetics (36%). Only 9% of the studies addressed epidemiology, diagnosis, or prognosis.</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table</label><caption><p>Descriptive features of published studies on sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE)<sup>a</sup>–related topics</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="NEUROLOGY2015683854TT1"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec id="s3"><title>NOMENCLATURE</title><p>The 2 major outcomes of the consensus conference were the need to change nomenclature and the need to recognize the disorder as a distinct epilepsy syndrome.</p><p>The new name proposed is sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE). Although the name NFLE has historical significance, 3 critical issues (discussed and referenced below), justified this change. First, the term nocturnal was considered misleading because it implies a chronobiological pattern of seizure occurrence, whereas evidence indicates that occurrence in sleep is the most important characteristic, whether at night or during daytime naps. Second, the emphasis on localization to the frontal lobe was considered misleading in view of evidence that the characteristic seizures may also arise from other cerebral regions. Third, the original name did not specify the typical clinical semiology involved, which consists primarily of hypermotor seizures, and may also include attacks with predominantly tonic or dystonic features. In proposing this name, the consensus panel recognized a logical inconsistency in that the term hypermotor describes a seizure type rather than an epilepsy type; however, this is also true of several other widely accepted syndrome names (e.g., progressive myoclonus epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy). The consensus was that the simplicity and ease of recall of SHE was more important than this concern. In addition, although the consensus panel acknowledged that the clinical semiology of the syndrome is not fully captured by “hypermotor,” they accepted this term because the full syndrome description incorporates additional details about clinical presentation.</p><p>At the present state of knowledge, SHE is best regarded as a single syndrome; neither constellations of clinical features nor presence of comorbidities yet justifies the delineation of separate syndromes within SHE. Although SHE has diverse etiologies, it is defined by clinical manifestations (hypermotor seizures) possibly resulting from shared downstream mechanisms occurring during sleep/wake oscillation changes, suggesting a unique pathogenic network.<sup><xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>,e6</sup> Moreover, consideration of SHE as a single syndrome is most useful in clinical practice, because the syndrome requires a distinct diagnostic and therapeutic approach.</p><p>So far, only the autosomal dominant form of the syndrome (previously ADNFLE) is included within the guidelines proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy Commission on Classification and Terminology.<sup><xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Thus, the description of SHE within this article expands the phenotype and clarifies identifying features of this syndrome on the basis of available evidence.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>CLINICAL FEATURES</title><p>Statements regarding clinical features of SHE were formulated based on core literature consisting of studies of Class III level<sup><xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">–</xref><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> or Class IV level.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">–</xref><xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>SHE is characterized by the occurrence of brief (<2 minutes) seizures with stereotyped motor patterns within individuals and abrupt onset and offset.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">–</xref><xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>The most common clinical expression consists of “hypermotor” events.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">–</xref><xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">–</xref><xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>Seizures of SHE occur predominantly during sleep; however, seizures during wakefulness may also occur.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R18">–</xref><xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p></list-item></list></p><p>SHE is a rare form of focal epilepsy, with an estimated minimum prevalence of 1.8/100,000 individuals, fulfilling the definition of rare disease.<sup><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> SHE affects both sexes, and involves sleep-related seizures with various motor manifestations.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Seizure onset may be at any age with a peak during childhood and adolescence.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Seizure frequency may be very high, with occurrence either every night or almost every night, usually many times per night.<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Clustering is characteristic but not obligatory for diagnosis. Seizures occur predominantly during sleep (and consequently most commonly during the night), primarily in non-REM (NREM) sleep and rarely during REM sleep. Seizures during active wakefulness may also occasionally occur during the patient's lifetime. The first occurrence of these seizures may precede, coincide, or follow the onset of sleep-related seizures.<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p><p>Seizures are abrupt in onset and offset, typically brief (<2 minutes), and have a highly stereotyped motor pattern within individuals.