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Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

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RAD51B in Familial Breast Cancer

Identifieur interne : 000611 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000610; suivant : 000612

RAD51B in Familial Breast Cancer

Auteurs : Liisa M. Pelttari ; Sofia Khan ; Mikko Vuorela ; Johanna I. Kiiski ; Sara Vilske ; Viivi Nevanlinna ; Salla Ranta ; Johanna Schleutker ; Robert Winqvist ; Anne Kallioniemi ; Thilo Dörk ; Natalia V. Bogdanova ; Jonine Figueroa ; Paul D. P. Pharoah ; Marjanka K. Schmidt ; Alison M. Dunning ; Montserrat García-Closas ; Manjeet K. Bolla ; Joe Dennis ; Kyriaki Michailidou ; Qin Wang ; John L. Hopper ; Melissa C. Southey ; Efraim H. Rosenberg ; Peter A. Fasching ; Matthias W. Beckmann ; Julian Peto ; Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva ; Elinor J. Sawyer ; Ian Tomlinson ; Barbara Burwinkel ; Harald Surowy ; Pascal Guénel ; Thérèse Truong ; Stig E. Bojesen ; B Rge G. Nordestgaard ; Javier Benitez ; Anna González-Neira ; Susan L. Neuhausen ; Hoda Anton-Culver ; Hermann Brenner ; Volker Arndt ; Alfons Meindl ; Rita K. Schmutzler ; Hiltrud Brauch ; Thomas Brüning ; Annika Lindblom ; Sara Margolin ; Arto Mannermaa ; Jaana M. Hartikainen ; Georgia Chenevix-Trench ; Laurien Van Dyck ; Hilde Janssen ; Jenny Chang-Claude ; Anja Rudolph ; Paolo Radice ; Paolo Peterlongo ; Emily Hallberg ; Janet E. Olson ; Graham G. Giles ; Roger L. Milne ; Christopher A. Haiman ; Fredrick Schumacher ; Jacques Simard ; Martine Dumont ; Vessela Kristensen ; Anne-Lise Borresen-Dale ; Wei Zheng ; Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel ; Mervi Grip ; Irene L. Andrulis ; Gord Glendon ; Peter Devilee ; Caroline Seynaeve ; Maartje J. Hooning ; Margriet Collée ; Angela Cox ; Simon S. Cross ; Mitul Shah ; Robert N. Luben ; Ute Hamann ; Diana Torres ; Anna Jakubowska ; Jan Lubinski ; Fergus J. Couch ; Drakoulis Yannoukakos ; Nick Orr ; Anthony Swerdlow ; Hatef Darabi ; Jingmei Li ; Kamila Czene ; Per Hall ; Douglas F. Easton ; Johanna Mattson ; Carl Blomqvist ; Kristiina Aittom Ki ; Heli Nevanlinna

Source :

RBID : PMC:4858276

Abstract

Common variation on 14q24.1, close to RAD51B, has been associated with breast cancer: rs999737 and rs2588809 with the risk of female breast cancer and rs1314913 with the risk of male breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of RAD51B variants in breast cancer predisposition, particularly in the context of familial breast cancer in Finland. We sequenced the coding region of RAD51B in 168 Finnish breast cancer patients from the Helsinki region for identification of possible recurrent founder mutations. In addition, we studied the known rs999737, rs2588809, and rs1314913 SNPs and RAD51B haplotypes in 44,791 breast cancer cases and 43,583 controls from 40 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) that were genotyped on a custom chip (iCOGS). We identified one putatively pathogenic missense mutation c.541C>T among the Finnish cancer patients and subsequently genotyped the mutation in additional breast cancer cases (n = 5259) and population controls (n = 3586) from Finland and Belarus. No significant association with breast cancer risk was seen in the meta-analysis of the Finnish datasets or in the large BCAC dataset. The association with previously identified risk variants rs999737, rs2588809, and rs1314913 was replicated among all breast cancer cases and also among familial cases in the BCAC dataset. The most significant association was observed for the haplotype carrying the risk-alleles of all the three SNPs both among all cases (odds ratio (OR): 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–1.19, P = 8.88 x 10−16) and among familial cases (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16–1.32, P = 6.19 x 10−11), compared to the haplotype with the respective protective alleles. Our results suggest that loss-of-function mutations in RAD51B are rare, but common variation at the RAD51B region is significantly associated with familial breast cancer risk.


Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153788
PubMed: 27149063
PubMed Central: 4858276

Links to Exploration step

PMC:4858276

Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Vilske, Sara" sort="Vilske, Sara" uniqKey="Vilske S" first="Sara" last="Vilske">Sara Vilske</name>
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<name sortKey="Nevanlinna, Viivi" sort="Nevanlinna, Viivi" uniqKey="Nevanlinna V" first="Viivi" last="Nevanlinna">Viivi Nevanlinna</name>
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<name sortKey="Ranta, Salla" sort="Ranta, Salla" uniqKey="Ranta S" first="Salla" last="Ranta">Salla Ranta</name>
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<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
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<name sortKey="Schleutker, Johanna" sort="Schleutker, Johanna" uniqKey="Schleutker J" first="Johanna" last="Schleutker">Johanna Schleutker</name>
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<addr-line>BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
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<nlm:aff id="aff004">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</addr-line>
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<nlm:aff id="aff005">
<addr-line>Tyks Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</addr-line>
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<name sortKey="Winqvist, Robert" sort="Winqvist, Robert" uniqKey="Winqvist R" first="Robert" last="Winqvist">Robert Winqvist</name>
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<addr-line>Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
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<nlm:aff id="aff006">
<addr-line>Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Kallioniemi, Anne" sort="Kallioniemi, Anne" uniqKey="Kallioniemi A" first="Anne" last="Kallioniemi">Anne Kallioniemi</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff003">
<addr-line>BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff007">
<addr-line>Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
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</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Dork, Thilo" sort="Dork, Thilo" uniqKey="Dork T" first="Thilo" last="Dörk">Thilo Dörk</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff008">
<addr-line>Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</addr-line>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bogdanova, Natalia V" sort="Bogdanova, Natalia V" uniqKey="Bogdanova N" first="Natalia V." last="Bogdanova">Natalia V. Bogdanova</name>
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<addr-line>Radiation Oncology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Figueroa, Jonine" sort="Figueroa, Jonine" uniqKey="Figueroa J" first="Jonine" last="Figueroa">Jonine Figueroa</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff010">
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pharoah, Paul D P" sort="Pharoah, Paul D P" uniqKey="Pharoah P" first="Paul D. P." last="Pharoah">Paul D. P. Pharoah</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff011">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schmidt, Marjanka K" sort="Schmidt, Marjanka K" uniqKey="Schmidt M" first="Marjanka K." last="Schmidt">Marjanka K. Schmidt</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff013">
<addr-line>Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dunning, Alison M" sort="Dunning, Alison M" uniqKey="Dunning A" first="Alison M." last="Dunning">Alison M. Dunning</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff011">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garcia Closas, Montserrat" sort="Garcia Closas, Montserrat" uniqKey="Garcia Closas M" first="Montserrat" last="García-Closas">Montserrat García-Closas</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff010">
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff014">
<addr-line>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bolla, Manjeet K" sort="Bolla, Manjeet K" uniqKey="Bolla M" first="Manjeet K." last="Bolla">Manjeet K. Bolla</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dennis, Joe" sort="Dennis, Joe" uniqKey="Dennis J" first="Joe" last="Dennis">Joe Dennis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Michailidou, Kyriaki" sort="Michailidou, Kyriaki" uniqKey="Michailidou K" first="Kyriaki" last="Michailidou">Kyriaki Michailidou</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Qin" sort="Wang, Qin" uniqKey="Wang Q" first="Qin" last="Wang">Qin Wang</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hopper, John L" sort="Hopper, John L" uniqKey="Hopper J" first="John L." last="Hopper">John L. Hopper</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff015">
<addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Southey, Melissa C" sort="Southey, Melissa C" uniqKey="Southey M" first="Melissa C." last="Southey">Melissa C. Southey</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff016">
<addr-line>Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rosenberg, Efraim H" sort="Rosenberg, Efraim H" uniqKey="Rosenberg E" first="Efraim H." last="Rosenberg">Efraim H. Rosenberg</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff013">
<addr-line>Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fasching, Peter A" sort="Fasching, Peter A" uniqKey="Fasching P" first="Peter A." last="Fasching">Peter A. Fasching</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff017">
<addr-line>Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff018">
<addr-line>David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beckmann, Matthias W" sort="Beckmann, Matthias W" uniqKey="Beckmann M" first="Matthias W." last="Beckmann">Matthias W. Beckmann</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff017">
<addr-line>Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peto, Julian" sort="Peto, Julian" uniqKey="Peto J" first="Julian" last="Peto">Julian Peto</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff019">
<addr-line>Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dos Santos Silva, Isabel" sort="Dos Santos Silva, Isabel" uniqKey="Dos Santos Silva I" first="Isabel" last="Dos-Santos-Silva">Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff019">
<addr-line>Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sawyer, Elinor J" sort="Sawyer, Elinor J" uniqKey="Sawyer E" first="Elinor J." last="Sawyer">Elinor J. Sawyer</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff020">
<addr-line>Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tomlinson, Ian" sort="Tomlinson, Ian" uniqKey="Tomlinson I" first="Ian" last="Tomlinson">Ian Tomlinson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff021">
<addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Burwinkel, Barbara" sort="Burwinkel, Barbara" uniqKey="Burwinkel B" first="Barbara" last="Burwinkel">Barbara Burwinkel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff022">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff023">
<addr-line>Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Surowy, Harald" sort="Surowy, Harald" uniqKey="Surowy H" first="Harald" last="Surowy">Harald Surowy</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff022">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff023">
<addr-line>Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guenel, Pascal" sort="Guenel, Pascal" uniqKey="Guenel P" first="Pascal" last="Guénel">Pascal Guénel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff024">
<addr-line>Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff025">
<addr-line>University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Truong, Therese" sort="Truong, Therese" uniqKey="Truong T" first="Thérèse" last="Truong">Thérèse Truong</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff024">
<addr-line>Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff025">
<addr-line>University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bojesen, Stig E" sort="Bojesen, Stig E" uniqKey="Bojesen S" first="Stig E." last="Bojesen">Stig E. Bojesen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff026">
<addr-line>Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff027">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff028">
<addr-line>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" sort="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" uniqKey="Nordestgaard B" first="B Rge G." last="Nordestgaard">B Rge G. Nordestgaard</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff027">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff028">
<addr-line>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Benitez, Javier" sort="Benitez, Javier" uniqKey="Benitez J" first="Javier" last="Benitez">Javier Benitez</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff029">
<addr-line>Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff030">
<addr-line>Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gonzalez Neira, Anna" sort="Gonzalez Neira, Anna" uniqKey="Gonzalez Neira A" first="Anna" last="González-Neira">Anna González-Neira</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff029">
<addr-line>Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neuhausen, Susan L" sort="Neuhausen, Susan L" uniqKey="Neuhausen S" first="Susan L." last="Neuhausen">Susan L. Neuhausen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff031">
<addr-line>Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Anton Culver, Hoda" sort="Anton Culver, Hoda" uniqKey="Anton Culver H" first="Hoda" last="Anton-Culver">Hoda Anton-Culver</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff032">
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brenner, Hermann" sort="Brenner, Hermann" uniqKey="Brenner H" first="Hermann" last="Brenner">Hermann Brenner</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff033">
<addr-line>Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff034">
<addr-line>German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff035">
<addr-line>Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Arndt, Volker" sort="Arndt, Volker" uniqKey="Arndt V" first="Volker" last="Arndt">Volker Arndt</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff033">
<addr-line>Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meindl, Alfons" sort="Meindl, Alfons" uniqKey="Meindl A" first="Alfons" last="Meindl">Alfons Meindl</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff036">
<addr-line>Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schmutzler, Rita K" sort="Schmutzler, Rita K" uniqKey="Schmutzler R" first="Rita K." last="Schmutzler">Rita K. Schmutzler</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff037">
<addr-line>Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff038">
<addr-line>Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff039">
<addr-line>Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brauch, Hiltrud" sort="Brauch, Hiltrud" uniqKey="Brauch H" first="Hiltrud" last="Brauch">Hiltrud Brauch</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff034">
<addr-line>German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff040">
<addr-line>Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff041">
<addr-line>University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bruning, Thomas" sort="Bruning, Thomas" uniqKey="Bruning T" first="Thomas" last="Brüning">Thomas Brüning</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff042">
<addr-line>Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lindblom, Annika" sort="Lindblom, Annika" uniqKey="Lindblom A" first="Annika" last="Lindblom">Annika Lindblom</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff043">
<addr-line>Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Margolin, Sara" sort="Margolin, Sara" uniqKey="Margolin S" first="Sara" last="Margolin">Sara Margolin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff044">
<addr-line>Department of Oncology—Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mannermaa, Arto" sort="Mannermaa, Arto" uniqKey="Mannermaa A" first="Arto" last="Mannermaa">Arto Mannermaa</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff045">
<addr-line>Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff046">
<addr-line>Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff047">
<addr-line>Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hartikainen, Jaana M" sort="Hartikainen, Jaana M" uniqKey="Hartikainen J" first="Jaana M." last="Hartikainen">Jaana M. Hartikainen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff045">
<addr-line>Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff046">
<addr-line>Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff047">
<addr-line>Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chenevix Trench, Georgia" sort="Chenevix Trench, Georgia" uniqKey="Chenevix Trench G" first="Georgia" last="Chenevix-Trench">Georgia Chenevix-Trench</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff048">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Dyck, Laurien" sort="Van Dyck, Laurien" uniqKey="Van Dyck L" first="Laurien" last="Van Dyck">Laurien Van Dyck</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff050">
<addr-line>Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff051">
<addr-line>Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Janssen, Hilde" sort="Janssen, Hilde" uniqKey="Janssen H" first="Hilde" last="Janssen">Hilde Janssen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff052">
<addr-line>Leuven Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chang Claude, Jenny" sort="Chang Claude, Jenny" uniqKey="Chang Claude J" first="Jenny" last="Chang-Claude">Jenny Chang-Claude</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff053">
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff054">
<addr-line>University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rudolph, Anja" sort="Rudolph, Anja" uniqKey="Rudolph A" first="Anja" last="Rudolph">Anja Rudolph</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff053">
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Radice, Paolo" sort="Radice, Paolo" uniqKey="Radice P" first="Paolo" last="Radice">Paolo Radice</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff055">
<addr-line>Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peterlongo, Paolo" sort="Peterlongo, Paolo" uniqKey="Peterlongo P" first="Paolo" last="Peterlongo">Paolo Peterlongo</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff056">
<addr-line>IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Italian Foundation of Cancer Research) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hallberg, Emily" sort="Hallberg, Emily" uniqKey="Hallberg E" first="Emily" last="Hallberg">Emily Hallberg</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff057">
<addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olson, Janet E" sort="Olson, Janet E" uniqKey="Olson J" first="Janet E." last="Olson">Janet E. Olson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff057">
<addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Giles, Graham G" sort="Giles, Graham G" uniqKey="Giles G" first="Graham G." last="Giles">Graham G. Giles</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff015">
<addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff058">
<addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Milne, Roger L" sort="Milne, Roger L" uniqKey="Milne R" first="Roger L." last="Milne">Roger L. Milne</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff015">
<addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff058">
<addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haiman, Christopher A" sort="Haiman, Christopher A" uniqKey="Haiman C" first="Christopher A." last="Haiman">Christopher A. Haiman</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff059">
<addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schumacher, Fredrick" sort="Schumacher, Fredrick" uniqKey="Schumacher F" first="Fredrick" last="Schumacher">Fredrick Schumacher</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff059">
<addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simard, Jacques" sort="Simard, Jacques" uniqKey="Simard J" first="Jacques" last="Simard">Jacques Simard</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff060">
<addr-line>Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dumont, Martine" sort="Dumont, Martine" uniqKey="Dumont M" first="Martine" last="Dumont">Martine Dumont</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff060">
<addr-line>Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kristensen, Vessela" sort="Kristensen, Vessela" uniqKey="Kristensen V" first="Vessela" last="Kristensen">Vessela Kristensen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff061">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff062">
<addr-line>K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff063">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Borresen Dale, Anne Lise" sort="Borresen Dale, Anne Lise" uniqKey="Borresen Dale A" first="Anne-Lise" last="Borresen-Dale">Anne-Lise Borresen-Dale</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff061">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff062">
<addr-line>K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zheng, Wei" sort="Zheng, Wei" uniqKey="Zheng W" first="Wei" last="Zheng">Wei Zheng</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff064">
<addr-line>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beeghly Fadiel, Alicia" sort="Beeghly Fadiel, Alicia" uniqKey="Beeghly Fadiel A" first="Alicia" last="Beeghly-Fadiel">Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff064">
<addr-line>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Grip, Mervi" sort="Grip, Mervi" uniqKey="Grip M" first="Mervi" last="Grip">Mervi Grip</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff065">
<addr-line>Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Andrulis, Irene L" sort="Andrulis, Irene L" uniqKey="Andrulis I" first="Irene L." last="Andrulis">Irene L. Andrulis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff066">
<addr-line>Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff067">
<addr-line>Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glendon, Gord" sort="Glendon, Gord" uniqKey="Glendon G" first="Gord" last="Glendon">Gord Glendon</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff066">
<addr-line>Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Devilee, Peter" sort="Devilee, Peter" uniqKey="Devilee P" first="Peter" last="Devilee">Peter Devilee</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff068">
<addr-line>Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff069">
