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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species</title><author><name sortKey="Ter Steege, Hans" sort="Ter Steege, Hans" uniqKey="Ter Steege H" first="Hans" last="Ter Steege">Hans Ter Steege</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitman, Nigel C A" sort="Pitman, Nigel C A" uniqKey="Pitman N" first="Nigel C. A." last="Pitman">Nigel C. A. Pitman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605–2496, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Killeen, Timothy J" sort="Killeen, Timothy J" uniqKey="Killeen T" first="Timothy J." last="Killeen">Timothy J. Killeen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Agteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurance, William F" sort="Laurance, William F" uniqKey="Laurance W" first="William F." last="Laurance">William F. Laurance</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peres, Carlos A" sort="Peres, Carlos A" uniqKey="Peres C" first="Carlos A." last="Peres">Carlos A. Peres</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guevara, Juan Ernesto" sort="Guevara, Juan Ernesto" uniqKey="Guevara J" first="Juan Ernesto" last="Guevara">Juan Ernesto Guevara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Av. Río Coca E6-115 e Isla Floreana, Quito, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomao, Rafael P" sort="Salomao, Rafael P" uniqKey="Salomao R" first="Rafael P." last="Salomão">Rafael P. Salomão</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castilho, Carolina V" sort="Castilho, Carolina V" uniqKey="Castilho C" first="Carolina V." last="Castilho">Carolina V. Castilho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 – Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR 69301–970, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amaral, Ieda Leao" sort="Amaral, Ieda Leao" uniqKey="Amaral I" first="Iêda Leão" last="Amaral">Iêda Leão Amaral</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Almeida Matos, Francisca Dionizia" sort="De Almeida Matos, Francisca Dionizia" uniqKey="De Almeida Matos F" first="Francisca Dionízia" last="De Almeida Matos">Francisca Dionízia De Almeida Matos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Souza Coelho, Luiz" sort="De Souza Coelho, Luiz" uniqKey="De Souza Coelho L" first="Luiz" last="De Souza Coelho">Luiz De Souza Coelho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, William E" sort="Magnusson, William E" uniqKey="Magnusson W" first="William E." last="Magnusson">William E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Oliver L" sort="Phillips, Oliver L" uniqKey="Phillips O" first="Oliver L." last="Phillips">Oliver L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Andrade Lima Filho, Diogenes" sort="De Andrade Lima Filho, Diogenes" uniqKey="De Andrade Lima Filho D" first="Diogenes" last="De Andrade Lima Filho">Diogenes De Andrade Lima Filho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jesus Veiga Carim, Marcelo" sort="De Jesus Veiga Carim, Marcelo" uniqKey="De Jesus Veiga Carim M" first="Marcelo" last="De Jesus Veiga Carim">Marcelo De Jesus Veiga Carim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Av. Feliciano Coelho, 1509. Trem, Macapá, Amapá 68901–025, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irume, Mariana Vict Ria" sort="Irume, Mariana Vict Ria" uniqKey="Irume M" first="Mariana Vict Ria" last="Irume">Mariana Vict Ria Irume</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martins, Maria Pires" sort="Martins, Maria Pires" uniqKey="Martins M" first="Maria Pires" last="Martins">Maria Pires Martins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molino, Jean Francois" sort="Molino, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Molino J" first="Jean-François" last="Molino">Jean-François Molino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">UMR AMAP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), TA 40/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, Montpellier Cedex 5 34398, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabatier, Daniel" sort="Sabatier, Daniel" uniqKey="Sabatier D" first="Daniel" last="Sabatier">Daniel Sabatier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">UMR AMAP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), TA 40/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, Montpellier Cedex 5 34398, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wittmann, Florian" sort="Wittmann, Florian" uniqKey="Wittmann F" first="Florian" last="Wittmann">Florian Wittmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez, Dairon Cardenas" sort="L Pez, Dairon Cardenas" uniqKey="L Pez D" first="Dairon Cárdenas" last="L Pez">Dairon Cárdenas L Pez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5, Bogotá, DF 44, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva Guimaraes, Jose Renan" sort="Da Silva Guimaraes, Jose Renan" uniqKey="Da Silva Guimaraes J" first="José Renan" last="Da Silva Guimarães">José Renan Da Silva Guimarães</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Av. Feliciano Coelho, 1509. Trem, Macapá, Amapá 68901–025, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo" sort="Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo" uniqKey="Mendoza A" first="Abel Monteagudo" last="Mendoza">Abel Monteagudo Mendoza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vargas, Percy Nu Ez" sort="Vargas, Percy Nu Ez" uniqKey="Vargas P" first="Percy Nú Ez" last="Vargas">Percy Nú Ez Vargas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto" sort="Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto" uniqKey="Manzatto A" first="Angelo Gilberto" last="Manzatto">Angelo Gilberto Manzatto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-027, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reis, Neidiane Farias Costa" sort="Reis, Neidiane Farias Costa" uniqKey="Reis N" first="Neidiane Farias Costa" last="Reis">Neidiane Farias Costa Reis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-028, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terborgh, John" sort="Terborgh, John" uniqKey="Terborgh J" first="John" last="Terborgh">John Terborgh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casula, Katia Regina" sort="Casula, Katia Regina" uniqKey="Casula K" first="Katia Regina" last="Casula">Katia Regina Casula</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-028, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montero, Juan Carlos" sort="Montero, Juan Carlos" uniqKey="Montero J" first="Juan Carlos" last="Montero">Juan Carlos Montero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feldpausch, Ted R" sort="Feldpausch, Ted R" uniqKey="Feldpausch T" first="Ted R." last="Feldpausch">Ted R. Feldpausch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Honorio Coronado, Euridice N" sort="Honorio Coronado, Euridice N" uniqKey="Honorio Coronado E" first="Euridice N." last="Honorio Coronado">Euridice N. Honorio Coronado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25">Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. José A. Quiñones km. 2.5, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montoya, Alvaro Javier Duque" sort="Montoya, Alvaro Javier Duque" uniqKey="Montoya A" first="Alvaro Javier Duque" last="Montoya">Alvaro Javier Duque Montoya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26">Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65, Medellín, Antioquia 1027, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zartman, Charles Eugene" sort="Zartman, Charles Eugene" uniqKey="Zartman C" first="Charles Eugene" last="Zartman">Charles Eugene Zartman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mostacedo, Bonifacio" sort="Mostacedo, Bonifacio" uniqKey="Mostacedo B" first="Bonifacio" last="Mostacedo">Bonifacio Mostacedo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27">Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Rodolfo" sort="Vasquez, Rodolfo" uniqKey="Vasquez R" first="Rodolfo" last="Vasquez">Rodolfo Vasquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assis, Rafael L" sort="Assis, Rafael L" uniqKey="Assis R" first="Rafael L." last="Assis">Rafael L. Assis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante" sort="Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante" uniqKey="Medeiros M" first="Marcelo Brilhante" last="Medeiros">Marcelo Brilhante Medeiros</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estaccao Biologica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF 70770–917, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, Marcelo Fragomeni" sort="Simon, Marcelo Fragomeni" uniqKey="Simon M" first="Marcelo Fragomeni" last="Simon">Marcelo Fragomeni Simon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estaccao Biologica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF 70770–917, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrade, Ana" sort="Andrade, Ana" uniqKey="Andrade A" first="Ana" last="Andrade">Ana Andrade</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Camargo, Jose Luis" sort="Camargo, Jose Luis" uniqKey="Camargo J" first="José Luís" last="Camargo">José Luís Camargo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurance, Susan G W" sort="Laurance, Susan G W" uniqKey="Laurance S" first="Susan G. W." last="Laurance">Susan G. W. Laurance</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Henrique Eduardo Mendonca" sort="Nascimento, Henrique Eduardo Mendonca" uniqKey="Nascimento H" first="Henrique Eduardo Mendonça" last="Nascimento">Henrique Eduardo Mendonça Nascimento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marimon, Beatriz S" sort="Marimon, Beatriz S" uniqKey="Marimon B" first="Beatriz S." last="Marimon">Beatriz S. Marimon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marimon, Ben Hur" sort="Marimon, Ben Hur" uniqKey="Marimon B" first="Ben-Hur" last="Marimon">Ben-Hur Marimon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Flavia" sort="Costa, Flavia" uniqKey="Costa F" first="Flávia" last="Costa">Flávia Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Targhetta, Natalia" sort="Targhetta, Natalia" uniqKey="Targhetta N" first="Natalia" last="Targhetta">Natalia Targhetta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieira, Ima Celia Guimaraes" sort="Vieira, Ima Celia Guimaraes" uniqKey="Vieira I" first="Ima Célia Guimarães" last="Vieira">Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brienen, Roel" sort="Brienen, Roel" uniqKey="Brienen R" first="Roel" last="Brienen">Roel Brienen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castellanos, Hernan" sort="Castellanos, Hernan" uniqKey="Castellanos H" first="Hernán" last="Castellanos">Hernán Castellanos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff32">Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duivenvoorden, Joost F" sort="Duivenvoorden, Joost F" uniqKey="Duivenvoorden J" first="Joost F." last="Duivenvoorden">Joost F. Duivenvoorden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33">Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, Amsterdam, Noord Holland 1098 XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mogoll N, Hugo F" sort="Mogoll N, Hugo F" uniqKey="Mogoll N H" first="Hugo F." last="Mogoll N">Hugo F. Mogoll N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff34">Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piedade, Maria Teresa Fernandez" sort="Piedade, Maria Teresa Fernandez" uniqKey="Piedade M" first="Maria Teresa Fernandez" last="Piedade">Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aymard C, Gerardo A" sort="Aymard C, Gerardo A" uniqKey="Aymard C G" first="Gerardo A." last="Aymard C.">Gerardo A. Aymard C.</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff35">Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa 3350, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comiskey, James A" sort="Comiskey, James A" uniqKey="Comiskey J" first="James A." last="Comiskey">James A. Comiskey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff36">Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA 22405, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damasco, Gabriel" sort="Damasco, Gabriel" uniqKey="Damasco G" first="Gabriel" last="Damasco">Gabriel Damasco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davila, Nallarett" sort="Davila, Nallarett" uniqKey="Davila N" first="Nállarett" last="Dávila">Nállarett Dávila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37">Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13.083-970, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Villacorta, Roosevelt" sort="Garcia Villacorta, Roosevelt" uniqKey="Garcia Villacorta R" first="Roosevelt" last="García-Villacorta">Roosevelt García-Villacorta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38">Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, Pablo Roberto Stevenson" sort="Diaz, Pablo Roberto Stevenson" uniqKey="Diaz P" first="Pablo Roberto Stevenson" last="Diaz">Pablo Roberto Stevenson Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff40">Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vincentini, Alberto" sort="Vincentini, Alberto" uniqKey="Vincentini A" first="Alberto" last="Vincentini">Alberto Vincentini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emilio, Thaise" sort="Emilio, Thaise" uniqKey="Emilio T" first="Thaise" last="Emilio">Thaise Emilio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff41">Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levis, Carolina" sort="Levis, Carolina" uniqKey="Levis C" first="Carolina" last="Levis">Carolina Levis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff42">Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, University of Wageningen, Lumen, building no.100, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schietti, Juliana" sort="Schietti, Juliana" uniqKey="Schietti J" first="Juliana" last="Schietti">Juliana Schietti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souza, Priscila" sort="Souza, Priscila" uniqKey="Souza P" first="Priscila" last="Souza">Priscila Souza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso, Alfonso" sort="Alonso, Alfonso" uniqKey="Alonso A" first="Alfonso" last="Alonso">Alfonso Alonso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff43">Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 0705, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dallmeier, Francisco" sort="Dallmeier, Francisco" uniqKey="Dallmeier F" first="Francisco" last="Dallmeier">Francisco Dallmeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff43">Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 0705, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Leandro Valle" sort="Ferreira, Leandro Valle" uniqKey="Ferreira L" first="Leandro Valle" last="Ferreira">Leandro Valle Ferreira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neill, David" sort="Neill, David" uniqKey="Neill D" first="David" last="Neill">David Neill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff44">Ecosistemas, Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo Murakami, Alejandro" sort="Araujo Murakami, Alejandro" uniqKey="Araujo Murakami A" first="Alejandro" last="Araujo-Murakami">Alejandro Araujo-Murakami</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff45">Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, Luzmila" sort="Arroyo, Luzmila" uniqKey="Arroyo L" first="Luzmila" last="Arroyo">Luzmila Arroyo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff45">Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Fernanda Antunes" sort="Carvalho, Fernanda Antunes" uniqKey="Carvalho F" first="Fernanda Antunes" last="Carvalho">Fernanda Antunes Carvalho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souza, Fernanda Coelho" sort="Souza, Fernanda Coelho" uniqKey="Souza F" first="Fernanda Coelho" last="Souza">Fernanda Coelho Souza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Do Amaral, Dario Dantas" sort="Do Amaral, Dario Dantas" uniqKey="Do Amaral D" first="Dário Dantas" last="Do Amaral">Dário Dantas Do Amaral</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gribel, Rogerio" sort="Gribel, Rogerio" uniqKey="Gribel R" first="Rogerio" last="Gribel">Rogerio Gribel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff46">Diretoria de Pesquisas Científicas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luize, Bruno Garcia" sort="Luize, Bruno Garcia" uniqKey="Luize B" first="Bruno Garcia" last="Luize">Bruno Garcia Luize</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff47">Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pansonato, Marcelo Petrati" sort="Pansonato, Marcelo Petrati" uniqKey="Pansonato M" first="Marcelo Petrati" last="Pansonato">Marcelo Petrati Pansonato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venticinque, Eduardo" sort="Venticinque, Eduardo" uniqKey="Venticinque E" first="Eduardo" last="Venticinque">Eduardo Venticinque</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff48">Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Campus Universitário - Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59072–970, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fine, Paul" sort="Fine, Paul" uniqKey="Fine P" first="Paul" last="Fine">Paul Fine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toledo, Marisol" sort="Toledo, Marisol" uniqKey="Toledo M" first="Marisol" last="Toledo">Marisol Toledo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baraloto, Chris" sort="Baraloto, Chris" uniqKey="Baraloto C" first="Chris" last="Baraloto">Chris Baraloto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff49">UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex 97379, French Guiana.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff50">International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB), Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL 33199, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cer N, Carlos" sort="Cer N, Carlos" uniqKey="Cer N C" first="Carlos" last="Cer N">Carlos Cer N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff51">Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Ap. Postal 17.01.2177, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Engel, Julien" sort="Engel, Julien" uniqKey="Engel J" first="Julien" last="Engel">Julien Engel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff52">UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, CNRS, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henkel, Terry W" sort="Henkel, Terry W" uniqKey="Henkel T" first="Terry W." last="Henkel">Terry W. Henkel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff53">Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jimenez, Eliana M" sort="Jimenez, Eliana M" uniqKey="Jimenez E" first="Eliana M." last="Jimenez">Eliana M. Jimenez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff54">Grupo de Ecología de Ecosistemas Terrestres Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonía, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maas, Paul" sort="Maas, Paul" uniqKey="Maas P" first="Paul" last="Maas">Paul Maas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff55">Taxonomy and Systematics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mora, Maria Cristina Pe Uela" sort="Mora, Maria Cristina Pe Uela" uniqKey="Mora M" first="Maria Cristina Pe Uela" last="Mora">Maria Cristina Pe Uela Mora</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff56">Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Km 7 via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petronelli, Pascal" sort="Petronelli, Pascal" uniqKey="Petronelli P" first="Pascal" last="Petronelli">Pascal Petronelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff49">UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex 97379, French Guiana.