<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R14">–</xref><xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> The primary clinical expression consists of “hypermotor” events,<sup><xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> characterized by vigorous hyperkinetic features (complex body movements with kicking or cycling of limbs and rocking body movements<sup><xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup>), usually with vegetative signs, vocalization, and emotional facial expression.<sup><xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Asymmetric tonic/dystonic seizures with or without head/eye deviation are also observed.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p><p>Seizures may be preceded by abrupt arousal or a distinct aura.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Awareness of episodes is not uncommon.<sup><xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Typically, patients with SHE present a series of sleep-related motor events becoming increasingly long and complex, even on the same night. Clinical features range from brusque stereotyped arousals (i.e., paroxysmal arousal<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> or minor motor events<sup><xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref></sup>), repeated throughout the night or arising intermittently, with an almost periodic pattern, to complex hypermotor seizures as described above and, more seldom, protracted ambulatory behavior known as epileptic nocturnal wandering.<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>,<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> These events can last longer than 2 minutes. These different seizure manifestations tend to coincide in the same patient, with the shorter events developing into more prolonged and complex attacks.<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Patients with SHE may complain of unsatisfactory sleep and daytime tiredness. However, they do not have significantly more daytime sleepiness than controls.<sup><xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup></p><p>Distinction from arousal parasomnias usually relies on clinical history (frequency, clustering, and timing with respect to sleep onset of the attacks),<sup><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> even though EEG–polysomnography (PSG) may be required in some challenging cases. A personal or familial history of arousal parasomnias is common in patients with SHE, making shared pathophysiologic pathways plausible in these conditions.<sup><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p><p>The majority of patients have normal intelligence. However, intellectual disability and behavior disorders have been reported in SHE,<sup><xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> especially in the familial form related to mutations in <italic>KCNT1</italic>,<sup><xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> and consequently are not exclusion criteria for SHE.</p><p>Response to medication has not been systematically investigated. Carbamazepine is effective at low doses in some patients with SHE, but this therapy seems to be ineffective in at least one-third of patients,<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> making the response to antiepileptic drugs not discriminant for SHE diagnosis. Surgery has been found to be effective in some patients with severe, drug-resistant SHE related to focal cortical dysplasia.<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Suspicion of a genetic cause does not contraindicate presurgical evaluation, although data are still lacking on surgical outcomes in patients with mutations in known genes.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>ELECTROCLINICAL FEATURES</title><p>Statements regarding the electroclinical features of seizures in SHE are based on core literature consisting of Class III level<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> or Class IV level<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">–</xref><xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup> studies.<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Interictal and ictal scalp EEG features may be uninformative.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>Prolonged video-EEG recording is the best available diagnostic test to assess the occurrence of seizures<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> but, if negative, does not rule out the diagnosis because seizures may not be recorded and interictal EEG abnormalities may be absent.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>Sleep-related hypermotor seizures may arise from various frontal as well as from extrafrontal areas.<sup><xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R33">–</xref><xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup></p></list-item></list></p><p>In many patients with SHE, the interictal and ictal scalp EEG features are uninformative, especially when seizures originate from the deep-seated cortex.<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Prolonged video-EEG or, if available, PSG recording, is the best tool to assess seizure occurrence and is obligatory to characterize the abnormalities in patients undergoing presurgical investigation.<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Sleep staging by PSG may serve to differentiate SHE seizures from NREM parasomnias, the latter usually arising from stage 3 NREM sleep, even though this is not a major element for the differential diagnosis.</p><p>PSG recordings show that increased sleep instability is very common, particularly when multiple events occur during sleep.