Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Natural History of Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Men: The HIM Study</title><author><name sortKey="Hampras, Shalaka S" sort="Hampras, Shalaka S" uniqKey="Hampras S" first="Shalaka S." last="Hampras">Shalaka S. Hampras</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, Anna R" sort="Giuliano, Anna R" uniqKey="Giuliano A" first="Anna R." last="Giuliano">Anna R. Giuliano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Hui Yi" sort="Lin, Hui Yi" uniqKey="Lin H" first="Hui-Yi" last="Lin">Hui-Yi Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, Kate J" sort="Fisher, Kate J" uniqKey="Fisher K" first="Kate J." last="Fisher">Kate J. Fisher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abrahamsen, Martha E" sort="Abrahamsen, Martha E" uniqKey="Abrahamsen M" first="Martha E." last="Abrahamsen">Martha E. Abrahamsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirak, Bradley A" sort="Sirak, Bradley A" uniqKey="Sirak B" first="Bradley A." last="Sirak">Bradley A. Sirak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iannacone, Michelle R" sort="Iannacone, Michelle R" uniqKey="Iannacone M" first="Michelle R." last="Iannacone">Michelle R. Iannacone</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Cancer and Population Studies, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gheit, Tarik" sort="Gheit, Tarik" uniqKey="Gheit T" first="Tarik" last="Gheit">Tarik Gheit</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tommasino, Massimo" sort="Tommasino, Massimo" uniqKey="Tommasino M" first="Massimo" last="Tommasino">Massimo Tommasino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rollison, Dana E" sort="Rollison, Dana E" uniqKey="Rollison D" first="Dana E." last="Rollison">Dana E. Rollison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25198694</idno><idno type="pmc">4157763</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4157763</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4157763</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000357</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000357</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Natural History of Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Men: The HIM Study</title><author><name sortKey="Hampras, Shalaka S" sort="Hampras, Shalaka S" uniqKey="Hampras S" first="Shalaka S." last="Hampras">Shalaka S. Hampras</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, Anna R" sort="Giuliano, Anna R" uniqKey="Giuliano A" first="Anna R." last="Giuliano">Anna R. Giuliano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Hui Yi" sort="Lin, Hui Yi" uniqKey="Lin H" first="Hui-Yi" last="Lin">Hui-Yi Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, Kate J" sort="Fisher, Kate J" uniqKey="Fisher K" first="Kate J." last="Fisher">Kate J. Fisher</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abrahamsen, Martha E" sort="Abrahamsen, Martha E" uniqKey="Abrahamsen M" first="Martha E." last="Abrahamsen">Martha E. Abrahamsen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirak, Bradley A" sort="Sirak, Bradley A" uniqKey="Sirak B" first="Bradley A." last="Sirak">Bradley A. Sirak</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iannacone, Michelle R" sort="Iannacone, Michelle R" uniqKey="Iannacone M" first="Michelle R." last="Iannacone">Michelle R. Iannacone</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Cancer and Population Studies, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gheit, Tarik" sort="Gheit, Tarik" uniqKey="Gheit T" first="Tarik" last="Gheit">Tarik Gheit</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tommasino, Massimo" sort="Tommasino, Massimo" uniqKey="Tommasino M" first="Massimo" last="Tommasino">Massimo Tommasino</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rollison, Dana E" sort="Rollison, Dana E" uniqKey="Rollison D" first="Dana E." last="Rollison">Dana E. Rollison</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Accumulating evidence suggests that cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Little is known about the natural history of cutaneous HPV. A sub-cohort of 209 men with no NMSC history, initially enrolled in the HPV infection in men (HIM) study, were followed for a median of 12.6 months. Epidemiological data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Cutaneous HPV DNA was measured in normal skin swabs (SS) and eyebrow hairs (EB) for 25 and 16 HPV types in genera β and γ, respectively. Any β HPV infection was more prevalent in SS (67.3%) compared to EB (56.5%, p = 0.04). Incidence in SS was higher than 20 per 1,000 person-months for HPV types 4, 5, 23, 38 and 76. Median duration of persistence of β and γ HPV infection was 8.6 and 6.1 months in EB, respectively, and 11.3 months and 6.3 months, in SS, respectively. Older age (>44 years vs. 18-30 years) was significantly associated with prevalent (SS OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2–7.0) and persistent β HPV infection (EB OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 2.6–14.1). History of blistering sunburn was associated with prevalent (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.3–5.8) and persistent (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2–4.6) β HPV infection in SS. Cutaneous HPV is highly prevalent in men, with age and blistering sunburn being significant risk factors for cutaneous β HPV infection.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Braaten, Kp" uniqKey="Braaten K">KP Braaten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laufer, Mr" uniqKey="Laufer M">MR Laufer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chiantore, Mv" uniqKey="Chiantore M">MV Chiantore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vannucchi, S" uniqKey="Vannucchi S">S Vannucchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Accardi, R" uniqKey="Accardi R">R Accardi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tommasino, M" uniqKey="Tommasino M">M Tommasino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Percario, Za" uniqKey="Percario Z">ZA Percario</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bzhalava, D" uniqKey="Bzhalava D">D Bzhalava</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guan, P" uniqKey="Guan P">P Guan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franceschi, S" uniqKey="Franceschi S">S Franceschi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dillner, J" uniqKey="Dillner J">J Dillner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clifford, G" uniqKey="Clifford G">G Clifford</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heideman, Da" uniqKey="Heideman D">DA Heideman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waterboer, T" uniqKey="Waterboer T">T Waterboer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pawlita, M" uniqKey="Pawlita M">M Pawlita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delis Van Diemen, P" uniqKey="Delis Van Diemen P">P Delis-van Diemen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nindl, I" uniqKey="Nindl I">I Nindl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Js" uniqKey="Smith J">JS Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindsay, L" uniqKey="Lindsay L">L Lindsay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoots, B" uniqKey="Hoots B">B Hoots</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keys, J" uniqKey="Keys J">J Keys</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franceschi, S" uniqKey="Franceschi S">S Franceschi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Castellsague, X" uniqKey="Castellsague X">X Castellsague</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pawlita, M" uniqKey="Pawlita M">M Pawlita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roura, E" uniqKey="Roura E">E Roura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Margall, N" uniqKey="Margall N">N Margall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waterboer, T" uniqKey="Waterboer T">T Waterboer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Michaud, Ds" uniqKey="Michaud D">DS Michaud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langevin, Sm" uniqKey="Langevin S">SM Langevin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eliot, M" uniqKey="Eliot M">M Eliot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Hh" uniqKey="Nelson H">HH Nelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pawlita, M" uniqKey="Pawlita M">M Pawlita</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mansour, M" uniqKey="Mansour M">M Mansour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Touka, M" uniqKey="Touka M">M Touka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hasan, U" uniqKey="Hasan U">U Hasan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellopede, A" uniqKey="Bellopede A">A Bellopede</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smet, A" uniqKey="Smet A">A Smet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pecoraro, G" uniqKey="Pecoraro G">G Pecoraro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morgan, D" uniqKey="Morgan D">D Morgan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Defendi, V" uniqKey="Defendi V">V Defendi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Proby, Cm" uniqKey="Proby C">CM Proby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harwood, Ca" uniqKey="Harwood C">CA Harwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neale, Re" uniqKey="Neale R">RE Neale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green, Ac" uniqKey="Green A">AC Green</name></author><author><name sortKey="Euvrard, S" uniqKey="Euvrard S">S Euvrard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Struijk, L" uniqKey="Struijk L">L Struijk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouwes Bavinck, Jn" uniqKey="Bouwes Bavinck J">JN Bouwes Bavinck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wanningen, P" uniqKey="Wanningen P">P Wanningen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Meijden, E" uniqKey="Van Der Meijden E">E van der Meijden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Westendorp, Rg" uniqKey="Westendorp R">RG Westendorp</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neale, Re" uniqKey="Neale R">RE Neale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weissenborn, S" uniqKey="Weissenborn S">S Weissenborn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abeni, D" uniqKey="Abeni D">D Abeni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bavinck, Jnb" uniqKey="Bavinck J">JNB Bavinck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Euvrard, S" uniqKey="Euvrard S">S Euvrard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jackson, S" uniqKey="Jackson S">S Jackson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Storey, A" uniqKey="Storey A">A Storey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muschik, D" uniqKey="Muschik D">D Muschik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braspenning Wesch, I" uniqKey="Braspenning Wesch I">I Braspenning-Wesch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stockfleth, E" uniqKey="Stockfleth E">E Stockfleth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosl, F" uniqKey="Rosl F">F Rosl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hofmann, Tg" uniqKey="Hofmann T">TG Hofmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jablonska, S" uniqKey="Jablonska S">S Jablonska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dabrowski, J" uniqKey="Dabrowski J">J Dabrowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jakubowicz, K" uniqKey="Jakubowicz K">K Jakubowicz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rollison, De" uniqKey="Rollison D">DE Rollison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pawlita, M" uniqKey="Pawlita M">M Pawlita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, Ar" uniqKey="Giuliano A">AR Giuliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iannacone, Mr" uniqKey="Iannacone M">MR Iannacone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sondak, Vk" uniqKey="Sondak V">VK Sondak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farzan, Sf" uniqKey="Farzan S">SF Farzan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waterboer, T" uniqKey="Waterboer T">T Waterboer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gui, J" uniqKey="Gui J">J Gui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Hh" uniqKey="Nelson H">HH Nelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Z" uniqKey="Li Z">Z Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iannacone, Mr" uniqKey="Iannacone M">MR Iannacone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gheit, T" uniqKey="Gheit T">T Gheit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waterboer, T" uniqKey="Waterboer T">T Waterboer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, Ar" uniqKey="Giuliano A">AR Giuliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Messina, Jl" uniqKey="Messina J">JL Messina</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andersson, K" uniqKey="Andersson K">K Andersson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michael, Km" uniqKey="Michael K">KM Michael</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luostarinen, T" uniqKey="Luostarinen T">T Luostarinen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waterboer, T" uniqKey="Waterboer T">T Waterboer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gislefoss, R" uniqKey="Gislefoss R">R Gislefoss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iannacone, Mr" uniqKey="Iannacone M">MR Iannacone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gheit, T" uniqKey="Gheit T">T Gheit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waterboer, T" uniqKey="Waterboer T">T Waterboer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, Ar" uniqKey="Giuliano A">AR Giuliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Messina, Jl" uniqKey="Messina J">JL Messina</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Koning, Mn" uniqKey="De Koning M">MN de Koning</name></author><author><name sortKey="Struijk, L" uniqKey="Struijk L">L Struijk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bavinck, Jn" uniqKey="Bavinck J">JN Bavinck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleter, B" uniqKey="Kleter B">B Kleter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ter Schegget, J" uniqKey="Ter Schegget J">J ter Schegget</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boxman, Il" uniqKey="Boxman I">IL Boxman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berkhout, Rj" uniqKey="Berkhout R">RJ Berkhout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mulder, Lh" uniqKey="Mulder L">LH Mulder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolkers, Mc" uniqKey="Wolkers M">MC Wolkers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouwes Bavinck, Jn" uniqKey="Bouwes Bavinck J">JN Bouwes Bavinck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Antonsson, A" uniqKey="Antonsson A">A Antonsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karanfilovska, S" uniqKey="Karanfilovska S">S Karanfilovska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindqvist, Pg" uniqKey="Lindqvist P">PG Lindqvist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansson, Bg" uniqKey="Hansson B">BG Hansson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hsu, Jy" uniqKey="Hsu J">JY Hsu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Ac" uniqKey="Chen A">AC Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keleher, A" uniqKey="Keleher A">A Keleher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmillan, Na" uniqKey="Mcmillan N">NA McMillan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antonsson, A" uniqKey="Antonsson A">A Antonsson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Antonsson, A" uniqKey="Antonsson A">A Antonsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erfurt, C" uniqKey="Erfurt C">C Erfurt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hazard, K" uniqKey="Hazard K">K Hazard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Holmgren, V" uniqKey="Holmgren V">V Holmgren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, M" uniqKey="Simon M">M Simon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anic, Gm" uniqKey="Anic G">GM Anic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, J H" uniqKey="Lee J">J-H Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stockwell, H" uniqKey="Stockwell H">H Stockwell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rollison, De" uniqKey="Rollison D">DE Rollison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, Y" uniqKey="Wu Y">Y Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, Ar" uniqKey="Giuliano A">AR Giuliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jh" uniqKey="Lee J">JH Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fulp, W" uniqKey="Fulp W">W Fulp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villa, Ll" uniqKey="Villa L">LL Villa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lazcano, E" uniqKey="Lazcano E">E Lazcano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gheit, T" uniqKey="Gheit T">T Gheit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Billoud, G" uniqKey="Billoud G">G Billoud</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Koning, Mn" uniqKey="De Koning M">MN de Koning</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gemignani, F" uniqKey="Gemignani F">F Gemignani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forslund, O" uniqKey="Forslund O">O Forslund</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gheit, T" uniqKey="Gheit T">T Gheit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Landi, S" uniqKey="Landi S">S Landi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gemignani, F" uniqKey="Gemignani F">F Gemignani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snijders, Pj" uniqKey="Snijders