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Revilla, Juan David Cardenas" sort="Revilla, Juan David Cardenas" uniqKey="Revilla J" first="Juan David Cardenas" last="Revilla">Juan David Cardenas Revilla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silveira, Marcos" sort="Silveira, Marcos" uniqKey="Silveira M" first="Marcos" last="Silveira">Marcos Silveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff57">Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC 69915–559, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stropp, Juliana" sort="Stropp, Juliana" uniqKey="Stropp J" first="Juliana" last="Stropp">Juliana Stropp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff58">Land Resource and Management Unit, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 440, Ispra, VA I-21027, Italy.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff59">Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceio, AL 57072–970, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas Caesar, Raquel" sort="Thomas Caesar, Raquel" uniqKey="Thomas Caesar R" first="Raquel" last="Thomas-Caesar">Raquel Thomas-Caesar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff60">Iwokrama International Programme for Rainforest Conservation, Georgetown, Guyana.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Tim R" sort="Baker, Tim R" uniqKey="Baker T" first="Tim R." last="Baker">Tim R. Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daly, Doug" sort="Daly, Doug" uniqKey="Daly D" first="Doug" last="Daly">Doug Daly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff61">New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York, NY 10458–5126, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paredes, Marcos Rios" sort="Paredes, Marcos Rios" uniqKey="Paredes M" first="Marcos Ríos" last="Paredes">Marcos Ríos Paredes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62">Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva, Naara Ferreira" sort="Da Silva, Naara Ferreira" uniqKey="Da Silva N" first="Naara Ferreira" last="Da Silva">Naara Ferreira Da Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fuentes, Alfredo" sort="Fuentes, Alfredo" uniqKey="Fuentes A" first="Alfredo" last="Fuentes">Alfredo Fuentes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff63">Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universitario UMSA, Casilla 10077 Correo Central, La Paz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Rgensen, Peter M Ller" sort="J Rgensen, Peter M Ller" uniqKey="J Rgensen P" first="Peter M Ller" last="J Rgensen">Peter M Ller J Rgensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff64">Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166–0299, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schongart, Jochen" sort="Schongart, Jochen" uniqKey="Schongart J" first="Jochen" last="Schöngart">Jochen Schöngart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silman, Miles R" sort="Silman, Miles R" uniqKey="Silman M" first="Miles R." last="Silman">Miles R. Silman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff65">Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arboleda, Nicolas Casta O" sort="Arboleda, Nicolas Casta O" uniqKey="Arboleda N" first="Nicolás Casta O" last="Arboleda">Nicolás Casta O Arboleda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5, Bogotá, DF 44, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cintra, Bruno Barcante Ladvocat" sort="Cintra, Bruno Barcante Ladvocat" uniqKey="Cintra B" first="Bruno Barçante Ladvocat" last="Cintra">Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valverde, Fernando Cornejo" sort="Valverde, Fernando Cornejo" uniqKey="Valverde F" first="Fernando Cornejo" last="Valverde">Fernando Cornejo Valverde</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff66">Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Fiore, Anthony" sort="Di Fiore, Anthony" uniqKey="Di Fiore A" first="Anthony" last="Di Fiore">Anthony Di Fiore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff67">Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Juan Fernando" sort="Phillips, Juan Fernando" uniqKey="Phillips J" first="Juan Fernando" last="Phillips">Juan Fernando Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff68">Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24–76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Andel, Tinde R" sort="Van Andel, Tinde R" uniqKey="Van Andel T" first="Tinde R." last="Van Andel">Tinde R. Van Andel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Hildebrand, Patricio" sort="Von Hildebrand, Patricio" uniqKey="Von Hildebrand P" first="Patricio" last="Von Hildebrand">Patricio Von Hildebrand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff69">Fundación Estación de Biología, Cra 10 No. 24–76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbosa, Edelcilio Marques" sort="Barbosa, Edelcilio Marques" uniqKey="Barbosa E" first="Edelcilio Marques" last="Barbosa">Edelcilio Marques Barbosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Matos Bonates, Luiz Carlos" sort="De Matos Bonates, Luiz Carlos" uniqKey="De Matos Bonates L" first="Luiz Carlos" last="De Matos Bonates">Luiz Carlos De Matos Bonates</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Castro, Deborah" sort="De Castro, Deborah" uniqKey="De Castro D" first="Deborah" last="De Castro">Deborah De Castro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Sousa Farias, Emanuelle" sort="De Sousa Farias, Emanuelle" uniqKey="De Sousa Farias E" first="Emanuelle" last="De Sousa Farias">Emanuelle De Sousa Farias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff70">Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM 69057–070, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzales, Therany" sort="Gonzales, Therany" uniqKey="Gonzales T" first="Therany" last="Gonzales">Therany Gonzales</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff71">ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco N° 370, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guillaumet, Jean Louis" sort="Guillaumet, Jean Louis" uniqKey="Guillaumet J" first="Jean-Louis" last="Guillaumet">Jean-Louis Guillaumet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff72">Departement EV, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, 16 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffman, Bruce" sort="Hoffman, Bruce" uniqKey="Hoffman B" first="Bruce" last="Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff73">Amazon Conservation Team, Doekhieweg Oost #24, Paramaribo, Suriname.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malhi, Yadvinder" sort="Malhi, Yadvinder" uniqKey="Malhi Y" first="Yadvinder" last="Malhi">Yadvinder Malhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff74">Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QY, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Andrade Miranda, Ires Paula" sort="De Andrade Miranda, Ires Paula" uniqKey="De Andrade Miranda I" first="Ires Paula" last="De Andrade Miranda">Ires Paula De Andrade Miranda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieto, Adriana" sort="Prieto, Adriana" uniqKey="Prieto A" first="Adriana" last="Prieto">Adriana Prieto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff75">Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, UNAL, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7945, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudas, Agustin" sort="Rudas, Agustin" uniqKey="Rudas A" first="Agustín" last="Rudas">Agustín Rudas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff75">Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, UNAL, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7945, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruschell, Ademir R" sort="Ruschell, Ademir R" uniqKey="Ruschell A" first="Ademir R." last="Ruschell">Ademir R. Ruschell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff76">Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n<sup>o</sup>, Belém, PA, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, Natalino" sort="Silva, Natalino" uniqKey="Silva N" first="Natalino" last="Silva">Natalino Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff77">Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vela, Cesar I A" sort="Vela, Cesar I A" uniqKey="Vela C" first="César I. A." last="Vela">César I. A. Vela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff78">Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, San Martín 451, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, Vincent A" sort="Vos, Vincent A" uniqKey="Vos V" first="Vincent A." last="Vos">Vincent A. Vos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff79">Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff80">Regional Norte Amazónico, Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zent, Eglee L" sort="Zent, Eglee L" uniqKey="Zent E" first="Eglée L." last="Zent">Eglée L. Zent</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff81">Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zent, Stanford" sort="Zent, Stanford" uniqKey="Zent S" first="Stanford" last="Zent">Stanford Zent</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff81">Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Angela" sort="Cano, Angela" uniqKey="Cano A" first="Angela" last="Cano">Angela Cano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff40">Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Marcelo Trindade" sort="Nascimento, Marcelo Trindade" uniqKey="Nascimento M" first="Marcelo Trindade" last="Nascimento">Marcelo Trindade Nascimento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff82">Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goyatacazes, RJ 28013–620, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Alexandre A" sort="Oliveira, Alexandre A" uniqKey="Oliveira A" first="Alexandre A." last="Oliveira">Alexandre A. Oliveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff83">Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508–090, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Angulo, Hirma" sort="Ramirez Angulo, Hirma" uniqKey="Ramirez Angulo H" first="Hirma" last="Ramirez-Angulo">Hirma Ramirez-Angulo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff84">Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramos, Jose Ferreira" sort="Ramos, Jose Ferreira" uniqKey="Ramos J" first="José Ferreira" last="Ramos">José Ferreira Ramos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sierra, Rodrigo" sort="Sierra, Rodrigo" uniqKey="Sierra R" first="Rodrigo" last="Sierra">Rodrigo Sierra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff85">GeoIS, El Día 369 y El Telégrafo, 3° Piso, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tirado, Milton" sort="Tirado, Milton" uniqKey="Tirado M" first="Milton" last="Tirado">Milton Tirado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff85">GeoIS, El Día 369 y El Telégrafo, 3° Piso, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medina, Maria Natalia Uma A" sort="Medina, Maria Natalia Uma A" uniqKey="Medina M" first="Maria Natalia Uma A" last="Medina">Maria Natalia Uma A Medina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff86">Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijden, Geertje" sort="Van Der Heijden, Geertje" uniqKey="Van Der Heijden G" first="Geertje" last="Van Der Heijden">Geertje Van Der Heijden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff87">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torre, Emilio Vilanova" sort="Torre, Emilio Vilanova" uniqKey="Torre E" first="Emilio Vilanova" last="Torre">Emilio Vilanova Torre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff84">Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vriesendorp, Corine" sort="Vriesendorp, Corine" uniqKey="Vriesendorp C" first="Corine" last="Vriesendorp">Corine Vriesendorp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605–2496, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ophelia" sort="Wang, Ophelia" uniqKey="Wang O" first="Ophelia" last="Wang">Ophelia Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff88">Environmental Science and Policy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Kenneth R" sort="Young, Kenneth R" uniqKey="Young K" first="Kenneth R." last="Young">Kenneth R. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff89">Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, CLA building, Austin, TX 78712, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baider, Claudia" sort="Baider, Claudia" uniqKey="Baider C" first="Claudia" last="Baider">Claudia Baider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff83">Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508–090, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff90">Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, The Mauritius Herbarium, Reduit, Mauritius.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Balslev, Henrik" sort="Balslev, Henrik" uniqKey="Balslev H" first="Henrik" last="Balslev">Henrik Balslev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff91">Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 1540 Ny Munkegade, Aarhus C, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Castro, Natalia" sort="De Castro, Natalia" uniqKey="De Castro N" first="Natalia" last="De Castro">Natalia De Castro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farfan Rios, William" sort="Farfan Rios, William" uniqKey="Farfan Rios W" first="William" last="Farfan-Rios">William Farfan-Rios</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff65">Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Cid" sort="Ferreira, Cid" uniqKey="Ferreira C" first="Cid" last="Ferreira">Cid Ferreira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza, Casimiro" sort="Mendoza, Casimiro" uniqKey="Mendoza C" first="Casimiro" last="Mendoza">Casimiro Mendoza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff92">FOMABO, Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff93">Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS), Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mesones, Italo" sort="Mesones, Italo" uniqKey="Mesones I" first="Italo" last="Mesones">Italo Mesones</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres Lezama, Armando" sort="Torres Lezama, Armando" uniqKey="Torres Lezama A" first="Armando" last="Torres-Lezama">Armando Torres-Lezama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff84">Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giraldo, Ligia Estela Urrego" sort="Giraldo, Ligia Estela Urrego" uniqKey="Giraldo L" first="Ligia Estela Urrego" last="Giraldo">Ligia Estela Urrego Giraldo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26">Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65, Medellín, Antioquia 1027, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villarroel, Daniel" sort="Villarroel, Daniel" uniqKey="Villarroel D" first="Daniel" last="Villarroel">Daniel Villarroel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff45">Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zagt, Roderick" sort="Zagt, Roderick" uniqKey="Zagt R" first="Roderick" last="Zagt">Roderick Zagt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff94">Tropenbos International, Lawickse Allee 11 PO Box 232, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alexiades, Miguel N" sort="Alexiades, Miguel N" uniqKey="Alexiades M" first="Miguel N." last="Alexiades">Miguel N. Alexiades</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff95">School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Cabrera, Karina" sort="Garcia Cabrera, Karina" uniqKey="Garcia Cabrera K" first="Karina" last="Garcia-Cabrera">Karina Garcia-Cabrera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff65">Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hernandez, Lionel" sort="Hernandez, Lionel" uniqKey="Hernandez L" first="Lionel" last="Hernandez">Lionel Hernandez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff96">Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huamantupa Chuquimaco, Isau" sort="Huamantupa Chuquimaco, Isau" uniqKey="Huamantupa Chuquimaco I" first="Isau" last="Huamantupa-Chuquimaco">Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milliken, William" sort="Milliken, William" uniqKey="Milliken W" first="William" last="Milliken">William Milliken</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff97">Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cuenca, Walter Palacios" sort="Cuenca, Walter Palacios" uniqKey="Cuenca W" first="Walter Palacios" last="Cuenca">Walter Palacios Cuenca</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff98">Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pansini, Susamar" sort="Pansini, Susamar" uniqKey="Pansini S" first="Susamar" last="Pansini">Susamar Pansini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff99">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-029, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pauletto, Daniela" sort="Pauletto, Daniela" uniqKey="Pauletto D" first="Daniela" last="Pauletto">Daniela Pauletto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff100">Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, Campus Tapajós, Santarém, PA 68015–110, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez" sort="Arevalo, Freddy Ramirez" uniqKey="Arevalo F" first="Freddy Ramirez" last="Arevalo">Freddy Ramirez Arevalo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff101">Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra, Iquitos, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Adeilza Felipe" sort="Sampaio, Adeilza Felipe" uniqKey="Sampaio A" first="Adeilza Felipe" last="Sampaio">Adeilza Felipe Sampaio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff99">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-029, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valderrama Sandoval, Elvis H" sort="Valderrama Sandoval, Elvis H" uniqKey="Valderrama Sandoval E" first="Elvis H." last="Valderrama Sandoval">Elvis H. Valderrama Sandoval</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff101">Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra, Iquitos, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff102">Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela" sort="Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela" uniqKey="Gamarra L" first="Luis Valenzuela" last="Gamarra">Luis Valenzuela Gamarra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26702442</idno><idno type="pmc">4681336</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681336</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4681336</idno><idno type="doi">10.1126/sciadv.1500936</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000385</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000385</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species</title><author><name sortKey="Ter Steege, Hans" sort="Ter Steege, Hans" uniqKey="Ter Steege H" first="Hans" last="Ter Steege">Hans Ter Steege</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitman, Nigel C A" sort="Pitman, Nigel C A" uniqKey="Pitman N" first="Nigel C. A." last="Pitman">Nigel C. A. Pitman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605–2496, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Killeen, Timothy J" sort="Killeen, Timothy J" uniqKey="Killeen T" first="Timothy J." last="Killeen">Timothy J. Killeen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Agteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurance, William F" sort="Laurance, William F" uniqKey="Laurance W" first="William F." last="Laurance">William F. Laurance</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peres, Carlos A" sort="Peres, Carlos A" uniqKey="Peres C" first="Carlos A." last="Peres">Carlos A. Peres</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7">School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guevara, Juan Ernesto" sort="Guevara, Juan Ernesto" uniqKey="Guevara J" first="Juan Ernesto" last="Guevara">Juan Ernesto Guevara</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9">Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Av. Río Coca E6-115 e Isla Floreana, Quito, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomao, Rafael P" sort="Salomao, Rafael P" uniqKey="Salomao R" first="Rafael P." last="Salomão">Rafael P. Salomão</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castilho, Carolina V" sort="Castilho, Carolina V" uniqKey="Castilho C" first="Carolina