<sup><xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup> Some studies suggest that macrostructural sleep disturbances and arousal instability are part of the syndrome but this needs further investigation.<sup><xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>,<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup></p><p>Intracranial recordings performed in drug-resistant patients with SHE have clearly demonstrated that ictal discharge may arise not only from frontal lobe<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref></sup> but also from various extrafrontal areas, including insulo-opercular,<sup><xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> temporal,<sup><xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> and parietal<sup><xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup> cortices, then propagating to frontal cortex and resulting in hypermotor seizures.<sup>e6</sup> This might suggest the ictal involvement of common cortico-subcortical networks<sup>e7,e8</sup> or a release phenomenon of stereotyped inborn fixed motor patterns.<sup><xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>DIAGNOSTIC CERTAINTY</title><p>Criteria for diagnostic certainty of SHE were developed based on consensus expert opinions and studies of Class III level.<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Diagnosis of SHE is primarily based on clinical history. The absence of clear interictal and ictal EEG correlates, both during wakefulness and sleep, does not exclude the diagnosis of SHE.<sup><xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>Certainty of diagnosis can be categorized into 3 levels: witnessed (possible) SHE, video-documented (clinical) SHE, and video-EEG-documented (confirmed) SHE.</p></list-item></list></p><sec id="s6-1"><title>Witnessed (possible) SHE.</title><p>The main prerequisite to suspect the diagnosis of SHE is the presence of seizures consisting of obvious and disruptive hypermotor events, as described above. The semiologic aspects of such events, as provided by an eyewitness, are generally concordant with those documented by video analysis.<sup><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Hence, data from a good clinical history are sufficient to make the diagnosis of witnessed (possible) SHE.</p></sec><sec id="s6-2"><title>Video-documented (clinical) SHE.</title><p>Clinically diagnosed SHE requires audio-video documentation of hypermotor events. In such a video recording, at least 1 event but preferably 2 entire events should be documented (confirmed to be typical by witness), including the onset and with clear visualization of the entire events, showing the evolution and offset of the attacks. If the captured episodes are minor motor events or paroxysmal arousals, and if few episodes are captured, the clinical diagnosis may be unreliable.<sup><xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>,<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s6-3"><title>Video-EEG-documented (confirmed) SHE.</title><p>A confirmed diagnosis of SHE requires video-EEG documentation of the events during a daytime sleep recording after sleep deprivation, or during a full night sleep recording, with at least 19 EEG channels (10–20 International System), ECG, oculogram, and chin EMG. SHE is confirmed when hypermotor seizures are recorded during sleep, associated with a clear-cut epileptic discharge or with interictal epileptiform abnormalities.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s7"><title>ETIOLOGY/GENETICS</title><p>Statements about etiology were formulated based on core literature consisting of clinical studies of Class III level<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup> and Class IV level<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> or genetic molecular studies of Class 1 level,<sup><xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup> Class 2 level,<sup><xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></sup> or Class 3 level.<sup><xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>,<xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref></sup><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>In a majority of patients, the etiology is unknown.<sup><xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>Identified etiologies are heterogeneous and include structural anomalies such as focal cortical dysplasia, acquired injuries, and genetic causes.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R41">–</xref><xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref></sup></p></list-item><list-item><p>No specific clinical features distinguish etiologies.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup></p></list-item></list></p><p>A majority of individuals with SHE do not have a family history or other identified etiologies. In some patients with drug-resistant SHE, the etiology may involve a surgically treatable lesion, in particular type II focal cortical dysplasia.<sup><xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>,<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup></p><p>Familial and sporadic SHE show similar clinical features.<sup><xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>,<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Autosomal dominant SHE (ADSHE; previously ADNFLE) is characterized by marked intrafamilial variation in severity.<sup><xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> A minority of familial cases has a known genetic mutation. While de novo mutations were first identified in rare cases more than a decade ago,<sup><xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup> few sporadic cases have a known genetic cause. Even in cases with a family history, an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance is not frequent; the mode of inheritance is unclear in most cases.