P">PJ Snijders</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vaccarella, S" uniqKey="Vaccarella S">S Vaccarella</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schmitt, M" uniqKey="Schmitt M">M Schmitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dondog, B" uniqKey="Dondog B">B Dondog</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waterboer, T" uniqKey="Waterboer T">T Waterboer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pawlita, M" uniqKey="Pawlita M">M Pawlita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tommasino, M" uniqKey="Tommasino M">M Tommasino</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iannacone, Mr" uniqKey="Iannacone M">MR Iannacone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gheit, T" uniqKey="Gheit T">T Gheit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfister, H" uniqKey="Pfister H">H Pfister</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, Ar" uniqKey="Giuliano A">AR Giuliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Messina, Jl" uniqKey="Messina J">JL Messina</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Viera, Aj" uniqKey="Viera A">AJ Viera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garrett, Jm" uniqKey="Garrett J">JM Garrett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sampogna, F" uniqKey="Sampogna F">F Sampogna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bavinck, Jnb" uniqKey="Bavinck J">JNB Bavinck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pawlita, M" uniqKey="Pawlita M">M Pawlita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abeni, D" uniqKey="Abeni D">D Abeni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harwood, Ca" uniqKey="Harwood C">CA Harwood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Antonsson, A" uniqKey="Antonsson A">A Antonsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green, Ac" uniqKey="Green A">AC Green</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mallitt, Ka" uniqKey="Mallitt K">KA Mallitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Rourke, Pk" uniqKey="O Rourke P">PK O'Rourke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pandeya, N" uniqKey="Pandeya N">N Pandeya</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iannacone, Mr" uniqKey="Iannacone M">MR Iannacone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michael, Km" uniqKey="Michael K">KM Michael</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, Ar" uniqKey="Giuliano A">AR Giuliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waterboer, T" uniqKey="Waterboer T">T Waterboer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pawlita, M" uniqKey="Pawlita M">M Pawlita</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Koning, Mnc" uniqKey="De Koning M">MNC de Koning</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weissenborn, Sj" uniqKey="Weissenborn S">SJ Weissenborn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abeni, D" uniqKey="Abeni D">D Abeni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouwes Bavinck, Jn" uniqKey="Bouwes Bavinck J">JN Bouwes Bavinck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Euvrard, S" uniqKey="Euvrard S">S Euvrard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schneider, I" uniqKey="Schneider I">I Schneider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lehmann, Md" uniqKey="Lehmann M">MD Lehmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kogosov, V" uniqKey="Kogosov V">V Kogosov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stockfleth, E" uniqKey="Stockfleth E">E Stockfleth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nindl, I" uniqKey="Nindl I">I Nindl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Escutia, B" uniqKey="Escutia B">B Escutia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ledesma, E" uniqKey="Ledesma E">E Ledesma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Serra Guillen, C" uniqKey="Serra Guillen C">C Serra-Guillen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gimeno, C" uniqKey="Gimeno C">C Gimeno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vilata, Jj" uniqKey="Vilata J">JJ Vilata</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Termorshuizen, F" uniqKey="Termorshuizen F">F Termorshuizen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feltkamp, Mc" uniqKey="Feltkamp M">MC Feltkamp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Struijk, L" uniqKey="Struijk L">L Struijk</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Gruijl, Fr" uniqKey="De Gruijl F">FR de Gruijl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bavinck, Jn" uniqKey="Bavinck J">JN Bavinck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Iannacone, Mr" uniqKey="Iannacone M">MR Iannacone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, W" uniqKey="Wang W">W Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stockwell, Hg" uniqKey="Stockwell H">HG Stockwell</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Rourke, K" uniqKey="O Rourke K">K O'Rourke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, Ar" uniqKey="Giuliano A">AR Giuliano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Ac" uniqKey="Chen A">AC Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmillan, Na" uniqKey="Mcmillan N">NA McMillan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antonsson, A" uniqKey="Antonsson A">A Antonsson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25198694</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4157763</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-14-15761</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Plant Pathology</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious Disease Epidemiology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Dermatology</subject><subj-group><subject>Skin Infections</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Biomarker Epidemiology</subject><subject>Molecular Epidemiology</subject><subject>Natural History of Disease</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Diseases</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Natural History of Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Men: The HIM Study</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Natural History of Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hampras</surname><given-names>Shalaka S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Giuliano</surname><given-names>Anna R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Hui-Yi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fisher</surname><given-names>Kate J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abrahamsen</surname><given-names>Martha E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sirak</surname><given-names>Bradley A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iannacone</surname><given-names>Michelle R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gheit</surname><given-names>Tarik</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tommasino</surname><given-names>Massimo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rollison</surname><given-names>Dana E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Cancer and Population Studies, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer-World Health Organization, Lyon, France</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Burk</surname><given-names>Robert D.</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States of America</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>dana.rollison@moffitt.org</email></corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: DER TG MT ARG. Performed the experiments: TG MT. Analyzed the data: HL KJF MRI. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TG MT KJF HL. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: SSH DER ARG HL KJF MEA TG MT. Coordination of the study: BAS MEA.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>9</issue><elocation-id>e104843</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>8</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Hampras et al</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Accumulating evidence suggests that cutaneous human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Little is known about the natural history of cutaneous HPV. A sub-cohort of 209 men with no NMSC history, initially enrolled in the HPV infection in men (HIM) study, were followed for a median of 12.6 months. Epidemiological data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. Cutaneous HPV DNA was measured in normal skin swabs (SS) and eyebrow hairs (EB) for 25 and 16 HPV types in genera β and γ, respectively. Any β HPV infection was more prevalent in SS (67.3%) compared to EB (56.5%, p = 0.04). Incidence in SS was higher than 20 per 1,000 person-months for HPV types 4, 5, 23, 38 and 76. Median duration of persistence of β and γ HPV infection was 8.6 and 6.1 months in EB, respectively, and 11.3 months and 6.3 months, in SS, respectively. Older age (>44 years vs. 18-30 years) was significantly associated with prevalent (SS OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2–7.0) and persistent β HPV infection (EB OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 2.6–14.1). History of blistering sunburn was associated with prevalent (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.3–5.8) and persistent (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2–4.6) β HPV infection in SS. Cutaneous HPV is highly prevalent in men, with age and blistering sunburn being significant risk factors for cutaneous β HPV infection.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This work was supported by the National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health (RO1CA098803 and R25 CA078447 to C.M. Nielson). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="15"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>The authors confirm that, for approved reasons, some access restrictions apply to the data underlying the findings. Data are available to outside investigators but within the limitations of preserving the anonymity of individuals since these data could theoretically identify a study participant. All data requests should be directed to Anna Giuliano, Ph.D, Director of Center of Excellence, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, 33612 (email: <email>Anna.Giuliano@moffitt.org</email>).</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>The authors confirm that, for approved reasons, some access restrictions apply to the data underlying the findings. Data are available to outside investigators but within the limitations of preserving the anonymity of individuals since these data could theoretically identify a study participant. All data requests should be directed to Anna Giuliano, Ph.D, Director of Center of Excellence, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, 33612 (email: <email>Anna.Giuliano@moffitt.org</email>).</p></notes></front><body><sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped DNA virus, primarily infecting stratified epithelium <xref rid="pone.0104843-Braaten1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Chiantore1" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>. HPV infections are broadly classified as mucosal (α genus) or cutaneous (α, β, γ, μ, Nv genera) <xref rid="pone.0104843-Bzhalava1" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. An etiologic role for mucosal HPV infection has been established for several cancers, including penile <xref rid="pone.0104843-Heideman1" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref> and cervical <xref rid="pone.0104843-Smith1" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Castellsague1" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref> as well as a subset of head and neck cancers <xref rid="pone.0104843-Michaud1" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>. In the majority of cervical cancers, viral DNA integrates into the host genome, further facilitating the transformation of infected cells <xref rid="pone.0104843-Mansour1" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Pecoraro1" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>. Accumulating evidence suggests that, infection with cutaneous HPV types is associated with increased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals <xref rid="pone.0104843-Proby1" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0104843-Neale1" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>, perhaps through an indirect mechanism. For example, inhibition of ultraviolet radiation induced apoptosis has been suggested as a potential mechanism of carcinogenic activity of cutaneous HPV <xref rid="pone.0104843-Jackson1" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Muschik1" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>.</p><p>The earliest evidence for oncogenic potential of β HPV types came from studies by Jablonska and colleagues, in 1972, which demonstrated the presence of β HPV types in cutaneous lesions of patients suffering from Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis (EV) <xref rid="pone.0104843-Jablonska1" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>, a rare hereditary skin disease that often progresses to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of skin in solar exposed areas. Cutaneous HPV DNA has been detected in eyebrow hairs, normal skin samples as well as tumor tissues from NMSC cases <xref rid="pone.0104843-Rollison1" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>. Several studies have reported a positive association between cutaneous HPV DNA and/or seropositivity and NMSC <xref rid="pone.0104843-Farzan1" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0104843-Iannacone2" ref-type="bibr">[20]</xref>. Despite its potential role in the development of SCC, very little is known about the natural history of cutaneous HPV infection. This information is essential to further elucidate the role of cutaneous HPV in skin cancer and also to guide future preventive measures targeted at reducing the burden of cutaneous HPV infection.</p><p>Few studies have evaluated the prevalence and persistence of cutaneous HPV among healthy individuals. Cutaneous HPV is thought to be ubiquitous in skin, with hair follicles serving as the reservoirs of persistent HPV infection <xref rid="pone.0104843-deKoning1" ref-type="bibr">[21]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Boxman1" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>. High prevalence of cutaneous HPV in skin of infants and young children, indicates that exposure to HPV occurs very early in life <xref rid="pone.0104843-Antonsson1" ref-type="bibr">[23]</xref>, with asymptomatic infection persisting for several years <xref rid="pone.0104843-Hsu1" ref-type="bibr">[24]</xref>. Prevalence rates ranging from 42% in African population to 70% in European and Asian populations have been reported among healthy adults <xref rid="pone.0104843-Antonsson2" ref-type="bibr">[25]</xref>. Prevalence of over 90% have been reported among immunocompromised patients <xref rid="pone.0104843-Boxman1" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>.</p><p>In this study, we describe the natural history of cutaneous HPV infection in a cohort of 209 healthy men in Tampa, Florida. We evaluated a spectrum of epidemiological measures including risk factors associated with prevalence, persistence and incidence across two genera of cutaneous HPV infection. We observed that cutaneous HPV is highly prevalent in men and that, age and blistering sunburn are significant risk factors for cutaneous β HPV infection in men.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>Material and Methods</title><sec id="s2a"><title>Study population</title><p>The study population for the current analysis comprises a sub-cohort of men who participated in the U.S. site of the HPV infection in men (HIM) study, a large, multi-national prospective cohort study of the natural history of HPV infection in men <xref rid="pone.0104843-Anic1" ref-type="bibr">[26]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Giuliano1" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>. The HIM study methods have been described in detail previously <xref rid="pone.0104843-Anic1" ref-type="bibr">[26]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Giuliano1" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>. Briefly, between July 2005 and September 2009, study participants were recruited to the HIM study in Tampa, Florida, through mass advertisement targeted to university students, faculty, staff and members of the general population. Inclusion criteria were: 1) men aged 18–70 years; 2) reside in Florida; 3) have had no prior diagnosis of penile or anal cancers; 4) have never been diagnosed with genital and/or anal warts; 5) have not participated in an HPV vaccine study; 6) have no prior diagnosis of HIV/AIDS; 7) have no current penile discharge or burning during urination; 8) were not currently being treated for an STD; 9) have not been imprisoned or homeless during last 6 months; and 10) had not been in a drug or alcohol treatment program over the last 6 months at enrollment. Between November 2008 and June 2010, 1,082 participants in the HIM study were invited to participate in a supplemental study of the natural history of cutaneous HPV infection, requiring additional biospecimen collection. In the parent HIM study, the participants were followed every six months up to four years of follow-up. Nine hundred and sixty seven men enrolled in the parent HIM study had at least one sample of eyebrow hair or skin swab at their baseline visit. Of these 967 men, 965 men (99.8%) had three samples (one sample of eyebrow hair and one skin swab sample each, from sun exposed and unexposed skin), at their baseline visit. 