V." last="Castilho">Carolina V. Castilho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11">EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 – Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR 69301–970, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amaral, Ieda Leao" sort="Amaral, Ieda Leao" uniqKey="Amaral I" first="Iêda Leão" last="Amaral">Iêda Leão Amaral</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Almeida Matos, Francisca Dionizia" sort="De Almeida Matos, Francisca Dionizia" uniqKey="De Almeida Matos F" first="Francisca Dionízia" last="De Almeida Matos">Francisca Dionízia De Almeida Matos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Souza Coelho, Luiz" sort="De Souza Coelho, Luiz" uniqKey="De Souza Coelho L" first="Luiz" last="De Souza Coelho">Luiz De Souza Coelho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, William E" sort="Magnusson, William E" uniqKey="Magnusson W" first="William E." last="Magnusson">William E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Oliver L" sort="Phillips, Oliver L" uniqKey="Phillips O" first="Oliver L." last="Phillips">Oliver L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Andrade Lima Filho, Diogenes" sort="De Andrade Lima Filho, Diogenes" uniqKey="De Andrade Lima Filho D" first="Diogenes" last="De Andrade Lima Filho">Diogenes De Andrade Lima Filho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Jesus Veiga Carim, Marcelo" sort="De Jesus Veiga Carim, Marcelo" uniqKey="De Jesus Veiga Carim M" first="Marcelo" last="De Jesus Veiga Carim">Marcelo De Jesus Veiga Carim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Av. Feliciano Coelho, 1509. Trem, Macapá, Amapá 68901–025, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Irume, Mariana Vict Ria" sort="Irume, Mariana Vict Ria" uniqKey="Irume M" first="Mariana Vict Ria" last="Irume">Mariana Vict Ria Irume</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martins, Maria Pires" sort="Martins, Maria Pires" uniqKey="Martins M" first="Maria Pires" last="Martins">Maria Pires Martins</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molino, Jean Francois" sort="Molino, Jean Francois" uniqKey="Molino J" first="Jean-François" last="Molino">Jean-François Molino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">UMR AMAP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), TA 40/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, Montpellier Cedex 5 34398, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabatier, Daniel" sort="Sabatier, Daniel" uniqKey="Sabatier D" first="Daniel" last="Sabatier">Daniel Sabatier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16">UMR AMAP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), TA 40/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, Montpellier Cedex 5 34398, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wittmann, Florian" sort="Wittmann, Florian" uniqKey="Wittmann F" first="Florian" last="Wittmann">Florian Wittmann</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="L Pez, Dairon Cardenas" sort="L Pez, Dairon Cardenas" uniqKey="L Pez D" first="Dairon Cárdenas" last="L Pez">Dairon Cárdenas L Pez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5, Bogotá, DF 44, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva Guimaraes, Jose Renan" sort="Da Silva Guimaraes, Jose Renan" uniqKey="Da Silva Guimaraes J" first="José Renan" last="Da Silva Guimarães">José Renan Da Silva Guimarães</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15">Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Av. Feliciano Coelho, 1509. Trem, Macapá, Amapá 68901–025, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo" sort="Mendoza, Abel Monteagudo" uniqKey="Mendoza A" first="Abel Monteagudo" last="Mendoza">Abel Monteagudo Mendoza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vargas, Percy Nu Ez" sort="Vargas, Percy Nu Ez" uniqKey="Vargas P" first="Percy Nú Ez" last="Vargas">Percy Nú Ez Vargas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20">Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto" sort="Manzatto, Angelo Gilberto" uniqKey="Manzatto A" first="Angelo Gilberto" last="Manzatto">Angelo Gilberto Manzatto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21">Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-027, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reis, Neidiane Farias Costa" sort="Reis, Neidiane Farias Costa" uniqKey="Reis N" first="Neidiane Farias Costa" last="Reis">Neidiane Farias Costa Reis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-028, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terborgh, John" sort="Terborgh, John" uniqKey="Terborgh J" first="John" last="Terborgh">John Terborgh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Casula, Katia Regina" sort="Casula, Katia Regina" uniqKey="Casula K" first="Katia Regina" last="Casula">Katia Regina Casula</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-028, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montero, Juan Carlos" sort="Montero, Juan Carlos" uniqKey="Montero J" first="Juan Carlos" last="Montero">Juan Carlos Montero</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feldpausch, Ted R" sort="Feldpausch, Ted R" uniqKey="Feldpausch T" first="Ted R." last="Feldpausch">Ted R. Feldpausch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff24">College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Honorio Coronado, Euridice N" sort="Honorio Coronado, Euridice N" uniqKey="Honorio Coronado E" first="Euridice N." last="Honorio Coronado">Euridice N. Honorio Coronado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff25">Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. José A. Quiñones km. 2.5, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montoya, Alvaro Javier Duque" sort="Montoya, Alvaro Javier Duque" uniqKey="Montoya A" first="Alvaro Javier Duque" last="Montoya">Alvaro Javier Duque Montoya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26">Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65, Medellín, Antioquia 1027, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zartman, Charles Eugene" sort="Zartman, Charles Eugene" uniqKey="Zartman C" first="Charles Eugene" last="Zartman">Charles Eugene Zartman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mostacedo, Bonifacio" sort="Mostacedo, Bonifacio" uniqKey="Mostacedo B" first="Bonifacio" last="Mostacedo">Bonifacio Mostacedo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff27">Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vasquez, Rodolfo" sort="Vasquez, Rodolfo" uniqKey="Vasquez R" first="Rodolfo" last="Vasquez">Rodolfo Vasquez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assis, Rafael L" sort="Assis, Rafael L" uniqKey="Assis R" first="Rafael L." last="Assis">Rafael L. Assis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante" sort="Medeiros, Marcelo Brilhante" uniqKey="Medeiros M" first="Marcelo Brilhante" last="Medeiros">Marcelo Brilhante Medeiros</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estaccao Biologica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF 70770–917, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, Marcelo Fragomeni" sort="Simon, Marcelo Fragomeni" uniqKey="Simon M" first="Marcelo Fragomeni" last="Simon">Marcelo Fragomeni Simon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff29">Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estaccao Biologica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF 70770–917, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andrade, Ana" sort="Andrade, Ana" uniqKey="Andrade A" first="Ana" last="Andrade">Ana Andrade</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Camargo, Jose Luis" sort="Camargo, Jose Luis" uniqKey="Camargo J" first="José Luís" last="Camargo">José Luís Camargo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff30">Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurance, Susan G W" sort="Laurance, Susan G W" uniqKey="Laurance S" first="Susan G. W." last="Laurance">Susan G. W. Laurance</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6">Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Henrique Eduardo Mendonca" sort="Nascimento, Henrique Eduardo Mendonca" uniqKey="Nascimento H" first="Henrique Eduardo Mendonça" last="Nascimento">Henrique Eduardo Mendonça Nascimento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marimon, Beatriz S" sort="Marimon, Beatriz S" uniqKey="Marimon B" first="Beatriz S." last="Marimon">Beatriz S. Marimon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marimon, Ben Hur" sort="Marimon, Ben Hur" uniqKey="Marimon B" first="Ben-Hur" last="Marimon">Ben-Hur Marimon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff31">Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Flavia" sort="Costa, Flavia" uniqKey="Costa F" first="Flávia" last="Costa">Flávia Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Targhetta, Natalia" sort="Targhetta, Natalia" uniqKey="Targhetta N" first="Natalia" last="Targhetta">Natalia Targhetta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieira, Ima Celia Guimaraes" sort="Vieira, Ima Celia Guimaraes" uniqKey="Vieira I" first="Ima Célia Guimarães" last="Vieira">Ima Célia Guimarães Vieira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brienen, Roel" sort="Brienen, Roel" uniqKey="Brienen R" first="Roel" last="Brienen">Roel Brienen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Castellanos, Hernan" sort="Castellanos, Hernan" uniqKey="Castellanos H" first="Hernán" last="Castellanos">Hernán Castellanos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff32">Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duivenvoorden, Joost F" sort="Duivenvoorden, Joost F" uniqKey="Duivenvoorden J" first="Joost F." last="Duivenvoorden">Joost F. Duivenvoorden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff33">Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, Amsterdam, Noord Holland 1098 XH, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mogoll N, Hugo F" sort="Mogoll N, Hugo F" uniqKey="Mogoll N H" first="Hugo F." last="Mogoll N">Hugo F. Mogoll N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff34">Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piedade, Maria Teresa Fernandez" sort="Piedade, Maria Teresa Fernandez" uniqKey="Piedade M" first="Maria Teresa Fernandez" last="Piedade">Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aymard C, Gerardo A" sort="Aymard C, Gerardo A" uniqKey="Aymard C G" first="Gerardo A." last="Aymard C.">Gerardo A. Aymard C.</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff35">Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa 3350, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comiskey, James A" sort="Comiskey, James A" uniqKey="Comiskey J" first="James A." last="Comiskey">James A. Comiskey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff36">Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA 22405, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damasco, Gabriel" sort="Damasco, Gabriel" uniqKey="Damasco G" first="Gabriel" last="Damasco">Gabriel Damasco</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davila, Nallarett" sort="Davila, Nallarett" uniqKey="Davila N" first="Nállarett" last="Dávila">Nállarett Dávila</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff37">Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13.083-970, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Villacorta, Roosevelt" sort="Garcia Villacorta, Roosevelt" uniqKey="Garcia Villacorta R" first="Roosevelt" last="García-Villacorta">Roosevelt García-Villacorta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff38">Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff39">Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, Pablo Roberto Stevenson" sort="Diaz, Pablo Roberto Stevenson" uniqKey="Diaz P" first="Pablo Roberto Stevenson" last="Diaz">Pablo Roberto Stevenson Diaz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff40">Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vincentini, Alberto" sort="Vincentini, Alberto" uniqKey="Vincentini A" first="Alberto" last="Vincentini">Alberto Vincentini</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Emilio, Thaise" sort="Emilio, Thaise" uniqKey="Emilio T" first="Thaise" last="Emilio">Thaise Emilio</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff41">Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levis, Carolina" sort="Levis, Carolina" uniqKey="Levis C" first="Carolina" last="Levis">Carolina Levis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff42">Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, University of Wageningen, Lumen, building no.100, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schietti, Juliana" sort="Schietti, Juliana" uniqKey="Schietti J" first="Juliana" last="Schietti">Juliana Schietti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souza, Priscila" sort="Souza, Priscila" uniqKey="Souza P" first="Priscila" last="Souza">Priscila Souza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso, Alfonso" sort="Alonso, Alfonso" uniqKey="Alonso A" first="Alfonso" last="Alonso">Alfonso Alonso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff43">Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 0705, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dallmeier, Francisco" sort="Dallmeier, Francisco" uniqKey="Dallmeier F" first="Francisco" last="Dallmeier">Francisco Dallmeier</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff43">Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 0705, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Leandro Valle" sort="Ferreira, Leandro Valle" uniqKey="Ferreira L" first="Leandro Valle" last="Ferreira">Leandro Valle Ferreira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neill, David" sort="Neill, David" uniqKey="Neill D" first="David" last="Neill">David Neill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff44">Ecosistemas, Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo Murakami, Alejandro" sort="Araujo Murakami, Alejandro" uniqKey="Araujo Murakami A" first="Alejandro" last="Araujo-Murakami">Alejandro Araujo-Murakami</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff45">Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, Luzmila" sort="Arroyo, Luzmila" uniqKey="Arroyo L" first="Luzmila" last="Arroyo">Luzmila Arroyo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff45">Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Fernanda Antunes" sort="Carvalho, Fernanda Antunes" uniqKey="Carvalho F" first="Fernanda Antunes" last="Carvalho">Fernanda Antunes Carvalho</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souza, Fernanda Coelho" sort="Souza, Fernanda Coelho" uniqKey="Souza F" first="Fernanda Coelho" last="Souza">Fernanda Coelho Souza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Do Amaral, Dario Dantas" sort="Do Amaral, Dario Dantas" uniqKey="Do Amaral D" first="Dário Dantas" last="Do Amaral">Dário Dantas Do Amaral</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10">Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gribel, Rogerio" sort="Gribel, Rogerio" uniqKey="Gribel R" first="Rogerio" last="Gribel">Rogerio Gribel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff46">Diretoria de Pesquisas Científicas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luize, Bruno Garcia" sort="Luize, Bruno Garcia" uniqKey="Luize B" first="Bruno Garcia" last="Luize">Bruno Garcia Luize</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff47">Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pansonato, Marcelo Petrati" sort="Pansonato, Marcelo Petrati" uniqKey="Pansonato M" first="Marcelo Petrati" last="Pansonato">Marcelo Petrati Pansonato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13">Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venticinque, Eduardo" sort="Venticinque, Eduardo" uniqKey="Venticinque E" first="Eduardo" last="Venticinque">Eduardo Venticinque</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff48">Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Campus Universitário - Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59072–970, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fine, Paul" sort="Fine, Paul" uniqKey="Fine P" first="Paul" last="Fine">Paul Fine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toledo, Marisol" sort="Toledo, Marisol" uniqKey="Toledo M" first="Marisol" last="Toledo">Marisol Toledo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff23">Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baraloto, Chris" sort="Baraloto, Chris" uniqKey="Baraloto C" first="Chris" last="Baraloto">Chris Baraloto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff49">UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex 97379, French Guiana.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff50">International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB), Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL 33199, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cer N, Carlos" sort="Cer N, Carlos" uniqKey="Cer N C" first="Carlos" last="Cer N">Carlos Cer N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff51">Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Ap. Postal 17.01.2177, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Engel, Julien" sort="Engel, Julien" uniqKey="Engel J" first="Julien" last="Engel">Julien Engel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff52">UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, CNRS, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henkel, Terry W" sort="Henkel, Terry W" uniqKey="Henkel T" first="Terry W." last="Henkel">Terry W. Henkel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff53">Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jimenez, Eliana M" sort="Jimenez, Eliana M" uniqKey="Jimenez E" first="Eliana M." last="Jimenez">Eliana M. Jimenez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff54">Grupo de Ecología de Ecosistemas Terrestres Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonía, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maas, Paul" sort="Maas, Paul" uniqKey="Maas P" first="Paul" last="Maas">Paul Maas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff55">Taxonomy and Systematics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mora, Maria Cristina Pe Uela" sort="Mora, Maria Cristina Pe Uela" uniqKey="Mora M" first="Maria Cristina Pe Uela" last="Mora">Maria Cristina Pe Uela Mora</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff56">Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Km 7 via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petronelli, Pascal" sort="Petronelli, Pascal" uniqKey="Petronelli P" first="Pascal" last="Petronelli">Pascal Petronelli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff49">UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex 97379, French Guiana.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Revilla, Juan David Cardenas" sort="Revilla, Juan David Cardenas" uniqKey="Revilla J" first="Juan David Cardenas" last="Revilla">Juan David Cardenas Revilla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silveira, Marcos" sort="Silveira, Marcos" uniqKey="Silveira M" first="Marcos" last="Silveira">Marcos Silveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff57">Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC 69915–559, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stropp, Juliana" sort="Stropp, Juliana" uniqKey="Stropp J" first="Juliana" last="Stropp">Juliana Stropp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff58">Land Resource and Management Unit, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 440, Ispra, VA I-21027, Italy.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff59">Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceio, AL 57072–970, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas Caesar, Raquel" sort="Thomas Caesar, Raquel" uniqKey="Thomas Caesar R" first="Raquel" last="Thomas-Caesar">Raquel Thomas-Caesar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff60">Iwokrama International Programme for Rainforest Conservation, Georgetown, Guyana.