<addr-line>Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Seynaeve, Caroline" sort="Seynaeve, Caroline" uniqKey="Seynaeve C" first="Caroline" last="Seynaeve">Caroline Seynaeve</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff070">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hooning, Maartje J" sort="Hooning, Maartje J" uniqKey="Hooning M" first="Maartje J." last="Hooning">Maartje J. Hooning</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff070">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Collee, Margriet" sort="Collee, Margriet" uniqKey="Collee M" first="Margriet" last="Collée">Margriet Collée</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff071">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cox, Angela" sort="Cox, Angela" uniqKey="Cox A" first="Angela" last="Cox">Angela Cox</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff072">
<addr-line>Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cross, Simon S" sort="Cross, Simon S" uniqKey="Cross S" first="Simon S." last="Cross">Simon S. Cross</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff073">
<addr-line>Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shah, Mitul" sort="Shah, Mitul" uniqKey="Shah M" first="Mitul" last="Shah">Mitul Shah</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff011">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Luben, Robert N" sort="Luben, Robert N" uniqKey="Luben R" first="Robert N." last="Luben">Robert N. Luben</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff074">
<addr-line>Clinical Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hamann, Ute" sort="Hamann, Ute" uniqKey="Hamann U" first="Ute" last="Hamann">Ute Hamann</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff075">
<addr-line>Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Torres, Diana" sort="Torres, Diana" uniqKey="Torres D" first="Diana" last="Torres">Diana Torres</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff075">
<addr-line>Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff076">
<addr-line>Institute of Human Genetics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jakubowska, Anna" sort="Jakubowska, Anna" uniqKey="Jakubowska A" first="Anna" last="Jakubowska">Anna Jakubowska</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff077">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lubinski, Jan" sort="Lubinski, Jan" uniqKey="Lubinski J" first="Jan" last="Lubinski">Jan Lubinski</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff077">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Couch, Fergus J" sort="Couch, Fergus J" uniqKey="Couch F" first="Fergus J." last="Couch">Fergus J. Couch</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff078">
<addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yannoukakos, Drakoulis" sort="Yannoukakos, Drakoulis" uniqKey="Yannoukakos D" first="Drakoulis" last="Yannoukakos">Drakoulis Yannoukakos</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff079">
<addr-line>Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Orr, Nick" sort="Orr, Nick" uniqKey="Orr N" first="Nick" last="Orr">Nick Orr</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff080">
<addr-line>Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Swerdlow, Anthony" sort="Swerdlow, Anthony" uniqKey="Swerdlow A" first="Anthony" last="Swerdlow">Anthony Swerdlow</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff014">
<addr-line>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff081">
<addr-line>Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Darabi, Hatef" sort="Darabi, Hatef" uniqKey="Darabi H" first="Hatef" last="Darabi">Hatef Darabi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff082">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, Jingmei" sort="Li, Jingmei" uniqKey="Li J" first="Jingmei" last="Li">Jingmei Li</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff082">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Czene, Kamila" sort="Czene, Kamila" uniqKey="Czene K" first="Kamila" last="Czene">Kamila Czene</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff082">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hall, Per" sort="Hall, Per" uniqKey="Hall P" first="Per" last="Hall">Per Hall</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff082">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Easton, Douglas F" sort="Easton, Douglas F" uniqKey="Easton D" first="Douglas F." last="Easton">Douglas F. Easton</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff011">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mattson, Johanna" sort="Mattson, Johanna" uniqKey="Mattson J" first="Johanna" last="Mattson">Johanna Mattson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff083">
<addr-line>Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Blomqvist, Carl" sort="Blomqvist, Carl" uniqKey="Blomqvist C" first="Carl" last="Blomqvist">Carl Blomqvist</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff083">
<addr-line>Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aittom Ki, Kristiina" sort="Aittom Ki, Kristiina" uniqKey="Aittom Ki K" first="Kristiina" last="Aittom Ki">Kristiina Aittom Ki</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff084">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nevanlinna, Heli" sort="Nevanlinna, Heli" uniqKey="Nevanlinna H" first="Heli" last="Nevanlinna">Heli Nevanlinna</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff001">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<italic>RAD51B</italic>
in Familial Breast Cancer</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pelttari, Liisa M" sort="Pelttari, Liisa M" uniqKey="Pelttari L" first="Liisa M." last="Pelttari">Liisa M. Pelttari</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff001">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Khan, Sofia" sort="Khan, Sofia" uniqKey="Khan S" first="Sofia" last="Khan">Sofia Khan</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff001">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vuorela, Mikko" sort="Vuorela, Mikko" uniqKey="Vuorela M" first="Mikko" last="Vuorela">Mikko Vuorela</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff002">
<addr-line>Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kiiski, Johanna I" sort="Kiiski, Johanna I" uniqKey="Kiiski J" first="Johanna I." last="Kiiski">Johanna I. Kiiski</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff001">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vilske, Sara" sort="Vilske, Sara" uniqKey="Vilske S" first="Sara" last="Vilske">Sara Vilske</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff001">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nevanlinna, Viivi" sort="Nevanlinna, Viivi" uniqKey="Nevanlinna V" first="Viivi" last="Nevanlinna">Viivi Nevanlinna</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff001">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ranta, Salla" sort="Ranta, Salla" uniqKey="Ranta S" first="Salla" last="Ranta">Salla Ranta</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff001">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schleutker, Johanna" sort="Schleutker, Johanna" uniqKey="Schleutker J" first="Johanna" last="Schleutker">Johanna Schleutker</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff003">
<addr-line>BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff004">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff005">
<addr-line>Tyks Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Winqvist, Robert" sort="Winqvist, Robert" uniqKey="Winqvist R" first="Robert" last="Winqvist">Robert Winqvist</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff002">
<addr-line>Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff006">
<addr-line>Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kallioniemi, Anne" sort="Kallioniemi, Anne" uniqKey="Kallioniemi A" first="Anne" last="Kallioniemi">Anne Kallioniemi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff003">
<addr-line>BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff007">
<addr-line>Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dork, Thilo" sort="Dork, Thilo" uniqKey="Dork T" first="Thilo" last="Dörk">Thilo Dörk</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff008">
<addr-line>Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bogdanova, Natalia V" sort="Bogdanova, Natalia V" uniqKey="Bogdanova N" first="Natalia V." last="Bogdanova">Natalia V. Bogdanova</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff009">
<addr-line>Radiation Oncology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Figueroa, Jonine" sort="Figueroa, Jonine" uniqKey="Figueroa J" first="Jonine" last="Figueroa">Jonine Figueroa</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff010">
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pharoah, Paul D P" sort="Pharoah, Paul D P" uniqKey="Pharoah P" first="Paul D. P." last="Pharoah">Paul D. P. Pharoah</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff011">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schmidt, Marjanka K" sort="Schmidt, Marjanka K" uniqKey="Schmidt M" first="Marjanka K." last="Schmidt">Marjanka K. Schmidt</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff013">
<addr-line>Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dunning, Alison M" sort="Dunning, Alison M" uniqKey="Dunning A" first="Alison M." last="Dunning">Alison M. Dunning</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff011">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Garcia Closas, Montserrat" sort="Garcia Closas, Montserrat" uniqKey="Garcia Closas M" first="Montserrat" last="García-Closas">Montserrat García-Closas</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff010">
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff014">
<addr-line>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bolla, Manjeet K" sort="Bolla, Manjeet K" uniqKey="Bolla M" first="Manjeet K." last="Bolla">Manjeet K. Bolla</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dennis, Joe" sort="Dennis, Joe" uniqKey="Dennis J" first="Joe" last="Dennis">Joe Dennis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Michailidou, Kyriaki" sort="Michailidou, Kyriaki" uniqKey="Michailidou K" first="Kyriaki" last="Michailidou">Kyriaki Michailidou</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, Qin" sort="Wang, Qin" uniqKey="Wang Q" first="Qin" last="Wang">Qin Wang</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hopper, John L" sort="Hopper, John L" uniqKey="Hopper J" first="John L." last="Hopper">John L. Hopper</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff015">
<addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Southey, Melissa C" sort="Southey, Melissa C" uniqKey="Southey M" first="Melissa C." last="Southey">Melissa C. Southey</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff016">
<addr-line>Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rosenberg, Efraim H" sort="Rosenberg, Efraim H" uniqKey="Rosenberg E" first="Efraim H." last="Rosenberg">Efraim H. Rosenberg</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff013">
<addr-line>Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fasching, Peter A" sort="Fasching, Peter A" uniqKey="Fasching P" first="Peter A." last="Fasching">Peter A. Fasching</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff017">
<addr-line>Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff018">
<addr-line>David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beckmann, Matthias W" sort="Beckmann, Matthias W" uniqKey="Beckmann M" first="Matthias W." last="Beckmann">Matthias W. Beckmann</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff017">
<addr-line>Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peto, Julian" sort="Peto, Julian" uniqKey="Peto J" first="Julian" last="Peto">Julian Peto</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff019">
<addr-line>Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dos Santos Silva, Isabel" sort="Dos Santos Silva, Isabel" uniqKey="Dos Santos Silva I" first="Isabel" last="Dos-Santos-Silva">Isabel Dos-Santos-Silva</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff019">
<addr-line>Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sawyer, Elinor J" sort="Sawyer, Elinor J" uniqKey="Sawyer E" first="Elinor J." last="Sawyer">Elinor J. Sawyer</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff020">
<addr-line>Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tomlinson, Ian" sort="Tomlinson, Ian" uniqKey="Tomlinson I" first="Ian" last="Tomlinson">Ian Tomlinson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff021">
<addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Burwinkel, Barbara" sort="Burwinkel, Barbara" uniqKey="Burwinkel B" first="Barbara" last="Burwinkel">Barbara Burwinkel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff022">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff023">
<addr-line>Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Surowy, Harald" sort="Surowy, Harald" uniqKey="Surowy H" first="Harald" last="Surowy">Harald Surowy</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff022">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff023">
<addr-line>Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guenel, Pascal" sort="Guenel, Pascal" uniqKey="Guenel P" first="Pascal" last="Guénel">Pascal Guénel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff024">
<addr-line>Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff025">
<addr-line>University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Truong, Therese" sort="Truong, Therese" uniqKey="Truong T" first="Thérèse" last="Truong">Thérèse Truong</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff024">
<addr-line>Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff025">
<addr-line>University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bojesen, Stig E" sort="Bojesen, Stig E" uniqKey="Bojesen S" first="Stig E." last="Bojesen">Stig E. Bojesen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff026">
<addr-line>Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff027">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff028">
<addr-line>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" sort="Nordestgaard, B Rge G" uniqKey="Nordestgaard B" first="B Rge G." last="Nordestgaard">B Rge G. Nordestgaard</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff027">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff028">
<addr-line>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Benitez, Javier" sort="Benitez, Javier" uniqKey="Benitez J" first="Javier" last="Benitez">Javier Benitez</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff029">
<addr-line>Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff030">
<addr-line>Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gonzalez Neira, Anna" sort="Gonzalez Neira, Anna" uniqKey="Gonzalez Neira A" first="Anna" last="González-Neira">Anna González-Neira</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff029">
<addr-line>Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Neuhausen, Susan L" sort="Neuhausen, Susan L" uniqKey="Neuhausen S" first="Susan L." last="Neuhausen">Susan L. Neuhausen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff031">
<addr-line>Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Anton Culver, Hoda" sort="Anton Culver, Hoda" uniqKey="Anton Culver H" first="Hoda" last="Anton-Culver">Hoda Anton-Culver</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff032">
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brenner, Hermann" sort="Brenner, Hermann" uniqKey="Brenner H" first="Hermann" last="Brenner">Hermann Brenner</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff033">
<addr-line>Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff034">
<addr-line>German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff035">
<addr-line>Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Arndt, Volker" sort="Arndt, Volker" uniqKey="Arndt V" first="Volker" last="Arndt">Volker Arndt</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff033">
<addr-line>Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meindl, Alfons" sort="Meindl, Alfons" uniqKey="Meindl A" first="Alfons" last="Meindl">Alfons Meindl</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff036">
<addr-line>Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schmutzler, Rita K" sort="Schmutzler, Rita K" uniqKey="Schmutzler R" first="Rita K." last="Schmutzler">Rita K. Schmutzler</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff037">
<addr-line>Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff038">
<addr-line>Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff039">
<addr-line>Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brauch, Hiltrud" sort="Brauch, Hiltrud" uniqKey="Brauch H" first="Hiltrud" last="Brauch">Hiltrud Brauch</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff034">
<addr-line>German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff040">
<addr-line>Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff041">
<addr-line>University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bruning, Thomas" sort="Bruning, Thomas" uniqKey="Bruning T" first="Thomas" last="Brüning">Thomas Brüning</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff042">
<addr-line>Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lindblom, Annika" sort="Lindblom, Annika" uniqKey="Lindblom A" first="Annika" last="Lindblom">Annika Lindblom</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff043">
<addr-line>Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Margolin, Sara" sort="Margolin, Sara" uniqKey="Margolin S" first="Sara" last="Margolin">Sara Margolin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff044">
<addr-line>Department of Oncology—Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mannermaa, Arto" sort="Mannermaa, Arto" uniqKey="Mannermaa A" first="Arto" last="Mannermaa">Arto Mannermaa</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff045">
<addr-line>Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff046">
<addr-line>Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff047">
<addr-line>Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hartikainen, Jaana M" sort="Hartikainen, Jaana M" uniqKey="Hartikainen J" first="Jaana M." last="Hartikainen">Jaana M. Hartikainen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff045">
<addr-line>Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff046">
<addr-line>Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff047">
<addr-line>Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chenevix Trench, Georgia" sort="Chenevix Trench, Georgia" uniqKey="Chenevix Trench G" first="Georgia" last="Chenevix-Trench">Georgia Chenevix-Trench</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff048">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Dyck, Laurien" sort="Van Dyck, Laurien" uniqKey="Van Dyck L" first="Laurien" last="Van Dyck">Laurien Van Dyck</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff050">
<addr-line>Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff051">
<addr-line>Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Janssen, Hilde" sort="Janssen, Hilde" uniqKey="Janssen H" first="Hilde" last="Janssen">Hilde Janssen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff052">
<addr-line>Leuven Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chang Claude, Jenny" sort="Chang Claude, Jenny" uniqKey="Chang Claude J" first="Jenny" last="Chang-Claude">Jenny Chang-Claude</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff053">
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff054">
<addr-line>University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rudolph, Anja" sort="Rudolph, Anja" uniqKey="Rudolph A" first="Anja" last="Rudolph">Anja Rudolph</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff053">
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Radice, Paolo" sort="Radice, Paolo" uniqKey="Radice P" first="Paolo" last="Radice">Paolo Radice</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff055">
<addr-line>Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peterlongo, Paolo" sort="Peterlongo, Paolo" uniqKey="Peterlongo P" first="Paolo" last="Peterlongo">Paolo Peterlongo</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff056">
<addr-line>IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Italian Foundation of Cancer Research) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hallberg, Emily" sort="Hallberg, Emily" uniqKey="Hallberg E" first="Emily" last="Hallberg">Emily Hallberg</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff057">
<addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Olson, Janet E" sort="Olson, Janet E" uniqKey="Olson J" first="Janet E." last="Olson">Janet E. Olson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff057">
<addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Giles, Graham G" sort="Giles, Graham G" uniqKey="Giles G" first="Graham G." last="Giles">Graham G. Giles</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff015">
<addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff058">
<addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Milne, Roger L" sort="Milne, Roger L" uniqKey="Milne R" first="Roger L." last="Milne">Roger L. Milne</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff015">
<addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff058">
<addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haiman, Christopher A" sort="Haiman, Christopher A" uniqKey="Haiman C" first="Christopher A." last="Haiman">Christopher A. Haiman</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff059">
<addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Schumacher, Fredrick" sort="Schumacher, Fredrick" uniqKey="Schumacher F" first="Fredrick" last="Schumacher">Fredrick Schumacher</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff059">
<addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simard, Jacques" sort="Simard, Jacques" uniqKey="Simard J" first="Jacques" last="Simard">Jacques Simard</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff060">
<addr-line>Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dumont, Martine" sort="Dumont, Martine" uniqKey="Dumont M" first="Martine" last="Dumont">Martine Dumont</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff060">
<addr-line>Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kristensen, Vessela" sort="Kristensen, Vessela" uniqKey="Kristensen V" first="Vessela" last="Kristensen">Vessela Kristensen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff061">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff062">
<addr-line>K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff063">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Borresen Dale, Anne Lise" sort="Borresen Dale, Anne Lise" uniqKey="Borresen Dale A" first="Anne-Lise" last="Borresen-Dale">Anne-Lise Borresen-Dale</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff061">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff062">