89.4% and 66.7% men had all three samples at two and three visits, respectively. In order to maximize our observation time and facilitate estimation of incidence and persistence, the sub-study was restricted to those men who had all three samples for at least 4 visits (n = 211). Of these, 209 men had viable samples and were included in the final analysis.</p></sec><sec id="s2b"><title>Ethics statement</title><p>Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the parent study, and a separate addendum to the consent was completed by all participants in the sub-study. The parent study and sub-study protocols were approved by institutional review boards at each recruiting site, including the Human Subjects Committees of the University of South Florida, the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil, the Centro de Referencia e Tratamento de Doencas Sexualmente Transmissiveis e AIDS, Brazil, and the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, as described previously <xref rid="pone.0104843-Giuliano1" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="s2c"><title>Data collection</title><sec id="s2c1"><title>Questionnaires</title><p>At the enrollment visit, HIM study participants completed a comprehensive self-administered questionnaire with information on demographics (age, race, education, and marital status), socioeconomic status, medical history, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and sexual history. Additional questions on risk factors for skin cancer (skin's reaction to season's first sun exposure, history of blistering sunburn, etc.) were added to the cutaneous HPV sub-study.</p></sec><sec id="s2c2"><title>Eyebrow hairs and swabs of normal skin</title><p>Although, in the parent HIM study, swabs from both sun exposed and unexposed skin were collected, only swabs from sun-exposed skin were used for HPV DNA measurement in the present sub-study due to limited funding. A 5×5 cm area of normal, sun exposed skin, from the top of forearm, was pre-wetted (0.9% NaCl) and swabbed back and forth five times using a cotton-tipped Dacron swab (Digene, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). All swabs were placed in a separate vial and preserved in 500 µl Digene Standard Transport Medium (STM) for HPV DNA testing. Three to four hairs were plucked from each eyebrow (6–8 eyebrow hairs per individual) using disposable tweezers. Hairs with attached follicles were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. All tissues were stored at −70°C until testing for cutaneous HPV DNA.</p></sec><sec id="s2c3"><title>DNA extraction from skin swabs and eyebrow hair</title><p>DNA extraction was performed at the International Agency for Research on Cancer in Lyon, France, using the Qiagen BioRobot EZ1 with the EZ1 DNA tissue kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Briefly, the Dacron swabs were carefully cut into an Eppendorf tube using scissors and incubated overnight in proteinase K and buffer G2 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) at 56°C. An EZ1 DNA Forensic protocol was used to extract the DNA from eyebrow hairs according to the manufacturer's instructions. To monitor the possible occurrence of cross-contamination between the different specimens during DNA extraction, tubes containing buffer only were also included (one tube with buffer every ten specimens).</p></sec><sec id="s2c4"><title>Viral DNA detection using Multiplex PCR/Luminex assay</title><p>The detection of viral DNA was performed by a multiplex PCR/Luminex assay <xref rid="pone.0104843-Gheit1" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>, followed by the HPV typing using Luminex beads coupled with β or γ HPV type-specific probes. The assay was performed using approximately 100 ng of total DNA and specific primers amplifying a part of the E7 gene for 25 HPV types in genus β (5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 36, 37, 38, 47, 49, 75, 76, 80, 92, 93, 96) and 16 HPV types in genus γ (4,48,50, 60, 65, 88, 95, 101, 103,108,109,112,116,119,121,123) <xref rid="pone.0104843-Gheit1" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Gheit2" ref-type="bibr">[29]</xref>. Although, a large number of HPV types are being continually discovered, a limited coverage of HPV types was offered in the multiplex assay. Two primers for the amplification of β-globin were included in the assay to provide a positive control for the quality of the template DNA. The positivity of the assay was given by the intensity of the fluorescent signal detected by the Luminex apparatus and was expressed as the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of at least 100 beads per bead set. The cutoff was calculated for each HPV-specific probe by considering the MFI values obtained with no respective PCR product. The cutoff was computed by adding 5 MFI to 1.1× the median background value, as described by Schmitt et al. <xref rid="pone.0104843-Schmitt1" ref-type="bibr">[30]</xref>. All MFI values above the cut-off have been considered positive. PCR was performed with the QIAGEN multiplex PCR kit according to the instructions of the manufacturer. This multiplex PCR protocol is highly sensitive, being able to detect only 10 copies of the viral genome <xref rid="pone.0104843-Gheit1" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Gheit2" ref-type="bibr">[29]</xref>. HPV genotyping was successfully repeated in a blind manner, three times in 10 individual subjects, demonstrating reliability of multiplex PCR for detection of specific HPV types <xref rid="pone.0104843-Gheit1" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>. Similar strategy was used for determining the sensitivity and specificity of γ HPV assay, showing features similar to those of the β HPV assay.</p><p>Following PCR amplification, 10 μL of each reaction was analyzed by multiplex genotyping using a Luminex based assay as described <xref rid="pone.0104843-Iannacone3" ref-type="bibr">[31]</xref>. Results were expressed as the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) of at least 100 beads per bead set. Of the 1,385 samples, 1,234 (89%) were β-globin positive. Thirty (2%) β-globin negative and HPV positive samples were included, while 120 (9%) β-globin negative and HPV negative samples were excluded from the analyses. All the tubes containing buffer only were tested negative for HPV DNA and β globin.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s2d"><title>Statistical analysis</title><p>Baseline characteristics, including demographics, skin cancer risk factors, lifestyle factors and history of sexually transmitted diseases, were summarized for the cohort using descriptive statistics. HPV prevalence in eyebrow hairs and normal skin swabs was estimated by phylogenetic species along with concurrent infections with other HPV types. Type-specific prevalence of HPV was defined as the proportion of men who were positive for a given HPV out of the baseline cohort with valid samples. Genus- and species-specific prevalence was defined as the proportion of men who were positive for at least one HPV type in the given genus or species. The statistical significance of differences in the prevalence of HPV infection between eyebrow hairs and normal skin swabs was tested using Fisher's exact test. Incidence (in person-months) was determined for any HPV infection, as well as type-specific and species-specific HPV infections in normal skin swabs or eyebrow hairs. For analyses of incidence of any HPV infection, the participant had to be negative for all HPV types (genus β or γ) at baseline, and only the first incidence of any HPV infection was taken into account. Similarly, for species-specific and type-specific HPV infections, the participant had to be negative at baseline for that particular HPV species or type, respectively. Time to incidence of HPV infection was defined as interval, in months, between baseline visit and first visit with a positive HPV sample or time point being censored. Due to fewer events, median time to incidence of γ HPV infection in eyebrow hairs could not be estimated. Time to clearance of HPV infection was defined as interval (in months) between incident HPV infection and clearance of all type-specific HPV infections.</p><p>Persistence of any HPV (genus β or γ) or type-specific HPV was defined as any or type-specific HPV infection at ≥2 consecutive visits. For a given type of HPV persistence, only participants who were positive for the HPV genus or type and had at least one follow-up visit after that were included. Kappa coefficient (k) was used to determine the concordance of viral infections across eyebrow hairs and skin swabs for each β-HPV type. The kappa coefficients <0 indicates no agreement, 0–0.20 as slight, 0.21–0.40 as fair, 0.41–0.60 as moderate, 0.61–0.80 as substantial, and 0.81–1 as almost perfect agreement <xref rid="pone.0104843-Viera1" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref>.</p><p>Logistic regression models were used to estimate age-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between risk factors and prevalence of overall and species-specific HPV infections (β1 and β2) (due to sample size constraints, risk factors associated with type-specific HPV infections were not examined.). Variables that were significantly associated with β HPV prevalence in an age-adjusted model were further evaluated after stratification by β HPV species. Logistic regression was conducted to estimate the association between risk factors and incidence as well as persistence of HPV infection, after adjusting for age. Logistic regression analyses were conducted separately for HPV infection in eyebrow hairs and normal skin swabs. Kaplan-Meier curves were derived for incidence and clearance of any HPV infection. An alpha level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was not conducted. All analyses were conducted using SAS software, version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and R software, version 2.13.1.</p></sec></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Results</title><p>The median follow up time was 12.6 months. As seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t001">Table 1</xref>, majority (74.5%) of men self-reported their race as White and was between 18 and 30 years of age (51.7%).</p><table-wrap id="pone-0104843-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.t001</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Baseline characteristics of 209 male participants in the humanpapilloma virus infection (HIM) Study, Tampa, Florida.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone-0104843-t001-1" xlink:href="pone.0104843.t001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n (%)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108 (51.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31–44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (21.0)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 (27.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Self-Identified Race</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155 (74.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (25.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Spanish/Hispanic/Latino</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177 (84.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (15.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Marital status</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single, Never Married or Divorced/Separated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148 (70.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married or Cohabiting, Living Together</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 (29.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highest level of education</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>High school or below</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (18.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vocational school/Some college</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110 (52.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Graduated college/Graduate school</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 (29.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Skin reaction to season's first sun exposure</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No change in skin color</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (17.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tan with no sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (25.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild sunburn that becomes a tan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80 (38.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (17.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever had a blistering sunburn</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103 (49.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 (50.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lifetime number of blistering sunburns</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103 (49.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (18.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (13.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (18.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Had an alcoholic beverage in the past month</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (16.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174 (83.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of days drank in past month</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (19.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81 (46.0)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 (34.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Current smoker</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176 (84.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (15.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever smoker</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123 (59.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84 (40.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Smoking status</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Never</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123 (59.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Former</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 (24.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (15.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever been diagnosed with an STD</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180 (86.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (13.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lifetime female vaginal sex partners</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (20.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 (30.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 (48.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Female vaginal sex partners in past 6 months</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (25.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105 (50.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (23.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lifetime male anal-sex partners</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158 (90.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (9.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Male anal-sex partners in the past 3 months</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">182 (98.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.09)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives></table-wrap><sec id="s3a"><title>HPV DNA in eyebrow hair and normal skin</title><p>As seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t002">Table 2</xref>, cutaneous HPV prevalence was higher among normal skin swab samples than eyebrow hairs, particularly for any β HPV type (67.3% in normal skin swabs vs. 56.5% in eyebrow hairs). HPV types in genus β, species 1 (5, 12, 21 and 24) were the most highly prevalent in normal skin swabs and their prevalence in skin swabs was higher compared to that in eyebrow hairs (McNemar's p = 0.004). No significant difference was noted in the prevalence of β2 HPV types between the two sites of infection. Significantly higher prevalence of γ HPV infection was also observed in normal skin swabs (26.8%) compared to eyebrow hairs (15.9%, McNemar's p = 0.002). The concordance between HPV DNA in eyebrow hairs and normal skin swabs varied by HPV type, with kappa values ranging from no agreement (k = −0.022) for HPV type 123 to substantial agreement (k = 0.80) for types 47 in β1, 92 in β4 and 112 in γ HPV (data not shown).</p><table-wrap id="pone-0104843-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.t002</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Prevalence, incidence and persistence of type-specific cutaneous HPV infection at baseline in eyebrow hairs and normal skin swabs of men residing in Tampa, Florida.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone-0104843-t002-2" xlink:href="pone.0104843.t002"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Eyebrow hairs</td><td colspan="5" align="left" rowspan="1">Normal skin swabs</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPV type</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prevalence n (%) HPV positive<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt101">a</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incident Cases<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt104">**</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence per 1000 person months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Persistent cases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Persistence<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt105">§§</xref>%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prevalence n (%) HPV positive<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt101">a</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incident cases<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt104">**</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incidence per 1000 person months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Persistent cases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Persistence<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt105">§§</xref> %</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any β<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (56.