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Tim R" sort="Baker, Tim R" uniqKey="Baker T" first="Tim R." last="Baker">Tim R. Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14">School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Daly, Doug" sort="Daly, Doug" uniqKey="Daly D" first="Doug" last="Daly">Doug Daly</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff61">New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York, NY 10458–5126, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paredes, Marcos Rios" sort="Paredes, Marcos Rios" uniqKey="Paredes M" first="Marcos Ríos" last="Paredes">Marcos Ríos Paredes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff62">Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva, Naara Ferreira" sort="Da Silva, Naara Ferreira" uniqKey="Da Silva N" first="Naara Ferreira" last="Da Silva">Naara Ferreira Da Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fuentes, Alfredo" sort="Fuentes, Alfredo" uniqKey="Fuentes A" first="Alfredo" last="Fuentes">Alfredo Fuentes</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff63">Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universitario UMSA, Casilla 10077 Correo Central, La Paz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Rgensen, Peter M Ller" sort="J Rgensen, Peter M Ller" uniqKey="J Rgensen P" first="Peter M Ller" last="J Rgensen">Peter M Ller J Rgensen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff64">Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166–0299, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schongart, Jochen" sort="Schongart, Jochen" uniqKey="Schongart J" first="Jochen" last="Schöngart">Jochen Schöngart</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17">Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silman, Miles R" sort="Silman, Miles R" uniqKey="Silman M" first="Miles R." last="Silman">Miles R. Silman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff65">Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arboleda, Nicolas Casta O" sort="Arboleda, Nicolas Casta O" uniqKey="Arboleda N" first="Nicolás Casta O" last="Arboleda">Nicolás Casta O Arboleda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18">Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5, Bogotá, DF 44, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cintra, Bruno Barcante Ladvocat" sort="Cintra, Bruno Barcante Ladvocat" uniqKey="Cintra B" first="Bruno Barçante Ladvocat" last="Cintra">Bruno Barçante Ladvocat Cintra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valverde, Fernando Cornejo" sort="Valverde, Fernando Cornejo" uniqKey="Valverde F" first="Fernando Cornejo" last="Valverde">Fernando Cornejo Valverde</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff66">Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Fiore, Anthony" sort="Di Fiore, Anthony" uniqKey="Di Fiore A" first="Anthony" last="Di Fiore">Anthony Di Fiore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff67">Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Juan Fernando" sort="Phillips, Juan Fernando" uniqKey="Phillips J" first="Juan Fernando" last="Phillips">Juan Fernando Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff68">Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24–76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Andel, Tinde R" sort="Van Andel, Tinde R" uniqKey="Van Andel T" first="Tinde R." last="Van Andel">Tinde R. Van Andel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Hildebrand, Patricio" sort="Von Hildebrand, Patricio" uniqKey="Von Hildebrand P" first="Patricio" last="Von Hildebrand">Patricio Von Hildebrand</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff69">Fundación Estación de Biología, Cra 10 No. 24–76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barbosa, Edelcilio Marques" sort="Barbosa, Edelcilio Marques" uniqKey="Barbosa E" first="Edelcilio Marques" last="Barbosa">Edelcilio Marques Barbosa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Matos Bonates, Luiz Carlos" sort="De Matos Bonates, Luiz Carlos" uniqKey="De Matos Bonates L" first="Luiz Carlos" last="De Matos Bonates">Luiz Carlos De Matos Bonates</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Castro, Deborah" sort="De Castro, Deborah" uniqKey="De Castro D" first="Deborah" last="De Castro">Deborah De Castro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Sousa Farias, Emanuelle" sort="De Sousa Farias, Emanuelle" uniqKey="De Sousa Farias E" first="Emanuelle" last="De Sousa Farias">Emanuelle De Sousa Farias</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff70">Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM 69057–070, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzales, Therany" sort="Gonzales, Therany" uniqKey="Gonzales T" first="Therany" last="Gonzales">Therany Gonzales</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff71">ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco N° 370, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guillaumet, Jean Louis" sort="Guillaumet, Jean Louis" uniqKey="Guillaumet J" first="Jean-Louis" last="Guillaumet">Jean-Louis Guillaumet</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff72">Departement EV, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, 16 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffman, Bruce" sort="Hoffman, Bruce" uniqKey="Hoffman B" first="Bruce" last="Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff73">Amazon Conservation Team, Doekhieweg Oost #24, Paramaribo, Suriname.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malhi, Yadvinder" sort="Malhi, Yadvinder" uniqKey="Malhi Y" first="Yadvinder" last="Malhi">Yadvinder Malhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff74">Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QY, UK.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Andrade Miranda, Ires Paula" sort="De Andrade Miranda, Ires Paula" uniqKey="De Andrade Miranda I" first="Ires Paula" last="De Andrade Miranda">Ires Paula De Andrade Miranda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieto, Adriana" sort="Prieto, Adriana" uniqKey="Prieto A" first="Adriana" last="Prieto">Adriana Prieto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff75">Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, UNAL, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7945, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudas, Agustin" sort="Rudas, Agustin" uniqKey="Rudas A" first="Agustín" last="Rudas">Agustín Rudas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff75">Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, UNAL, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7945, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruschell, Ademir R" sort="Ruschell, Ademir R" uniqKey="Ruschell A" first="Ademir R." last="Ruschell">Ademir R. Ruschell</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff76">Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n<sup>o</sup>, Belém, PA, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, Natalino" sort="Silva, Natalino" uniqKey="Silva N" first="Natalino" last="Silva">Natalino Silva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff77">Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vela, Cesar I A" sort="Vela, Cesar I A" uniqKey="Vela C" first="César I. A." last="Vela">César I. A. Vela</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff78">Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, San Martín 451, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, Vincent A" sort="Vos, Vincent A" uniqKey="Vos V" first="Vincent A." last="Vos">Vincent A. Vos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff79">Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff80">Regional Norte Amazónico, Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zent, Eglee L" sort="Zent, Eglee L" uniqKey="Zent E" first="Eglée L." last="Zent">Eglée L. Zent</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff81">Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zent, Stanford" sort="Zent, Stanford" uniqKey="Zent S" first="Stanford" last="Zent">Stanford Zent</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff81">Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Angela" sort="Cano, Angela" uniqKey="Cano A" first="Angela" last="Cano">Angela Cano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff40">Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Marcelo Trindade" sort="Nascimento, Marcelo Trindade" uniqKey="Nascimento M" first="Marcelo Trindade" last="Nascimento">Marcelo Trindade Nascimento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff82">Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goyatacazes, RJ 28013–620, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Alexandre A" sort="Oliveira, Alexandre A" uniqKey="Oliveira A" first="Alexandre A." last="Oliveira">Alexandre A. Oliveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff83">Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508–090, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Angulo, Hirma" sort="Ramirez Angulo, Hirma" uniqKey="Ramirez Angulo H" first="Hirma" last="Ramirez-Angulo">Hirma Ramirez-Angulo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff84">Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramos, Jose Ferreira" sort="Ramos, Jose Ferreira" uniqKey="Ramos J" first="José Ferreira" last="Ramos">José Ferreira Ramos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sierra, Rodrigo" sort="Sierra, Rodrigo" uniqKey="Sierra R" first="Rodrigo" last="Sierra">Rodrigo Sierra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff85">GeoIS, El Día 369 y El Telégrafo, 3° Piso, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tirado, Milton" sort="Tirado, Milton" uniqKey="Tirado M" first="Milton" last="Tirado">Milton Tirado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff85">GeoIS, El Día 369 y El Telégrafo, 3° Piso, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Medina, Maria Natalia Uma A" sort="Medina, Maria Natalia Uma A" uniqKey="Medina M" first="Maria Natalia Uma A" last="Medina">Maria Natalia Uma A Medina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff86">Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijden, Geertje" sort="Van Der Heijden, Geertje" uniqKey="Van Der Heijden G" first="Geertje" last="Van Der Heijden">Geertje Van Der Heijden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff87">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torre, Emilio Vilanova" sort="Torre, Emilio Vilanova" uniqKey="Torre E" first="Emilio Vilanova" last="Torre">Emilio Vilanova Torre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff84">Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vriesendorp, Corine" sort="Vriesendorp, Corine" uniqKey="Vriesendorp C" first="Corine" last="Vriesendorp">Corine Vriesendorp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605–2496, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ophelia" sort="Wang, Ophelia" uniqKey="Wang O" first="Ophelia" last="Wang">Ophelia Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff88">Environmental Science and Policy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Young, Kenneth R" sort="Young, Kenneth R" uniqKey="Young K" first="Kenneth R." last="Young">Kenneth R. Young</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff89">Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, CLA building, Austin, TX 78712, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baider, Claudia" sort="Baider, Claudia" uniqKey="Baider C" first="Claudia" last="Baider">Claudia Baider</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff83">Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508–090, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff90">Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, The Mauritius Herbarium, Reduit, Mauritius.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Balslev, Henrik" sort="Balslev, Henrik" uniqKey="Balslev H" first="Henrik" last="Balslev">Henrik Balslev</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff91">Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 1540 Ny Munkegade, Aarhus C, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Castro, Natalia" sort="De Castro, Natalia" uniqKey="De Castro N" first="Natalia" last="De Castro">Natalia De Castro</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff28">Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farfan Rios, William" sort="Farfan Rios, William" uniqKey="Farfan Rios W" first="William" last="Farfan-Rios">William Farfan-Rios</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff65">Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Cid" sort="Ferreira, Cid" uniqKey="Ferreira C" first="Cid" last="Ferreira">Cid Ferreira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12">Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza, Casimiro" sort="Mendoza, Casimiro" uniqKey="Mendoza C" first="Casimiro" last="Mendoza">Casimiro Mendoza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff92">FOMABO, Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff93">Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS), Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mesones, Italo" sort="Mesones, Italo" uniqKey="Mesones I" first="Italo" last="Mesones">Italo Mesones</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8">Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres Lezama, Armando" sort="Torres Lezama, Armando" uniqKey="Torres Lezama A" first="Armando" last="Torres-Lezama">Armando Torres-Lezama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff84">Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giraldo, Ligia Estela Urrego" sort="Giraldo, Ligia Estela Urrego" uniqKey="Giraldo L" first="Ligia Estela Urrego" last="Giraldo">Ligia Estela Urrego Giraldo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff26">Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65, Medellín, Antioquia 1027, Colombia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Villarroel, Daniel" sort="Villarroel, Daniel" uniqKey="Villarroel D" first="Daniel" last="Villarroel">Daniel Villarroel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff45">Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zagt, Roderick" sort="Zagt, Roderick" uniqKey="Zagt R" first="Roderick" last="Zagt">Roderick Zagt</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff94">Tropenbos International, Lawickse Allee 11 PO Box 232, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alexiades, Miguel N" sort="Alexiades, Miguel N" uniqKey="Alexiades M" first="Miguel N." last="Alexiades">Miguel N. 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Valderrama Sandoval</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff101">Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra, Iquitos, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff102">Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela" sort="Gamarra, Luis Valenzuela" uniqKey="Gamarra L" first="Luis Valenzuela" last="Gamarra">Luis Valenzuela Gamarra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19">Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Science Advances</title><idno type="eISSN">2375-2548</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Analyses of forest loss and protected areas suggest that 36 to 57% of Amazonian tree flora may qualify as “globally threatened.”</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soares Filho, B S" uniqKey="Soares Filho B">B. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Adv</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Adv</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SciAdv</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">advances</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Science Advances</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2375-2548</issn><publisher><publisher-name>American Association for the Advancement of Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26702442</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4681336</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1500936</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/sciadv.1500936</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="legacy-article-type"><subject>SciAdv r-articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="overline"><subject>Ecology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ter Steege</surname><given-names>Hans</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pitman</surname><given-names>Nigel C. A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Killeen</surname><given-names>Timothy J.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2711-1646</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Laurance</surname><given-names>William F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peres</surname><given-names>Carlos A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guevara</surname><given-names>Juan Ernesto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salomão</surname><given-names>Rafael P.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0947-0132</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Castilho</surname><given-names>Carolina V.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2758</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amaral</surname><given-names>Iêda Leão</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Almeida Matos</surname><given-names>Francisca Dionízia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Souza Coelho</surname><given-names>Luiz</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6710-7660</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magnusson</surname><given-names>William E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>Oliver L.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8993-6168</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Andrade Lima Filho</surname><given-names>Diogenes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Jesus Veiga Carim</surname><given-names>Marcelo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Irume</surname><given-names>Mariana Victória</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martins</surname><given-names>Maria Pires</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8094-1879</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Molino</surname><given-names>Jean-François</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sabatier</surname><given-names>Daniel</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0883-1530</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wittmann</surname><given-names>Florian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>López</surname><given-names>Dairon Cárdenas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>da Silva Guimarães</surname><given-names>José Renan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mendoza</surname><given-names>Abel Monteagudo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vargas</surname><given-names>Percy Núñez</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>20</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manzatto</surname><given-names>Angelo Gilberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>21</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reis</surname><given-names>Neidiane Farias Costa</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-7126</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Terborgh</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8238-4583</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Casula</surname><given-names>Katia Regina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Montero</surname><given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feldpausch</surname><given-names>Ted R.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-7962</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24"><sup>24</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Honorio Coronado</surname><given-names>Euridice N.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-590X</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25"><sup>25</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Montoya</surname><given-names>Alvaro Javier Duque</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26"><sup>26</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zartman</surname><given-names>Charles Eugene</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mostacedo</surname><given-names>Bonifacio</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8292-9611</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27"><sup>27</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vasquez</surname><given-names>Rodolfo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Assis</surname><given-names>Rafael L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Medeiros</surname><given-names>Marcelo Brilhante</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29"><sup>29</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Simon</surname><given-names>Marcelo Fragomeni</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29"><sup>29</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andrade</surname><given-names>Ana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30"><sup>30</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Camargo</surname><given-names>José Luís</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0370-9878</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30"><sup>30</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Laurance</surname><given-names>Susan G. W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nascimento</surname><given-names>Henrique Eduardo Mendonça</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marimon</surname><given-names>Beatriz S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31"><sup>31</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marimon</surname><given-names>Ben-Hur</given-names><suffix>Jr.</suffix></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31"><sup>31</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Flávia</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9600-4625</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Targhetta</surname><given-names>Natalia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>Ima Célia Guimarães</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brienen</surname><given-names>Roel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Castellanos</surname><given-names>Hernán</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32"><sup>32</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duivenvoorden</surname><given-names>Joost F.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33"><sup>33</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mogollón</surname><given-names>Hugo F.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-9462</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34"><sup>34</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Piedade</surname><given-names>Maria Teresa Fernandez</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aymard C.</surname><given-names>Gerardo A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35"><sup>35</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Comiskey</surname><given-names>James A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36"><sup>36</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Damasco</surname><given-names>Gabriel</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9768-520X</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dávila</surname><given-names>Nállarett</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37"><sup>37</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>García-Villacorta</surname><given-names>Roosevelt</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38"><sup>38</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39"><sup>39</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Diaz</surname><given-names>Pablo Roberto Stevenson</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2394-447X</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40"><sup>40</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vincentini</surname><given-names>Alberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Emilio</surname><given-names>Thaise</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5415-1822</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41"><sup>41</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Levis</surname><given-names>Carolina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42"><sup>42</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schietti</surname><given-names>Juliana</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1687-4373</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Priscila</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alonso</surname><given-names>Alfonso</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43"><sup>43</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dallmeier</surname><given-names>Francisco</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8240-1315</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43"><sup>43</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Leandro Valle</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9674-0238</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Neill</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44"><sup>44</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Araujo-Murakami</surname><given-names>Alejandro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45"><sup>45</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arroyo</surname><given-names>Luzmila</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2203-2882</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45"><sup>45</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Fernanda Antunes</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3485-0797</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Souza</surname><given-names>Fernanda Coelho</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>do Amaral</surname><given-names>Dário Dantas</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3546-5719</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gribel</surname><given-names>Rogerio</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0850-5578</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46"><sup>46</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luize</surname><given-names>Bruno Garcia</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8384-8386</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47"><sup>47</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pansonato</surname><given-names>Marcelo Petrati</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Venticinque</surname><given-names>Eduardo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48"><sup>48</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fine</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Toledo</surname><given-names>Marisol</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23"><sup>23</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baraloto</surname><given-names>Chris</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49"><sup>49</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50"><sup>50</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cerón</surname><given-names>Carlos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff51"><sup>51</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Engel</surname><given-names>Julien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52"><sup>52</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henkel</surname><given-names>Terry W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53"><sup>53</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jimenez</surname><given-names>Eliana M.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8610-1771</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff54"><sup>54</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maas</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff55"><sup>55</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mora</surname><given-names>Maria Cristina Peñuela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56"><sup>56</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petronelli</surname><given-names>Pascal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49"><sup>49</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Revilla</surname><given-names>Juan David Cardenas</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8277-5023</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Silveira</surname><given-names>Marcos</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0485-7872</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff57"><sup>57</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stropp</surname><given-names>Juliana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff58"><sup>58</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff59"><sup>59</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas-Caesar</surname><given-names>Raquel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff60"><sup>60</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>Tim R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Daly</surname><given-names>Doug</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-9491</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff61"><sup>61</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Paredes</surname><given-names>Marcos Ríos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff62"><sup>62</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>da Silva</surname><given-names>Naara Ferreira</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fuentes</surname><given-names>Alfredo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff63"><sup>63</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jørgensen</surname><given-names>Peter Møller</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8891-4493</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff64"><sup>64</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schöngart</surname><given-names>Jochen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Silman</surname><given-names>Miles R.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4152-2844</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff65"><sup>65</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arboleda</surname><given-names>Nicolás Castaño</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2892-1074</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cintra</surname><given-names>Bruno Barçante Ladvocat</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5116-2654</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Valverde</surname><given-names>Fernando Cornejo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff66"><sup>66</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Fiore</surname><given-names>Anthony</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8893-9052</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff67"><sup>67</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>Juan Fernando</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff68"><sup>68</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Andel</surname><given-names>Tinde R.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4951-1894</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>von Hildebrand</surname><given-names>Patricio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff69"><sup>69</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barbosa</surname><given-names>Edelcilio Marques</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1331-8563</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Matos Bonates</surname><given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9421-6624</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Castro</surname><given-names>Deborah</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5234-2174</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Sousa Farias</surname><given-names>Emanuelle</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5949-877X</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff70"><sup>70</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gonzales</surname><given-names>Therany</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff71"><sup>71</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guillaumet</surname><given-names>Jean-Louis</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6297-7939</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff72"><sup>72</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hoffman</surname><given-names>Bruce</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff73"><sup>73</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Malhi</surname><given-names>Yadvinder</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff74"><sup>74</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Andrade Miranda</surname><given-names>Ires Paula</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0414-2183</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prieto</surname><given-names>Adriana</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7140-6599</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff75"><sup>75</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rudas</surname><given-names>Agustín</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff75"><sup>75</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ruschell</surname><given-names>Ademir R.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-5238</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff76"><sup>76</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Natalino</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4068-2432</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff77"><sup>77</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vela</surname><given-names>César I. A.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-8352</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff78"><sup>78</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>Vincent A.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0388-8530</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff79"><sup>79</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff80"><sup>80</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zent</surname><given-names>Eglée L.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7475-7335</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff81"><sup>81</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zent</surname><given-names>Stanford</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5197-1638</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff81"><sup>81</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40"><sup>40</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nascimento</surname><given-names>Marcelo Trindade</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4492-3344</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff82"><sup>82</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oliveira</surname><given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-8109</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff83"><sup>83</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramirez-Angulo</surname><given-names>Hirma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff84"><sup>84</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramos</surname><given-names>José Ferreira</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-3370</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sierra</surname><given-names>Rodrigo</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4587-0566</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff85"><sup>85</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tirado</surname><given-names>Milton</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8189-8654</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff85"><sup>85</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Medina</surname><given-names>Maria Natalia Umaña</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff86"><sup>86</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van der Heijden</surname><given-names>Geertje</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff87"><sup>87</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Torre</surname><given-names>Emilio Vilanova</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff84"><sup>84</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vriesendorp</surname><given-names>Corine</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2119-6797</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Ophelia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff88"><sup>88</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>Kenneth R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff89"><sup>89</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baider</surname><given-names>Claudia</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2203-2076</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff83"><sup>83</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff90"><sup>90</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Balslev</surname><given-names>Henrik</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff91"><sup>91</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Castro</surname><given-names>Natalia</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4789-2814</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28"><sup>28</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Farfan-Rios</surname><given-names>William</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3196-0317</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff65"><sup>65</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>Cid</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mendoza</surname><given-names>Casimiro</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/2708-1975-2001-2009</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff92"><sup>92</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff93"><sup>93</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mesones</surname><given-names>Italo</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7665-7015</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Torres-Lezama</surname><given-names>Armando</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff84"><sup>84</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Giraldo</surname><given-names>Ligia Estela Urrego</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26"><sup>26</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Villarroel</surname><given-names>Daniel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45"><sup>45</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zagt</surname><given-names>Roderick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff94"><sup>94</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alexiades</surname><given-names>Miguel N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff95"><sup>95</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garcia-Cabrera</surname><given-names>Karina</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8535-5086</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff65"><sup>65</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hernandez</surname><given-names>Lionel</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7279-1003</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff96"><sup>96</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Huamantupa-Chuquimaco</surname><given-names>Isau</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4153-5875</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>20</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Milliken</surname><given-names>William</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff97"><sup>97</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cuenca</surname><given-names>Walter Palacios</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff98"><sup>98</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pansini</surname><given-names>Susamar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff99"><sup>99</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pauletto</surname><given-names>Daniela</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-6077</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff100"><sup>100</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arevalo</surname><given-names>Freddy Ramirez</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2441-9984</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff101"><sup>101</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sampaio</surname><given-names>Adeilza Felipe</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-4741</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff99"><sup>99</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Valderrama Sandoval</surname><given-names>Elvis H.