<addr-line>K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zheng, Wei" sort="Zheng, Wei" uniqKey="Zheng W" first="Wei" last="Zheng">Wei Zheng</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff064">
<addr-line>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Beeghly Fadiel, Alicia" sort="Beeghly Fadiel, Alicia" uniqKey="Beeghly Fadiel A" first="Alicia" last="Beeghly-Fadiel">Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff064">
<addr-line>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Grip, Mervi" sort="Grip, Mervi" uniqKey="Grip M" first="Mervi" last="Grip">Mervi Grip</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff065">
<addr-line>Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Andrulis, Irene L" sort="Andrulis, Irene L" uniqKey="Andrulis I" first="Irene L." last="Andrulis">Irene L. Andrulis</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff066">
<addr-line>Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff067">
<addr-line>Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Glendon, Gord" sort="Glendon, Gord" uniqKey="Glendon G" first="Gord" last="Glendon">Gord Glendon</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff066">
<addr-line>Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Devilee, Peter" sort="Devilee, Peter" uniqKey="Devilee P" first="Peter" last="Devilee">Peter Devilee</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff068">
<addr-line>Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff069">
<addr-line>Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Seynaeve, Caroline" sort="Seynaeve, Caroline" uniqKey="Seynaeve C" first="Caroline" last="Seynaeve">Caroline Seynaeve</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff070">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hooning, Maartje J" sort="Hooning, Maartje J" uniqKey="Hooning M" first="Maartje J." last="Hooning">Maartje J. Hooning</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff070">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Collee, Margriet" sort="Collee, Margriet" uniqKey="Collee M" first="Margriet" last="Collée">Margriet Collée</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff071">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cox, Angela" sort="Cox, Angela" uniqKey="Cox A" first="Angela" last="Cox">Angela Cox</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff072">
<addr-line>Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cross, Simon S" sort="Cross, Simon S" uniqKey="Cross S" first="Simon S." last="Cross">Simon S. Cross</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff073">
<addr-line>Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shah, Mitul" sort="Shah, Mitul" uniqKey="Shah M" first="Mitul" last="Shah">Mitul Shah</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff011">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Luben, Robert N" sort="Luben, Robert N" uniqKey="Luben R" first="Robert N." last="Luben">Robert N. Luben</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff074">
<addr-line>Clinical Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hamann, Ute" sort="Hamann, Ute" uniqKey="Hamann U" first="Ute" last="Hamann">Ute Hamann</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff075">
<addr-line>Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Torres, Diana" sort="Torres, Diana" uniqKey="Torres D" first="Diana" last="Torres">Diana Torres</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff075">
<addr-line>Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff076">
<addr-line>Institute of Human Genetics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jakubowska, Anna" sort="Jakubowska, Anna" uniqKey="Jakubowska A" first="Anna" last="Jakubowska">Anna Jakubowska</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff077">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lubinski, Jan" sort="Lubinski, Jan" uniqKey="Lubinski J" first="Jan" last="Lubinski">Jan Lubinski</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff077">
<addr-line>Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Couch, Fergus J" sort="Couch, Fergus J" uniqKey="Couch F" first="Fergus J." last="Couch">Fergus J. Couch</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff078">
<addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yannoukakos, Drakoulis" sort="Yannoukakos, Drakoulis" uniqKey="Yannoukakos D" first="Drakoulis" last="Yannoukakos">Drakoulis Yannoukakos</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff079">
<addr-line>Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Orr, Nick" sort="Orr, Nick" uniqKey="Orr N" first="Nick" last="Orr">Nick Orr</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff080">
<addr-line>Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Swerdlow, Anthony" sort="Swerdlow, Anthony" uniqKey="Swerdlow A" first="Anthony" last="Swerdlow">Anthony Swerdlow</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff014">
<addr-line>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff081">
<addr-line>Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Darabi, Hatef" sort="Darabi, Hatef" uniqKey="Darabi H" first="Hatef" last="Darabi">Hatef Darabi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff082">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, Jingmei" sort="Li, Jingmei" uniqKey="Li J" first="Jingmei" last="Li">Jingmei Li</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff082">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Czene, Kamila" sort="Czene, Kamila" uniqKey="Czene K" first="Kamila" last="Czene">Kamila Czene</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff082">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hall, Per" sort="Hall, Per" uniqKey="Hall P" first="Per" last="Hall">Per Hall</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff082">
<addr-line>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Easton, Douglas F" sort="Easton, Douglas F" uniqKey="Easton D" first="Douglas F." last="Easton">Douglas F. Easton</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff011">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff012">
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mattson, Johanna" sort="Mattson, Johanna" uniqKey="Mattson J" first="Johanna" last="Mattson">Johanna Mattson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff083">
<addr-line>Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Blomqvist, Carl" sort="Blomqvist, Carl" uniqKey="Blomqvist C" first="Carl" last="Blomqvist">Carl Blomqvist</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff083">
<addr-line>Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aittom Ki, Kristiina" sort="Aittom Ki, Kristiina" uniqKey="Aittom Ki K" first="Kristiina" last="Aittom Ki">Kristiina Aittom Ki</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff084">
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nevanlinna, Heli" sort="Nevanlinna, Heli" uniqKey="Nevanlinna H" first="Heli" last="Nevanlinna">Heli Nevanlinna</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff001">
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<p>Common variation on 14q24.1, close to
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
, has been associated with breast cancer: rs999737 and rs2588809 with the risk of female breast cancer and rs1314913 with the risk of male breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
variants in breast cancer predisposition, particularly in the context of familial breast cancer in Finland. We sequenced the coding region of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
in 168 Finnish breast cancer patients from the Helsinki region for identification of possible recurrent founder mutations. In addition, we studied the known rs999737, rs2588809, and rs1314913 SNPs and
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
haplotypes in 44,791 breast cancer cases and 43,583 controls from 40 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) that were genotyped on a custom chip (iCOGS). We identified one putatively pathogenic missense mutation c.541C>T among the Finnish cancer patients and subsequently genotyped the mutation in additional breast cancer cases (n = 5259) and population controls (n = 3586) from Finland and Belarus. No significant association with breast cancer risk was seen in the meta-analysis of the Finnish datasets or in the large BCAC dataset. The association with previously identified risk variants rs999737, rs2588809, and rs1314913 was replicated among all breast cancer cases and also among familial cases in the BCAC dataset. The most significant association was observed for the haplotype carrying the risk-alleles of all the three SNPs both among all cases (odds ratio (OR): 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–1.19,
<italic>P</italic>
= 8.88 x 10
<sup>−16</sup>
) and among familial cases (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16–1.32,
<italic>P</italic>
= 6.19 x 10
<sup>−11</sup>
), compared to the haplotype with the respective protective alleles. Our results suggest that loss-of-function mutations in
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
are rare, but common variation at the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
region is significantly associated with familial breast cancer risk.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
<div1 type="bibliography">
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<subject>Europe</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Finland</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3">
<subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Oncology</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Cancer Detection and Diagnosis</subject>
<subj-group>
<subject>Cancer Screening</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
in Familial Breast Cancer</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
in Familial Breast Cancer</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pelttari</surname>
<given-names>Liisa M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Khan</surname>
<given-names>Sofia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vuorela</surname>
<given-names>Mikko</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kiiski</surname>
<given-names>Johanna I.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Vilske</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nevanlinna</surname>
<given-names>Viivi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ranta</surname>
<given-names>Salla</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schleutker</surname>
<given-names>Johanna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Winqvist</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kallioniemi</surname>
<given-names>Anne</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dörk</surname>
<given-names>Thilo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bogdanova</surname>
<given-names>Natalia V.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Figueroa</surname>
<given-names>Jonine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pharoah</surname>
<given-names>Paul D. P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schmidt</surname>
<given-names>Marjanka K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff013">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dunning</surname>
<given-names>Alison M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>García-Closas</surname>
<given-names>Montserrat</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff014">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bolla</surname>
<given-names>Manjeet K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dennis</surname>
<given-names>Joe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Michailidou</surname>
<given-names>Kyriaki</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Qin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hopper</surname>
<given-names>John L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff015">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Southey</surname>
<given-names>Melissa C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff016">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rosenberg</surname>
<given-names>Efraim H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff013">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fasching</surname>
<given-names>Peter A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff017">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff018">
<sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Beckmann</surname>
<given-names>Matthias W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff017">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Peto</surname>
<given-names>Julian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff019">
<sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>dos-Santos-Silva</surname>
<given-names>Isabel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff019">
<sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sawyer</surname>
<given-names>Elinor J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff020">
<sup>20</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tomlinson</surname>
<given-names>Ian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff021">
<sup>21</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Burwinkel</surname>
<given-names>Barbara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff022">
<sup>22</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff023">
<sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Surowy</surname>
<given-names>Harald</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff022">
<sup>22</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff023">
<sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Guénel</surname>
<given-names>Pascal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff024">
<sup>24</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff025">
<sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Truong</surname>
<given-names>Thérèse</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff024">
<sup>24</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff025">
<sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bojesen</surname>
<given-names>Stig E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff026">
<sup>26</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff027">
<sup>27</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff028">
<sup>28</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nordestgaard</surname>
<given-names>Børge G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff027">
<sup>27</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff028">
<sup>28</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Benitez</surname>
<given-names>Javier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff029">
<sup>29</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff030">
<sup>30</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>González-Neira</surname>
<given-names>Anna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff029">
<sup>29</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Neuhausen</surname>
<given-names>Susan L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff031">
<sup>31</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Anton-Culver</surname>
<given-names>Hoda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff032">
<sup>32</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brenner</surname>
<given-names>Hermann</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff033">
<sup>33</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff034">
<sup>34</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff035">
<sup>35</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Arndt</surname>
<given-names>Volker</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff033">
<sup>33</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Meindl</surname>
<given-names>Alfons</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff036">
<sup>36</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schmutzler</surname>
<given-names>Rita K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff037">
<sup>37</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff038">
<sup>38</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff039">
<sup>39</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brauch</surname>
<given-names>Hiltrud</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff034">
<sup>34</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff040">
<sup>40</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff041">
<sup>41</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Brüning</surname>
<given-names>Thomas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff042">
<sup>42</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lindblom</surname>
<given-names>Annika</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff043">
<sup>43</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Margolin</surname>
<given-names>Sara</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff044">
<sup>44</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mannermaa</surname>
<given-names>Arto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff045">
<sup>45</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff046">
<sup>46</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff047">
<sup>47</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hartikainen</surname>
<given-names>Jaana M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff045">
<sup>45</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff046">
<sup>46</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff047">
<sup>47</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chenevix-Trench</surname>
<given-names>Georgia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff048">
<sup>48</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<collab>kConFab/AOCS Investigators</collab>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff048">
<sup>48</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff049">
<sup>49</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="fn001">
<sup></sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Van Dyck</surname>
<given-names>Laurien</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff050">
<sup>50</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff051">
<sup>51</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Janssen</surname>
<given-names>Hilde</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff052">
<sup>52</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chang-Claude</surname>
<given-names>Jenny</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff053">
<sup>53</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff054">
<sup>54</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rudolph</surname>
<given-names>Anja</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff053">
<sup>53</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Radice</surname>
<given-names>Paolo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff055">
<sup>55</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Peterlongo</surname>
<given-names>Paolo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff056">
<sup>56</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hallberg</surname>
<given-names>Emily</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff057">
<sup>57</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Olson</surname>
<given-names>Janet E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff057">
<sup>57</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Giles</surname>
<given-names>Graham G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff015">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff058">
<sup>58</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Milne</surname>
<given-names>Roger L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff015">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff058">
<sup>58</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Haiman</surname>
<given-names>Christopher A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff059">
<sup>59</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Schumacher</surname>
<given-names>Fredrick</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff059">
<sup>59</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Simard</surname>
<given-names>Jacques</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff060">
<sup>60</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dumont</surname>
<given-names>Martine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff060">
<sup>60</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kristensen</surname>
<given-names>Vessela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff061">
<sup>61</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff062">
<sup>62</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff063">
<sup>63</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Borresen-Dale</surname>
<given-names>Anne-Lise</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff061">
<sup>61</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff062">
<sup>62</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>Wei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff064">
<sup>64</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Beeghly-Fadiel</surname>
<given-names>Alicia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff064">
<sup>64</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Grip</surname>
<given-names>Mervi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff065">
<sup>65</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Andrulis</surname>
<given-names>Irene L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff066">
<sup>66</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff067">
<sup>67</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Glendon</surname>
<given-names>Gord</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff066">
<sup>66</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Devilee</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff068">
<sup>68</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff069">
<sup>69</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Seynaeve</surname>
<given-names>Caroline</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff070">
<sup>70</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hooning</surname>
<given-names>Maartje J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff070">
<sup>70</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Collée</surname>
<given-names>Margriet</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff071">
<sup>71</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cox</surname>
<given-names>Angela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff072">