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105 (67.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β<sub>1</sub><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (30.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.74</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72 (46.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.95</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (7.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.39</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (17.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.02</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (6.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (4.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (9.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (19.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.53</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (3.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (2.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.41</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (4.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (3.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.54</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (7.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.43</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (8.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.58</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (16)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.95</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.84</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (6.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.62</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (5.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (4.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (6.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.83</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β<sub>2</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (39.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.05</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 (44.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.07</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (5.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (6.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.63</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (3.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (7.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (6.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.21</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (10.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.22</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (8.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.76</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (6.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.94</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (13.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.68</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (8.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (7.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.75</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (15.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.57</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (14.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.77</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (5.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.02</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β<sub>3</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (17.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.06</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (17.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.62</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.75</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (2.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (3.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.64</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (13.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.83</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (14.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.67</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β<sub>4</sub> (92)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β<sub>5</sub> (96)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.81</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any □<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt103">b</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33(15.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.02</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56(26.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.77</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13(6.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.92</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28(13.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1(0.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0(0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.96</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13(6.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.58</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15(7.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.54</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0(0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0(0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3(1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.46</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7(3.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.94</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2(1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2(1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1(0.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2(1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2(1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3(1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.52</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0(0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3(1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3(1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7(3.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.81</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4(1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5(2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.51</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt101"><label>a</label><p>Total numbers of men with valid baseline samples that were tested for HPV: n = 209 and n = 208 eyebrow hairs for β and γ HPV testing, respectively, and n = 156 and n = 209 skin swabs from sun-exposed skin for β and γ HPV testing, respectively.</p></fn><fn id="nt102"><label></label><p>*Statistically significant difference based on McNemar's exact test (p<0.05).</p></fn><fn id="nt103"><label>b</label><p>γ HPV types 101, 103, 108, 109 and 119 were measured in skin and eyebrow hairs but were not detected in our population at baseline.</p></fn><fn id="nt104"><label></label><p>**Only for men who tested negative for any or type-specific HPV infection at baseline.</p></fn><fn id="nt105"><label>§§</label><p>out of men who were positive for any or type-specific HPV infection at the first of two or more consecutive visits. γ HPV types 101, 103, 109, 119 were not detected in skin and eyebrow hair. γ HPV types 88 and 95 were not detected in eyebrow hairs but were detected in skin swabs of 2 and 1 incident infections, respectively.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>As seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0104843-g001">Figure 1</xref>, the median time to incidence of cutaneous β-HPV infection was 17.3 months in eyebrow hairs with a slightly shorter time to incidence in normal skin swabs (11.2 months). Thus, at 12 months, 35% of men had newly acquired cutaneous β-HPV infection in eyebrow hairs while 57% men acquired new cutaneous β-HPV infection in skin swabs. The median time to clearance for any β HPV infection was 6.1 months in eyebrow hairs and 6.44 months in normal skin swabs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0104843-g002">Figure 2</xref>). For γ HPV infection, the median time to incidence in normal skin swabs was 13.1 months (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0104843-g003">Figure 3</xref>), while the median time to clearance in both, eyebrow hairs and normal skin swabs, was 6.1 months and 6.4 months, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pone-0104843-g004">Figure 4</xref>).</p><fig id="pone-0104843-g001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.g001</object-id><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Time to incidence of β-HPV infection in normal skin swabs and eyebrow hairs of men.</title><p>Kaplan Meier estimate for time to incidence of any β HPV infection in a sample of 209 men. Participants who were negative for all HPV types at baseline were included. Time was counted until their first visit with a HPV positive sample or until censored. The 'last observation carried forward' approach was taken when counting time to incidence (e.g. 0 NA 1 pattern of HPV positivity at consecutive visits, the NA was treated as '0' and the time was counted in the time to incidence.). This only affected skin swab samples since most people were β globin or HPV positive for eyebrows and thus their samples were not removed.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0104843.g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone-0104843-g002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.g002</object-id><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Time to clearance of β-HPV infection in normal skin swabs and eyebrow hairs of men.</title><p>Kaplan Meier estimate for time to clearance for all type-specific incident infections a study participant (n = 209) had before their last visit with a valid sample. The 'last observation carried forward' approach was taken when counting time to clearance (e.g. for 0 1 NA 0 pattern of HPV positivity, the NA was treated as '1' and the time was counted towards the time to clearance). This only affected skin swab samples since most people were β globin or HPV positive for eyebrows and thus their samples were not removed.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0104843.g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone-0104843-g003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.g003</object-id><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Time to incidence of γ-HPV infection in normal skin swabs and eyebrow hairs of men.</title><p>Kaplan Meier estimate for time to incidence of any β HPV infection in a sample of 209 men. Participants who were negative for all HPV types at baseline were included. Time was counted until their first visit with a HPV positive sample or until censored. The 'last observation carried forward' approach was taken when counting time to incidence (e.g. 0 NA 1 pattern of HPV positivity at consecutive visits, the NA was treated as '0' and the time was counted in the time to incidence.).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0104843.g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="pone-0104843-g004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.g004</object-id><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Time to clearance of γ-HPV infection in normal skin swabs and eyebrow hairs of men.</title><p>Kaplan Meier estimate for time to clearance for all type-specific incident infections a study participant (n = 209) had before their last visit with a valid sample. The 'last observation carried forward' approach was taken when counting time to clearance (e.g. for 0 1 NA 0 pattern of HPV positivity, the NA was treated as '1' and the time was counted towards the time to clearance).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pone.0104843.g004"></graphic></fig><p>Incidence and persistence of cutaneous HPV are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t002">Table 2</xref>. In general, incidence and persistence rates were higher in normal skin swabs compared to those in eyebrow hairs for β and γ HPV infection. The top five HPV types with highest incidence of infection in eyebrow hairs were 38 (β2), 5 (β1), 4 (γ), 80 (β2) and 23 (β2), ranging from 5.7 to 7.6 cases per 1000 person months; while in normal skin swabs these included 4 (γ), 23 (β2), 38 (β2), 5 (β1) and 76(β3), ranging from 21.7 to 28.5 cases per 1000 person months. More than 50% of men had persistence of HPV types 25, 47, 12, 15 and 17 in eyebrow hairs and persistence of HPV types 20, 21, 47, 23, 50, 108, 25, 37, 76 and 8 in skin swabs. Median duration of persistence of β and γ HPV infection was 8.6 and 6.1 months in eyebrow hairs, respectively and 11.3 months and 6.3 months, in skin swabs, respectively.</p></sec><sec id="s3b"><title>Risk factors associated with prevalence, incidence and persistence of HPV infection</title><p>Men aged >44 years were more than twice and thrice as likely to have prevalent baseline β HPV infection in eyebrow hairs and skin swabs, respectively, compared to men aged 18–30 years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t003">Table 3</xref>). A positive history of blistering sunburn was associated with a more than two-fold increased prevalence of β HPV infection in normal skin swabs, although the association between frequency of sunburns and HPV prevalence did not reach statistical significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t003">Table 3</xref>). No other demographic, lifestyle or sexual history related factors were associated with prevalence of HPV.</p><table-wrap id="pone-0104843-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.t003</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>Associations between baseline characteristics and genus β HPV prevalence in eyebrow hairs and normal skin swabs of men residing in Tampa, Florida.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone-0104843-t003-3" xlink:href="pone.0104843.t003"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">Eyebrow hairs</td><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1">Normal skin swabs</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n = 209)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any β infection (n = 118) n (%)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age adjusted OR (95 %CI)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n = 156)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Any β infection (n = 105) n (%)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age adjusted OR (95 %CI)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age*</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (48.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (61.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31–44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (61.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.84–3.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (57.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.37–2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (68.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.3 (1.2</bold>–<bold>4.6)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (82.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3.0 (1.2</bold>–<bold>7.0)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Race</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (56.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (67.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (56.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.6–2.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (65.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–2.0)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Spanish/Hispanic/Latino</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99 (55.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (67.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (59.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.6–2.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (66.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.4–3.0)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Marital status</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single, Never Married or Divorced/Separated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82 (55.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66 (62.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married or Cohabiting, Living Together</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (59)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.5–1.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (78)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 (0.9–4.4)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Highest level of education</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High school or below</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (68.