</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7587-1941</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff101"><sup>101</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff102"><sup>102</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gamarra</surname><given-names>Luis Valenzuela</given-names></name><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1447-8753</contrib-id><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, Netherlands.</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605–2496, USA.</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708, USA.</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>Agteca-Amazonica, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia.</aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label>School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.</aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label>Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA.</aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label>Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Av. Río Coca E6-115 e Isla Floreana, Quito, Ecuador.</aff><aff id="aff10"><label>10</label>Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Magalhaes Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff11"><label>11</label>EMBRAPA – Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal de Roraima, BR 174, km 8 – Distrito Industrial, Boa Vista, RR 69301–970, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff12"><label>12</label>Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff13"><label>13</label>Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff14"><label>14</label>School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.</aff><aff id="aff15"><label>15</label>Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Amapá - IEPA, Av. Feliciano Coelho, 1509. Trem, Macapá, Amapá 68901–025, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff16"><label>16</label>UMR AMAP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), TA 40/PS2, Boulevard de la Lironde, Montpellier Cedex 5 34398, France.</aff><aff id="aff17"><label>17</label>Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, Mainz 55128, Germany.</aff><aff id="aff18"><label>18</label>Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5, Bogotá, DF 44, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff19"><label>19</label>Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco, Peru.</aff><aff id="aff20"><label>20</label>Herbario Vargas, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avenida de la Cultura, Nro 733, Cusco, Cuzco, Peru.</aff><aff id="aff21"><label>21</label>Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-027, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff22"><label>22</label>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-028, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff23"><label>23</label>Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</aff><aff id="aff24"><label>24</label>College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK.</aff><aff id="aff25"><label>25</label>Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Av. José A. Quiñones km. 2.5, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.</aff><aff id="aff26"><label>26</label>Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Calle 64 x Cra 65, Medellín, Antioquia 1027, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff27"><label>27</label>Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</aff><aff id="aff28"><label>28</label>Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff29"><label>29</label>Prédio da Botânica e Ecologia, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estaccao Biologica, Av. W5 Norte, Brasilia, DF 70770–917, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff30"><label>30</label>Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff31"><label>31</label>Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff32"><label>32</label>Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile, urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.</aff><aff id="aff33"><label>33</label>Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, Amsterdam, Noord Holland 1098 XH, The Netherlands.</aff><aff id="aff34"><label>34</label>Endangered Species Coalition, 8530 Geren Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA.</aff><aff id="aff35"><label>35</label>Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT), UNELLEZ-Guanare, Guanare, Portuguesa 3350, Venezuela.</aff><aff id="aff36"><label>36</label>Inventory and Monitoring Program, National Park Service, 120 Chatham Lane, Fredericksburg, VA 22405, USA.</aff><aff id="aff37"><label>37</label>Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, SP 13.083-970, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff38"><label>38</label>Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Rd, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.</aff><aff id="aff39"><label>39</label>Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.</aff><aff id="aff40"><label>40</label>Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales y Primatología, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff41"><label>41</label>Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.</aff><aff id="aff42"><label>42</label>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, University of Wageningen, Lumen, building no.100, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands.</aff><aff id="aff43"><label>43</label>Center for Conservation Education and Sustainability, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, MRC 0705, Washington, DC 20013–7012, USA.</aff><aff id="aff44"><label>44</label>Ecosistemas, Biodiversidad y Conservación de Especies, Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2 1/2 vía a Tena (Paso Lateral), Puyo, Pastaza, Ecuador.</aff><aff id="aff45"><label>45</label>Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Avenida Irala 565 Casilla Post al 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.</aff><aff id="aff46"><label>46</label>Diretoria de Pesquisas Científicas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff47"><label>47</label>Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus, AM 69060–001, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff48"><label>48</label>Centro de Biociências, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Campus Universitário - Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59072–970, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff49"><label>49</label>UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Campus agronomique, Kourou Cedex 97379, French Guiana.</aff><aff id="aff50"><label>50</label>International Center for Tropical Botany (ICTB), Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL 33199, USA.</aff><aff id="aff51"><label>51</label>Escuela de Biología Herbario Alfredo Paredes, Universidad Central, Ap. Postal 17.01.2177, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</aff><aff id="aff52"><label>52</label>UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, CNRS, Kourou Cedex, French Guiana.</aff><aff id="aff53"><label>53</label>Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA 95521, USA.</aff><aff id="aff54"><label>54</label>Grupo de Ecología de Ecosistemas Terrestres Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Amazonía, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff55"><label>55</label>Taxonomy and Systematics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwin building, Darwinweg 4, Leiden 2300 AA, The Netherlands.</aff><aff id="aff56"><label>56</label>Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM, Km 7 via Muyuna, Tena, Napo, Ecuador.</aff><aff id="aff57"><label>57</label>Museu Universitário, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC 69915–559, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff58"><label>58</label>Land Resource and Management Unit, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, TP 440, Ispra, VA I-21027, Italy.</aff><aff id="aff59"><label>59</label>Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Av. Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, Maceio, AL 57072–970, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff60"><label>60</label>Iwokrama International Programme for Rainforest Conservation, Georgetown, Guyana.</aff><aff id="aff61"><label>61</label>New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York, NY 10458–5126, USA.</aff><aff id="aff62"><label>62</label>Servicios de Biodiversidad EIRL, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru.</aff><aff id="aff63"><label>63</label>Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universitario UMSA, Casilla 10077 Correo Central, La Paz, Bolivia.</aff><aff id="aff64"><label>64</label>Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166–0299, USA.</aff><aff id="aff65"><label>65</label>Biology Department and Center for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Rd, Winston Salem, NC 27106, USA.</aff><aff id="aff66"><label>66</label>Andes to Amazon Biodiversity Program, Madre de Dios, Madre de Dios, Peru.</aff><aff id="aff67"><label>67</label>Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, SAC 5.150, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA.</aff><aff id="aff68"><label>68</label>Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, Cra 10 No. 24–76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff69"><label>69</label>Fundación Estación de Biología, Cra 10 No. 24–76 Oficina 1201, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff70"><label>70</label>Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis da Amazônia (EDTA), Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Rua Terezina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus, AM 69057–070, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff71"><label>71</label>ACEER Foundation, Jirón Cusco N° 370, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.</aff><aff id="aff72"><label>72</label>Departement EV, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris, 16 rue Buffon, Paris 75005, France.</aff><aff id="aff73"><label>73</label>Amazon Conservation Team, Doekhieweg Oost #24, Paramaribo, Suriname.</aff><aff id="aff74"><label>74</label>Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, England OX1 3QY, UK.</aff><aff id="aff75"><label>75</label>Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, UNAL, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7945, Bogotá, DF, Colombia.</aff><aff id="aff76"><label>76</label>Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Trav. Dr. Enéas Pinheiro s/n<sup>o</sup>, Belém, PA, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff77"><label>77</label>Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém, PA, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff78"><label>78</label>Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, San Martín 451, Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru.</aff><aff id="aff79"><label>79</label>Universidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia.</aff><aff id="aff80"><label>80</label>Regional Norte Amazónico, Centro de Investigación y Promoción del Campesinado, Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia.</aff><aff id="aff81"><label>81</label>Laboratory of Human Ecology, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas - IVIC, Ado 20632, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela.</aff><aff id="aff82"><label>82</label>Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goyatacazes, RJ 28013–620, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff83"><label>83</label>Instituto de Biociências - Dept. Ecologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo - USP, Rua do Matão, Trav. 14, no. 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508–090, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff84"><label>84</label>Instituto de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Forestal (INDEFOR), Universidad de los Andes, Conjunto Forestal, C.P. 5101, Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela.</aff><aff id="aff85"><label>85</label>GeoIS, El Día 369 y El Telégrafo, 3° Piso, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</aff><aff id="aff86"><label>86</label>Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.</aff><aff id="aff87"><label>87</label>Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA.</aff><aff id="aff88"><label>88</label>Environmental Science and Policy, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.</aff><aff id="aff89"><label>89</label>Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, 305 E. 23rd Street, CLA building, Austin, TX 78712, USA.</aff><aff id="aff90"><label>90</label>Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security, The Mauritius Herbarium, Reduit, Mauritius.</aff><aff id="aff91"><label>91</label>Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 1540 Ny Munkegade, Aarhus C, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.</aff><aff id="aff92"><label>92</label>FOMABO, Manejo Forestal en las Tierras Tropicales de Bolivia, Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.</aff><aff id="aff93"><label>93</label>Escuela de Ciencias Forestales (ESFOR), Universidad Mayor de San Simon (UMSS), Sacta, Cochabamba, Bolivia.</aff><aff id="aff94"><label>94</label>Tropenbos International, Lawickse Allee 11 PO Box 232, Wageningen 6700 AE, The Netherlands.</aff><aff id="aff95"><label>95</label>School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Marlowe Building, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK.</aff><aff id="aff96"><label>96</label>Centro de Investigaciones Ecológicas de Guayana, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Calle Chile urbaniz Chilemex, Puerto Ordaz, Bolivar, Venezuela.</aff><aff id="aff97"><label>97</label>Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK.</aff><aff id="aff98"><label>98</label>Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador.</aff><aff id="aff99"><label>99</label>Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento Regional e Meio Ambiente PGDRA, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Rodovia BR 364 s/n Km 9,5 - Sentido Acre, Unir, Porto Velho, Rondônia 76.824-029, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff100"><label>100</label>Instituto de Biodiversidade e Floresta, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Rua Vera Paz, Campus Tapajós, Santarém, PA 68015–110, Brazil.</aff><aff id="aff101"><label>101</label>Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana, Pevas 5ta cdra, Iquitos, Peru.</aff><aff id="aff102"><label>102</label>Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author. E-mail: <email xlink:href="hans.tersteege@naturalis.nl">hans.tersteege@naturalis.nl</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>10</issue><elocation-id>e1500936</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Authors</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" id="p-2"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license</ext-link>, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is <bold>not</bold> for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="teaser"><p>Analyses of forest loss and protected areas suggest that 36 to 57% of Amazonian tree flora may qualify as “globally threatened.”</p></abstract><abstract><p>Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict that most of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century.</p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Amazonia</kwd><kwd>Conservation</kwd><kwd>Deforestation</kwd><kwd>Protected areas</kwd><kwd>Indigenous areas</kwd><kwd>Tree species</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>Copyeditor</meta-name><meta-value>Meann Ramirez</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="introduction" disp-level="1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Amazonian forests have lost ~12% of their original extent and are projected to lose another 9 to 28% by 2050 (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>). The consequences of ongoing forest loss in Amazonia (here all rainforests of the Amazon basin and Guiana Shield) are relatively well understood at the ecosystem level, where they include soil erosion (<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr"><italic>3</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr"><italic>4</italic></xref>), diminished ecosystem services (<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr"><italic>5</italic></xref>–<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr"><italic>8</italic></xref>), altered climatic patterns (<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr"><italic>5</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr"><italic>7</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr"><italic>9</italic></xref>–<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr"><italic>11</italic></xref>), and habitat degradation. By contrast, little is known about how historical forest loss has affected the population sizes of plant and animal species in the basin and how ongoing deforestation will affect these populations in the future.</p><p>As a result, the conservation status of the >15,000 species that compose the Amazonian tree flora—one of the most diverse plant communities on Earth—remains unknown. To date, only a tiny proportion of Amazonian tree species have been formally assessed for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Two previous studies have attempted to estimate the extinction threat to Amazonian plants using theory, data, and vegetation maps to model reductions in range size, but they disagreed on whether the proportion of threatened plant species in the Amazon is low (5 to 9%) (<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr"><italic>12</italic></xref>) or moderate (20 to 33%) (<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr"><italic>13</italic></xref>).</p><p>Here, we build on that work by using a spatially explicit model of tree species abundance (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>) based on 1485 forest inventories (fig. S1) to quantify how historical deforestation across Amazonia (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr"><italic>15</italic></xref>) has reduced the population sizes of 4953 relatively common tree species. We use a separate model to estimate population declines for an additional 10,247 rarer tree species. For both models, we also estimate the population losses expected for 2050 under two deforestation scenarios (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>) and ask to what extent projected losses can be prevented by Amazonia’s existing protected area network. In contrast to previous studies, which presented results in the currency of statistical probability of extinction, we interpret our results using the criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the most commonly used yardstick for species conservation status.