<sup>72</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Cross</surname>
<given-names>Simon S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff073">
<sup>73</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Shah</surname>
<given-names>Mitul</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Luben</surname>
<given-names>Robert N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff074">
<sup>74</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hamann</surname>
<given-names>Ute</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff075">
<sup>75</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Torres</surname>
<given-names>Diana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff075">
<sup>75</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff076">
<sup>76</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jakubowska</surname>
<given-names>Anna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff077">
<sup>77</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Lubinski</surname>
<given-names>Jan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff077">
<sup>77</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Couch</surname>
<given-names>Fergus J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff078">
<sup>78</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Yannoukakos</surname>
<given-names>Drakoulis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff079">
<sup>79</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Orr</surname>
<given-names>Nick</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff080">
<sup>80</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Swerdlow</surname>
<given-names>Anthony</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff014">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff081">
<sup>81</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Darabi</surname>
<given-names>Hatef</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff082">
<sup>82</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Jingmei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff082">
<sup>82</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Czene</surname>
<given-names>Kamila</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff082">
<sup>82</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hall</surname>
<given-names>Per</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff082">
<sup>82</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Easton</surname>
<given-names>Douglas F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mattson</surname>
<given-names>Johanna</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff083">
<sup>83</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Blomqvist</surname>
<given-names>Carl</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff083">
<sup>83</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Aittomäki</surname>
<given-names>Kristiina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff084">
<sup>84</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Nevanlinna</surname>
<given-names>Heli</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Tyks Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff006">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Northern Finland Laboratory Centre NordLab, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff007">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff008">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff009">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Radiation Oncology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff010">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff011">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff012">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff013">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff014">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff015">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff016">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff017">
<label>17</label>
<addr-line>Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff018">
<label>18</label>
<addr-line>David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff019">
<label>19</label>
<addr-line>Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff020">
<label>20</label>
<addr-line>Research Oncology, Guy’s Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff021">
<label>21</label>
<addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff022">
<label>22</label>
<addr-line>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff023">
<label>23</label>
<addr-line>Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff024">
<label>24</label>
<addr-line>Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff025">
<label>25</label>
<addr-line>University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff026">
<label>26</label>
<addr-line>Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff027">
<label>27</label>
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff028">
<label>28</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff029">
<label>29</label>
<addr-line>Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff030">
<label>30</label>
<addr-line>Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Valencia, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff031">
<label>31</label>
<addr-line>Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff032">
<label>32</label>
<addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff033">
<label>33</label>
<addr-line>Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff034">
<label>34</label>
<addr-line>German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff035">
<label>35</label>
<addr-line>Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff036">
<label>36</label>
<addr-line>Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff037">
<label>37</label>
<addr-line>Center for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff038">
<label>38</label>
<addr-line>Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff039">
<label>39</label>
<addr-line>Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff040">
<label>40</label>
<addr-line>Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff041">
<label>41</label>
<addr-line>University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff042">
<label>42</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff043">
<label>43</label>
<addr-line>Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff044">
<label>44</label>
<addr-line>Department of Oncology—Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff045">
<label>45</label>
<addr-line>Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff046">
<label>46</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff047">
<label>47</label>
<addr-line>Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff048">
<label>48</label>
<addr-line>Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff049">
<label>49</label>
<addr-line>Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff050">
<label>50</label>
<addr-line>Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff051">
<label>51</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff052">
<label>52</label>
<addr-line>Leuven Multidisciplinary Breast Center, Leuven Cancer Institute, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff053">
<label>53</label>
<addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff054">
<label>54</label>
<addr-line>University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff055">
<label>55</label>
<addr-line>Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS (Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff056">
<label>56</label>
<addr-line>IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Italian Foundation of Cancer Research) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff057">
<label>57</label>
<addr-line>Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff058">
<label>58</label>
<addr-line>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff059">
<label>59</label>
<addr-line>Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff060">
<label>60</label>
<addr-line>Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Québec City, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff061">
<label>61</label>
<addr-line>Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff062">
<label>62</label>
<addr-line>K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff063">
<label>63</label>
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff064">
<label>64</label>
<addr-line>Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff065">
<label>65</label>
<addr-line>Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff066">
<label>66</label>
<addr-line>Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff067">
<label>67</label>
<addr-line>Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff068">
<label>68</label>
<addr-line>Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff069">
<label>69</label>
<addr-line>Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff070">
<label>70</label>
<addr-line>Department of Medical Oncology, Family Cancer Clinic, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff071">
<label>71</label>
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff072">
<label>72</label>
<addr-line>Sheffield Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff073">
<label>73</label>
<addr-line>Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff074">
<label>74</label>
<addr-line>Clinical Gerontology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff075">
<label>75</label>
<addr-line>Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff076">
<label>76</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Human Genetics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff077">
<label>77</label>
<addr-line>Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff078">
<label>78</label>
<addr-line>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff079">
<label>79</label>
<addr-line>Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff080">
<label>80</label>
<addr-line>Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff081">
<label>81</label>
<addr-line>Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff082">
<label>82</label>
<addr-line>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff083">
<label>83</label>
<addr-line>Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff084">
<label>84</label>
<addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="editor">
<name>
<surname>Brusgaard</surname>
<given-names>Klaus</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1">
<addr-line>Odense University Hospital, DENMARK</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001">
<p>
<bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following competing interests: A. Mannermaa is a member of the PLOS ONE Editorial Board. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE Editorial policies and criteria.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001">
<p>Conceived and designed the experiments: LMP HN. Performed the experiments: LMP SK MV JIK SV VN SR. Analyzed the data: LMP SK MV. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LMP SK MV JIK SV VN SR JS RW AK TD NVB JF PDPP MKS AMD MGC MKB JD KM QW JLH MCS EHR PAF MWB JP IdSS EJS IT BB HS PG TT SEB BGN JB AGN SLN HAC H. Brenner VA A. Meindl RKS H. Brauch TB AL SM A. Mannermaa JMH GCT kConFab/AOCS Investigators LVD HJ JCC AR PR PP EH JEO GGG RLM CAH FS J. Simard MD VK ALBD WZ ABF MG ILA GG PD CS MJH MC AC SSC MS RNL UH DT AJ J. Lubinski FJC DY NO AS HD J. Li KC PH DFE JM CB KA HN. Wrote the paper: LMP SK MV RW TD PDPP MKS AMD GCT UH DFE HN. Provided critical review of the manuscript: LMP SK MV JIK SV VN SR JS RW AK TD NVB JF PDPP MKS AMD MGC MKB JD KM QW JLH MCS EHR PAF MWB JP IdSS EJS IT BB HS PG TT SEB BGN JB AGN SLN HAC H. Brenner VA A. Meindl RKS H. Brauch TB AL SM A. Mannermaa JMH GCT kConFab/AOCS Investigators LVD HJ JCC AR PR PP EH JEO GGG RLM CAH FS J. Simard MD VK ALBD WZ ABF MG ILA GG PD CS MJH MC AC SSC MS RNL UH DT AJ J. Lubinski FJC DY NO AS HD J. Li KC PH DFE JM CB KA HN. Approved the final version of the manuscript: LMP SK MV JIK SV VN SR JS RW AK TD NVB JF PDPP MKS AMD MGC MKB JD KM QW JLH MCS EHR PAF MWB JP IdSS EJS IT BB HS PG TT SEB BGN JB AGN SLN HAC H. Brenner VA A. Meindl RKS H. Brauch TB AL SM A. Mannermaa JMH GCT kConFab/AOCS Investigators LVD HJ JCC AR PR PP EH JEO GGG RLM CAH FS J. Simard MD VK ALBD WZ ABF MG ILA GG PD CS MJH MC AC SSC MS RNL UH DT AJ J. Lubinski FJC DY NO AS HD J. Li KC PH DFE JM CB KA HN.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn001">
<p>¶ Membership of the kConFab/AOCS Investigators is listed in the Acknowledgments.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail:
<email>heli.nevanlinna@hus.fi</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>5</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<elocation-id>e0153788</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>20</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>4</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">
<license-p>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">Creative Commons CC0</ext-link>
public domain dedication.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0153788.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Common variation on 14q24.1, close to
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
, has been associated with breast cancer: rs999737 and rs2588809 with the risk of female breast cancer and rs1314913 with the risk of male breast cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
variants in breast cancer predisposition, particularly in the context of familial breast cancer in Finland. We sequenced the coding region of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
in 168 Finnish breast cancer patients from the Helsinki region for identification of possible recurrent founder mutations. In addition, we studied the known rs999737, rs2588809, and rs1314913 SNPs and
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
haplotypes in 44,791 breast cancer cases and 43,583 controls from 40 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) that were genotyped on a custom chip (iCOGS). We identified one putatively pathogenic missense mutation c.541C>T among the Finnish cancer patients and subsequently genotyped the mutation in additional breast cancer cases (n = 5259) and population controls (n = 3586) from Finland and Belarus. No significant association with breast cancer risk was seen in the meta-analysis of the Finnish datasets or in the large BCAC dataset. The association with previously identified risk variants rs999737, rs2588809, and rs1314913 was replicated among all breast cancer cases and also among familial cases in the BCAC dataset. The most significant association was observed for the haplotype carrying the risk-alleles of all the three SNPs both among all cases (odds ratio (OR): 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–1.19,
<italic>P</italic>
= 8.88 x 10
<sup>−16</sup>
) and among familial cases (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.16–1.32,
<italic>P</italic>
= 6.19 x 10
<sup>−11</sup>
), compared to the haplotype with the respective protective alleles. Our results suggest that loss-of-function mutations in
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
are rare, but common variation at the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
region is significantly associated with familial breast cancer risk.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement>The HEBCS was financially supported by the Helsinki University Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, The Nordic Cancer Union and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. LMP received funding from Orion-Farmos Research Foundation, Maud Kuistila Memorial Foundation, Biomedicum Helsinki Foundation, Alfred Kordelin Foundation, Paulo Foundation and the Finnish Cultural Foundation. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK [C1287/A10118, C1287/A12014] and by the European Community´s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). Funding for the iCOGS infrastructure came from: the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement n° 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS), Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A 10710, C12292/A11174, C1281/A12014, C5047/A8384, C5047/A15007, C5047/A10692, C8197/A16565), the National Institutes of Health (CA128978) and Post-Cancer GWAS initiative (1U19 CA148537, 1U19 CA148065 and 1U19 CA148112 - the GAME-ON initiative), the Department of Defence (W81XWH-10-1-0341), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) for the CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer, Komen Foundation for the Cure, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund. The Australian Breast Cancer Family Study (ABCFS) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Australia Fellow and a Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Group Leader. M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow and a Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium Group Leader. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009 4363]. The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELAN-Fond of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breakthrough Breast Cancer and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). ES is supported by NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King's College London, United Kingdom. IT is supported by the Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The CECILE study was funded by Fondation de France, Institut National du Cancer (INCa), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Ligue contre le Cancer Grand Ouest, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council and Herlev Hospital. The CNIO-BCS was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer and grants from the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer and the Fondo de Investigación Sanitario (PI11/00923 and PI12/00070). The CTS was initially supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993 and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and is currently funded through the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398). Collection of cancer incidence data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. HAC receives support from the Lon V Smith Foundation (LVS39420). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). The GC-HBOC (German Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer) is supported by the German Cancer Aid (grant no 110837, coordinator: Rita K. Schmutzler). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0 and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The HMBCS was supported by a grant from the Friends of Hannover Medical School and by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Cancer Society, The Gustav V Jubilee foundation and Bert von Kantzows foundation. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. kConFab is supported by a grant from the National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. Financial support for the AOCS was provided by the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command [DAMD17-01-1-0729], Cancer Council Victoria, Queensland Cancer Fund, Cancer Council New South Wales, Cancer Council South Australia, The Cancer Foundation of Western Australia, Cancer Council Tasmania and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC; 400413, 400281, 199600). G.C.T. and P.W. are supported by the NHMRC. RB was a Cancer Institute NSW Clinical Research Fellow. LMBC is supported by the "Stichting tegen Kanker" (232-2008 and 196-2010). Diether Lambrechts is supported by the FWO and the KULPFV/10/016-SymBioSysII. The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. [70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419], the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany [01KH0402]. MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects “5x1000”). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants CA128978, CA116167, CA176785 an NIH Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer [CA116201], and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation and the Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057, 251553 and 504711 and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR). The MEC was support by NIH grants CA63464, CA54281, CA098758 and CA132839. The work of MTLGEBCS was supported by the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the “CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer” program – grant # CRN-87521 and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade – grant # PSR-SIIRI-701. The NBCS has received funding from the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer Research; the Research Council of Norway grant 193387/V50 (to A-L Børresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen) and grant 193387/H10 (to A-L Børresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen), South Eastern Norway Health Authority (grant 39346 to A-L Børresen-Dale) and the Norwegian Cancer Society (to A-L Børresen-Dale and V.N. Kristensen). The NBHS was supported by NIH grant R01CA100374. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The OBCS was supported by research grants from the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Academy of Finland (grant number 250083, 122715 and Center of Excellence grant number 251314), the Finnish Cancer Foundation, the Sigrid Juselius Foundation, the University of Oulu, the University of Oulu Support Foundation and the special Governmental EVO funds for Oulu University Hospital-based research activities. The Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry (OFBCR) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997-1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL CP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. The pKARMA study was supported by Märit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). The SASBAC study was supported by funding from the Agency for Science, Technology and Research of Singapore (A*STAR), the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The SBCS was supported by Yorkshire Cancer Research S295, S299, S305PA and Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre. SEARCH is funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK [C490/A10124] and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The SZBCS was supported by Grant PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004. The TNBCC was supported by: a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation, the Stefanie Spielman Breast Cancer fund and the OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group research grant (HR R_BG/04) and the Greek General Secretary for Research and Technology (GSRT) Program, Research Excellence II, the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF), and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) - ARISTEIA. The UKBGS is funded by Breakthrough Breast Cancer and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="0"></fig-count>