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (60.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vocational school/Some college</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (53.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.3–1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 (70.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 (0.7–4.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Graduated college/Graduate school</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (54.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.9–1.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (66.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.4–2.8)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Skin reaction to season's first sun exposure</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No change in skin color</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (54.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (80)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tan with no sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (49.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.4–2.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (68.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild sunburn that becomes a tan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 (57.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.6–2.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (58.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.0)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (67.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.7–4.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (81)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.2–3.9)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Ever had a blistering sunburn</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (52.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (57.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (60.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.8–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 (78.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.8 (1.3</bold>–<bold>5.8)</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Lifetime number of blistering sunburns</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (52.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (57.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (63.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.8–3.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (77.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0 (1.0–8.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (57.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2(0.5–2.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (73.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 (0.8–6.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (60.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.5–2.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (84.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2 (0.9–10.9)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Had an alcoholic beverage in the past month</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (54.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (66.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99 (56.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1(0.5–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (67.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.5–2.9)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Number of days drank alcohol in past month</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (54.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (66.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (59.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.6–3.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (68.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.4–3.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (51.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–2.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (69.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.5–4.2)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Current smoker</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 (54.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (67.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (66.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.6–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (64)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7(0.3–1.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever smoker</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (52)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (67)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (63.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.7–2.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (67.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Smoking status</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Never</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (52)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (67)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Former</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (60.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.6–2.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (69)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–1.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (66.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.6–3.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (64)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–1.9)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Ever been diagnosed with an STD</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (54.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (66.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (69)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.6–3.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (72)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.6)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Lifetime female vaginal sex partners</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (54.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (59.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (60.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.5–2.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (72.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 (0.5–4.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (58.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 (69.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.7)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Female vaginal sex partners in past 6 months</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (52.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (71.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (61.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 (0.8–3.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (77.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.7–4.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (51)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.5–2.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (42.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.2)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Lifetime male anal-sex partners</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88 (55.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81 (68.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (70.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.6–5.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (71.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.3–4.0)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt106"><label></label><p>OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. *Unadjusted logistic regression. All analyses, except for age, were adjusted for age using logistic regression.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Evaluation of species-specific β HPV prevalence indicated that men aged >44 years were twice more likely to harbor β1 and β2 types of HPV in eyebrow hairs and more than threefold likely to have β1 and β2 types of HPV infection in normal skin swabs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t004">Table 4</xref>), compared to men ages 18–30 years. Similarly, a positive history of blistering skin burns was associated with more than two fold (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.2–5.7) and more than threefold (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.4–7.0) increased prevalence of β1 and β2 HPV in normal skin swabs, respectively. This association was stronger for β2 HPV infection in normal skin swabs (OR = 5.0, 95% CI = 1.4–17.7) among individuals with a history of more than 2 lifetime episodes of sunburns compared to those who reported none. Overall, while the association of these factors with β HPV infection did not vary significantly by HPV species, age and history of blistering sunburns appeared to have strong positive associations with β HPV infection, particularly in normal skin swabs.</p><table-wrap id="pone-0104843-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.t004</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Association between baseline characteristics and prevalence of species-specific HPV infection in men residing in Tampa, Florida.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone-0104843-t004-4" xlink:href="pone.0104843.t004"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Eyebrow hairs</td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Skin swabs</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β1 positive n = 63 Age Adjusted OR(95% CI)*</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β2 positive n = 83 Age Adjusted OR(95% CI)*</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β1 positive n = 72 Age Adjusted OR(95% CI)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">β2 positive n = 69 Age Adjusted OR(95% CI)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31–44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 (0.8–4.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.8–3.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.4–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.4–2.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.7 (1.3</bold>–<bold>6.0)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.4 (1.2</bold>–<bold>5.0)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3.1 (1.2</bold>–<bold>7.7)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3.6 (1.4</bold>–<bold>9.0)</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Skin reaction to season's first sun exposure</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No change in skin color</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tan with no sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild sunburn that becomes a tan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4(0.1–1.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.2–4.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–3.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever had a blistering sunburn</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.69–2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.7–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.6 (1.2</bold>–<bold>5.7)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3.1 (1.4</bold>–<bold>7.0)</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Lifetime number of blistering sunburns</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 (0.6–4.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.6–3.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 (0.8–7.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 (0.8–8.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 (0.8–5.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.4–2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 (0.9–8.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 (0.7–7.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.6–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 (0.7–10.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.0 (1.4–17.7)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Female vaginal sex partners in past 6 months</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 (0.7–5.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6(0.6–4.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.1–1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.2)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt107"><label></label><p>OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval. These factors were selected based on significance in the multinomial logistic regression models.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>No significant associations were seen between baseline factors and incident β HPV infection (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t005">Table 5</xref>) and prevalence or incidence of γ HPV infection, in eyebrow hairs or normal skin swabs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t006">Table 6</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="pone-0104843-t005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.t005</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><title>Associations of baseline characteristics with incidence and persistence for any type of β HPV infection in men residing in Tampa, Florida.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone-0104843-t005-5" xlink:href="pone.0104843.t005"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Incidence</td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Persistence</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eyebrow hairs Age Adjusted OR(95% CI) n = 40</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal skin swabs Age Adjusted OR(95% CI) n = 50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eyebrow hairs Age Adjusted OR(95% CI) n = 71</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal skin swabs Age Adjusted OR(95% CI) n = 95</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt109">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31–44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.1–2.04)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 (0.8–4.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4 (0.9–6.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.1–4.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>6.1 (2.6</bold>–<bold>14.1)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.6–2.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Self-Identified Race</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.5–3.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.1–1.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 (0.25–1.34)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44 (0.2–0.99)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Spanish/Hispanic/Latino</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.1–2.02)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 (0.3–23.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (0.4–2.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–1.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Marital status</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single, Never Married or Divorced/Separated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married or Cohabiting, Living Together</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6(0.6–4.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.1–2.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.6–3.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–1.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Highest level of education</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High school or below</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vocational school/Some college</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.01 (0.8–20.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.05 (0.6–14.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.6–3.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.7–4.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Graduated college/Graduate school</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9 (1.03–34.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 (0.3–7.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.6–5.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.4–3.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Skin reaction to season's first sun exposure</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No change in skin color</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tan with no sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–2.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1 (0.5–19.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.4–3.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild sunburn that becomes a tan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–2.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (0.6–14.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.4–2.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–3.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.2–12.02)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–2.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.4–4.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever had a blistering sunburn</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.5–2.