</p><p>It was in ADSHE that the first epilepsy gene, <italic>CHRNA4</italic>, was discovered.<sup><xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> This was the first of 3 genes encoding subunits of the neuronal acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) to be implicated in ADSHE (<italic>CHRNB2</italic>, <italic>CHRNA2</italic>).<sup><xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>,<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup> The phenotype produced by mutations of the 3 nAChR subunit genes is generally indistinguishable.<sup><xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref></sup> A more severe form of ADSHE has been described in which some individuals have intellectual disability, regression, and behavioral and psychiatric disorders (depression, psychosis, aggression, and personality disorder).<sup><xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> Severe ADSHE has been associated with mutations of the sodium-activated potassium channel encoded by <italic>KCNT1</italic>.<sup><xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> Interestingly, the same gene is mutated in a far more severe epileptic encephalopathy, epilepsy with migrating focal seizures of infancy (MFSI).<sup><xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref></sup> Functional studies show phenotype–genotype correlation with a greater gain of function in MFSI than in ADSHE.<sup><xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref></sup></p><p>In some families with ADSHE, mutations have been found in <italic>DEPDC5</italic>, a gene originally implicated in familial focal epilepsy with variable foci (FFEVF).<sup><xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>,<xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref></sup> SHE has long been recognized as a phenotype within FFEVF<sup><xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref></sup> and in some families, especially smaller ones, the phenotype may be exclusively SHE.<sup><xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>,<xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>,<xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref></sup><italic>DEPDC5</italic> encodes a repressor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, a key regulator of cell growth.<sup><xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref></sup> This newly recognized component of the mTOR pathway means that this pathway may be more critical to common focal epilepsy than previously appreciated, suggesting that mTOR inhibitors, which are effective in the archetypal mTORpathy, tuberous sclerosis, may have more widespread application in focal epilepsies.<sup><xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref></sup></p></sec><sec id="s8"><title>RESEARCH NEEDS</title><p>The main research gaps in SHE regard epidemiology, pathophysiology, prognosis, genetics, and targeted therapy.</p><p>Population-based studies are needed to estimate the incidence and prevalence of SHE<sup><xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> and could also be used to provide critical information about prognosis and remission rates, comorbidities, and mortality compared to other focal epilepsies. Multicenter studies of the familial co-occurrence of SHE with arousal parasomnias are needed to elucidate potential shared genetic susceptibility to these 2 disorders.<sup><xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></p><p>In a retrospective cohort of patients with SHE, incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) was 0.36 per 1,000 person-years, not higher than in prevalent epilepsy populations.<sup><xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref></sup> This paucity of reported SUDEP in SHE is notable, given the daily occurrence of seizures during sleep and the previous demonstration that occurrence of nocturnal seizures is a risk factor for SUDEP after adjustment for generalized tonic-clonic seizures.<sup><xref rid="R55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref></sup> The lower than expected risk of SUDEP in SHE might reflect a low occurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in SHE.<sup><xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref></sup></p><p>Improved structured instruments for clinical diagnosis of SHE are needed for epidemiologic and genetic studies. Multicenter studies are needed to elucidate the SHE spectrum and natural history, ranging from clear-cut cases to atypical forms overlapping with parasomnias. Home video recordings during sleep may also have utility for improving diagnostic accuracy, and additional multicenter studies are needed to validate this approach. Although a key role of genetic factors is well-known in autosomal dominant SHE, a minority of familial cases and rare sporadic cases have a known genetic cause. Next-generation sequencing will enable the identification of additional susceptibility genes in SHE, and the frequency of mutations in specific genes can subsequently be established through targeted mutation testing in large cohorts. Family studies may also provide insights into genetically based phenotypic variation and alternative inheritance patterns of SHE such as recessive or polygenic models.</p><p>The increasingly recognized role of de novo and somatic mutations in human disease is highly relevant to SHE.<sup><xref rid="R56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref></sup> Sporadic cases may have de novo mutations of genes with high penetrance or genes with smaller effects conferring risk in polygenic or multifactorial settings. The identification of postzygotic, somatic mutations in brain as causes of malformations such as hemimegalencephaly<sup><xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>,<xref rid="R58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref></sup> suggests that other brain diseases may be due to somatic mutations. Such mutations may be identifiable only in brain tissue from patients undergoing epilepsy surgery, or may be present in other tissues such as blood and saliva due to mosaicism.</p><p>Some individuals in families with <italic>DEPDC5</italic> mutations have malformations of cortical development, especially focal cortical dysplasia.<sup><xref rid="R59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref></sup> Given the role of <italic>DEPDC5</italic> as an inhibitor of the mTOR pathway, a key question is whether a second-hit mutation is present in the brain tissue of an individual with a <italic>DEPDC5</italic> mutation. This can be addressed with whole-exome sequencing of tissue removed for refractory epilepsy and may improve understanding of the molecular pathology of malformations of cortical development.</p><p>Finally, genetic findings may serve as the basis for development of targeted therapies for SHE. An early example of the potential of this approach is the successful use of quinidine for treatment of a patient with an epileptic encephalopathy caused by a de novo <italic>KCNT1</italic> mutation,<sup><xref rid="R60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref></sup> following the finding that it reverses the gain of function of the mutant potassium channel in vitro.<sup><xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>,<xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref></sup> These and similar developments provide promise for understanding and precision medicine strategies for treatment of this intriguing syndrome.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material id="PMC_1" content-type="local-data"><caption><title>Data Supplement</title></caption><media mimetype="text" mime-subtype="html" xlink:href="supp_86_19_1834__index.html"></media><media xlink:role="associated-file" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="supp_WNL.0000000000002666_Appendix_e-1.pdf"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="supplementary-material"><p>Supplemental data at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002666">Neurology.org</ext-link></p></fn></fn-group><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</title><p>This article is dedicated to the memory of our teacher, Prof. Elio Lugaresi (1926–2015), a pioneering researcher in the field of sleep medicine/nocturnal seizures.</p></ack><sec sec-type="contributions"><title>AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS</title><p content-type="contributions">Scientific Committee: P. Tinuper (Chair), S.F. Berkovic, L. Nobili, F. Bisulli, L. Vignatelli. Systematic Review and Technical Committee: L. Vignatelli, L. Licchetta, B. Mostacci, I. Naldi. Consensus Panel: R. Ottman (Chair), P. Tinuper, S.F. Berkovic, L. Nobili, C. Bassetti, M.W. Mahowald, F. Vigevano, M. Pugliatti. Clinical History Group: F. Cirignotta, J.H. Cross, C.P. Derry, D. Hesdorffer, R. Manni, F. Provini. Electroclinical Investigations Group: P. Halasz, P. Kahane, L. Parrino, L. Tassi, M. Zucconi. Etiology Group: A. Gambardella, R. Guerrini, C. Marini, F. Picard, P. Ryvlin, I.E. Scheffer. Writing Committee: P. Tinuper (corresponding author), R. Ottman, S.F. Berkovic, L. Vignatelli, F. Bisulli, D. Hesdorffer, I.E. Scheffer, J.H. Cross, P. Kahane, L. Nobili, L. Tassi, F. Provini.</p></sec><sec sec-type="funding"><title>STUDY FUNDING</title><p content-type="funding">Supported by IRCCS Institute of Neuroscience of Bologna, Cyberonics, UCB Pharma, EISAI, and Ecupharma. P. Tinuper, L. Licchetta, B. Mostacci, and F. Bisulli are recipients of a Telethon grant (GGP13200 to P.T.) for research into nocturnal seizures.</p></sec><sec sec-type="disclosure"><title>DISCLOSURE</title><p content-type="disclosure">The authors report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript. Go to <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002666">Neurology.org</ext-link> for full disclosures.</p></sec><glossary><title>GLOSSARY</title><def-list><def-item><term id="G1">ADSHE</term><def><p>autosomal dominant sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="G2">FFEVF</term><def><p>familial focal epilepsy with variable foci</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="G3">MFSI</term><def><p>migrating focal seizures of infancy</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="G4">mTOR</term><def><p>mammalian target of rapamycin</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="G5">nAChR</term><def><p>neuronal acetylcholine receptor</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="G6">NFLE</term><def><p>nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="G7">NREM</term><def><p>non-REM</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="G8">PSG</term><def><p>polysomnography</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="G9">SHE</term><def><p>sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy</p></def></def-item><def-item><term id="G10">SUDEP</term><def><p>sudden unexpected death in epilepsy</p></def></def-item></def-list></glossary><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="R1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lugaresi</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Cirignotta</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Hypnogenic paroxysmal dystonia: epileptic seizure or a new syndrome?</article-title><source>Sleep</source><year>1981</year>;<volume>4</volume>:<fpage>129</fpage>–<lpage>138</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7256073</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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