<table-count count="4"></table-count>
<page-count count="18"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta id="data-availability">
<meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes>
<title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p>
</notes>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro" id="sec001">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among women worldwide and also the leading cause of cancer-related death [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
]. Several susceptibility loci for breast cancer have been identified and most of the currently known high- and moderate-penetrance predisposition genes have a role in DNA repair. The major high-penetrance breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes
<italic>BRCA1</italic>
and
<italic>BRCA2</italic>
are important for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair through homologous recombination (HR) [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
]. Proteins encoded by the moderate-penetrance genes
<italic>ATM</italic>
,
<italic>BRIP1</italic>
, and
<italic>CHEK2</italic>
interact with BRCA1 in DNA damage repair whereas PALB2 associates with both BRCA1 and BRCA2 [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref003" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]. In the HR repair of DSBs, the RAD51 recombinase has a key role. Binding of RAD51 to single-stranded DNA at the break site initiates the repair of a DSB [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
]. In humans, there are five RAD51 paralogs RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, XRCC2, and XRCC3, and they promote the binding of RAD51 to the DNA. Rare pathogenic mutations in
<italic>RAD51</italic>
paralogs
<italic>RAD51C</italic>
and
<italic>RAD51D</italic>
have been identified in breast and ovarian cancer families and confer a high risk specifically for ovarian cancer [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref005" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
–
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref007" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
] whereas a homozygous missense mutation in
<italic>RAD51C</italic>
(
<italic>FANCO</italic>
) was found in a Fanconi anemia patient [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref008" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
]. A homozygous
<italic>XRCC2</italic>
mutation has also been detected in a Fanconi anemia patient [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref009" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
] and rare mutations in the gene in breast cancer families were identified in an exome sequencing study [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref010" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]; however, the association of
<italic>XRCC2</italic>
with breast cancer risk could not be confirmed in a large follow-up study [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref011" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
].</p>
<p>Variants in the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
region, also known as
<italic>RAD51L1</italic>
, have been associated with breast cancer risk in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref012" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
–
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]. The major-allele of the common polymorphism rs999737 in intron 10 of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
and the minor-allele of rs2588809 in intron 7 have been associated with an increased risk of female breast cancer [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref012" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]. The rs999737 has also been associated with breast cancer risk among
<italic>BRCA1</italic>
mutation carriers whereas no association was found for rs999737 or rs2588809 with breast cancer subtypes among
<italic>BRCA1</italic>
or
<italic>BRCA2</italic>
mutation carriers [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref015" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref016" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>
]. Another common polymorphism located in the intron 7 of the gene, rs1314913, has been associated with the risk of male breast cancer [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
].
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
is located at 14q24.1 and is expressed widely, with the highest levels in tissues that are active in recombination [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref017" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>
]. The RAD51B and RAD51C proteins form a stable complex which interacts weakly with RAD51 and promotes the assembly of RAD51 nuclear foci [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref018" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref019" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>
]. Furthermore, RAD51B is part of a larger BCDX2 complex that is formed with RAD51C, RAD51D, and XRCC2 [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref004" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
]. The BCDX2 complex acts upstream of RAD51 recruitment to DNA damage foci [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref020" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
]. Haploinsufficiency of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
leads to aberrant HR repair of DNA and causes centrosome fragmentation and aneuploidy in human cells which suggests that loss of the proper biallelic expression of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
may lead to chromosome instability in tumor cells [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref021" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
].</p>
<p>In the Finnish population, recurrent founder mutations have been observed in many of the known breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes, including the RAD51 paralogs
<italic>RAD51C</italic>
and
<italic>RAD51D</italic>
[
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref022" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref023" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
]. Thus, the Finnish population is a valuable resource for the identification of new susceptibility alleles.</p>
<p>To identify putative recurrent founder mutations and to study the role of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
in female and male breast cancer predisposition and especially in familial breast cancer, we comprehensively screened the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
gene in 172 Finnish cancer patients. One identified missense mutation was
<italic>in silico</italic>
predicted to be pathogenic and was subsequently screened in a larger set of breast cancer cases and population controls from four datasets. In addition, the known
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
risk SNPs rs999737, rs2588809, and rs1314913 and
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
haplotypes were studied in the previously published 40 studies participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) including 44,791 breast cancer cases and 43,583 controls.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec002">
<title>Materials and Methods</title>
<sec id="sec003">
<title>Screening of the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
gene</title>
<p>The coding region and the exon-intron boundaries of the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
gene (RefSeq NG_023267.1, NM_133509.3) were screened in 172 cancer patients from Southern Finland: in 87 female breast cancer patients with a family history of female breast cancer or breast and ovarian cancer, in 4 familial ovarian cancer patients, and in 4 female breast cancer patients with a family history of male and female breast cancer from the Helsinki region of Finland as well as in 77 male breast cancer patients (33 from the Helsinki region and 44 from the Tampere region) (
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0153788.s005">S1 Text</xref>
). All the female breast or ovarian cancer families and 60 of the male breast cancer families and patients were previously screened negative for
<italic>BRCA1/2</italic>
mutations whereas 21 patients had not been tested for
<italic>BRCA1/2</italic>
mutations. Genomic DNA isolated from blood was amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced using ABI BigDyeTerminator 3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit (Life Technologies) (
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0153788.s002">S1 Table</xref>
). The sequencing results were analyzed with Variant Reporter Software v1.0 (Life Technologies).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec004">
<title>Genotyping of c.541C>T</title>
<p>The identified c.541C>T, p.(Arg181Trp) missense change was genotyped in additional familial and unselected breast cancer patients and population controls from the Helsinki (cases = 2203, controls = 1278), Tampere (cases = 704, controls = 800), and Oulu (cases = 452, controls = 273) regions of Finland and in 1900 cases and 1235 controls from Belarus (
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0153788.s005">S1 Text</xref>
). The Helsinki and Tampere datasets were genotyped by sequencing the exon 6 and the Oulu and Belarus datasets by high-resolution-melting (HRM) analysis (
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0153788.s002">S1 Table</xref>
). Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants and the study was approved by the Ethics Committees of Helsinki University Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, Oulu University Hospital, and by the institutional Ethics Commissions at the Minsk Mother and Child Hospital and at Hannover Medical School.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec005">
<title>iCOGS genotyping</title>
<p>The common
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
polymorphisms rs2588809, rs1314913, and rs999737 were studied in 44,791 invasive breast cancer cases and 43,583 controls from 40 studies (including partially the Helsinki, Oulu, and Belarus studies) participating in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) (
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0153788.s003">S2 Table</xref>
) [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]. The SNPs were genotyped on the iCOGS array as part of the Collaborative Oncological Gene-environment Study (COGS) as previously described [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
] and genotypes for the c.541C>T missense were imputed with SHAPEIT and IMPUTEv2 by using the 1000Genomes project as the reference panel [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
]. The analyses were restricted to cases with European ancestry. All participants gave written informed consent and all the studies were approved by the respective Institutional Review Boards or Ethics Committees (
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0153788.s003">S2 Table</xref>
).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec006">
<title>Bioinformatics and statistical methods</title>
<p>The pathogenicity of the variants identified in the sequencing of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
was predicted using the MutationTaster software as it considers both exonic and intronic variants [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref025" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
]. In addition, PON-P that utilizes results from SIFT, PhD-SNP, PolyPhen-2, SNAP, and I-Mutant 3 was used to predict the pathogenicity of the missense variants [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref026" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
]. Secondary structure prediction was done with RaptorX [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref027" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
] and protein-protein interaction with PredictProtein [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref028" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
]. Statistical analyses were performed in R version 3.0.2 (
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.r-project.org/">http://www.r-project.org/</ext-link>
). To study the association of the c.541C>T mutation with breast cancer risk, two-sided
<italic>P</italic>
-values were calculated using Pearson’s chi-squared test or, if the expected number of cell count was less than five, Fisher’s exact test. For meta-analysis, the estimates were combined using a fixed-effects meta-analysis, using the inverse variance-weighted method. Student’s t-test was used to compare the age at diagnosis between the mutation carriers and non-carriers. Per-allele odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) for the common
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
polymorphisms were estimated with logistic regression. Multivariate regression models including any two of the three SNPs at a time were used to study the independence of the association signals. Haplotype-specific ORs and CIs were estimated with the HaploStats package in R. A haplotype carrying the major-alleles of rs2588809 and rs1314913 and the minor-allele of the rs999737 was used as a reference. Study and principal components were used as covariates in all analyses with the BCAC dataset to correct for potential population stratification. The analyses for the genotyped SNPs were adjusted for seven and the analysis for the imputed SNP for nine principal components as previously described [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
]. Separate analyses were performed for all breast cancer cases and for subsets of cases with first-degree family history of breast cancer, and cases with estrogen receptor (ER) positive and negative tumors. Studies where family history information was predominantly missing were excluded from the familial analyses. The imputed c.541C>T missense variant was analyzed with SNPTEST. First, an association test stratified with study was performed to obtain imputation information scores for the individual studies. The final analysis, restricted to BCAC studies with information score ≥ 0.5, was performed with study and the nine principal components as covariates. The online tool LocusZoom was used to generate a regional association plot for visualization of the SNP associations and the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref029" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
].</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results" id="sec007">
<title>Results</title>
<p>We sequenced the coding region and the exon-intron boundaries of the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
gene in 168 breast (female and male) and 4 familial ovarian cancer patients from Southern Finland. Nine intronic and six missense variants were identified (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0153788.t001">Table 1</xref>
). The c.541C>T, p.(Arg181Trp), missense change was the only variant that was predicted to be pathogenic by both MutationTaster and PON-P software and was selected for further genotyping. Based on Finnish subjects in the ExAC dataset, the minor-allele frequency (MAF) for the c.541C>T variant is estimated to be 1.2% whereas in the non-Finnish Europeans the MAF is 0.05% (Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC), Cambridge, MA (URL:
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://exac.broadinstitute.org/">http://exac.broadinstitute.org</ext-link>
) [May, 2015]). According to RaptorX secondary structure prediction software the arginine in position 181 is located in beta-sheet with the likelihood of 83.4% but, as determined by PredictProtein, the amino acid is not predicted to directly participate in protein-protein interactions.</p>
<table-wrap id="pone.0153788.t001" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0153788.t001</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Variants identified in the screening of the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
gene (RefSeq NM_133509.3).</title>
</caption>
<alternatives>
<graphic id="pone.0153788.t001g" xlink:href="pone.0153788.t001"></graphic>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup span="1">
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DNA change</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">protein change</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs-number</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">position</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AA
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn001">
<sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aa
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn002">
<sup>b</sup>
</xref>
</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aa
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn003">
<sup>c</sup>
</xref>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAF
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn004">
<sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAF
<sub>ExAC</sub>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t001fn005">
<sup>e</sup>
</xref>
</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MutationTaster</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PON-P</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.84+28T>G</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs17783124</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">intron 2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.343</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.287</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.84+82T>C</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs28604984</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">intron 2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.343</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.84+120G>A</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs28623567</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">intron 2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.343</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.199-33G>T</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs184815928</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">intron 3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.199-30dupA</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs34564590</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">intron 3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.346</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.286</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.199-21C>T</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs35183950</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">intron 3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.515T>G</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p.Leu172Trp</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs34094401</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exon 6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.015</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.027</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">unclassified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.539A>G</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p.Tyr180Cys</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs28910275</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exon 6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.078</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.057</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">unclassified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.541C>T</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p.Arg181Trp</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs199981178</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exon 6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">169</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">disease causing</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">pathogenic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.572+95_96delGG</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">intron 6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.728A>G</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p.Lys243Arg</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs34594234</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exon 7</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">disease causing</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">unclassified</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.854-103A>G</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs10146321</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">intron 8</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.209</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.957+125C>A</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs10146772</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">intron 9</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.480</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.1063G>A</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p.Ala355Thr</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs61758785</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exon 11</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.007</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">neutral</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c.1094C>G</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p.Pro365Arg</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs28908468</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">exon 11</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.093</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.115</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">polymorphism</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NA</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="t001fn001">
<p>Counts of
<sup>
<bold>a</bold>
</sup>
common homozygotes</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t001fn002">
<p>
<sup>
<bold>b</bold>
</sup>
heterozygotes and</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t001fn003">
<p>
<sup>
<bold>c</bold>
</sup>
rare homozygotes in this study</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t001fn004">
<p>
<sup>
<bold>d</bold>
</sup>
Minor-allele frequency (MAF) in this study</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t001fn005">
<p>
<sup>
<bold>e</bold>
</sup>