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58 (0.43–5.89)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45 (0.72–2.93)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.27 (1.13–4.54)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lifetime number of blistering sunburns</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4 (0.2–23.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–2.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.3–4.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.1–2.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.01 (1.3–12.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.04 (1.3–18.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 (0.8–9.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Could not be estimated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.6–4.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5 (1.7–18.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Had an alcoholic beverage in the past month</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.3–2.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.04–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7(0.2–1.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of days drank in past month</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">'1–8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.3–3.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.04–3.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.03–3.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.5–4.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Current smoker</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.1–2.05)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–3.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.02)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever smoker</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06 (0.5–2.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.5–2.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Smoking status</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Never</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Former</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–2.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.5–2.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.7–4.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.1–2.02)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.1–3.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.3–2.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever been diagnosed with an STD</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1 (0.5–9.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.2–7.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lifetime female vaginal sex partners</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 (0.3–12.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.5–3.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–2.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.2–5.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–2.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Female vaginal sex partners in past 6 months</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1 (0.7–6.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.1 (0.01–1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.4–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.6–3.03)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.4–5.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.03–3.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.5–4.4)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt108"><label></label><p>OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.</p></fn><fn id="nt109"><label></label><p>*Unadjusted logistic regression. All analyses, except for ‘age’ are adjusted for age.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="pone-0104843-t006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0104843.t006</object-id><label>Table 6</label><caption><title>Association of baseline characteristics with prevalence, incidence and persistence of γ HPV infection in men residing in Tampa, Florida.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pone-0104843-t006-6" xlink:href="pone.0104843.t006"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Prevalence</td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Incidence</td><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1">Persistence</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eyebrow hairs n = 33</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal skin swabs n = 56</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eyebrow hairs n = 30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal skin swabs n = 90</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Eyebrow hairs n = 16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal skin swabs n = 49</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age Adjusted OR(95% CI)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age Adjusted OR(95% CI)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadjusted OR(95%CI)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadjusted OR(95%CI)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadjusted OR(95%CI)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadjusted OR(95%CI)</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31–44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.1–1.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.1–0.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1 (0.4–11.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.1–1.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>44</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.29–1.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.5–2.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.2–0.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 (0.7–10.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Self-Identified Race</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">White</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt111">**</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.3–1.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–2.01)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.4–1.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.2–1.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Spanish/Hispanic/Latino</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–2.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.5–3.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2(0.2–7.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–3.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Marital status</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single, Never Married or Divorced/Separated</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married or Cohabiting, Living Together</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.3–1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.5–1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.4–6.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.2)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Highest level of education</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High school or below</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vocational school/Some college</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.633.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 (0.6–5.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.6–3.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.3–6.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.5–4.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Graduated college/Graduate school</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.4–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.2–8.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–3.05)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Skin reaction to season's first sun exposure</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No change in skin color</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tan with no sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–3.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.5–5.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.1–7.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 (0.7–9.0)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mild sunburn that becomes a tan</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.4–3.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45 (0.6–3.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.4–4.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–2.12)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.1–5.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2 (0.7–7.05)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sunburn</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.4–5.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.73 (0.2–2.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 (0.02–1.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.1–0.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5 (0.3–21.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2 (0.7–14.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever had a blistering sunburn</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.6–2.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.3–1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.5–1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.2 (0.9–10.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.4–1.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lifetime number of blistering sunburns</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.7–3.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 (0.05–1.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.5–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.3–10.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–2.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–2.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.1–1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.6–4.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.2 (0.8–46.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.3–3.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.6–4.05)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–2.02)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.4–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5 (0.8–15.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.5–4.7)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Had an alcoholic beverage in the past month</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.6–3.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.2–2.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.5–4.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of days drank in past month</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.4–2.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–2.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.1–2.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.3–3.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.5–3.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.5–4.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–2.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.2–3.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4 (0.7–8.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Current smoker</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.4–3.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.85)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.4–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–2.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.3–5.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.5–4.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Ever smoker</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.6–3.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.4–1.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.5–2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.4–1.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1 (0.9–10.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.5–2.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Smoking status</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Never</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Former</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48 (0.6–3.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 (0.4–1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.5–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.4–1.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4 (1.01</bold>–<bold>15.9)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31 (0.4–4.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.38–3.37)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–2.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 (0.4–10.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.5–4.8)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Ever been diagnosed with an STD</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt111">**</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05 (0.41–2.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 (0.02–1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 (0.04–0.9)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Lifetime female vaginal sex partners</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2–9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.5–3.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.2–1.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.1–1.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.82 (0.4–9.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.1–1.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–2.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (0.4–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6 (0.2–1.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.3–8.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.1–1.1)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Female vaginal sex partners in past 6 months</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0(referent)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.0 (referent)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.2–1.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.6–3.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.3–2.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.5–2.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.1–1.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7(0.2–1.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2+</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4 (0.2–1.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.4–2.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.5–4.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.5–3.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.05–1.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.9 (0.3–2.8)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt110"><label></label><p>OR = odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.</p></fn><fn id="nt111"><label></label><p>**No subjects left in the ‘Other’ racial group and in the ‘diagnosed with STD' group. The sample size was too small to conduct age-adjusted analyses of incidence and persistence of γ HPV infection.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Findings on factors associated with persistence of β HPV infection were similar to those of prevalent infections described above. Age>44 years was associated with a six fold (OR = 6.1, 95%CI = 2.6–14.2) increased persistence of infection with β HPV in eyebrow hairs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t005">Table 5</xref>) but not in normal skin swabs. History of blistering skin burn was associated with persistence of β HPV in normal skin swabs (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2–4.6), with increasing frequency of sunburns showing stronger association (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t005">Table 5</xref>). When restricted to White men, history of blistering sunburns was associated with 2.7 times increased persistence of any HPV infection in normal skin swabs (OR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.19–6.26), after adjusting for age (data not shown). As expected, this association was stronger than that observed for the overall population (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2–4.6) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t005">Table 5</xref>). However, when analyses were restricted to White men and stratified by HPV species, there were no significant associations between history of blistering sunburns and persistence of β1 (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.29–2.62) or β2 (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 0.54–3.27) infection in normal skin swabs, after adjusting for age (data not shown).</p><p>No significant associations were observed between baseline characteristics and persistence of γ HPV except a significantly increased persistence (OR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.0–15.9) in eyebrow hairs among former smokers compared to never smokers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pone-0104843-t006">Table 6</xref>).</p></sec></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Discussion</title><p>In this HIM study sub-cohort of 209 healthy men, we observed a high prevalence of cutaneous β HPV and γ HPV in normal skin swabs, higher than that in eyebrow hair samples. Although cutaneous HPV seroprevalence rates have been reported previously <xref rid="pone.0104843-Sampogna1" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0104843-Iannacone4" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>, seroreactivity is not a direct estimate of HPV infection. Hence, we attempted to directly measure type and species-specific HPV DNA in normal skin swabs and eyebrow hairs.