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" disp-level="1"><title>RESULTS</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Effects of historical forest loss on tree populations</title><p>The original lowland forests of Amazonia are estimated to have covered 5.74 million km<sup>2</sup> (fig. S2), 11.4% of which had been deforested by 2013 (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>) (figs. S3 and S4A and appendix S1). Most of the estimated 3.2 × 10<sup>10</sup> individual trees lost to date (appendixes S2 and S3) were in southern and eastern Amazonia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1A</xref>).</p><fig id="F1" fig-type="figure" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><title>Estimated population declines and threat status of Amazonian tree species under historical deforestation and two projected deforestation scenarios.</title><p>Historical deforestation (<bold>A</bold> to <bold>C</bold>). Projected deforestation (<bold>D</bold> to <bold>I</bold>). Top row: Percent population loss of 4953 tree species in the entire Amazon and in six Amazonian regions. Middle row: Percent species in a DGC estimated as globally threatened based on projected (including historical) forest loss (IUCN A2 and A4; <italic>n</italic> = 4953). Bottom row: Proportion of all 15,200 Amazonian tree species estimated to be globally threatened based on four different IUCN threat criteria. BAU: projected (including historical) deforestation through 2050 based on a BAU scenario (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>); IGS: projected (including historical) deforestation through 2050 based on an IGS (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>). Cristalino State Park is the small black polygon in southeastern Amazonia, encircled in (B). CA, Central Amazonia; GS, Guiana Shield; WAS, Southwestern Amazonia; WAN, Northwestern Amazonia; SA, Southern Amazonia; EA, Eastern Amazonia; CR, critically endangered; EN, endangered; VU, vulnerable.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1500936-F1"></graphic></fig><p>Overlaying these deforestation data with the output of our spatial model of the distribution and abundance of 4953 relatively common tree species allowed us to estimate the impact of forest loss on the Amazonian populations of these species. Forest loss up to 2013 (figs. S3 and S4A) caused a mean decline of 11% in the number of individuals of tree species across Amazonia (median, 6%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1A</xref> and fig. S4D) and mean declines of 2 to 32% in individual Amazonian regions. Of 4953 common species, 342 (7.5%) have lost a large enough proportion of their original populations (≥30%) to qualify as globally threatened under IUCN criterion A2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1A</xref> and appendix S2). A separate analysis performed to model the distribution and extinction risk of 10,247 rare tree species in the Amazon suggested that 9% of them (a total of 967 species) have lost enough individuals to qualify as globally threatened under the same criterion (fig. S5A and table S1). Together, these analyses suggest that 9% of all Amazonian tree species likely qualify as threatened as a result of historical forest loss through 2013 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1C</xref>). Adding the 2579 rare species that may qualify as threatened because they have an estimated <1000 individuals (IUCN criterion D1) increases the proportion of all threatened species to 25% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Number of Amazonian tree species estimated to qualify as globally threatened under four IUCN threat status criteria.</title><p>Numbers of threatened species are nonoverlapping (that is, species listed for C1 did not qualify for A4). BAU = projected (including historical) deforestation through 2050 based on a BAU scenario (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>); IGS = projected (including historical) deforestation through 2050 based on an IGS (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col width="%" span="1"></col><col width="%" span="1"></col><col width="%" span="1"></col><col width="%" span="1"></col><thead><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Forest loss</bold><break></break><bold>1900–2013</bold></td><td valign="top" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Forest loss</bold><break></break><bold>1900–2050 (BAU)</bold></td><td valign="top" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Forest loss</bold><break></break><bold>1900–2050 (IGS)</bold></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of species</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,200</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,200</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,200</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of species with >30% observed population decline to date (IUCN A2)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1309</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of species with >30% projected population decline over three<break></break>generations (IUCN A4)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7033</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3364</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of species with >10% projected population decline over three<break></break>generations and <10,000 individuals (IUCN C1)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of species with <1000 individuals (IUCN D1)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2505</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1619</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2107</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of threatened species</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3814</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8690</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5515</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percentage of all species threatened</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>The data in fig. S4 (A and D) suggest a one-to-one relationship between percent historical forest loss and mean percent loss of individuals to date. Consequently, population losses of the common species are highest in regions where deforestation rates are highest, the so-called “Arc of Deforestation” in southern and eastern Amazonia. The same patterns were observed for rare species.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Effects of projected forest loss on tree populations</title><p>We repeated the above analyses for two scenarios of projected forest loss (which include historical loss). The business-as-usual (BAU) scenario model (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>) estimates that, by 2050, ~40% of the original Amazon forest will be destroyed (figs. S4B and S6 and appendix S1). The improved governance scenario (IGS) model (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>) estimates forest loss by 2050 at 21% (figs. S4C and S7 and appendix S1). Under these two scenarios, only 31 to 42% of grid cells maintain >95% forest cover. As is the case for historical deforestation, future deforestation is projected to be most severe in southern and eastern Amazonia (34 to 66% and 42 to 76% forest cover loss, respectively).</p><p>For common species, mean population declines under the BAU scenario are estimated to be 35% (median, 32%), and absolute declines range from 0 to 83% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1D</xref>, fig. S4E, and appendixes S2 and S3). Under the BAU scenario, 2567 (51%) of all common species likely qualify as threatened under IUCN criterion A4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1D</xref>). Under IGS, average losses are lower, with a mean of 20% (median, 18%) and a range of 0 to 82% (fig. S4F and appendixes S2 and S3); 774 (16%) of common species likely qualify as threatened (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1G</xref>). Again, the severest threat is found in southern and eastern Amazonia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1G</xref> and fig. S4D).</p><p>Both scenarios also pose severe threats to rare species. Under the BAU scenario, 4466 (43%) of all rare species are predicted to lose ≥30% of their population by 2050 (fig. S5B and table S1), compared to 2590 (25%) of all rare species under IGS (fig. S5C and table S1). Under the BAU scenario, rare species are expected to be most severely hit in southern and eastern Amazonia, where the median population loss is 100% and more than 65 and 86% of the species, respectively, have population losses of more than 80% (table S1).</p><p>Combining the analyses of common and rare species suggests that 3364 to 7033 Amazonian tree species likely qualify as globally threatened as a result of a combination of historical and projected forest loss (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>, F and I). An additional 1657 to 2151 species in the data set are likely to qualify as globally threatened because they have very small population sizes (IUCN criteria C1 and D1). When all criteria are included, we find that 36 to 57% of Amazonian tree species likely qualify as globally threatened (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>To what degree will protected areas and indigenous territories prevent declines of Amazonian tree populations?</title><p>Over the last 50 years, Amazonian countries have formalized a large network of protected areas and indigenous territories (fig. S8 and appendix S1) that now cover 52.2% of the basin: 9% in strict conservation reserves (SCRs) (fig. S9A) and 44.3% in sustainable use and indigenous reserves (SUIRs) (fig. S9B). Our models suggest that all of the 4953 common species are protected to some degree by SCRs and SUIRs (for convenience, we refer to both as protected areas) (fig. S9, C and D). Every common species is estimated to have more than 5500 adult individuals within protected areas, with 23%, on average, of these individuals occurring in SCRs and 77% in SUIRs. However, Performance is poor in some Amazonian regions. For example, the scarcity of SCRs in central and eastern Amazonia means that, on average, only 2% of individuals of common species in these regions are in SCRs (fig. S9, C and D). Our simulation models also suggest that 580 of the 10,247 rare species have more than 70% of their individuals in SCRs (fig. S10A and table S2), compared to 4005 in SUIRs.</p><p>Preventing deforestation within protected areas between now and 2050 could significantly reduce the number of threatened Amazonian tree species because both 2050 deforestation scenarios assume significant deforestation within protected areas (figs. S11 to S13): one-third of projected BAU deforestation and 16% of projected IGS deforestation. If the deforestation that is projected to occur within protected areas under the BAU scenario and IGS is not factored in, the number of common species that likely qualify as threatened under IUCN criterion A4 will fall by 29 to 44%. For example, 63% of wild Brazil nut trees (<italic>Bertholletia excelsa</italic>) are expected to be lost by 2050 under the BAU scenario. Under a modified IGS that allows for no deforestation within protected areas, this percentage drops to 32%, and <italic>B. excelsa</italic> no longer qualifies as endangered (appendix S2).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" disp-level="1"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Our analyses suggest that historical and ongoing forest loss may cause population declines of >30% in one-quarter to one-half of all Amazonian tree species by 2050. These declines affect species in all Amazonian regions, including iconic Amazonian trees such as Brazil nut (<italic>B. excelsa</italic>), wild populations of major food crops such as cacao (<italic>Theobroma cacao</italic>; 50% population decline with the BAU scenario) and açai palm (<italic>Euterpe oleracea</italic>; 72% decline with the BAU scenario), and 167 of the 227 hyperdominant taxa that account for half of all Amazonian trees (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>). Although these declines comprise both historical population losses and population losses projected to occur in the future, they could be used to classify these species as threatened now under IUCN criterion A4b.</p><p>Thousands of other Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened because they have very small populations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>). Although our methods and results are preliminary (see the Supplementary Materials), the statistical independence that we find between the estimated population size of a species and its fractional decline in numbers (fig. S14) suggests that the primary findings will remain stable as sampling improves.</p><sec disp-level="2"><title>A 22% increase in the global red list for plants</title><p>Our estimates of the threat status of all Amazonian tree species constitute the largest threat assessment ever carried out. In fact, the number of species assessed in our analyses (15,200) is nearly as large as the number of all plant species evaluated by the IUCN over its 50-year history (19,738) [Table 3b in the IUCN Red List (<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr"><italic>16</italic></xref>)]. If the 194 countries that have adopted the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation are to meet target 2 (“A preliminary assessment of the conservation status of all known plant species” by 2020), it will require large scaling-up approaches such as the one described here [see also Miller <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr"><italic>17</italic></xref>)].</p><p>Such approaches are urgently needed for South America’s tropical flora. Over the last 10 years, only 1275 plant species from tropical South America were added to the IUCN Red List, despite strong evidence that the number should be at least an order of magnitude higher (<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr"><italic>18</italic></xref>–<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr"><italic>21</italic></xref>). In general, our results provide strong support to predictions that at least one in four plant species in the South American tropics now deserve listing as globally threatened (<xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr"><italic>20</italic></xref>). They also show that most of the species that likely qualify as threatened in the region remain absent from global and national red lists. For example, of the 2567 common species that qualify as threatened under our BAU analysis, only 351 (14%) had previously been assessed using IUCN criteria and only 6% are listed as threatened. Adding all of our threatened Amazonian tree species to the IUCN Red List would increase the number of globally threatened plants on Earth by 22% and the number of globally threatened tree species by 36%.</p><p>We are aware, however, that our results are too preliminary to constitute a red list for Amazonian trees. Red-listing these species will require case-by-case assessments by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission Global Tree Specialist Group and country-level teams, taking into account other data sources and threat criteria. What we show here are the size, urgency, and feasibility of this task. A recent Brazilian effort to evaluate the threat status of 4617 plant species in Brazil reported a per-species cost of ~US$50 (<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr"><italic>19</italic></xref>). This suggests that individually assessing the named species that we suspect to be threatened and making their threat status visible to the conservation community would cost </p> </sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Most tropical tree species may be globally threatened</title><p>Despite strong spatial clustering in both deforestation scenarios and species distributions, our analyses reveal a simple rule of thumb that works at both regional and basinwide scales: <italic>n</italic>% forest loss yields an average of ~<italic>n</italic>% population loss (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref> and fig. S4, A and D). This implies that tree species in other forest biomes of tropical South America have lost much larger proportions of their population than in the core closed-canopy Amazonian moist forest: for example, the Atlantic forest (84 to 88% forest loss) (<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr"><italic>22</italic></xref>), the Cerrado (53%) (<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr"><italic>23</italic></xref>), the Caatinga (37%) (<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr"><italic>23</italic></xref>), and dry forests in general (>60%) (<xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr"><italic>24</italic></xref>).</p><p>Given that Africa has lost ~55% of its tropical forests and Asia has lost ~35%, mostly since 1900 (<xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr"><italic>25</italic></xref>), our analyses suggest that most tree species in the Old World tropics have lost more than 30% of their individuals over the last 150 years and thus qualify as globally threatened under IUCN criterion A4. In turn, because >90% of all tree species on Earth are tropical (<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr"><italic>26</italic></xref>), trees may deserve to join cycads (63%), amphibians (41%), and corals (33%) on the list of groups with the highest proportions of globally threatened species.</p><p>Although many tropical tree species have symbiotic relationships with animals and co-occur with thousands of species of nonarboreal plants, high rates of threat cannot be inferred for these organisms in the same way because of their much shorter life spans. Bird <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr"><italic>27</italic></xref>) compared estimated range maps of Amazonian bird species with maps of projected deforestation across three bird generations and found that only 5.5 to 18.8% of species qualified as threatened under IUCN criterion A4. Three bird generations in their model averaged 14.8 years, compared to 150 years in our tree model.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Linking forest loss, species threat status, and protected areas management in the Amazon</title><p>Heavy forest clearing in southern and eastern Amazonia has put an especially high proportion of tree species at risk of extinction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1A</xref>). In the worst hit areas of the Arc of Deforestation, a third of tree species have already lost >30% of their population to deforestation, and more than half likely qualify as globally threatened based on projected (and historical) forest loss (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1B</xref>).</p><p>By linking spatial trends in forest loss to trends in the population sizes of individual Amazonian plant species in this way, models such as ours should soon make it possible to translate remote sensing–based data on Amazonian deforestation into site-specific and species-specific guidance for conservation managers. It will also be possible to model how individual species will be affected by infrastructure projects (<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr"><italic>28</italic></xref>) such as major hydroelectric dams (<xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr"><italic>29</italic></xref>), degazetting of protected areas (<xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr"><italic>30</italic></xref>), and other drivers of Amazonian forest loss. This could have serious implications for large-scale development projects, which are increasingly required to protect IUCN-listed taxa and their habitat [for example, <italic>Performance Standard 6. Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources</italic> (<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr"><italic>31</italic></xref>)].</p><p>These models can also generate predictions about which plant species occur in which protected areas and, thus, to what extent these species are protected and where. For example, floristic surveys at Cristalino State Park, in one of Brazil’s most severely deforested regions, have recorded at least 551 tree species (<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr"><italic>32</italic></xref>). Appendix S4 lists another 766 species that have a high probability of occurring at Cristalino State Park according to our model and shows that as many as 1214 of the 1317 species known or expected from Cristalino State Park likely qualify as globally threatened under the BAU scenario. Similar analyses could help ensure that Amazonian protected areas with especially high numbers of globally threatened tree species receive the level of protection and funding they merit.</p><p>Many practical and scientific obstacles stand in the way of a stable, comprehensive red list for Amazonian tree species (see the Supplementary Materials). We have shown in this study that such a list will include several thousand species, many of which are now considered common, and will include a very large majority of the tree species occurring in the Amazon’s worst hit regions. As Amazonian forest loss continues, new approaches such as these will be needed to help guide management away from BAU scenarios and ensure a long-term future for the world’s richest tree flora. Indeed, sustaining the recent historical trend of reduced Amazonian deforestation through 2050 will keep as many tree species from becoming critically endangered as there are critically endangered plant species on the IUCN Red List today.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" disp-level="1"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><sec disp-level="2"><title>Amazonian base map</title><p>To overlay spatial data on deforestation, protected areas, and tree species distribution and abundance, we first made a base map of Amazonia. The borders of the base map were the same as those in our previous study (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>). We gridded this landscape into 0.1-degree grid cells (01DGCs) (<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr"><italic>33</italic></xref>) and eliminated all 01DGCs that were more than 50% water (<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr"><italic>33</italic></xref>), nonforest vegetation such as open wetlands or savannahs (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>), or elevations of >500 m (<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr"><italic>34</italic></xref>). This reduced the total area by 17%. We then quantified the area of all individual 01DGCs, which varies with latitude because of distance from the equator (~124 km<sup>2</sup> at the equator, ~106 km<sup>2</sup> at 14°S, and ~120 km<sup>2</sup> at 8°N). The final forest map consists of 46,986 01DGCs or 5.79 million km<sup>2</sup> (fig. S1).</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Tree density</title><p>Our tree inventory data come from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN) (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>). The methods we used to estimate tree density, abundance, and distribution are similar to those used in our previous study (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>) but are based on >20% more tree plots than in that study. The ATDN now comprises 1766 (1-ha) tree inventory plots scattered throughout Amazonia (fig. S1).</p><p>The total number of trees in Amazonia with ≥10 cm diameter at breast height was estimated as in our previous study (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>) but with a larger subset of plots (1625) and at the 1-degree grid cell (DGC) level. We constructed a locally weighted (loess) regression model for tree density (stems/ha) on the basis of the observed tree density in 1625 plots, with latitude, longitude, and their interaction as independent variables. The span was set at 0.5 to yield a relatively smooth average. The model was used to estimate the average tree density in each DGC (<italic>D</italic><sub>DGC</sub>, stems/ha) (fig. S15). This average density per hectare was then multiplied by the total forested area of each DGC to obtain the total number of trees in the DGC. The total number of trees estimated was 3.2 × 10<sup>11</sup>. This is 17.9% lower than the estimate in our previous study (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>) because this number corrects for the actual lowland forest cover in each DGC.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Modeled population sizes and species distributions: Common species</title><p>Analyses of tree species composition were performed with a subset of 1560 plots in which all 775,532 free-standing trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height had been identified with a valid name at the species (86.0%), genus (97.2%), or family (99.0%) level before our study. Most plots (1282) measured exactly 1 ha, 392 were smaller (0.25 to 0.99), 91 were larger (1.01 to 4), and 4 were plotless samples (point-centered quarter) for which the number of trees was equivalent to that typically found in 0.5 to 1 ha. Most issues of species identification and nomenclature were handled as in our previous study (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>), but there were some exceptions. Species with a “cf.” identification were accepted as belonging to the named species, whereas those with “aff.” were tabulated at the genus level. All data associated with names that were clearly wrong (for example, those of small herbs) were disregarded.</p><p>Although we assume identification error to be within acceptable limits for common species [see discussion in our previous paper (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>)], we retained only plots in which ≥60% of individuals were identified to species (1480 plots) (fig. S16). The number of trees belonging to each species in the DGC was estimated as follows. Abundances of all valid species were converted into relative abundances for each plot: RA<sub><italic>i</italic></sub> = <italic>n</italic><sub><italic>i</italic></sub>/<italic>N</italic>, where <italic>n</italic><sub><italic>i</italic></sub> is the number of individuals of species <italic>i</italic> and <italic>N</italic> is the total number of trees in the plot (including unidentified trees) (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>). For each of the 4953 species with a valid name in the 1485 plots, we constructed an inverse distance weighting (IDW) model for RA<sub><italic>i</italic></sub>, with a power of 2, a maximum number of plots used for each local estimation of 150, and a maximum distance parameter of 4°. We did not use a LOESS model (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>) because this had the undesirable effect of predicting very small occurrences of species far from localities where the species was actually recorded. For a similar reason, we used a cutoff of 4° with IDW modeling because, otherwise, species would have very low densities over the entire Amazon. These adjustments have a significant effect on the ranges of species [that is, ranges here are smaller than in our previous study (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>)] but a negligible effect on their total number of individuals. The number of individuals of species <italic>i</italic> in a given DGC was then simply the total number of trees in the DGC multiplied by the fraction of the species <italic>i</italic>. Although we used a slightly different approach and a slightly larger data set compared to those in our previous study (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>), our results are very similar to the results of that study.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Modeled population sizes and species distributions: Rare species</title><p>To estimate the total number of tree species present in Amazonia, we extrapolated the rank-abundance distribution of the 4953 named species as in our previous study (<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>). This yielded an additional 10,247 species, for a total of 15,200 estimated tree species in Amazonia. For shorthand, in this paper, we refer to the 4953 named species as “common species” and to the 10,247 other taxa as “rare species.”</p><p>Because our tree plot data cannot tell us how these very rare species are distributed, we carried out a separate modeling exercise to estimate the degree to which their ranges overlap with deforestation or protected areas. In doing this, we relied on two simplifying assumptions: (i) these rare species have small circular geographic ranges whose sizes are correlated to their population sizes (<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr"><italic>13</italic></xref>) and (ii) these species are not randomly distributed across the Amazon but instead are more likely to occur in DGCs with higher overall tree diversity. This stratification is consistent with the theoretical notion that there is a one-to-one relationship between Fisher’s α at large sample sizes and rare species (in large samples, the number of singletons actually equals Fisher’s α, the number of doubletons equals ~α/2, and the number of tripletons equals ~α/3…) (<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr"><italic>35</italic></xref>). To estimate how many rare species occur in each DGC, we made an updated map of tree diversity (Fisher’s α) in Amazonia (<xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr"><italic>36</italic></xref>) at 0.1° resolution and used this map to stratify the position of rare species. For each rare species, a DGC was chosen randomly, with a probability proportional to the DGC’s Fisher’s α. Range size was calculated for all 10,247 species as in the study of Hubbell <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr"><italic>13</italic></xref>). Each circular range was overlain on deforestation and protected area maps (pixels at 0.1° resolution). The fraction of the population intersecting these maps was then calculated as the number of pixels of deforestation (or protected area) divided by the total number of pixels of forest within that circular section. This was repeated 500 times to provide the mean expectation and confidence limits.</p></sec><sec disp-level="2"><title>Protected areas and deforestation</title><p>Spatial data and categories of Amazonian protected areas were gathered from the World Database of Protected Areas (<xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr"><italic>37</italic></xref>) and updated with individual country park service sources (for example, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://geo.sernanp.gob.pe/geoserver">http://geo.sernanp.gob.pe/geoserver</ext-link>) and—for indigenous territories of Guyana, Peru, and Bolivia—with data from Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georeferenciada (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://raisg.socioambiental.org/">http://raisg.socioambiental.org/</ext-link>). We did not include indigenous territories from Suriname, Venezuela, and Ecuador because these areas are not yet officially designated. Protected areas were classified as SCRs (IUCN categories Ia to IV) or SUIRs (IUCN categories V to VII and all other types) (table S3). Where the data indicated an overlap between SCRs and SUIRs, the overlap was designated as SCR.</p><p>Historical deforestation up to 2013 was based on data from Soares-Filho <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>) and Hansen <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr"><italic>15</italic></xref>). To estimate projected deforestation in 2050 (including historical deforestation), we used both BAU scenario and IGS based on the work of Soares-Filho <italic>et al.</italic> (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>, <xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>). Every 01DGC of the Amazonian base map was classified as protected or unprotected and as forested or deforested, depending on whether >50% of the 01DGC was occupied by a protected area or deforestation.</p><p>For common species, we estimated the number of individuals of a given species that fell within areas of deforestation or protection by first multiplying the population size in each DGC by the proportion of its 01DGCs that were classified as deforested or protected. This analysis assumes that the individuals of a species are homogeneously distributed within each DGC. We then summed the results for all DGCs to yield the total number of individuals of each species that were lost to deforestation or occurred within a protected area.</p><p>For rare species, the proportion of the number of individuals of a given rare species lost in a given DGC was quantified as the proportion of that DGC classified as deforested. Rare species in heavily deforested DGCs thus show a much higher loss than those in less disturbed DGCs, and those in intact DGCs had zero losses. The degree to which rare species’ distributions overlap with protected areas was estimated in the same fashion. All analyses were carried out with R software (<xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr"><italic>38</italic></xref>).</p></sec></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>This report is the result of the work of hundreds of different scientists and research institutions in the Amazon over the last 80 years. Without their hard work, this analysis would have been impossible. <bold>Funding:</bold> This work was supported by Alberta Mennega Stichting; ALCOA Suriname; Amazon Conservation Association; Banco de la República; CELOS Suriname; CAPES (PNPG); Conselho Nacional de Desenvovimento Científico e Tecnológico of Brazil (CNPq) Projects CENBAM, PELD (558069/2009-6), PRONEX-FAPEAM (1600/2006), Áreas Úmidas, MAUA; PELD (403792/2012-6), PPBio, PVE 004/2012, Universal (479599/2008-4), and Universal 307807-2009-6; FAPEAM projects DCR/2006, Hidroveg with FAPESP, and PRONEX with CNPq; FAPESP; Colciencias; CONICIT; Duke University; Ecopetrol; FEPIM 044/2003; The Field Museum; Conservation International/DC (TEAM/Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Guyana Forestry Commission; Investissement d’Avenir grant of the French ANR (CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-0025); IVIC; Margaret Mee Amazon Trust; Miquel fonds; MCTI–Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi–Proc. 407232/2013-3–PVE-MEC/MCTI/CAPES/CNPq; National Geographic Society (7754-04 and 8047-06 to P.M.J.; 6679-99, 7435-03, and 8481-08 to T.W.H.); NSF-0726797 to K.R.Y.; NSF Dissertation Improvement; Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research WOTRO (grants WB85-335 and W84-581); Primate Conservation Inc.; Programme Ecosystèmes Tropicaux (French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development); Shell Prospecting and Development Peru; Smithsonian Institution’s Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield Program; Stichting het van Eeden-fonds; The Body Shop; The Ministry of the Environment of Ecuador; TROBIT; Tropenbos International; U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF-0743457 and NSF-0101775 to P.M.J.; NSF-0918591 to T.W.H.); USAID; Variety Woods Guyana; Wenner-Gren Foundation; WWF-Brazil; WWF-Guianas; XIIéme Contrat de Plan Etat Région-Guyane (French Government and European Union) and grants to RAINFOR from the European Union, UK Natural Environment Research Council, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. We thank D. Zappi for providing the Cristalino State Park checklist. O.L.P. was supported by a European Research Council Advanced Grant and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. <bold>Author contributions:</bold> H.t.S. and N.C.A.P. conceived the study and designed the analyses. H.t.S. carried out most analyses. H.t.S., N.C.A.P., T.J.K., W.F.L., C.A.P., and J.E.G. wrote the manuscript. All of the other authors contributed data, discussed further analyses, and commented on various versions of the manuscript. This is contribution 679 of the technical series of the BDFFP (INPA/STRI). <bold>Competing interests:</bold> The authors declare that they have no competing interests. <bold>Data and materials availability:</bold> All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary Materials in appendix S1 and S5. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.</p></ack><app-group><app><title>SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data"><p>Supplementary material for this article is available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1/10/e1500936/DC1">http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1/10/e1500936/DC1</ext-link></p><p>Use of the IUCN threat criteria</p><p>Caveats regarding deforestation scenarios</p><p>Caveats regarding population models</p><p>Caveats regarding the interaction between tree species populations and forest loss</p><p>Fig. S1. Map of Amazonia showing the location of the 1485 ATDN plots that contributed data to this report.</p><p>Fig. S2. Map of lowland forests in the Amazon.</p><p>Fig. S3. Total deforestation of the Amazon by 2013.</p><p>Fig. S4. Deforestation and tree population declines in the Amazon.</p><p>Fig. S5. Deforestation and tree population declines of rare species in the Amazon.</p><p>Table S1. Deforestation and tree population declines of rare species in the Amazon.</p><p>Fig. S6. Projected (including historical) deforestation in the Amazon by 2050 in the BAU scenario.</p><p>Fig. S7. Projected (including historical) deforestation in the Amazon by 2050 in the IGS.</p><p>Fig. S8. Protected areas and indigenous territories in the Amazon.</p><p>Fig. S9. How much of the Amazon is protected and how many individual trees do protected areas protect?</p><p>Fig. S10. Rare species in protected areas and indigenous territories.</p><p>Table S2. Rare species in protected areas and indigenous territories.</p><p>Fig. S11. Protected areas and indigenous territories in the Amazon with deforestation according to BAU scenario 2050.</p><p>Fig. S12. Protected areas and indigenous territories in the Amazon with deforestation according to IGS 2050.</p><p>Fig. S13. How much forest loss has taken place and will take place in Amazonian protected areas?</p><p>Fig. S14. Decline in relative population size shows no relationship with original population size in (A) BAU scenario and (B) IGS.</p><p>Fig. S15. Interpolated stem density for the Amazon.</p><p>Fig. S16. Interpolated identification level of plots in the Amazon.</p><p>Fig. S17. Projected and observed deforestation in Amazonia from 2002 to 2013.</p><p>Table S3. IUCN categories, designations, and conversion into SCRs (1) and SUIRs (2).</p><p>Appendix S1. Data by DGC.</p><p>Appendix S2. Data by species.</p><p>Appendix S3. Data of individuals by region.</p><p>Appendix S4. Tree species estimated to occur in Cristalino State Park in Brazil but not yet recorded there (<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr"><italic>32</italic></xref>) and their estimated threat status according to historical and projected deforestation.</p><p>Appendix S5. Plot metadata.</p><p>References (<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr"><italic>39</italic></xref>–<xref rid="R83" ref-type="bibr"><italic>83</italic></xref>)</p></supplementary-material></app></app-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES AND NOTES</title><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="web">B. S. Soares-Filho, D. C. Nepstad, L. M. Curran, E. Voll, G. C. Cerqueira, R. A. Garcia, C. A. Ramos, A. McDonald, P. Lefebvre, P. Schlesinger, Eds., <italic>LBA-ECO LC-14 Modeled Deforestation Scenarios, Amazon Basin: 2002-2050</italic> (Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, TN, 2013); <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://daac.ornl.gov//LBA/guides/LC14_Amazon_Scenarios.html">http://daac.ornl.gov//LBA/guides/LC14_Amazon_Scenarios.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Soares-Filho</surname><given-names>B. 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