MAF in the Finnish population in the ExAC database</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>The c.541C>T missense variant was genotyped in additional 3359 female and male breast cancer patients and families, and in 2351 population controls from Southern (Helsinki and Tampere datasets) and Northern Finland (Oulu dataset). Altogether, when combining the two stages of mutation testing, c.541C>T was screened in 2331 patients from Helsinki, 748 patients from Tampere, and 452 patients from Oulu. There was no evidence of association in any of the population-based case-control studies (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0153788.t002">Table 2</xref>
). There was a suggestive association among breast cancer families with at least three first or second-degree relatives affected with breast or ovarian cancer, compared to population controls, in the Helsinki dataset (OR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.20–4.48,
<italic>P</italic>
= 0.010) (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0153788.t002">Table 2</xref>
). The mean age at breast cancer diagnosis was similar between carriers and non-carriers among the familial patients (54.2 for carriers and 53.1 for non-carriers,
<italic>P</italic>
= 0.725) and among all cases (55.9 for carriers and 56.4 for non-carriers,
<italic>P</italic>
= 0.744). However, no association was observed for familial breast cancer in the Oulu dataset, and there was no evidence of association when all datasets were combined (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.66–2.73,
<italic>P</italic>
= 0.410). The variant was also genotyped in 1900 breast cancer cases and 1235 population controls from Belarus but only three carriers were identified among cases and none among controls (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0153788.t002">Table 2</xref>
).</p>
<table-wrap id="pone.0153788.t002" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0153788.t002</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Frequencies and ORs for the c.541C>T mutation among the different patient subgroups in the Helsinki, Tampere, Oulu, and Belarus series.</title>
</caption>
<alternatives>
<graphic id="pone.0153788.t002g" xlink:href="pone.0153788.t002"></graphic>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup span="1">
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>HELSINKI dataset</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Total</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>CC</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>%</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>CT</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>
<italic>P</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1278</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1257</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.36%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All female BC cases</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2293</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2240</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.69%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.31%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42 (0.85–2.36)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.179</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Familial BC (≥3 affected)
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn002">
<sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">430</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">414</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.28%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.72%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.31 (1.20–4.48)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.010</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Familial BC (2 affected)
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">
<sup>b</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">523</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">513</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.09%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17 (0.55–2.50)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.690</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unselected BC</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1728</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1690</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.80%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.20%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35 (0.79–2.30)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.277</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male BC
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn004">
<sup>c</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.30%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.70%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.66 (0.22–12.70)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.469</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Familial OC</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>TAMPERE dataset</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Total</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>CC</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>%</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>CT/TT</bold>
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn005">
<sup>d</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>
<italic>P</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">800</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">778</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.25%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.75%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unselected BC</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">645</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">620</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.12%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.88%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43 (0.80–2.55)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.230</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male BC
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn006">
<sup>e</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.03%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35 (0.05–2.60)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.503</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>OULU dataset</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Total</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>CC</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>%</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>CT</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>
<italic>P</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">273</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">267</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.80%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.20%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All female BC cases</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">452</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">443</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.01%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.99%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 (0.32–2.57)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.850</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Familial BC (≥3 affected)
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn002">
<sup>a</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.80%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54 (0.06–4.57)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Familial BC (2 affected)
<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="t002fn003">
<sup>b</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.96%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.04%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93 (0.11–7.87)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unselected BC</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">320</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">313</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.81%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.19%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (0.33–3.00)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.993</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>BELARUS dataset</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>Total</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>CC</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>%</bold>
</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>CT</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>%</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>OR (95% CI)</bold>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<bold>
<italic>P</italic>
</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1235</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1235</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BC cases</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1900</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1897</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.85%</td>
<td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15%</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.284</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="t002fn001">
<p>BC = breast cancer; OC = ovarian cancer</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t002fn002">
<p>
<sup>a</sup>
Families with ≥3 BC or OC among first- or second-degree relatives</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t002fn003">
<p>
<sup>b</sup>
Two first-degree relatives affected with BC or OC</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t002fn004">
<p>
<sup>c</sup>
Includes 33 male BC cases and 4 female BC cases with family history of male BC</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t002fn005">
<p>
<sup>d</sup>
The Tampere dataset included one case with homozygous mutation</p>
</fn>
<fn id="t002fn006">
<p>
<sup>e</sup>
Male BC cases only</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>We further studied the missense variant c.541C>T and the previously reported common risk SNPs rs2588809, rs1314913, and rs999737 in a large breast cancer dataset from BCAC comprising 40 studies with 44,791 invasive breast cancer cases and 43,583 controls of predominantly European ancestry. The subjects were genotyped on an Illumina Infinium custom chip (iCOGS) for over 200,000 SNPs [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
], including the rs2588809, rs1314913, and rs999737 SNPs. Genotypes for over 11 million SNPs, including the c.541C>T missense variant, were imputed by using the 1000Genomes project as a reference panel [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
]. For the missense variant, we first performed an association test stratified by study including all the 40 BCAC studies. The overall information score for the c.541C>T was 0.673. To increase the imputation accuracy of this rare variant, studies with information score less than 0.5 in the stratified analysis were excluded from the final analysis (
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0153788.s004">S3 Table</xref>
). Altogether 26,969 cases and 27,092 controls from 23 studies were included and the information score for the variant in the final analysis was 0.755. The MAF of the c.541C>T missense variant was 0.2% among all cases, familial cases, and controls and it did not associate with breast cancer among all cases (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.76–1.25,
<italic>P</italic>
= 0.538) or familial cases (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.65–1.66,
<italic>P</italic>
= 0.794). The highest frequency was observed in the Finnish studies HEBCS, KBCP, and OBCS with the overall MAF ranging from 0.6% to 0.7%. The HEBCS and OBCS studies are overlapping with the Finnish Helsinki and Oulu datasets that were genotyped for the variant.</p>
<p>Breast cancer associations for two of the genotyped SNPs, rs2588809 and rs999737, in the BCAC dataset have been published before [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref024" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
] and the results were replicated here. The minor-alleles of rs2588809 and rs1314913 and the major-allele of rs999737 were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer with ORs between 1.07–1.08 among all breast cancer cases and also among familial cases with ORs between 1.10–1.15 (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0153788.t003">Table 3</xref>
). The associations were also significant among the subset of cases with ER-positive tumors but only rs999737 showed association among the ER-negative subset (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0153788.t003">Table 3</xref>
). Rs2588809 and rs1314913 are strongly correlated (r
<sup>2</sup>
= 0.816), whereas rs999737 is not correlated with them (r
<sup>2</sup>
= 0.003 with rs2588809 and r
<sup>2</sup>
= 0.070 with rs1314913) (
<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pone.0153788.s001">S1 Fig</xref>
). In multivariate logistic regression models, both rs2588809 and rs1314913 remained significant after adjustment with rs999737 (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.04–1.09,
<italic>P</italic>
= 1.74 x 10
<sup>−6</sup>
and OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.03–1.09,
<italic>P</italic>
= 9.24 x 10
<sup>−6</sup>
, respectively). Likewise, rs999737 remained an independent predictor for risk after adjustment with rs2588809 or rs1314913 (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.06–1.11,
<italic>P</italic>
= 2.91 x 10
<sup>-11</sup>
and
<italic>P</italic>
= 2.54 x 10
<sup>−11</sup>
, respectively). Neither rs2588809 nor rs1314913 remained significant when adjusted with each other (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.00–1.16,
<italic>P</italic>
= 0.066 and OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.93–1.08,
<italic>P</italic>
= 0.977, respectively).</p>
<table-wrap id="pone.0153788.t003" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0153788.t003</object-id>
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Frequencies and ORs for the SNPs rs2588809, rs1314913, and rs999737 for all breast cancer cases, familial cases and ER-positive and -negative cases in the BCAC dataset.</title>
</caption>
<alternatives>
<graphic id="pone.0153788.t003g" xlink:href="pone.0153788.t003"></graphic>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup span="1">
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rs-number</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAF
<sub>controls</sub>
</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">MAF
<sub>cases</sub>
</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR
<sub>ALL</sub>
(95%CI)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic>
<sub>ALL</sub>
</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR
<sub>FAM</sub>
(95%CI)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic>
<sub>FAM</sub>
</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR
<sub>ER+</sub>
(95%CI)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic>
<sub>ER+</sub>
</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR
<sub>ER-</sub>
(95%CI)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic>
<sub>ER-</sub>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs2588809</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.158</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.169</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08 (1.05–1.10)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.62 x 10
<sup>−8</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10 (1.05–1.16)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.72 x 10
<sup>−5</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09 (1.06–1.12)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.65 x 10
<sup>−8</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (0.95–1.05)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.90 x 10
<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs1314913</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.144</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.154</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07 (1.04–1.10)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.74 x 10
<sup>−7</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10 (1.04–1.16)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.45 x 10
<sup>−4</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09 (1.05–1.12)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.36 x 10
<sup>−7</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98 (0.93–1.03)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.85 x 10
<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rs999737</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.231</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.215</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09 (1.06–1.11)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.78 x 10
<sup>−13</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15 (1.10–1.20)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08 x 10
<sup>−9</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.10 (1.07–1.13)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.70 x 10
<sup>−12</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05 (1.00–1.10)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.03 x 10
<sup>−2</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="t003fn001">
<p>ALL = all breast cancer cases; FAM = familial breast cancer cases; ER+ = ER-positive; ER- = ER- negative.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<p>To evaluate the allele combination associated with the highest risk, we performed haplotype analysis for rs2588809, rs1314913, and rs999737. The reference haplotype CCT, carrying the major-alleles of rs2588809 and rs1314913 and the minor-allele of rs999737 had an estimated frequency of 21.0% among controls and 19.4% among cases. The strongest association was observed for the TTC haplotype that carries the risk-alleles of all the three SNPs with an odds ratio of 1.15 for all cases (95% CI: 1.11–1.19,
<italic>P</italic>
= 8.88 x 10
<sup>−16</sup>
) and 1.24 for familial cases (95% CI: 1.16–1.32,
<italic>P</italic>
= 6.19 x 10
<sup>−11</sup>
) (
<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone.0153788.t004">Table 4</xref>
). This haplotype had an estimated frequency of 12.6% among controls, 13.5% among all cases, and 14.1% among familial cases. The most common haplotype, with over 60% frequency among cases and controls, was the haplotype CCC carrying the risk-allele of rs999737 and also this haplotype associated with an increased risk of breast cancer among all the cases (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06–1.12,
<italic>P</italic>
= 1.86 x 10
<sup>−10</sup>
) and the familial cases (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09–1.20,
<italic>P</italic>
= 1.30 x 10
<sup>−7</sup>
) when compared to the CCT haplotype.</p>
<table-wrap id="pone.0153788.t004" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0153788.t004</object-id>
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Estimated haplotype frequencies and haplotype-specific ORs among the BCAC dataset.</title>
<p>The haplotypes are based on genotypes for SNPs rs2588809, rs1314913, and rs999737.</p>
</caption>
<alternatives>
<graphic id="pone.0153788.t004g" xlink:href="pone.0153788.t004"></graphic>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<colgroup span="1">
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
<col align="left" valign="middle" span="1"></col>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th>
<th align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1">All breast cancer cases</th>
<th align="left" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Familial breast cancer cases</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Haplotype</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freq controls</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freq cases</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic>
</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freq controls</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Freq cases</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR (95% CI)</th>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>P</italic>
</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCT (reference)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.210</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.194</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.211</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.188</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TTC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.126</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.135</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15 (1.11–1.19)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.88 x 10
<sup>−16</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.126</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.141</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.24 (1.16–1.32)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.19 x 10
<sup>−11</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CCC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.632</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.636</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09 (1.06–1.12)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86 x 10
<sup>−10</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.628</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.635</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14 (1.09–1.20)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30 x 10
<sup>−7</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TCC</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.011</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.013</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15 (1.04–1.27)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.48 x 10
<sup>−3</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.013</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17 (0.98–1.41)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.36 x 10
<sup>−2</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TTT</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11 (0.99–1.23)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.12 x 10
<sup>−2</sup>
</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.018</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.