</p><p>Results presented here contrast to that of other studies which reported a higher prevalence of cutaneous HPV in eyebrow hairs among individuals without a history of skin cancer <xref rid="pone.0104843-deKoning2" ref-type="bibr">[36]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Schneider1" ref-type="bibr">[37]</xref> and lower prevalence (13–37%) in skin <xref rid="pone.0104843-Schneider1" ref-type="bibr">[37]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Escutia1" ref-type="bibr">[38]</xref>. Tarmorshuizen et al. reported a prevalence of 54% in eyebrow hairs among healthy controls <xref rid="pone.0104843-Termorshuizen1" ref-type="bibr">[39]</xref>, which was similar to our findings. Differences across studies could be a reflection of variation in number of HPV types examined. For example, while we evaluated 41 HPV types (25 HPV types from genus β and 16 HPV types from genus γ), previous studies have evaluated fewer HPV types within each genus (6 to 28 HPV types overall across studies) <xref rid="pone.0104843-deKoning2" ref-type="bibr">[36]</xref>–<xref rid="pone.0104843-Termorshuizen1" ref-type="bibr">[39]</xref>. Apart from this, methodological differences or even differences in geographical location of study populations may explain the inconsistencies in HPV prevalence across studies. Indeed, HPV prevalence rate has been shown to vary by country <xref rid="pone.0104843-Antonsson2" ref-type="bibr">[25]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-deKoning2" ref-type="bibr">[36]</xref>. In our study, while we observed a strong association between history of blistering sunburn and both prevalence and persistence of β HPV, no association was seen between tanning ability and β HPV infection, indicating that exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation rather than host genetics may be more important determinants of cutaneous HPV infection. Thus, geographical variation in UV radiation might have contributed to variable prevalence estimates in the literature. While we were unable to measure HPV prevalence in sun-unexposed skin, our previous study of NMSC cases indicates that the prevalence of β-HPV is higher in sun-exposed skin swabs (100% prevalence) compared to sun-unexposed swabs (95% prevalence) among NMSC cases <xref rid="pone.0104843-Rollison1" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>.</p><p>Older age and history of blistering sunburns were significantly associated with both prevalence and persistence of HPV but not with incidence of cutaneous HPV infection. Our findings are consistent with previous reports on the association between age and prevalence of HPV <xref rid="pone.0104843-deKoning2" ref-type="bibr">[36]</xref>, <xref rid="pone.0104843-Termorshuizen1" ref-type="bibr">[39]</xref>. A positive history of blistering sunburn was associated with a more than two fold increased prevalence of β HPV infection in skin, with a stronger association for β2 HPV infection. While an inverse association between frequency of sunburns and β HPV seropositivity has been reported previously <xref rid="pone.0104843-Sampogna1" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>, we found a positive association between lifetime history of one blistering sunburn and prevalent β HPV infection in normal skin swabs. We also observed a strong association between frequency of blistering sunburns and persistence of β HPV infection, likely explaining the elevated prevalence observed here. UV exposure mediated immunosuppression may predispose individuals to a higher risk of cutaneous HPV persistence and hence prevalence <xref rid="pone.0104843-Iannacone5" ref-type="bibr">[40]</xref>. Indeed, higher prevalence of cutaneous HPV has been observed among individuals who reported working outdoors for longer duration <xref rid="pone.0104843-Chen1" ref-type="bibr">[41]</xref>.</p><p>The findings of our study should be interpreted with caution. The external validity of these findings is limited to men. Future studies should include women, especially given the previously reported differences in seroprevalence of specific types of cutaneous HPV by gender <xref rid="pone.0104843-Iannacone4" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>. Our findings are generalizable to non-Hispanic Whites only. However, our study population of Florida residents is at higher risk of NMSC compared to other U.S. states, corresponding to Florida's higher UV radiation index <xref rid="pone.0104843-EPA1" ref-type="bibr">[42]</xref>, and hence may represent a population that could be targeted for novel NMSC prevention measures. To maximize the sample size, persistence of HPV infection was determined using both incident and prevalent HPV infections. Therefore, the true duration of HPV infection is unknown, given the prevalent cases at baseline. Finally, we examined only 25 HPV types in genus β and 16 HPV types in genus γ. Given the large number of HPV types that are being continually discovered, our results on overall β and γ HPV infection may not reflect the true associations that can be affected by unexamined and unknown HPV types.</p><p>The study has several strengths. This is the first study to report HPV infection across a continuum of incidence, prevalence, persistence and clearance of cutaneous HPV across different genera, by type and species. We compared HPV infection in normal skin swabs as well as eyebrow hairs, thus providing a comprehensive report on natural history of HPV using biomarkers from two tissues. This is particularly important since concordance between HPV infection in normal skin swabs and eyebrow hairs was found to vary by HPV type. Along with rates of HPV infection, we also evaluated a range of epidemiological factors associated with HPV infection, overall and by species. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.</p><p>In conclusion, we observed high prevalence, incidence and persistence of cutaneous HPV infection among cancer-free men. Age and history of blistering sunburns were significantly associated with prevalence and persistence of β HPV. The association of blistering sunburns with both persistence of HPV infection, but not with incidence, suggests that sunlight exposure does not affect acquisition of new HPV infection but the duration of HPV infection could be affected by sunlight exposure through UV related immune dysregulation or actual promotion of HPV infection. Given the potential role of cutaneous β HPV in NMSC, the findings are valuable in defining a high risk population for development of novel preventive measures.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>We thank the Donald A. Adam Comprehensive Melanoma Research Center at Moffitt Cancer Center for their support in conducting this study.</p></ack><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="pone.0104843-Braaten1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Braaten</surname><given-names>KP</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Laufer</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name> (<year>2008</year>) <article-title>Human Papillomavirus (HPV), HPV-Related Disease, and the HPV Vaccine</article-title>. <source>Rev Obstet Gynecol</source><volume>1</volume>: <fpage>2</fpage>–<lpage>10</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18701931</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Chiantore1"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chiantore</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Vannucchi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Accardi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Tommasino</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Percario</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Interferon-beta induces cellular senescence in cutaneous human papilloma virus-transformed human keratinocytes by affecting p53 transactivating activity</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source><volume>7</volume>: <fpage>16</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Bzhalava1"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bzhalava</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Guan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Franceschi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dillner</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Clifford</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>A systematic review of the prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus types</article-title>. <source>Virology</source><volume>445</volume>: <fpage>224</fpage>–<lpage>231</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23928291</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Heideman1"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Heideman</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Waterboer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pawlita</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Delis-van Diemen</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nindl</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>Human papillomavirus-16 is the predominant type etiologically involved in penile squamous cell carcinoma</article-title>. <source>J Clin Oncol</source><volume>25</volume>: <fpage>4550</fpage>–<lpage>4556</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17925550</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Smith1"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lindsay</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hoots</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Keys</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Franceschi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>Human papillomavirus type distribution in invasive cervical cancer and high-grade cervical lesions: a meta-analysis update</article-title>. <source>Int J Cancer</source><volume>121</volume>: <fpage>621</fpage>–<lpage>632</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17405118</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Castellsague1"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Castellsague</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pawlita</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Roura</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Margall</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Waterboer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>Prospective seroepidemiologic study on the role of Human Papillomavirus and other infections in cervical carcinogenesis: Evidence from the EPIC cohort</article-title>. <source>Int J Cancer</source><volume>13</volume>: <fpage>28665</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Michaud1"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Michaud</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Langevin</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Eliot</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nelson</surname><given-names>HH</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pawlita</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2014</year>) <article-title>High-risk HPV types and head and neck cancer</article-title>. <source>Int J Cancer</source><volume>26</volume>: <fpage>28811</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Mansour1"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Mansour</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Touka</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hasan</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bellopede</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Smet</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>E7 properties of mucosal human papillomavirus types 26, 53 and 66 correlate with their intermediate risk for cervical cancer development</article-title>. <source>Virology</source><volume>367</volume>: <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17568647</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Pecoraro1"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Pecoraro</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Morgan</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Defendi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name> (<year>1989</year>) <article-title>Differential effects of human papillomavirus type 6, 16, and 18 DNAs on immortalization and transformation of human cervical epithelial cells</article-title>. <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</source><volume>86</volume>: <fpage>563</fpage>–<lpage>567</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2463631</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Proby1"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Proby</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Harwood</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Neale</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Green</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Euvrard</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2011</year>) <article-title>A case-control study of betapapillomavirus infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients</article-title>. <source>Am J Transplant</source><volume>11</volume>: <fpage>1498</fpage>–<lpage>1508</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21718442</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Struijk1"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Struijk</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bouwes Bavinck</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wanningen</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name><surname>van der Meijden</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Westendorp</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2003</year>) <article-title>Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in plucked eyebrow hairs is associated with a history of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma</article-title>. <source>J Invest Dermatol</source><volume>121</volume>: <fpage>1531</fpage>–<lpage>1535</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14675206</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Neale1"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Neale</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Weissenborn</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Abeni</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bavinck</surname><given-names>JNB</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Euvrard</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>Human Papillomavirus Load in Eyebrow Hair Follicles and Risk of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma</article-title>. <source>Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention</source><volume>22</volume>: <fpage>719</fpage>–<lpage>727</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Jackson1"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Jackson</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Storey</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name> (<year>2000</year>) <article-title>E6 proteins from diverse cutaneous HPV types inhibit apoptosis in response to UV damage</article-title>. <source>Oncogene</source><volume>19</volume>: <fpage>592</fpage>–<lpage>598</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10698529</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Muschik1"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Muschik</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Braspenning-Wesch</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Stockfleth</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Rosl</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hofmann</surname><given-names>TG</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2011</year>) <article-title>Cutaneous HPV23 E6 prevents p53 phosphorylation through interaction with HIPK2</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source><volume>6</volume>: <fpage>16</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Jablonska1"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Jablonska</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dabrowski</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Jakubowicz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name> (<year>1972</year>) <article-title>Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis as a Model in Studies on the Role of Papovaviruses in Oncogenesis</article-title>. <source>Cancer Research</source><volume>32</volume>: <fpage>583</fpage>–<lpage>589</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">5061309</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Rollison1"><label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Rollison</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pawlita</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Giuliano</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Iannacone</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Sondak</surname><given-names>VK</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2008</year>) <article-title>Measures of cutaneous human papillomavirus infection in normal tissues as biomarkers of HPV in corresponding nonmelanoma skin cancers</article-title>. <source>Int J Cancer</source><volume>123</volume>: <fpage>2337</fpage>–<lpage>2342</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18729188</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Farzan1"><label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Farzan</surname><given-names>SF</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Waterboer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gui</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nelson</surname><given-names>HH</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>Cutaneous