<italic>06</italic>
(0.86–1.31)</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.70 x 10
<sup>−1</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="t004fn001">
<p>Freq = frequency</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec008">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>To study the role of
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
in breast cancer predisposition, we screened the coding sequence in 172 Finnish breast or ovarian cancer patients. We also studied the common susceptibility variants in the genomic region of the gene in a large dataset from BCAC including 44,791 breast cancer cases and 43,583 controls. Among the Finnish patients, we identified one putatively pathogenic missense variant, c.541C>T, p.(Arg181Trp), that was further screened in a larger set of unselected and familial breast cancer patients and population controls.</p>
<p>In the Helsinki dataset, the c.541C>T mutation had a suggestive association with familial breast cancer but this association was not confirmed in the other Finnish sample sets. In Belarus, the mutation was rare and was identified only in three cases but not among controls. For the large BCAC dataset that had been genotyped on the iCOGS chip, c.541C>T genotypes were imputed. The missense was very rare with a 0.2% MAF and no association with breast cancer was seen among all breast cancer cases or in the subset of familial patients.</p>
<p>Out of the common variants at the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
region, rs999737 and rs2588809 have been associated with female breast cancer and rs1314913 with male breast cancer [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref012" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
–
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
]. For rs999737 and rs2588809 the results from the previous BCAC studies for all cases and by ER status were replicated here [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref014" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
,
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref030" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>
]. The rs1314913 SNP has been previously associated with male breast cancer with an OR of 1.57 (
<italic>P</italic>
= 3.02 × 10
<sup>−13</sup>
) [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref013" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
]. It has not been previously reported in female breast cancer, and showed here similar associations as rs2588809 with OR of 1.07 among all cases and 1.09 among ER-positive cases. The rs1314913 SNP is correlated with rs2588809 (r
<sup>2</sup>
= 0.816) but not with rs999737 (r
<sup>2</sup>
= 0.070). Our results suggest two independent associations at the region as rs999737 adjusted with rs1314913 or rs2588809 showed significant association whereas neither rs1314913 nor rs2588809 remained significant after adjustment with each other, suggesting both may be tagging another, causative allele.</p>
<p>All three variants were also associated with familial breast cancer. The strongest association was observed for a haplotype carrying the risk-alleles of all the three SNPs both among all cases and familial cases with ORs of 1.15 and 1.24, respectively. This haplotype is observed at a frequency of 12.6% among controls and 13.5% among cases.</p>
<p>To date, only three studies have reported truncating germline mutations in
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
: two deleterious mutations were detected among ovarian cancer cases, one splicing mutation in a breast and ovarian cancer family, and one nonsense mutation in a melanoma family [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref031" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
–
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref033" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
]. In an Australian, study no pathogenic mutations were identified among 188 breast cancer families [
<xref rid="pone.0153788.ref034" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
]. These reports together with our results suggest that loss-of-function mutations in
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
are very rare yet we cannot exclude such mutations and possibly a higher breast cancer risk associated with these. However, the common variants in the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
region are associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Further fine-mapping studies are needed to identify the causative variants underlying the associations, and functional studies to determine whether
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
or another gene in the region is the target of these associations.
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
is a plausible candidate gene for the association as it functions in HR repair of DNA damage like most of the known breast cancer genes.</p>
<p>In conclusion, no pathogenic
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
mutations were identified among 172 Finnish breast or ovarian cancer patients. However, we cannot rule out rare risk-variants in the Finnish or other populations. The minor-alleles of the common polymorphisms rs2588809 and rs1314913 and the major-allele of rs999737 were associated with breast cancer risk in the large BCAC dataset. The strongest association was observed for a risk haplotype carrying the risk-alleles of all the three SNPs with an OR of 1.15 among all cases and 1.24 among familial cases compared to the haplotype with the respective protective alleles.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="sec009">
<title>Supporting Information</title>
<supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0153788.s001">
<label>S1 Fig</label>
<caption>
<title>Regional association plot for the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
SNPs rs2588809, rs1314913, and rs999737 and the c.541C>T missense variant.</title>
<p>Each variant is represented with a dot and the color of the dot represents the extent of LD (r
<sup>2</sup>
) with rs2588809. Association among all breast cancer cases in the BCAC dataset is represented at the–log10 scale. The
<italic>x</italic>
axis shows the genomic positions of the variants based on hg19 build. The right
<italic>y</italic>
axis shows the estimated recombination rate at the region (centiMorgans/megabase, cM/Mb). LD and recombination rate were estimated using the 1000Genomes Nov 2014 EUR as the reference population.</p>
<p>(PDF)</p>
</caption>
<media xlink:href="pone.0153788.s001.pdf">
<caption>
<p>Click here for additional data file.</p>
</caption>
</media>
</supplementary-material>
<supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0153788.s002">
<label>S1 Table</label>
<caption>
<title>Primers and PCR conditions for the screening of the
<italic>RAD51B</italic>
gene and the c.541C>T missense mutation.</title>
<p>(DOCX)</p>
</caption>
<media xlink:href="pone.0153788.s002.docx">
<caption>
<p>Click here for additional data file.</p>
</caption>
</media>
</supplementary-material>
<supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0153788.s003">
<label>S2 Table</label>
<caption>
<title>Description of the BCAC studies.</title>
<p>BCAC studies genotyped on the iCOGS array, ethics approval committees/institutional review boards and the numbers of controls, all invasive cases, cases with first-degree family history of breast cancer, and cases with ER-positive and negative tumors included in this study. All subjects are genetically European.</p>
<p>(DOCX)</p>
</caption>
<media xlink:href="pone.0153788.s003.docx">
<caption>
<p>Click here for additional data file.</p>
</caption>
</media>
</supplementary-material>
<supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0153788.s004">
<label>S3 Table</label>
<caption>
<title>The imputed c.541C>T variant in the BCAC dataset.</title>
<p>Minor-allele frequencies (MAF) of the imputed c.541C>T missense variant in the BCAC studies and the information scores from the association analysis stratified by study. Studies with information score <0.5 were excluded from the final analysis.</p>
<p>(DOCX)</p>
</caption>
<media xlink:href="pone.0153788.s004.docx">
<caption>
<p>Click here for additional data file.</p>
</caption>
</media>
</supplementary-material>
<supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="pone.0153788.s005">
<label>S1 Text</label>
<caption>
<title>Supplementary Materials and Methods.</title>
<p>(DOCX)</p>
</caption>
<media xlink:href="pone.0153788.s005.docx">
<caption>
<p>Click here for additional data file.</p>
</caption>
</media>
</supplementary-material>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<p>We thank all the individuals who took part in these studies and all the researchers, clinicians, technicians and administrative staff who have enabled this work to be carried out. The
<bold>HEBCS</bold>
thanks Drs Kirsimari Aaltonen, Karl von Smitten, and Tuomas Heikkinen, and research nurses Irja Erkkilä and Virpi Palola for their help with patient samples and data. The Finnish Cancer Registry is gratefully acknowledged for the cancer diagnostic data and Molecular Medicine Sequencing Laboratory for the sequencing service. The
<bold>ABCFS</bold>
thanks Maggie Angelakos, Judi Maskiell, and Gillian Dite. The
<bold>ABCS</bold>
thanks Sten Cornelissen, Frans Hogervorst, Senno Verhoef, and Sanquin, The Netherlands. The
<bold>BBCS</bold>
thanks Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills, and Kara Sargus. The
<bold>BIGGS</bold>
thanks Niall McInerney, Gabrielle Colleran, Andrew Rowan, and Angela Jones. The
<bold>BSUCH</bold>
thanks Peter Bugert and Medical Faculty Mannheim. The
<bold>CGPS</bold>
thanks the staff and participants of the Copenhagen General Population Study and Dorthe Uldall Andersen, Maria Birna Arnadottir, Anne Bank, and Dorthe Kjeldgård Hansen for excellent technical assistance.The
<bold>CNIO-BCS</bold>
thanks Guillermo Pita, Charo Alonso, Daniel Herrero, Nuria Álvarez, Pilar Zamora, Primitiva Menendez, and the Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit (CNIO). The
<bold>CTS</bold>
Steering Committee includes Leslie Bernstein, Susan Neuhausen, James Lacey, Sophia Wang, Huiyan Ma, Yani Lu, and Jessica Clague DeHart at the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Dennis Deapen, Rich Pinder, Eunjung Lee, and Fred Schumacher at the University of Southern California, Pam Horn-Ross, Peggy Reynolds, Christina Clarke Dur and David Nelson at the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, and Hoda Anton-Culver, Argyrios Ziogas, and Hannah Park at the University of California Irvine. The
<bold>ESTHER</bold>
thanks Hartwig Ziegler, Sonja Wolf, Volker Hermann, Christa Stegmaier, and Katja Butterbach. The
<bold>GC-HBOC</bold>
thanks Stefanie Engert, Heide Hellebrand, and Sandra Kröber. The
<bold>GENICA</bold>
Network includes Hiltrud Brauch, Wing-Yee Lo, and Christina Justenhoven, Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Germany; Yon-Dschun Ko, Christian Baisch, Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany; Hans-Peter Fischer, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Germany; Ute Hamann, Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Thomas Brüning, Beate Pesch, Sylvia Rabstein, Anne Lotz, Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany; and Volker Harth, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany. The
<bold>HMBCS</bold>
thanks Natalia Antonenkova, Peter Hillemanns, Hans Christiansen and Johann H. Karstens. The
<bold>KBCP</bold>
thanks Eija Myöhänen and Helena Kemiläinen.
<bold>kConFab/AOCS</bold>
wish to thank Heather Thorne, Eveline Niedermayr, all the kConFab research nurses and staff, the heads and staff of the Family Cancer Clinics, and the Clinical Follow Up Study for their contributions to this resource, and the many families who contribute to kConFab. The
<bold>LMBC</bold>
thanks Gilian Peuteman, Dominiek Smeets, Thomas Van Brussel and Kathleen Corthouts. The
<bold>MARIE</bold>
thanks Dieter Flesch-Janys, Petra Seibold, Judith Heinz, Nadia Obi, Alina Vrieling, Sabine Behrens, Ursula Eilber, Muhabbet Celik, Til Olchers and Stefan Nickels. The
<bold>MBCSG</bold>
thanks Siranoush Manoukian, Bernard Peissel and Daniela Zaffaroni of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT); Bernardo Bonanni, Monica Barile and Irene Feroce of the Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO) and the personnel of the Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory. The
<bold>MTLGEBCS</bold>
would like to thank Martine Tranchant (CHU de Québec Research Center), Marie-France Valois, Annie Turgeon and Lea Heguy (McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital; McGill University) for DNA extraction, sample management and skillful technical assistance. J.S. is Chairholder of the Canada Research Chair in Oncogenetics. The following are
<bold>NBCS</bold>
Collaborators: Dr. Kristine K.Sahlberg, PhD (Department of Research, Vestre Viken Hospital, Drammen, Norway and Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway), Dr. Lars Ottestad, MD (Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway), Prof. Em. Rolf Kåresen, MD (Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway and Department of Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Division of Surgery, Cancer and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Dr. Anita Langerød, PhD (Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway), Dr. Ellen Schlichting, MD (Section for Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Cancer, Division of Surgery, Cancer and Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Dr. Marit Muri Holmen, MD (Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Prof. Toril Sauer, MD (Department of Pathology at Akershus University hospital, Lørenskog, Norway and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway), Dr. Vilde Haakensen, MD (Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway), Dr. Olav Engebråten, MD (Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, Department of Oncology, Division of Surgery and Cancer and Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway and Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway), Prof. Bjørn Naume, MD (Department of Oncology, Division of Surgery and Cancer and Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Breast Cancer, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.), Dr. Cecile E. Kiserud, MD (National Advisory Unit on Late Effects after Cancer Treatment, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway and Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Dr. Kristin V. Reinertsen, MD (National Advisory Unit on Late Effects after Cancer Treatment, Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway and Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Assoc. Prof. Åslaug Helland, MD (Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway), Dr. Margit Riis, MD (Dept of Breast- and Endocrine Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway), Dr. Ida Bukholm, MD (Department of Breast-Endocrine Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway and Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway), Prof. Per Eystein Lønning, MD (Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen and Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway), OSBREAC (Oslo Breast Cancer Research Consortium) and Grethe I. Grenaker Alnæs, M.Sc. (Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital-Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway). The
<bold>NBHS</bold>
thanks study partcipants and research staff for their contributions and commitment to this study. The
<bold>OBCS</bold>
thanks Katri Pylkäs, Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen, Meeri Otsukka, Leena Keskitalo, Annika Väntänen, and Kari Mononen. The
<bold>OFBCR</bold>
thanks Teresa Selander and Nayana Weerasooriya. The
<bold>ORIGO</bold>
thanks E. Krol-Warmerdam, and J. Blom for patient accrual, administering questionnaires, and managing clinical information. The
<bold>PBCS</bold>
thanks Louise Brinton, Mark Sherman, Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Beata Peplonska, Witold Zatonski, Pei Chao, and Michael Stagner. The
<bold>pKARMA</bold>
thanks the Swedish Medical Research Counsel. The
<bold>RBCS</bold>
thanks Petra Bos, Jannet Blom, Ellen Crepin, Elisabeth Huijskens, Annette Heemskerk, and the Erasmus MC Family Cancer Clinic. The
<bold>SASBAC</bold>
thanks the Swedish Medical Research Counsel. The
<bold>SBCS</bold>
thanks Sue Higham, Helen Cramp, Ian Brock, Sabapathy Balasubramanian, and Dan Connley. The
<bold>SEARCH</bold>
thanks the SEARCH and EPIC teams. The
<bold>SKKDKFZS</bold>
thanks all study participants, clinicians, family doctors, researchers and technicians for their contributions and commitment to this study. The
<bold>TNBCC</bold>
thanks Robert Pilarski and Charles Shapiro who were instrumental in the formation of the OSU Breast Cancer Tissue Bank. We thank the Human Genetics Sample Bank for processing of samples and providing OSU Columbus area control samples. The
<bold>UKBGS</bold>
thanks Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research for support and funding of the Breakthrough Generations Study, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses and other health care providers and health information sources who have contributed to the study. The Institute of Cancer Research acknowledges NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/ICR NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The iCOGS study would not have been possible without the contributions of the following: Andrew Berchuck (OCAC), Rosalind A. Eeles, Ali Amin Al Olama, Zsofia Kote-Jarai, Sara Benlloch (PRACTICAL), Antonis Antoniou, Lesley McGuffog, and Ken Offit (CIMBA), Andrew Lee, and Ed Dicks, Craig Luccarini and the staff of the Centre for Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, the staff of the CNIO genotyping unit, Jacques Simard and Daniel C. Tessier, Francois Bacot, Daniel Vincent, Sylvie LaBoissière and Frederic Robidoux and the staff of the McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Sune F. Nielsen, Borge G. Nordestgaard, and the staff of the Copenhagen DNA laboratory, and Julie M. Cunningham, Sharon A. Windebank, Christopher A. Hilker, Jeffrey Meyer and the staff of Mayo Clinic Genotyping Core Facility.</p>
<sec id="sec010">
<title>Consortia members</title>
<p>
<bold>KConFab Investigators</bold>
(
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.kconfab.org/Organisation/Members.aspx">http://www.kconfab.org/Organisation/Members.aspx</ext-link>
):</p>
<p>Morteza Aghmesheh, Medical Oncology Department, Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong Hospital; David Amor, Genetic Health Services Victoria, Royal Children's Hospital; Lesley Andrews, Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital; Yoland Antill, Dept. Haem and Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Shane Armitage, Molecular Genetics Lab, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Leanne Arnold, Molecular Genetics Lab, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Rosemary Balleine, Department of Translational Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead Hospital; Agnes Bankier, HEIDELBERG WEST, The Austin Hospital; Patti Bastick, St George Hospital, Medical Oncology Dept,; Jonathan Beesley, Queensland Institute of Medical Research; John Beilby, Pathology Centre, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre; Barbara Bennett, Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital; Ian Bennett; Geoffrey Berry, Dept of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Sydney; Anneke Blackburn, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University; Michael Bogwitz, Familial Cancer Centre, The Royal Melbourne Hospital; Meagan Brennan, NSW Breast Cancer Institute; Melissa Brown, Department of Biochemistry, University of Queensland; Michael Buckley, Molecular and Cytogenetics Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital; Matthew Burgess, Clinical Genetics Service; Jo Burke, Royal Hobart Hospital; Phyllis Butow, Medical Psychology Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Keith Byron, Australian Genome Research Facility, Walter & Eliza Hall Medical Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital; David Callen, Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories, University of Adelaide/Hanson Institute; Ian Campbell, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Deepa Chauhan, School of Psychology, University of Sydney; Georgia Chenevix‐Trench, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital; Alice Christian, Genetics Department, Central Region Genetics Service, Wellington Hospital; Christine Clarke, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital; Alison Colley, Department of Clinical Genetics, Liverpool Health Service; Dick Cotton, Mutation Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital; Ashley Crook, Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal North Shore Hospital; James Cui, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University; Bronwyn Culling, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Margaret Cummings, Department of Pathology, University of Queensland Medical School; Sarah‐Jane Dawson, Molecular Genetics Department, Cambridge University; Anna DeFazio, Dept. Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Hospital; Martin Delatycki, Clinical Genetics, Austin Health, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital; Rebecca Dickson, Royal North Shore Hospital; Joanne Dixon, Central Regional Genetic Services, Wellington Hospital; Alexander Dobrovic, Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Tracy Dudding, Hunter Genetics, Hunter Area Health Service; Ted Edkins, Clinical Chemistry, Princess Margret Hospital for Children; Stacey Edwards, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland; Maurice Eisenbruch, Department of Multicultural Health, University of Sydney; Gelareh Farshid, Tissue Pathology, IMVS; Susan Fawcett, Family Cancer Clinic, Monash Medical Centre; Andrew Fellows, Molecular Diagnostic Development, Pathology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Georgina Fenton, South West Family Cancer Clinic, Liverpool Hospital; Michael Field, Royal North Shore Hospital; Frank Firgaira, GTG; James Flanagan, Epigenetics Unit, Department of Surgery and Oncology, Imperial College London; Jean Fleming, Eskitis Institute of Cell & Molecular Therapies, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Griffith University; Peter Fong, Medical Oncology Department, Regional Cancer and Blood Services, Auckland City Hospital; John Forbes, Surgical Oncology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Mater Hospital; Stephen Fox, Pathology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Juliet French, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland; Michael Friedlander, Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital; Clara Gaff, Victorian Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Mac Gardner, Genetic Health Services Victoria, Royal Children's Hospital; Mike Gattas, Queensland Clinical Genetic Service, Royal Children's Hospital; Peter George, Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Labs; Graham Giles, Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Anti Cancer Council of Victoria; Grantley Gill, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital; Jack Goldblatt, Genetic Services Of WA, King Edward Memorial Hospital; Sian Greening, Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital; Scott Grist, Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology; Eric Haan, Department of Medical Genetics, Women's and Children's Hospital; Kate Hardie, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland; Marion Harris, Familial Cancer Clinic, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Stewart Hart, Breast and Ovarian Cancer Genetics, Monash Medical Centre; Nick Hayward, Queensland Institute for Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital; Sue Healey, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR); Louise Heiniger, Medical Psychology Research Unit, The University of Sydney; John Hopper, Centre for M.E.G.A. Epidemiology, University of Melbourne; Evelyn Humphrey, Royal Hobart Hospital; Clare Hunt, Southern Health Familial Cancer Centre, Monash Medical Centre; Paul James Genetic Health Sevices, Monash Medical Centre; Mark Jenkins Centre for M.E.G.A. Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne; Alison Jones, Molecular Genetics Lab, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Rick Kefford, Medical Oncology, Westmead Hospital; Alexa Kidd, Clinical Genetics Departments, Central Regional Genetics Service; Belinda Kiely, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney; Judy Kirk, Familial Cancer Service, Department of Medicine, Westmead Hospital; Jessica Koehler, Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital; James Kollias, Breast Endocrine and Surgical Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital; Serguei Kovalenko, Genetic Technologies Limited; Sunil Lakhani, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, The Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital Herston; Amanda Leaming, Wesley Breast Clinic, Chasely Street, Auchenflower; Jennifer Leary, Familial Cancer Laboratory, Westmead Hospital; Jacqueline Lim, Dept of Psychological Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital; Geoff Lindeman, Breast Cancer Laboratory, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, PO Royal Melbourne Hospital; Lara Lipton, Medical Oncology and Clinical Haematology Unit, Western Hospital; Liz Lobb, Medical Psychology Research Unit, The University of Sydney; Graham Mann, Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute; Deborah Marsh, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital; Sue Anne McLachlan, Department of Oncology, St Vincent's Hospital; Bettina Meiser, Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital; Cliff Meldrum, Molecular Pathology Dept, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Roger Milne, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas; Gillian Mitchell, Family Cancer Clinic, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Beth Newman, School of Public Health Road, Queensland University of Technology; Sophie Nightingale, Western Health and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Shona O'Connell, Southern Health Familial Cancer Centre; ImeldaO 'Loughlin, St Vincent's Breast Clinic; Richard Osborne, Dept of Public Health and Community Medicine; Nick Pachter, Familial Cancer and Clinical Genetics, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Briony Patterson, Tas Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Hobart Hospital; Lester Peters, Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Kelly Phillips, Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Melanie Price, Medical Psychology, University of Sydney; Lynne Purser, The Centre for Genetics Education NSW Health; Tony Reeve, Cancer Genetics Laboratory, University of Otago; Jeanne Reeve, Northern Regional Genetic Service, Auckland Hospital; Robert Richards Dept of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital; Edwina Rickard, Familial Cancer centre, Westmead Hospital; Bridget Robinson, Oncology Service, Christchurch Hospital; Barney Rudzki, Molecular Pathology Department, The University of Melbourne; Mona Saleh, Centre for Genetic Education, Prince of Wales Hospital; Elizabeth Salisbury, Anatomical Pathology, UNSW, Prince of Wales Hospital; Joe Sambrook, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Christobel Saunders, School of Surgery and Pathology, QE11 Medical Centre; Jodi Saunus, Breast Pathology, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital; Robyn Sayer, Gynaecological Cancer Centre, Royal Hospital for Women; Elizabeth Scott, South View Clinic; Rodney Scott, Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital; Clare Scott, Research Department, WEHI, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Ram Seshadri, Department of Haematology, Flinders Medical Centre; Adrienne Sexton, Familial Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Raghwa Sharma, Dept of Tissue Pathology, Westmead Hospital; Andrew Shelling, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland; Peter Simpson, The University of Queensland; Melissa Southey, Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne; Amanda Spurdle, Cancer Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research; Graeme Suthers, South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Centre for Medical Genetics, Women and Children's Hospital; Pamela Sykes, Molecular Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre; Donna Taylor, Department of Radiology, Royal Perth Hospital; Jessica Taylor, Familial Cancer and Genetics Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Benjamin Thierry, Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia; Ella Thompson, Cancer Genetics, Research Department, Peter MaCallum Cancer Centre; Heather Thorne, Research Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Sharron Townshend, Genetic Services of Western Australia; Alison Trainer, University of NSW, Prince of Wales Hospital; Lan Tran, Medical Psychology Unit, University of Sydney; Kathy Tucker, Heredity Cancer Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital; Janet Tyler, Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital; Jane Visvader, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Logan Walker, Molecular Cancer Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital; Ian Walpole, Genetic Services of WA, King Edward Memorial Hospital; Robin Ward, Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital; Paul Waring, Department of Pathology, University of WA; Bev Warner, Cabrini Hospital; Graham Warren, St Vincent's Breast Clinic; Rachael Williams, Family Cancer Clinic, St Vincent's Hospital; Judy Wilson, Royal North Shore Hospital; Ingrid Winship, Department of Genetics, Royal Melbourne Hospital; Kathy Wu, Familial Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital; Mary Ann Young, Familial Cancer Clinic, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre</p>
<p>Contact: Georgia Chenevix-Trench, email:
<email>georgiaT@qimr.edu.au</email>
</p>
<p>
<bold>AOCS.</bold>
(
<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.aocstudy.org/org_coll.asp">http://www.aocstudy.org/org_coll.asp</ext-link>
):</p>
<p>R Stuart-Harris (Canberra Hospital); F Kirsten (Bankstown); J Rutovitz (Hornsby); P Clingan, A Glasgow (Illawarra Area Health Services); A Proietto, S Braye, G Otton (John Hunter Hospital); J Shannon (Nepean Hospital); T Bonaventura, J Stewart (Newcastle Mater Misericordiae); S Begbie (Port Macquarie Base Hospital); M Friedlander (Prince of Wales Hospital); D Bell, S Baron-Hay, A Ferrier (
<italic>dec</italic>
.), G Gard, D Nevell, N Pavlakis, S Valmadre, B Young (Royal North Shore Hospital); C Camaris, R Crouch, L Edwards, N Hacker, D Marsden, G Robertson (Royal Hospital for Women); P Beale, J Beith, J Carter, C Dalrymple, R Houghton, P Russell, L Anderson (Royal Prince Alfred Hospital); M Links (St George Hospital); J Grygiel (St Vincent’s Hospital); J Hill (Wagga Wagga Base Hospital); A Brand, K Byth, R Jaworski, P Harnett, R Sharma, G Wain (Westmead Hospital); D Purdie, D Whiteman (QIMR); B Ward, D Papadimos (Mater Misericordiae Hospitals); A Crandon, M Cummings, K Horwood. A Obermair, L Perrin, D Wyld (Royal Women’s Hospital); J Nicklin (Royal Women’s Hospital and Wesley Hospital); SA- M Davy, MK Oehler, C Hall, T Dodd, T Healy, K Pittman (Royal Adelaide Hospital, Burnside Memorial Hospital); D Henderson (Flinders Medical Centre); J Miller, J Pierdes (Queen Elizabeth Hospital); A Achan (ICPMR); P Blomfield, D Challis, R McIntosh, A Parker (Royal Hobart Hospital); B Brown, R Rome (Freemasons Hospital); D Allen, P Grant, S Hyde, R Laurie M Robbie, (Mercy Hospital for Women), D Healy, T Jobling, T Manolitsas, J McNealage, P Rogers, B Susil, E Sumithran, I Simpson, (Monash Medical Centre); I Haviv, K Phillips, D Rischin, S Fox, D Johnson, S Lade, P Waring, M Loughrey, N O’Callaghan, B Murray, L Mileshkin, P Allan (Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre); V Billson, J Pyman, D Neesham, M Quinn, A Hamilton, O McNally (Royal Women’s Hospital); C Underhill (Border Medical Oncology); R Bell (Andrew Love Cancer Centre); LF Ng (Ballarat Base Hospital); R Blum (Bendigo Health Care Group); V Ganju (Peninsula Health); I Hammond, Y Leung (School for Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia and the Western Australian Gynaecologic Cancer Service); A McCartney (
<italic>dec</italic>
.), C Stewart (King Edward Memorial Hospital); M Buck (Mount Hospital); N Zeps (WARTN)</p>
<p>Contact: Georgia Chenevix-Trench, email:
<email>georgiaT@qimr.edu.au</email>
</p>
</sec>
</ack>
<ref-list>
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