alpha, beta and gamma human papillomaviruses in relation to squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: A population-based study</article-title>. <source>Int J Cancer</source><volume>28</volume>: <fpage>28176</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Iannacone1"><label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Iannacone</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gheit</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Waterboer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Giuliano</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Messina</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Case-control study of cutaneous human papillomaviruses in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin</article-title>. <source>Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev</source><volume>21</volume>: <fpage>1303</fpage>–<lpage>1313</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22707711</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Andersson1"><label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Andersson</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Michael</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Luostarinen</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Waterboer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gislefoss</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Prospective study of human papillomavirus seropositivity and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer</article-title>. <source>Am J Epidemiol</source><volume>175</volume>: <fpage>685</fpage>–<lpage>695</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22419740</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Iannacone2"><label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Iannacone</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gheit</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Waterboer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Giuliano</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Messina</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>Case-control study of cutaneous human papillomavirus infection in Basal cell carcinoma of the skin</article-title>. <source>J Invest Dermatol</source><volume>133</volume>: <fpage>1512</fpage>–<lpage>1520</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23303448</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-deKoning1"><label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>de Koning</surname><given-names>MN</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Struijk</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bavinck</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kleter</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name><surname>ter Schegget</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>Betapapillomaviruses frequently persist in the skin of healthy individuals</article-title>. <source>J Gen Virol</source><volume>88</volume>: <fpage>1489</fpage>–<lpage>1495</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17412978</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Boxman1"><label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Boxman</surname><given-names>IL</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Berkhout</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mulder</surname><given-names>LH</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wolkers</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bouwes Bavinck</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>1997</year>) <article-title>Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in plucked hairs from renal transplant recipients and healthy volunteers</article-title>. <source>J Invest Dermatol</source><volume>108</volume>: <fpage>712</fpage>–<lpage>715</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9129220</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Antonsson1"><label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Antonsson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Karanfilovska</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lindqvist</surname><given-names>PG</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hansson</surname><given-names>BG</given-names></name> (<year>2003</year>) <article-title>General acquisition of human papillomavirus infections of skin occurs in early infancy</article-title>. <source>J Clin Microbiol</source><volume>41</volume>: <fpage>2509</fpage>–<lpage>2514</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12791874</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Hsu1"><label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Keleher</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>McMillan</surname><given-names>NA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Antonsson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name> (<year>2009</year>) <article-title>Shared and persistent asymptomatic cutaneous human papillomavirus infections in healthy skin</article-title>. <source>J Med Virol</source><volume>81</volume>: <fpage>1444</fpage>–<lpage>1449</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19551818</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Antonsson2"><label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Antonsson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Erfurt</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Hazard</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Holmgren</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Simon</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2003</year>) <article-title>Prevalence and type spectrum of human papillomaviruses in healthy skin samples collected in three continents</article-title>. <source>J Gen Virol</source><volume>84</volume>: <fpage>1881</fpage>–<lpage>1886</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12810883</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Anic1"><label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Anic</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>J-H</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Stockwell</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Rollison</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2011</year>) <article-title>Incidence and human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution of genital warts in a multinational cohort of men: the HPV in men study</article-title>. <source>Journal of Infectious Diseases</source><volume>204</volume>: <fpage>1886</fpage>–<lpage>1892</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22013227</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Giuliano1"><label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Giuliano</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Fulp</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Villa</surname><given-names>LL</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lazcano</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2011</year>) <article-title>Incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus infection in men (HIM): a cohort study</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><volume>377</volume>: <fpage>932</fpage>–<lpage>940</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21367446</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Gheit1"><label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gheit</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Billoud</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name><surname>de Koning</surname><given-names>MN</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gemignani</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Forslund</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>Development of a sensitive and specific multiplex PCR method combined with DNA microarray primer extension to detect Betapapillomavirus types</article-title>. <source>J Clin Microbiol</source><volume>45</volume>: <fpage>2537</fpage>–<lpage>2544</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17581938</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Gheit2"><label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gheit</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Landi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gemignani</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Snijders</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Vaccarella</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2006</year>) <article-title>Development of a sensitive and specific assay combining multiplex PCR and DNA microarray primer extension to detect high-risk mucosal human papillomavirus types</article-title>. <source>J Clin Microbiol</source><volume>44</volume>: <fpage>2025</fpage>–<lpage>2031</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16757593</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Schmitt1"><label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Schmitt</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Dondog</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Waterboer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pawlita</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Tommasino</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2010</year>) <article-title>Abundance of Multiple High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections Found in Cervical Cells Analyzed by Use of an Ultrasensitive HPV Genotyping Assay</article-title>. <source>Journal of Clinical Microbiology</source><volume>48</volume>: <fpage>143</fpage>–<lpage>149</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19864475</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Iannacone3"><label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Iannacone</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gheit</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pfister</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Giuliano</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Messina</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>Case-control study of genus-beta human papillomaviruses in plucked eyebrow hairs and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma</article-title>. <source>Int J Cancer</source><volume>17</volume>: <fpage>28552</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Viera1"><label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Viera</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Garrett</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name> (<year>2005</year>) <article-title>Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic</article-title>. <source>Fam Med</source><volume>37</volume>: <fpage>360</fpage>–<lpage>363</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15883903</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Sampogna1"><label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sampogna</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bavinck</surname><given-names>JNB</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pawlita</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Abeni</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Harwood</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Factors associated with the seroprevalence of 26 cutaneous and two genital human papillomavirus types in organ transplant patients</article-title>. <source>Journal of General Virology</source><volume>93</volume>: <fpage>165</fpage>–<lpage>174</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21900419</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Antonsson3"><label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Antonsson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Green</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mallitt</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>O'Rourke</surname><given-names>PK</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pandeya</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2010</year>) <article-title>Prevalence and stability of antibodies to 37 human papillomavirus types—a population-based longitudinal study</article-title>. <source>Virology</source><volume>407</volume>: <fpage>26</fpage>–<lpage>32</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20723959</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Iannacone4"><label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Iannacone</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Michael</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Giuliano</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Waterboer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Pawlita</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2010</year>) <article-title>Risk factors for cutaneous human papillomavirus seroreactivity among patients undergoing skin cancer screening in Florida</article-title>. <source>Journal of Infectious Diseases</source><volume>201</volume>: <fpage>760</fpage>–<lpage>769</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20105078</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-deKoning2"><label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>de Koning</surname><given-names>MNC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Weissenborn</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Abeni</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bouwes Bavinck</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Euvrard</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2009</year>) <article-title>Prevalence and associated factors of betapapillomavirus infections in individuals without cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma</article-title>. <source>Journal of General Virology</source><volume>90</volume>: <fpage>1611</fpage>–<lpage>1621</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19321753</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Schneider1"><label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Schneider</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lehmann</surname><given-names>MD</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Kogosov</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Stockfleth</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nindl</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name> (<year>2013</year>) <article-title>Eyebrow hairs from actinic keratosis patients harbor the highest number of cutaneous human papillomaviruses</article-title>. <source>BMC Infect Dis</source><volume>13</volume>: <fpage>1471</fpage>–<lpage>2334</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Escutia1"><label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Escutia</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ledesma</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Serra-Guillen</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gimeno</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Vilata</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2011</year>) <article-title>Detection of human papilloma virus in normal skin and in superficial and nodular basal cell carcinomas in immunocompetent subjects</article-title>. <source>Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology</source><volume>25</volume>: <fpage>832</fpage>–<lpage>838</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21054564</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Termorshuizen1"><label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Termorshuizen</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Feltkamp</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Struijk</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name><surname>de Gruijl</surname><given-names>FR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Bavinck</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2004</year>) <article-title>Sunlight exposure and (sero)prevalence of epidermodysplasia verruciformis-associated human papillomavirus</article-title>. <source>J Invest Dermatol</source><volume>122</volume>: <fpage>1456</fpage>–<lpage>1462</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15175037</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Iannacone5"><label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Iannacone</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Stockwell</surname><given-names>HG</given-names></name>, <name><surname>O'Rourke</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Giuliano</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Sunlight Exposure and Cutaneous Human Papillomavirus Seroreactivity in Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin</article-title>. <source>Journal of Infectious Diseases</source><volume>206</volume>: <fpage>399</fpage>–<lpage>406</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22661119</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-Chen1"><label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name>, <name><surname>McMillan</surname><given-names>NA</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Antonsson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name> (<year>2008</year>) <article-title>Human papillomavirus type spectrum in normal skin of individuals with or without a history of frequent sun exposure</article-title>. <source>J Gen Virol</source><volume>89</volume>: <fpage>2891</fpage>–<lpage>2897</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18931088</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pone.0104843-EPA1"><label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">EPA UV Index: United States Environmental Protection Agency.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000357 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000357 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |