Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Markedly divergent estimates of Amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites</title><author><name sortKey="Mitchard, Edward T A" sort="Mitchard, Edward T A" uniqKey="Mitchard E" first="Edward T A" last="Mitchard">Edward T A. Mitchard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh</institution><addr-line>Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feldpausch, Ted R" sort="Feldpausch, Ted R" uniqKey="Feldpausch T" first="Ted R" last="Feldpausch">Ted R. Feldpausch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter</institution><addr-line>Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brienen, Roel J W" sort="Brienen, Roel J W" uniqKey="Brienen R" first="Roel J W" last="Brienen">Roel J W. Brienen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez Gonzalez, Gabriela" sort="Lopez Gonzalez, Gabriela" uniqKey="Lopez Gonzalez G" first="Gabriela" last="Lopez-Gonzalez">Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monteagudo, Abel" sort="Monteagudo, Abel" uniqKey="Monteagudo A" first="Abel" last="Monteagudo">Abel Monteagudo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Missouri</institution><addr-line>Oxapampa, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Timothy R" sort="Baker, Timothy R" uniqKey="Baker T" first="Timothy R" last="Baker">Timothy R. Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Simon L" sort="Lewis, Simon L" uniqKey="Lewis S" first="Simon L" last="Lewis">Simon L. Lewis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au5"><institution>Department of Geography, University College London</institution><addr-line>UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lloyd, Jon" sort="Lloyd, Jon" uniqKey="Lloyd J" first="Jon" last="Lloyd">Jon Lloyd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au6"><institution>Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College</institution><addr-line>London, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quesada, Carlos A" sort="Quesada, Carlos A" uniqKey="Quesada C" first="Carlos A" last="Quesada">Carlos A. Quesada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gloor, Manuel" sort="Gloor, Manuel" uniqKey="Gloor M" first="Manuel" last="Gloor">Manuel Gloor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ter Steege, Hans" sort="Ter Steege, Hans" uniqKey="Ter Steege H" first="Hans" last="Ter Steege">Hans Ter Steege</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au8"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution><addr-line>Leiden, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au9"><institution>Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University</institution><addr-line>Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meir, Patrick" sort="Meir, Patrick" uniqKey="Meir P" first="Patrick" last="Meir">Patrick Meir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh</institution><addr-line>Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au10"><institution>Research School of Biology, Australian National University</institution><addr-line>Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez, Esteban" sort="Alvarez, Esteban" uniqKey="Alvarez E" first="Esteban" last="Alvarez">Esteban Alvarez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático</institution><addr-line>Medellin, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo Murakami, Alejandro" sort="Araujo Murakami, Alejandro" uniqKey="Araujo Murakami A" first="Alejandro" last="Araujo-Murakami">Alejandro Araujo-Murakami</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au12"><institution>Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aragao, Luiz E O C" sort="Aragao, Luiz E O C" uniqKey="Aragao L" first="Luiz E O C" last="Aragão">Luiz E O C. Aragão</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter</institution><addr-line>Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research – INPE</institution><addr-line>São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, Luzmila" sort="Arroyo, Luzmila" uniqKey="Arroyo L" first="Luzmila" last="Arroyo">Luzmila Arroyo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au12"><institution>Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aymard, Gerardo" sort="Aymard, Gerardo" uniqKey="Aymard G" first="Gerardo" last="Aymard">Gerardo Aymard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au14"><institution>UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT)</institution><addr-line>Mesa de Cavacas, Estado Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banki, Olaf" sort="Banki, Olaf" uniqKey="Banki O" first="Olaf" last="Banki">Olaf Banki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au15"><institution>IBED, University of Amsterdam</institution><addr-line>POSTBUS 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonal, Damien" sort="Bonal, Damien" uniqKey="Bonal D" first="Damien" last="Bonal">Damien Bonal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au16"><institution>L'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique</institution><addr-line>UMR 1137 EEF, 54280, Champenoux, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Sandra" sort="Brown, Sandra" uniqKey="Brown S" first="Sandra" last="Brown">Sandra Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au17"><institution>Ecosystem Services Unit, Winrock International</institution><addr-line>Arlington, VA, 22202, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Foster I" sort="Brown, Foster I" uniqKey="Brown F" first="Foster I" last="Brown">Foster I. Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au18"><institution>Woods Hole Research Center</institution><addr-line>Falmouth, MA, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au19"><institution>Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza</institution><addr-line>Rio Branco, AC, 69910-900, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cer N, Carlos E" sort="Cer N, Carlos E" uniqKey="Cer N C" first="Carlos E" last="Cer N">Carlos E. Cer N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au20"><institution>Herbario Alfredo Paredes (QAP), Universidad Central del Ecuador</institution><addr-line>Quito, Ecuador</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chama Moscoso, Victor" sort="Chama Moscoso, Victor" uniqKey="Chama Moscoso V" first="Victor" last="Chama Moscoso">Victor Chama Moscoso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Missouri</institution><addr-line>Oxapampa, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chave, Jerome" sort="Chave, Jerome" uniqKey="Chave J" first="Jerome" last="Chave">Jerome Chave</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au21"><institution>Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire EDB</institution><addr-line>bâtiment 4R3, 31062, Toulouse, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comiskey, James A" sort="Comiskey, James A" uniqKey="Comiskey J" first="James A" last="Comiskey">James A. Comiskey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au22"><institution>National Park Service</institution><addr-line>Fredericksburg, VA, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornejo, Fernando" sort="Cornejo, Fernando" uniqKey="Cornejo F" first="Fernando" last="Cornejo">Fernando Cornejo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au23"><institution>Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales</institution><addr-line>Lima, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corrales Medina, Massiel" sort="Corrales Medina, Massiel" uniqKey="Corrales Medina M" first="Massiel" last="Corrales Medina">Massiel Corrales Medina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au24"><institution>Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa</institution><addr-line>Arequipa, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Costa, Lola" sort="Da Costa, Lola" uniqKey="Da Costa L" first="Lola" last="Da Costa">Lola Da Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au25"><institution>Geociencias, Universidade Federal de Para</institution><addr-line>Belem, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Flavia R C" sort="Costa, Flavia R C" uniqKey="Costa F" first="Flavia R C" last="Costa">Flavia R C. Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Fiore, Anthony" sort="Di Fiore, Anthony" uniqKey="Di Fiore A" first="Anthony" last="Di Fiore">Anthony Di Fiore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au26"><institution>Univeristy of Texas</institution><addr-line>Austin, TX, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Domingues, Tomas F" sort="Domingues, Tomas F" uniqKey="Domingues T" first="Tomas F" last="Domingues">Tomas F. Domingues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au27"><institution>FFCLRP-USP, Department of Biology, Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>05508-090, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erwin, Terry L" sort="Erwin, Terry L" uniqKey="Erwin T" first="Terry L" last="Erwin">Terry L. Erwin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au28"><institution>Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 37012, MRC 187, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frederickson, Todd" sort="Frederickson, Todd" uniqKey="Frederickson T" first="Todd" last="Frederickson">Todd Frederickson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au29"><institution>Ferrum College</institution><addr-line>Ferum, Virginia, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Higuchi, Niro" sort="Higuchi, Niro" uniqKey="Higuchi N" first="Niro" last="Higuchi">Niro Higuchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Honorio Coronado, Euridice N" sort="Honorio Coronado, Euridice N" uniqKey="Honorio Coronado E" first="Euridice N" last="Honorio Coronado">Euridice N. Honorio Coronado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au30"><institution>Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana</institution><addr-line>Av. José A. Quiñones km. 2.5, Iquitos, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Killeen, Tim J" sort="Killeen, Tim J" uniqKey="Killeen T" first="Tim J" last="Killeen">Tim J. Killeen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au32"><institution>World Wildlife Fund</institution><addr-line>1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurance, William F" sort="Laurance, William F" uniqKey="Laurance W" first="William F" last="Laurance">William F. Laurance</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au33"><institution>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS), School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University</institution><addr-line>Cairns, Queensland, 4878, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levis, Carolina" sort="Levis, Carolina" uniqKey="Levis C" first="Carolina" last="Levis">Carolina Levis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, William E" sort="Magnusson, William E" uniqKey="Magnusson W" first="William E" last="Magnusson">William E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marimon, Beatriz S" sort="Marimon, Beatriz S" uniqKey="Marimon B" first="Beatriz S" last="Marimon">Beatriz S. Marimon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au34"><institution>Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina</institution><addr-line>Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marimon Junior, Ben Hur" sort="Marimon Junior, Ben Hur" uniqKey="Marimon Junior B" first="Ben Hur" last="Marimon Junior">Ben Hur Marimon Junior</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au34"><institution>Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina</institution><addr-line>Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza Polo, Irina" sort="Mendoza Polo, Irina" uniqKey="Mendoza Polo I" first="Irina" last="Mendoza Polo">Irina Mendoza Polo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático</institution><addr-line>Medellin, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mishra, Piyush" sort="Mishra, Piyush" uniqKey="Mishra P" first="Piyush" last="Mishra">Piyush Mishra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au35"><institution>Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology</institution><addr-line>Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Marcelo T" sort="Nascimento, Marcelo T" uniqKey="Nascimento M" first="Marcelo T" last="Nascimento">Marcelo T. Nascimento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au36"><institution>Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminese</institution><addr-line>Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neill, David" sort="Neill, David" uniqKey="Neill D" first="David" last="Neill">David Neill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au37"><institution>Puyo, Universidad Estatal Amazónica</institution><addr-line>Paso lateral km 2½ via a Napo, Pastaza, Ecuador</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nu Ez Vargas, Mario P" sort="Nu Ez Vargas, Mario P" uniqKey="Nu Ez Vargas M" first="Mario P" last="Nú Ez Vargas">Mario P. Nú Ez Vargas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au38"><institution>Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco</institution><addr-line>Cusco, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palacios, Walter A" sort="Palacios, Walter A" uniqKey="Palacios W" first="Walter A" last="Palacios">Walter A. Palacios</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Técnica del Norte</institution><addr-line>Ecuador</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parada, Alexander" sort="Parada, Alexander" uniqKey="Parada A" first="Alexander" last="Parada">Alexander Parada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au12"><institution>Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pardo Molina, Guido" sort="Pardo Molina, Guido" uniqKey="Pardo Molina G" first="Guido" last="Pardo Molina">Guido Pardo Molina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au40"><institution>Universidad Autónoma del Beni</institution><addr-line>Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pe A Claros, Marielos" sort="Pe A Claros, Marielos" uniqKey="Pe A Claros M" first="Marielos" last="Pe A-Claros">Marielos Pe A-Claros</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au41"><institution>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au42"><institution>Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal</institution><addr-line>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitman, Nigel" sort="Pitman, Nigel" uniqKey="Pitman N" first="Nigel" last="Pitman">Nigel Pitman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au43"><institution>Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University</institution><addr-line>Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peres, Carlos A" sort="Peres, Carlos A" uniqKey="Peres C" first="Carlos A" last="Peres">Carlos A. Peres</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au44"><institution>Centre for Biodiversity Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich, NR4 7JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poorter, Lourens" sort="Poorter, Lourens" uniqKey="Poorter L" first="Lourens" last="Poorter">Lourens Poorter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au41"><institution>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieto, Adriana" sort="Prieto, Adriana" uniqKey="Prieto A" first="Adriana" last="Prieto">Adriana Prieto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au45"><institution>Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Bogota, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Angulo, Hirma" sort="Ramirez Angulo, Hirma" uniqKey="Ramirez Angulo H" first="Hirma" last="Ramirez-Angulo">Hirma Ramirez-Angulo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au46"><institution>Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Merida, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Restrepo Correa, Zorayda" sort="Restrepo Correa, Zorayda" uniqKey="Restrepo Correa Z" first="Zorayda" last="Restrepo Correa">Zorayda Restrepo Correa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático</institution><addr-line>Medellin, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roopsind, Anand" sort="Roopsind, Anand" uniqKey="Roopsind A" first="Anand" last="Roopsind">Anand Roopsind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au47"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Florida</institution><addr-line>P.O. 118526, 511 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8526, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roucoux, Katherine H" sort="Roucoux, Katherine H" uniqKey="Roucoux K" first="Katherine H" last="Roucoux">Katherine H. Roucoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudas, Agustin" sort="Rudas, Agustin" uniqKey="Rudas A" first="Agustin" last="Rudas">Agustin Rudas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au48"><institution>Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Leticia, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomao, Rafael P" sort="Salomao, Rafael P" uniqKey="Salomao R" first="Rafael P" last="Salomão">Rafael P. Salomão</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au31"><institution>Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Av. Magalhães Barata, 376, São Braz, 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schietti, Juliana" sort="Schietti, Juliana" uniqKey="Schietti J" first="Juliana" last="Schietti">Juliana Schietti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silveira, Marcos" sort="Silveira, Marcos" uniqKey="Silveira M" first="Marcos" last="Silveira">Marcos Silveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au19"><institution>Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza</institution><addr-line>Rio Branco, AC, 69910-900, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Souza, Priscila F" sort="De Souza, Priscila F" uniqKey="De Souza P" first="Priscila F" last="De Souza">Priscila F. De Souza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steininger, Marc K" sort="Steininger, Marc K" uniqKey="Steininger M" first="Marc K" last="Steininger">Marc K. Steininger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au49"><institution>Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International</institution><addr-line>Washington, DC, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stropp, Juliana" sort="Stropp, Juliana" uniqKey="Stropp J" first="Juliana" last="Stropp">Juliana Stropp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au50"><institution>Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission</institution><addr-line>Via Enrico Fermi, 2748 TP 440, I-21027, Ispra, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terborgh, John" sort="Terborgh, John" uniqKey="Terborgh J" first="John" last="Terborgh">John Terborgh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au51"><institution>Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University</institution><addr-line>Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Raquel" sort="Thomas, Raquel" uniqKey="Thomas R" first="Raquel" last="Thomas">Raquel Thomas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au52"><institution>Iwokrama International Centre</institution><addr-line>77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toledo, Marisol" sort="Toledo, Marisol" uniqKey="Toledo M" first="Marisol" last="Toledo">Marisol Toledo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au42"><institution>Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal</institution><addr-line>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au53"><institution>Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres Lezama, Armando" sort="Torres Lezama, Armando" uniqKey="Torres Lezama A" first="Armando" last="Torres-Lezama">Armando Torres-Lezama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au46"><institution>Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Merida, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Andel, Tinde R" sort="Van Andel, Tinde R" uniqKey="Van Andel T" first="Tinde R" last="Van Andel">Tinde R. Van Andel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au8"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution><addr-line>Leiden, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijden, Geertje M F" sort="Van Der Heijden, Geertje M F" uniqKey="Van Der Heijden G" first="Geertje M F" last="Van Der Heijden">Geertje M F. Van Der Heijden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au54"><institution>University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee</institution><addr-line>P.O Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au55"><institution>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</institution><addr-line>Apartado, Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, Panama</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieira, Ima C G" sort="Vieira, Ima C G" uniqKey="Vieira I" first="Ima C G" last="Vieira">Ima C G. Vieira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au31"><institution>Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Av. Magalhães Barata, 376, São Braz, 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieira, Simone" sort="Vieira, Simone" uniqKey="Vieira S" first="Simone" last="Vieira">Simone Vieira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au56"><institution>Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution><addr-line>Campinas, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vilanova Torre, Emilio" sort="Vilanova Torre, Emilio" uniqKey="Vilanova Torre E" first="Emilio" last="Vilanova-Torre">Emilio Vilanova-Torre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au46"><institution>Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Merida, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, Vincent A" sort="Vos, Vincent A" uniqKey="Vos V" first="Vincent A" last="Vos">Vincent A. Vos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Técnica del Norte</institution><addr-line>Ecuador</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ophelia" sort="Wang, Ophelia" uniqKey="Wang O" first="Ophelia" last="Wang">Ophelia Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au57"><institution>Lab of Landscape Ecology and Conservation Biology, Northern Arizona University</institution><addr-line>Flagstaff, AZ, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zartman, Charles E" sort="Zartman, Charles E" uniqKey="Zartman C" first="Charles E" last="Zartman">Charles E. Zartman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malhi, Yadvinder" sort="Malhi, Yadvinder" uniqKey="Malhi Y" first="Yadvinder" last="Malhi">Yadvinder Malhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au58"><institution>School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford</institution><addr-line>Oxford, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Oliver L" sort="Phillips, Oliver L" uniqKey="Phillips O" first="Oliver L" last="Phillips">Oliver L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26430387</idno><idno type="pmc">4579864</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4579864</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4579864</idno><idno type="doi">10.1111/geb.12168</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000275</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000275</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Markedly divergent estimates of Amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites</title><author><name sortKey="Mitchard, Edward T A" sort="Mitchard, Edward T A" uniqKey="Mitchard E" first="Edward T A" last="Mitchard">Edward T A. Mitchard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh</institution><addr-line>Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feldpausch, Ted R" sort="Feldpausch, Ted R" uniqKey="Feldpausch T" first="Ted R" last="Feldpausch">Ted R. Feldpausch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter</institution><addr-line>Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brienen, Roel J W" sort="Brienen, Roel J W" uniqKey="Brienen R" first="Roel J W" last="Brienen">Roel J W. Brienen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez Gonzalez, Gabriela" sort="Lopez Gonzalez, Gabriela" uniqKey="Lopez Gonzalez G" first="Gabriela" last="Lopez-Gonzalez">Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Monteagudo, Abel" sort="Monteagudo, Abel" uniqKey="Monteagudo A" first="Abel" last="Monteagudo">Abel Monteagudo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Missouri</institution><addr-line>Oxapampa, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Timothy R" sort="Baker, Timothy R" uniqKey="Baker T" first="Timothy R" last="Baker">Timothy R. Baker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Simon L" sort="Lewis, Simon L" uniqKey="Lewis S" first="Simon L" last="Lewis">Simon L. Lewis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au5"><institution>Department of Geography, University College London</institution><addr-line>UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lloyd, Jon" sort="Lloyd, Jon" uniqKey="Lloyd J" first="Jon" last="Lloyd">Jon Lloyd</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au6"><institution>Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College</institution><addr-line>London, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quesada, Carlos A" sort="Quesada, Carlos A" uniqKey="Quesada C" first="Carlos A" last="Quesada">Carlos A. Quesada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gloor, Manuel" sort="Gloor, Manuel" uniqKey="Gloor M" first="Manuel" last="Gloor">Manuel Gloor</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ter Steege, Hans" sort="Ter Steege, Hans" uniqKey="Ter Steege H" first="Hans" last="Ter Steege">Hans Ter Steege</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au8"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution><addr-line>Leiden, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au9"><institution>Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University</institution><addr-line>Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meir, Patrick" sort="Meir, Patrick" uniqKey="Meir P" first="Patrick" last="Meir">Patrick Meir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au1"><institution>School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh</institution><addr-line>Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au10"><institution>Research School of Biology, Australian National University</institution><addr-line>Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarez, Esteban" sort="Alvarez, Esteban" uniqKey="Alvarez E" first="Esteban" last="Alvarez">Esteban Alvarez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático</institution><addr-line>Medellin, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo Murakami, Alejandro" sort="Araujo Murakami, Alejandro" uniqKey="Araujo Murakami A" first="Alejandro" last="Araujo-Murakami">Alejandro Araujo-Murakami</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au12"><institution>Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aragao, Luiz E O C" sort="Aragao, Luiz E O C" uniqKey="Aragao L" first="Luiz E O C" last="Aragão">Luiz E O C. Aragão</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au3"><institution>Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter</institution><addr-line>Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au13"><institution>Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research – INPE</institution><addr-line>São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, Luzmila" sort="Arroyo, Luzmila" uniqKey="Arroyo L" first="Luzmila" last="Arroyo">Luzmila Arroyo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au12"><institution>Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aymard, Gerardo" sort="Aymard, Gerardo" uniqKey="Aymard G" first="Gerardo" last="Aymard">Gerardo Aymard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au14"><institution>UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT)</institution><addr-line>Mesa de Cavacas, Estado Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Banki, Olaf" sort="Banki, Olaf" uniqKey="Banki O" first="Olaf" last="Banki">Olaf Banki</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au15"><institution>IBED, University of Amsterdam</institution><addr-line>POSTBUS 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonal, Damien" sort="Bonal, Damien" uniqKey="Bonal D" first="Damien" last="Bonal">Damien Bonal</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au16"><institution>L'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique</institution><addr-line>UMR 1137 EEF, 54280, Champenoux, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Sandra" sort="Brown, Sandra" uniqKey="Brown S" first="Sandra" last="Brown">Sandra Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au17"><institution>Ecosystem Services Unit, Winrock International</institution><addr-line>Arlington, VA, 22202, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Foster I" sort="Brown, Foster I" uniqKey="Brown F" first="Foster I" last="Brown">Foster I. Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au18"><institution>Woods Hole Research Center</institution><addr-line>Falmouth, MA, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au19"><institution>Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza</institution><addr-line>Rio Branco, AC, 69910-900, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cer N, Carlos E" sort="Cer N, Carlos E" uniqKey="Cer N C" first="Carlos E" last="Cer N">Carlos E. Cer N</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au20"><institution>Herbario Alfredo Paredes (QAP), Universidad Central del Ecuador</institution><addr-line>Quito, Ecuador</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chama Moscoso, Victor" sort="Chama Moscoso, Victor" uniqKey="Chama Moscoso V" first="Victor" last="Chama Moscoso">Victor Chama Moscoso</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au4"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Missouri</institution><addr-line>Oxapampa, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chave, Jerome" sort="Chave, Jerome" uniqKey="Chave J" first="Jerome" last="Chave">Jerome Chave</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au21"><institution>Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire EDB</institution><addr-line>bâtiment 4R3, 31062, Toulouse, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comiskey, James A" sort="Comiskey, James A" uniqKey="Comiskey J" first="James A" last="Comiskey">James A. Comiskey</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au22"><institution>National Park Service</institution><addr-line>Fredericksburg, VA, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cornejo, Fernando" sort="Cornejo, Fernando" uniqKey="Cornejo F" first="Fernando" last="Cornejo">Fernando Cornejo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au23"><institution>Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales</institution><addr-line>Lima, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corrales Medina, Massiel" sort="Corrales Medina, Massiel" uniqKey="Corrales Medina M" first="Massiel" last="Corrales Medina">Massiel Corrales Medina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au24"><institution>Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa</institution><addr-line>Arequipa, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Da Costa, Lola" sort="Da Costa, Lola" uniqKey="Da Costa L" first="Lola" last="Da Costa">Lola Da Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au25"><institution>Geociencias, Universidade Federal de Para</institution><addr-line>Belem, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Flavia R C" sort="Costa, Flavia R C" uniqKey="Costa F" first="Flavia R C" last="Costa">Flavia R C. Costa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Fiore, Anthony" sort="Di Fiore, Anthony" uniqKey="Di Fiore A" first="Anthony" last="Di Fiore">Anthony Di Fiore</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au26"><institution>Univeristy of Texas</institution><addr-line>Austin, TX, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Domingues, Tomas F" sort="Domingues, Tomas F" uniqKey="Domingues T" first="Tomas F" last="Domingues">Tomas F. Domingues</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au27"><institution>FFCLRP-USP, Department of Biology, Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>05508-090, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erwin, Terry L" sort="Erwin, Terry L" uniqKey="Erwin T" first="Terry L" last="Erwin">Terry L. Erwin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au28"><institution>Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 37012, MRC 187, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frederickson, Todd" sort="Frederickson, Todd" uniqKey="Frederickson T" first="Todd" last="Frederickson">Todd Frederickson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au29"><institution>Ferrum College</institution><addr-line>Ferum, Virginia, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Higuchi, Niro" sort="Higuchi, Niro" uniqKey="Higuchi N" first="Niro" last="Higuchi">Niro Higuchi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Honorio Coronado, Euridice N" sort="Honorio Coronado, Euridice N" uniqKey="Honorio Coronado E" first="Euridice N" last="Honorio Coronado">Euridice N. Honorio Coronado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au30"><institution>Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana</institution><addr-line>Av. José A. Quiñones km. 2.5, Iquitos, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Killeen, Tim J" sort="Killeen, Tim J" uniqKey="Killeen T" first="Tim J" last="Killeen">Tim J. Killeen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au32"><institution>World Wildlife Fund</institution><addr-line>1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurance, William F" sort="Laurance, William F" uniqKey="Laurance W" first="William F" last="Laurance">William F. Laurance</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au33"><institution>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS), School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University</institution><addr-line>Cairns, Queensland, 4878, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levis, Carolina" sort="Levis, Carolina" uniqKey="Levis C" first="Carolina" last="Levis">Carolina Levis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magnusson, William E" sort="Magnusson, William E" uniqKey="Magnusson W" first="William E" last="Magnusson">William E. Magnusson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marimon, Beatriz S" sort="Marimon, Beatriz S" uniqKey="Marimon B" first="Beatriz S" last="Marimon">Beatriz S. Marimon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au34"><institution>Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina</institution><addr-line>Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marimon Junior, Ben Hur" sort="Marimon Junior, Ben Hur" uniqKey="Marimon Junior B" first="Ben Hur" last="Marimon Junior">Ben Hur Marimon Junior</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au34"><institution>Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina</institution><addr-line>Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza Polo, Irina" sort="Mendoza Polo, Irina" uniqKey="Mendoza Polo I" first="Irina" last="Mendoza Polo">Irina Mendoza Polo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático</institution><addr-line>Medellin, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mishra, Piyush" sort="Mishra, Piyush" uniqKey="Mishra P" first="Piyush" last="Mishra">Piyush Mishra</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au35"><institution>Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology</institution><addr-line>Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nascimento, Marcelo T" sort="Nascimento, Marcelo T" uniqKey="Nascimento M" first="Marcelo T" last="Nascimento">Marcelo T. Nascimento</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au36"><institution>Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminese</institution><addr-line>Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neill, David" sort="Neill, David" uniqKey="Neill D" first="David" last="Neill">David Neill</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au37"><institution>Puyo, Universidad Estatal Amazónica</institution><addr-line>Paso lateral km 2½ via a Napo, Pastaza, Ecuador</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nu Ez Vargas, Mario P" sort="Nu Ez Vargas, Mario P" uniqKey="Nu Ez Vargas M" first="Mario P" last="Nú Ez Vargas">Mario P. Nú Ez Vargas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au38"><institution>Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco</institution><addr-line>Cusco, Peru</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palacios, Walter A" sort="Palacios, Walter A" uniqKey="Palacios W" first="Walter A" last="Palacios">Walter A. Palacios</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Técnica del Norte</institution><addr-line>Ecuador</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parada, Alexander" sort="Parada, Alexander" uniqKey="Parada A" first="Alexander" last="Parada">Alexander Parada</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au12"><institution>Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pardo Molina, Guido" sort="Pardo Molina, Guido" uniqKey="Pardo Molina G" first="Guido" last="Pardo Molina">Guido Pardo Molina</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au40"><institution>Universidad Autónoma del Beni</institution><addr-line>Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pe A Claros, Marielos" sort="Pe A Claros, Marielos" uniqKey="Pe A Claros M" first="Marielos" last="Pe A-Claros">Marielos Pe A-Claros</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au41"><institution>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au42"><institution>Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal</institution><addr-line>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pitman, Nigel" sort="Pitman, Nigel" uniqKey="Pitman N" first="Nigel" last="Pitman">Nigel Pitman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au43"><institution>Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University</institution><addr-line>Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peres, Carlos A" sort="Peres, Carlos A" uniqKey="Peres C" first="Carlos A" last="Peres">Carlos A. Peres</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au44"><institution>Centre for Biodiversity Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich, NR4 7JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poorter, Lourens" sort="Poorter, Lourens" uniqKey="Poorter L" first="Lourens" last="Poorter">Lourens Poorter</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au41"><institution>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Prieto, Adriana" sort="Prieto, Adriana" uniqKey="Prieto A" first="Adriana" last="Prieto">Adriana Prieto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au45"><institution>Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Bogota, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Angulo, Hirma" sort="Ramirez Angulo, Hirma" uniqKey="Ramirez Angulo H" first="Hirma" last="Ramirez-Angulo">Hirma Ramirez-Angulo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au46"><institution>Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Merida, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Restrepo Correa, Zorayda" sort="Restrepo Correa, Zorayda" uniqKey="Restrepo Correa Z" first="Zorayda" last="Restrepo Correa">Zorayda Restrepo Correa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au11"><institution>Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático</institution><addr-line>Medellin, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roopsind, Anand" sort="Roopsind, Anand" uniqKey="Roopsind A" first="Anand" last="Roopsind">Anand Roopsind</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au47"><institution>Department of Biology, University of Florida</institution><addr-line>P.O. 118526, 511 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8526, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roucoux, Katherine H" sort="Roucoux, Katherine H" uniqKey="Roucoux K" first="Katherine H" last="Roucoux">Katherine H. Roucoux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rudas, Agustin" sort="Rudas, Agustin" uniqKey="Rudas A" first="Agustin" last="Rudas">Agustin Rudas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au48"><institution>Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Leticia, Colombia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomao, Rafael P" sort="Salomao, Rafael P" uniqKey="Salomao R" first="Rafael P" last="Salomão">Rafael P. Salomão</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au31"><institution>Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Av. Magalhães Barata, 376, São Braz, 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schietti, Juliana" sort="Schietti, Juliana" uniqKey="Schietti J" first="Juliana" last="Schietti">Juliana Schietti</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Silveira, Marcos" sort="Silveira, Marcos" uniqKey="Silveira M" first="Marcos" last="Silveira">Marcos Silveira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au19"><institution>Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza</institution><addr-line>Rio Branco, AC, 69910-900, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Souza, Priscila F" sort="De Souza, Priscila F" uniqKey="De Souza P" first="Priscila F" last="De Souza">Priscila F. De Souza</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steininger, Marc K" sort="Steininger, Marc K" uniqKey="Steininger M" first="Marc K" last="Steininger">Marc K. Steininger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au49"><institution>Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International</institution><addr-line>Washington, DC, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stropp, Juliana" sort="Stropp, Juliana" uniqKey="Stropp J" first="Juliana" last="Stropp">Juliana Stropp</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au50"><institution>Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission</institution><addr-line>Via Enrico Fermi, 2748 TP 440, I-21027, Ispra, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Terborgh, John" sort="Terborgh, John" uniqKey="Terborgh J" first="John" last="Terborgh">John Terborgh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au51"><institution>Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University</institution><addr-line>Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Raquel" sort="Thomas, Raquel" uniqKey="Thomas R" first="Raquel" last="Thomas">Raquel Thomas</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au52"><institution>Iwokrama International Centre</institution><addr-line>77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toledo, Marisol" sort="Toledo, Marisol" uniqKey="Toledo M" first="Marisol" last="Toledo">Marisol Toledo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au42"><institution>Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal</institution><addr-line>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au53"><institution>Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Torres Lezama, Armando" sort="Torres Lezama, Armando" uniqKey="Torres Lezama A" first="Armando" last="Torres-Lezama">Armando Torres-Lezama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au46"><institution>Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Merida, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Andel, Tinde R" sort="Van Andel, Tinde R" uniqKey="Van Andel T" first="Tinde R" last="Van Andel">Tinde R. Van Andel</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au8"><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution><addr-line>Leiden, the Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijden, Geertje M F" sort="Van Der Heijden, Geertje M F" uniqKey="Van Der Heijden G" first="Geertje M F" last="Van Der Heijden">Geertje M F. Van Der Heijden</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au54"><institution>University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee</institution><addr-line>P.O Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au55"><institution>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</institution><addr-line>Apartado, Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, Panama</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieira, Ima C G" sort="Vieira, Ima C G" uniqKey="Vieira I" first="Ima C G" last="Vieira">Ima C G. Vieira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au31"><institution>Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Av. Magalhães Barata, 376, São Braz, 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vieira, Simone" sort="Vieira, Simone" uniqKey="Vieira S" first="Simone" last="Vieira">Simone Vieira</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au56"><institution>Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution><addr-line>Campinas, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vilanova Torre, Emilio" sort="Vilanova Torre, Emilio" uniqKey="Vilanova Torre E" first="Emilio" last="Vilanova-Torre">Emilio Vilanova-Torre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au46"><institution>Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Merida, Venezuela</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vos, Vincent A" sort="Vos, Vincent A" uniqKey="Vos V" first="Vincent A" last="Vos">Vincent A. Vos</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au39"><institution>Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Técnica del Norte</institution><addr-line>Ecuador</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Ophelia" sort="Wang, Ophelia" uniqKey="Wang O" first="Ophelia" last="Wang">Ophelia Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au57"><institution>Lab of Landscape Ecology and Conservation Biology, Northern Arizona University</institution><addr-line>Flagstaff, AZ, USA</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zartman, Charles E" sort="Zartman, Charles E" uniqKey="Zartman C" first="Charles E" last="Zartman">Charles E. Zartman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au7"><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malhi, Yadvinder" sort="Malhi, Yadvinder" uniqKey="Malhi Y" first="Yadvinder" last="Malhi">Yadvinder Malhi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au58"><institution>School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford</institution><addr-line>Oxford, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Oliver L" sort="Phillips, Oliver L" uniqKey="Phillips O" first="Oliver L" last="Phillips">Oliver L. Phillips</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="au2"><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Global Ecology and Biogeography</title><idno type="ISSN">1466-822X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1466-8238</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>The accurate mapping of forest carbon stocks is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle, for assessing emissions from deforestation, and for rational land-use planning. Remote sensing (RS) is currently the key tool for this purpose, but RS does not estimate vegetation biomass directly, and thus may miss significant spatial variations in forest structure. We test the stated accuracy of pantropical carbon maps using a large independent field dataset.</p></sec><sec><title>Location</title><p>Tropical forests of the Amazon basin. The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1">http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1</ext-link></p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Two recent pantropical RS maps of vegetation carbon are compared to a unique ground-plot dataset, involving tree measurements in 413 large inventory plots located in nine countries. The RS maps were compared directly to field plots, and kriging of the field data was used to allow area-based comparisons.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The two RS carbon maps fail to capture the main gradient in Amazon forest carbon detected using 413 ground plots, from the densely wooded tall forests of the north-east, to the light-wooded, shorter forests of the south-west. The differences between plots and RS maps far exceed the uncertainties given in these studies, with whole regions over- or under-estimated by > 25%, whereas regional uncertainties for the maps were reported to be < 5%.</p></sec><sec><title>Main conclusions</title><p>Pantropical biomass maps are widely used by governments and by projects aiming to reduce deforestation using carbon offsets, but may have significant regional biases. Carbon-mapping techniques must be revised to account for the known ecological variation in tree wood density and allometry to create maps suitable for carbon accounting. The use of single relationships between tree canopy height and above-ground biomass inevitably yields large, spatially correlated errors. This presents a significant challenge to both the forest conservation and remote sensing communities, because neither wood density nor species assemblages can be reliably mapped from space.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aragao, Leo" uniqKey="Aragao L">LEO Aragão</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malhi, Y" uniqKey="Malhi Y">Y Malhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Metcalfe, Db" uniqKey="Metcalfe D">DB Metcalfe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Asner, Gp" uniqKey="Asner G">GP Asner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clark, Jk" uniqKey="Clark J">JK Clark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mascaro, J" uniqKey="Mascaro J">J Mascaro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galindo Garcia, Ga" uniqKey="Galindo Garcia G">GA Galindo García</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chadwick, Kd" uniqKey="Chadwick K">KD Chadwick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Navarrete Encinales, Da" uniqKey="Navarrete Encinales D">DA Navarrete Encinales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paez Acosta, G" uniqKey="Paez Acosta G">G Paez-Acosta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cabrera Montenegro, E" uniqKey="Cabrera Montenegro E">E Cabrera Montenegro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy Bowdoin, T" uniqKey="Kennedy Bowdoin T">T Kennedy-Bowdoin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duque, A" uniqKey="Duque A">Á Duque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balaji, A" uniqKey="Balaji A">A Balaji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Hildebrand, P" uniqKey="Von Hildebrand P">P von Hildebrand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maatoug, L" uniqKey="Maatoug L">L Maatoug</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips Bernal, Jf" uniqKey="Phillips Bernal J">JF Phillips Bernal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yepes Quintero, Ap" uniqKey="Yepes Quintero A">AP Yepes Quintero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knapp, De" uniqKey="Knapp D">DE Knapp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Davila, Mc" uniqKey="Garcia Davila M">MC García Dávila</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobson, J" uniqKey="Jacobson J">J Jacobson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baccini, A" uniqKey="Baccini A">A Baccini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goetz, Sj" uniqKey="Goetz S">SJ Goetz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Ws" uniqKey="Walker W">WS Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laporte, Nt" uniqKey="Laporte N">NT Laporte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sun, M" uniqKey="Sun M">M Sun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sulla Menashe, D" uniqKey="Sulla Menashe D">D Sulla-Menashe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hackler, J" uniqKey="Hackler J">J Hackler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beck, Psa" uniqKey="Beck P">PSA Beck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dubayah, R" uniqKey="Dubayah R">R Dubayah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Friedl, Ma" uniqKey="Friedl M">MA Friedl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samanta, S" uniqKey="Samanta S">S Samanta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, Tr" uniqKey="Baker T">TR Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ol" uniqKey="Phillips O">OL Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malhi, Y" uniqKey="Malhi Y">Y Malhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Almeida, S" uniqKey="Almeida S">S Almeida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arroyo, L" uniqKey="Arroyo L">L Arroyo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Fiore, A" uniqKey="Di Fiore A">A Di Fiore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erwin, T" uniqKey="Erwin T">T Erwin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Killeen, Tj" uniqKey="Killeen T">TJ Killeen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laurance, Sg" uniqKey="Laurance S">SG Laurance</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laurance, Wf" uniqKey="Laurance W">WF Laurance</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sl" uniqKey="Lewis S">SL Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lloyd, J" uniqKey="Lloyd J">J Lloyd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monteagudo, A" uniqKey="Monteagudo A">A Monteagudo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neill, Da" uniqKey="Neill D">DA Neill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pati O, S" uniqKey="Pati O S">S Patiño</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pitman, Ncam" uniqKey="Pitman N">NCAM Pitman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silva, Jn" uniqKey="Silva J">JN Silva</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Banin, L" uniqKey="Banin L">L Banin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feldpausch, Tr" uniqKey="Feldpausch T">TR Feldpausch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ol" uniqKey="Phillips O">OL Phillips</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Caravani, A" uniqKey="Caravani A">A Caravani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakhooda, S" uniqKey="Nakhooda S">S Nakhooda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chave, J" uniqKey="Chave J">J Chave</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andalo, C" uniqKey="Andalo C">C Andalo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, S" uniqKey="Brown S">S Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cairns, Ma" uniqKey="Cairns M">MA Cairns</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chambers, Jq" uniqKey="Chambers J">JQ Chambers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eamus, D" uniqKey="Eamus D">D Eamus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Folster, H" uniqKey="Folster H">H Fölster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fromard, F" uniqKey="Fromard F">F Fromard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Higuchi, N" uniqKey="Higuchi N">N Higuchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kira, T" uniqKey="Kira T">T Kira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lescure, Jp" uniqKey="Lescure J">JP Lescure</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Bw" uniqKey="Nelson B">BW Nelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ogawa, H" uniqKey="Ogawa H">H Ogawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Puig, H" uniqKey="Puig H">H Puig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riera, B" uniqKey="Riera B">B Riéra</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chave, J" uniqKey="Chave J">J Chave</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coomes, D" uniqKey="Coomes D">D Coomes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, S" uniqKey="Jansen S">S Jansen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sl" uniqKey="Lewis S">SL Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swenson, Ng" uniqKey="Swenson N">NG Swenson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Diaz, D" uniqKey="Diaz D">D Diaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamilton, K" uniqKey="Hamilton K">K Hamilton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fearnside, Pm" uniqKey="Fearnside P">PM Fearnside</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feldpausch, Tr" uniqKey="Feldpausch T">TR Feldpausch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Banin, L" uniqKey="Banin L">L Banin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ol" uniqKey="Phillips O">OL Phillips</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feldpausch, Tr" uniqKey="Feldpausch T">TR Feldpausch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lloyd, J" uniqKey="Lloyd J">J Lloyd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sl" uniqKey="Lewis S">SL Lewis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fritz, S" uniqKey="Fritz S">S Fritz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartholome, E" uniqKey="Bartholome E">E Bartholomé</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belward, A" uniqKey="Belward A">A Belward</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez Velez, Vh" uniqKey="Gutierrez Velez V">VH Gutierrez-Velez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Houghton, Ra" uniqKey="Houghton R">RA Houghton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawrence, Kt" uniqKey="Lawrence K">KT Lawrence</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hackler, Jl" uniqKey="Hackler J">JL Hackler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lefsky, Ma" uniqKey="Lefsky M">MA Lefsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harding, Dj" uniqKey="Harding D">DJ Harding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keller, M" uniqKey="Keller M">M Keller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Wb" uniqKey="Cohen W">WB Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carabajal, Cc" uniqKey="Carabajal C">CC Carabajal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Del Bom Espirito Santo, F" uniqKey="Del Bom Espirito Santo F">F Del Bom Espirito-Santo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunter, Mo" uniqKey="Hunter M">MO Hunter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lopez Gonzalez, G" uniqKey="Lopez Gonzalez G">G Lopez-Gonzalez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sl" uniqKey="Lewis S">SL Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burkitt, M" uniqKey="Burkitt M">M Burkitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Tr" uniqKey="Baker T">TR Baker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lopez Gonzalez, G" uniqKey="Lopez Gonzalez G">G Lopez-Gonzalez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sl" uniqKey="Lewis S">SL Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burkitt, M" uniqKey="Burkitt M">M Burkitt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lopez Gonzalez, G" uniqKey="Lopez Gonzalez G">G Lopez-Gonzalez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchard, Eta" uniqKey="Mitchard E">ETA Mitchard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feldpausch, Tr" uniqKey="Feldpausch T">TR Feldpausch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Malhi, Y" uniqKey="Malhi Y">Y Malhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ol" uniqKey="Phillips O">OL Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lloyd, J" uniqKey="Lloyd J">J Lloyd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, T" uniqKey="Baker T">T Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, J" uniqKey="Wright J">J Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Malhi, Y" uniqKey="Malhi Y">Y Malhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, D" uniqKey="Wood D">D Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Tr" uniqKey="Baker T">TR Baker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olson, Js" uniqKey="Olson J">JS Olson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watts, Ja" uniqKey="Watts J">JA Watts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Penman, J" uniqKey="Penman J">J Penman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gytarsky, M" uniqKey="Gytarsky M">M Gytarsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hiraishi, T" uniqKey="Hiraishi T">T Hiraishi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krug, T" uniqKey="Krug T">T Krug</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kruge, D" uniqKey="Kruge D">D Kruge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pipatti, R" uniqKey="Pipatti R">R Pipatti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buendia, L" uniqKey="Buendia L">L Buendia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miwa, K" uniqKey="Miwa K">K Miwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ngara, T" uniqKey="Ngara T">T Ngara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanabe, K" uniqKey="Tanabe K">K Tanabe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ol" uniqKey="Phillips O">OL Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sl" uniqKey="Lewis S">SL Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Tr" uniqKey="Baker T">TR Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chao, K J" uniqKey="Chao K">K-J Chao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ol" uniqKey="Phillips O">OL Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baker, Tr" uniqKey="Baker T">TR Baker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feldpausch, Tr" uniqKey="Feldpausch T">TR Feldpausch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ol" uniqKey="Phillips O">OL Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aragao, Leoc" uniqKey="Aragao L">LEOC Aragão</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sl" uniqKey="Lewis S">SL Lewis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Potapov, P" uniqKey="Potapov P">P Potapov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yaroshenko, A" uniqKey="Yaroshenko A">A Yaroshenko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turubanova, S" uniqKey="Turubanova S">S Turubanova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dubinin, M" uniqKey="Dubinin M">M Dubinin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laestadius, L" uniqKey="Laestadius L">L Laestadius</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thies, C" uniqKey="Thies C">C Thies</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aksenov, D" uniqKey="Aksenov D">D Aksenov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egorov, A" uniqKey="Egorov A">A Egorov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yesipova, Y" uniqKey="Yesipova Y">Y Yesipova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glushkov, I" uniqKey="Glushkov I">I Glushkov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karpachevskiy, M" uniqKey="Karpachevskiy M">M Karpachevskiy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kostikova, A" uniqKey="Kostikova A">A Kostikova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manisha, A" uniqKey="Manisha A">A Manisha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsybikova, E" uniqKey="Tsybikova E">E Tsybikova</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quesada, Ca" uniqKey="Quesada C">CA Quesada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ol" uniqKey="Phillips O">OL Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwarz, M" uniqKey="Schwarz M">M Schwarz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saatchi, Ss" uniqKey="Saatchi S">SS Saatchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houghton, Ra" uniqKey="Houghton R">RA Houghton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alvala, R" uniqKey="Alvala R">R Alvalá</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soares, Jv" uniqKey="Soares J">JV Soares</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saatchi, Ss" uniqKey="Saatchi S">SS Saatchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harris, Nl" uniqKey="Harris N">NL Harris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, S" uniqKey="Brown S">S Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lefsky, M" uniqKey="Lefsky M">M Lefsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchard, Eta" uniqKey="Mitchard E">ETA Mitchard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salas, W" uniqKey="Salas W">W Salas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zutta, Br" uniqKey="Zutta B">BR Zutta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buermann, W" uniqKey="Buermann W">W Buermann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sl" uniqKey="Lewis S">SL Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hagen, S" uniqKey="Hagen S">S Hagen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petrova, S" uniqKey="Petrova S">S Petrova</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, L" uniqKey="White L">L White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silman, M" uniqKey="Silman M">M Silman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ter Steege, H" uniqKey="Ter Steege H">H ter Steege</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pitman, N" uniqKey="Pitman N">N Pitman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sabatier, D" uniqKey="Sabatier D">D Sabatier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ter Steege, H" uniqKey="Ter Steege H">H ter Steege</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pitman, Nca" uniqKey="Pitman N">NCA Pitman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ol" uniqKey="Phillips O">OL Phillips</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chave, J" uniqKey="Chave J">J Chave</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sabatier, D" uniqKey="Sabatier D">D Sabatier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duque, A" uniqKey="Duque A">A Duque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molino, J F" uniqKey="Molino J">J-F Molino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prevost, M F" uniqKey="Prevost M">M-F Prévost</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spichiger, R" uniqKey="Spichiger R">R Spichiger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castellanos, H" uniqKey="Castellanos H">H Castellanos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Hildebrand, P" uniqKey="Von Hildebrand P">P von Hildebrand</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Woodhouse, Ih" uniqKey="Woodhouse I">IH Woodhouse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchard, Eta" uniqKey="Mitchard E">ETA Mitchard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brolly, M" uniqKey="Brolly M">M Brolly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maniatis, D" uniqKey="Maniatis D">D Maniatis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zanne, Ae" uniqKey="Zanne A">AE Zanne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez Gonzalez, G" uniqKey="Lopez Gonzalez G">G Lopez-Gonzalez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coomes, Da" uniqKey="Coomes D">DA Coomes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ilic, J" uniqKey="Ilic J">J Ilic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jansen, S" uniqKey="Jansen S">S Jansen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Sl" uniqKey="Lewis S">SL Lewis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Rb" uniqKey="Miller R">RB Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swenson, Ng" uniqKey="Swenson N">NG Swenson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wiemann, Mc" uniqKey="Wiemann M">MC Wiemann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Glob Ecol Biogeogr</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">geb</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Global Ecology and Biogeography</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1466-822X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1466-8238</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BlackWell Publishing Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Oxford, UK</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26430387</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4579864</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/geb.12168</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Papers</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Markedly divergent estimates of Amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mitchard</surname><given-names>Edward T A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref><xref ref-type="bio" rid="d35e38">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Feldpausch</surname><given-names>Ted R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brienen</surname><given-names>Roel J W</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lopez-Gonzalez</surname><given-names>Gabriela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Monteagudo</surname><given-names>Abel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>Timothy R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>Simon L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lloyd</surname><given-names>Jon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quesada</surname><given-names>Carlos A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gloor</surname><given-names>Manuel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ter Steege</surname><given-names>Hans</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au8">8</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meir</surname><given-names>Patrick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alvarez</surname><given-names>Esteban</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Araujo-Murakami</surname><given-names>Alejandro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aragão</surname><given-names>Luiz E O C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au13">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arroyo</surname><given-names>Luzmila</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aymard</surname><given-names>Gerardo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au14">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Banki</surname><given-names>Olaf</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au15">15</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bonal</surname><given-names>Damien</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au16">16</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>Sandra</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au17">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>Foster I</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au18">18</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cerón</surname><given-names>Carlos E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au20">20</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chama Moscoso</surname><given-names>Victor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chave</surname><given-names>Jerome</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au21">21</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Comiskey</surname><given-names>James A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au22">22</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cornejo</surname><given-names>Fernando</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au23">23</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Corrales Medina</surname><given-names>Massiel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au24">24</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Da Costa</surname><given-names>Lola</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au25">25</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>Flavia R C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Di Fiore</surname><given-names>Anthony</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au26">26</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Domingues</surname><given-names>Tomas F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au27">27</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Erwin</surname><given-names>Terry L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au28">28</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frederickson</surname><given-names>Todd</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au29">29</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Higuchi</surname><given-names>Niro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Honorio Coronado</surname><given-names>Euridice N</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au30">30</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Killeen</surname><given-names>Tim J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au32">32</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Laurance</surname><given-names>William F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au33">33</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Levis</surname><given-names>Carolina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Magnusson</surname><given-names>William E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marimon</surname><given-names>Beatriz S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au34">34</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marimon Junior</surname><given-names>Ben Hur</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au34">34</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mendoza Polo</surname><given-names>Irina</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mishra</surname><given-names>Piyush</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au35">35</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nascimento</surname><given-names>Marcelo T</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au36">36</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Neill</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au37">37</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Núñez Vargas</surname><given-names>Mario P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au38">38</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Palacios</surname><given-names>Walter A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au39">39</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parada</surname><given-names>Alexander</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au12">12</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pardo Molina</surname><given-names>Guido</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au40">40</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peña-Claros</surname><given-names>Marielos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au41">41</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au42">42</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pitman</surname><given-names>Nigel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au43">43</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peres</surname><given-names>Carlos A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au44">44</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Poorter</surname><given-names>Lourens</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au41">41</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Prieto</surname><given-names>Adriana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au45">45</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramirez-Angulo</surname><given-names>Hirma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au46">46</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Restrepo Correa</surname><given-names>Zorayda</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roopsind</surname><given-names>Anand</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au47">47</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roucoux</surname><given-names>Katherine H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rudas</surname><given-names>Agustin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au48">48</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salomão</surname><given-names>Rafael P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au31">31</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schietti</surname><given-names>Juliana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Silveira</surname><given-names>Marcos</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au19">19</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Souza</surname><given-names>Priscila F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Steininger</surname><given-names>Marc K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au49">49</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stropp</surname><given-names>Juliana</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au50">50</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Terborgh</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au51">51</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thomas</surname><given-names>Raquel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au52">52</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Toledo</surname><given-names>Marisol</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au42">42</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au53">53</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Torres-Lezama</surname><given-names>Armando</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au46">46</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Andel</surname><given-names>Tinde R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van der Heijden</surname><given-names>Geertje M F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au54">54</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au55">55</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>Ima C G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au31">31</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vieira</surname><given-names>Simone</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au56">56</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vilanova-Torre</surname><given-names>Emilio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au46">46</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>Vincent A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au39">39</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Ophelia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au57">57</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zartman</surname><given-names>Charles E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Malhi</surname><given-names>Yadvinder</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au58">58</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>Oliver L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="au2">2</xref></contrib><aff id="au1"><label>1</label><institution>School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh</institution><addr-line>Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK</addr-line></aff><aff id="au2"><label>2</label><institution>School of Geography, University of Leeds</institution><addr-line>Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK</addr-line></aff><aff id="au3"><label>3</label><institution>Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter</institution><addr-line>Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK</addr-line></aff><aff id="au4"><label>4</label><institution>Jardín Botánico de Missouri</institution><addr-line>Oxapampa, Peru</addr-line></aff><aff id="au5"><label>5</label><institution>Department of Geography, University College London</institution><addr-line>UK</addr-line></aff><aff id="au6"><label>6</label><institution>Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College</institution><addr-line>London, UK</addr-line></aff><aff id="au7"><label>7</label><institution>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia</institution><addr-line>Manaus, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au8"><label>8</label><institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution><addr-line>Leiden, the Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="au9"><label>9</label><institution>Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University</institution><addr-line>Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="au10"><label>10</label><institution>Research School of Biology, Australian National University</institution><addr-line>Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au11"><label>11</label><institution>Jardín Botánico de Medellín, Grupo de Investigación en Servicios Ecosistémicos y Cambio Climático</institution><addr-line>Medellin, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au12"><label>12</label><institution>Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Casilla 2489, Av. Irala 565, Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au13"><label>13</label><institution>Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research – INPE</institution><addr-line>São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au14"><label>14</label><institution>UNELLEZ-Guanare, Programa de Ciencias del Agro y el Mar, Herbario Universitario (PORT)</institution><addr-line>Mesa de Cavacas, Estado Portuguesa, 3350, Venezuela</addr-line></aff><aff id="au15"><label>15</label><institution>IBED, University of Amsterdam</institution><addr-line>POSTBUS 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="au16"><label>16</label><institution>L'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique</institution><addr-line>UMR 1137 EEF, 54280, Champenoux, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au17"><label>17</label><institution>Ecosystem Services Unit, Winrock International</institution><addr-line>Arlington, VA, 22202, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au18"><label>18</label><institution>Woods Hole Research Center</institution><addr-line>Falmouth, MA, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au19"><label>19</label><institution>Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza</institution><addr-line>Rio Branco, AC, 69910-900, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au20"><label>20</label><institution>Herbario Alfredo Paredes (QAP), Universidad Central del Ecuador</institution><addr-line>Quito, Ecuador</addr-line></aff><aff id="au21"><label>21</label><institution>Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire EDB</institution><addr-line>bâtiment 4R3, 31062, Toulouse, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="au22"><label>22</label><institution>National Park Service</institution><addr-line>Fredericksburg, VA, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au23"><label>23</label><institution>Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales</institution><addr-line>Lima, Peru</addr-line></aff><aff id="au24"><label>24</label><institution>Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa</institution><addr-line>Arequipa, Peru</addr-line></aff><aff id="au25"><label>25</label><institution>Geociencias, Universidade Federal de Para</institution><addr-line>Belem, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au26"><label>26</label><institution>Univeristy of Texas</institution><addr-line>Austin, TX, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au27"><label>27</label><institution>FFCLRP-USP, Department of Biology, Universidade de São Paulo</institution><addr-line>05508-090, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au28"><label>28</label><institution>Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 37012, MRC 187, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au29"><label>29</label><institution>Ferrum College</institution><addr-line>Ferum, Virginia, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au30"><label>30</label><institution>Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana</institution><addr-line>Av. José A. Quiñones km. 2.5, Iquitos, Peru</addr-line></aff><aff id="au31"><label>31</label><institution>Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi</institution><addr-line>Av. Magalhães Barata, 376, São Braz, 66040-170, Belém, PA, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au32"><label>32</label><institution>World Wildlife Fund</institution><addr-line>1250 24th Street, N.W., Washington, DC, 20037, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au33"><label>33</label><institution>Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS), School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University</institution><addr-line>Cairns, Queensland, 4878, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au34"><label>34</label><institution>Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Campus de Nova Xavantina</institution><addr-line>Caixa Postal 08, CEP 78.690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au35"><label>35</label><institution>Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology</institution><addr-line>Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="au36"><label>36</label><institution>Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminese</institution><addr-line>Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au37"><label>37</label><institution>Puyo, Universidad Estatal Amazónica</institution><addr-line>Paso lateral km 2½ via a Napo, Pastaza, Ecuador</addr-line></aff><aff id="au38"><label>38</label><institution>Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco</institution><addr-line>Cusco, Peru</addr-line></aff><aff id="au39"><label>39</label><institution>Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Técnica del Norte</institution><addr-line>Ecuador</addr-line></aff><aff id="au40"><label>40</label><institution>Universidad Autónoma del Beni</institution><addr-line>Riberalta, Beni, Bolivia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au41"><label>41</label><institution>Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University</institution><addr-line>P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="au42"><label>42</label><institution>Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal</institution><addr-line>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au43"><label>43</label><institution>Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University</institution><addr-line>Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au44"><label>44</label><institution>Centre for Biodiversity Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia</institution><addr-line>Norwich, NR4 7JT, UK</addr-line></aff><aff id="au45"><label>45</label><institution>Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Bogota, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au46"><label>46</label><institution>Universidad de Los Andes</institution><addr-line>Merida, Venezuela</addr-line></aff><aff id="au47"><label>47</label><institution>Department of Biology, University of Florida</institution><addr-line>P.O. 118526, 511 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8526, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au48"><label>48</label><institution>Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution><addr-line>Leticia, Colombia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au49"><label>49</label><institution>Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International</institution><addr-line>Washington, DC, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au50"><label>50</label><institution>Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission</institution><addr-line>Via Enrico Fermi, 2748 TP 440, I-21027, Ispra, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="au51"><label>51</label><institution>Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University</institution><addr-line>Box 90381, Durham, NC, 27708, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au52"><label>52</label><institution>Iwokrama International Centre</institution><addr-line>77 High Street Kingston, Georgetown, Guyana</addr-line></aff><aff id="au53"><label>53</label><institution>Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</institution><addr-line>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</addr-line></aff><aff id="au54"><label>54</label><institution>University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee</institution><addr-line>P.O Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au55"><label>55</label><institution>Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</institution><addr-line>Apartado, Postal 0843-03092, Panamá, Panama</addr-line></aff><aff id="au56"><label>56</label><institution>Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution><addr-line>Campinas, Brazil</addr-line></aff><aff id="au57"><label>57</label><institution>Lab of Landscape Ecology and Conservation Biology, Northern Arizona University</institution><addr-line>Flagstaff, AZ, USA</addr-line></aff><aff id="au58"><label>58</label><institution>School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford</institution><addr-line>Oxford, UK</addr-line></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Correspondence: Edward T. A. Mitchard, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, UK., E-mail: <email>edward.mitchard@ed.ac.uk</email></corresp><fn><p>Editor: Jeremy Kerr</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>8</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>935</fpage><lpage>946</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 The Authors. Global Ecology and Biogeography published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Aim</title><p>The accurate mapping of forest carbon stocks is essential for understanding the global carbon cycle, for assessing emissions from deforestation, and for rational land-use planning. Remote sensing (RS) is currently the key tool for this purpose, but RS does not estimate vegetation biomass directly, and thus may miss significant spatial variations in forest structure. We test the stated accuracy of pantropical carbon maps using a large independent field dataset.</p></sec><sec><title>Location</title><p>Tropical forests of the Amazon basin. The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1">http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1</ext-link></p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Two recent pantropical RS maps of vegetation carbon are compared to a unique ground-plot dataset, involving tree measurements in 413 large inventory plots located in nine countries. The RS maps were compared directly to field plots, and kriging of the field data was used to allow area-based comparisons.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The two RS carbon maps fail to capture the main gradient in Amazon forest carbon detected using 413 ground plots, from the densely wooded tall forests of the north-east, to the light-wooded, shorter forests of the south-west. The differences between plots and RS maps far exceed the uncertainties given in these studies, with whole regions over- or under-estimated by > 25%, whereas regional uncertainties for the maps were reported to be < 5%.</p></sec><sec><title>Main conclusions</title><p>Pantropical biomass maps are widely used by governments and by projects aiming to reduce deforestation using carbon offsets, but may have significant regional biases. Carbon-mapping techniques must be revised to account for the known ecological variation in tree wood density and allometry to create maps suitable for carbon accounting. The use of single relationships between tree canopy height and above-ground biomass inevitably yields large, spatially correlated errors. This presents a significant challenge to both the forest conservation and remote sensing communities, because neither wood density nor species assemblages can be reliably mapped from space.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Above-ground biomass</kwd><kwd>allometry</kwd><kwd>carbon cycle</kwd><kwd>REDD+</kwd><kwd>remote sensing</kwd><kwd>satellite mapping</kwd><kwd>wood density</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Amazonia contains half of all remaining tropical moist forest (Fritz <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b13" ref-type="bibr">2003</xref>). The total vegetation carbon storage of Amazon basin tropical forests has been subject to a wide range of estimates (Houghton <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b16" ref-type="bibr">2001</xref>; Malhi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b23" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>; Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b30" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>). These have varied from 58 Pg C (Olson <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b24" ref-type="bibr">1983</xref>) to 134 Pg C (Fearnside, <xref rid="b10" ref-type="bibr">1997</xref>, scaled to whole basin), although there is now some general consensus in the middle of this range [e.g. 93 ± 23 Pg C (Malhi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b23" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>), 86 ± 17 Pg C (Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b30" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>) and 89 Pg C (FAO, <xref rid="b9" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>)]. However, these estimates of carbon stocks mask large differences at a smaller spatial scale, as local variations are cancelled out when summing over large areas: the spatial patterns visible in different maps of above-ground biomass (AGB) vary greatly, with little consistency even between studies that use similar methods and input data (Houghton <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b16" ref-type="bibr">2001</xref>).</p><p>It is of great importance that the distribution of carbon storage across the Amazon be well-characterized. Although there are many reasons that make it desirable to protect tropical forests, the protection of their carbon stocks and potential as a future carbon sink have made their preservation a current policy priority. A major initiative in international climate negotiations, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+), envisages payments in return for forest conservation. Though REDD+ is not yet operational, voluntary-sector afforestation/reforestation and REDD+ projects already exist, with REDD+ credit sales equal to $85 million in 2010 (Diaz <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b8" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). Country-to-country cash transfers have also taken place, with Norway leading the way, committing US$1 billion to the government of Indonesia, a similar amount to Brazil's Amazon Fund, and $250 million to Guyana, in return for their meeting goals for reducing rates of forest loss (Caravani <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b6" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). Other sources of conservation and development funding also assess projects based on their carbon impact: indeed, one of the stated criteria applied to all USAID funding (equivalent to US$40 billion in 2012) is to be carbon-positive where possible (U.S. Agency for International Development, <xref rid="b34" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>).</p><p>For a wide variety of conservation and sustainable forest management projects, forest carbon stocks – and changes in these stocks – must be estimated with confidence. Accurate estimation, however, still faces major challenges: indeed, in a comparison of estimates of carbon emissions from deforestation in the Amazon, the biggest cause of discrepancies between estimates was found to be due to carbon mapping, higher than the uncertainty in the mapping of deforestation (Gutierrez-Velez & Pontius, <xref rid="b15" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). AGB is the largest carbon pool in most tropical forests, and also tends to be the best characterized because it is relatively easy to measure, with other carbon pools often estimated as a simple ratio of AGB (GOFC-GOLD, <xref rid="b14" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>).</p><p>Biomass maps of the Amazon region have been created in a number of ways. Some have used direct extrapolations from field-plot measurements, either multiplying the total area of forest by mean biomass density values (Olson <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b24" ref-type="bibr">1983</xref>; Fearnside, <xref rid="b10" ref-type="bibr">1997</xref>; FAO, <xref rid="b9" ref-type="bibr">2010</xref>) or by two-dimensional kriging (Malhi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b23" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>); others have used environmental gradients to co-krig field-plot measurements (U.S. Agency for International Development, <xref rid="b34" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>); and others have used remote-sensing (RS) data (Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b30" ref-type="bibr">2007</xref>). In the absence of continuous field measurements throughout an area of interest, RS datasets should provide the most accurate maps, because every location can be directly observed. Methods based solely on ground plots will only ever be able to sample a very small percentage of the total area, and due to access difficulties, a network of ground points will normally be biased towards more easily accessible regions (concentrated near rivers, roads and scientific field stations). However, using current technology AGB cannot be directly estimated from space (Woodhouse <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b35" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), and thus field plots remain essential for calibrating and validating RS maps. Ground-based estimates, and thereby calibrations of RS maps, are themselves limited by the small quantity of destructive biomass data available, which reduces the confidence in allometric equations used to convert ground data into estimates of AGB (Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>).</p><p>Two recent maps have been published that estimate AGB across the tropics at 1 km (Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; subsequently called <italic>RS1</italic>) and 500 m (Baccini <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; <italic>RS2</italic>) resolution, aimed specifically at providing baseline data for REDD+, with the data being widely disseminated and used. Both maps use similar methods and datasets: they take millions of discrete 0.25-ha canopy height estimates from the Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) LiDAR sensor, convert these to estimates of AGB using empirically derived models that relate LiDAR variables to AGB using field plots located under some GLAS footprints, and use ancillary full-coverage RS layers to extrapolate these point AGB estimates across the landscape. The ancillary RS layers are visual and infra-red spectrum optical data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors, elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and, in the case of <italic>RS1</italic> only, QuikSCAT radar scatterometer data. The extrapolation of AGB is performed using multi-variable nonlinear models, MaxEnt in <italic>RS1</italic> and RandomForests in <italic>RS2</italic>. Though they use similar input data, the nominal date of the resulting AGB maps differs between the two, with <italic>RS1</italic> dated as ‘early 2000s’, and <italic>RS2</italic> 2007–2008. <italic>RS1</italic> provides a continuous uncertainty map, giving an uncertainty of ± 6% to ± 53% associated with every pixel, and assumes these errors are spatially uncorrelated to give an uncertainty for the total carbon stock for Amazonia of < ± 1% (Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). <italic>RS2</italic> does not provide a pixel-level uncertainty map but instead held back some training data, using a Monte Carlo approach to estimate uncertainty at the level of Amazonia as ± 7% (Baccini <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>).</p><p>In both cases, the primary calibration data used to produce the maps is derived from profiles of tree height from the ICESat GLAS sensor. Although these data do include some information about the structural characteristics of the forest within the LiDAR footprints, canopy height is the principal parameter detected (Lefsky <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b18" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>). However, allometric equations that relate physical attributes of trees to their above-ground biomass normally rely on three parameters: in addition to tree height (<italic>H</italic>), tree diameter at 1.3 m (<italic>D</italic>) and wood density (ρ) are very important (Chave <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b37" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>), and mean values and ratios between these parameters vary significantly between regions (Chave <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b37" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Quesada <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b29" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), associated with different species communities (ter Steege <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b33" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>). We know that wood density increases from west to east across Amazonia (Baker <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b4" ref-type="bibr">2004</xref>; ter Steege <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b33" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>), inversely correlated to stem turnover rate (Quesada <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b29" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). This gradient is driven by soil fertility, notably total soil phosphorus and the concentration of exchangeable potassium ions (Aragão <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b1" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>), and especially by the physical qualities of the soil. Thus, the fertile but shallower soils of the western Amazon lead to higher productivity and faster turnover, and a set of species with low wood density; conversely, the low fertility but deep and freely-draining soils of the eastern Amazon tend to have lower productivity and slower turnover, and species with much higher wood density. The relationship between diameter and height also varies across the basin, but with more complexity than wood density, mostly related to climatic factors (Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). These are approximated into four zones (Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>, <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), with the use of a different <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> model in each zone, greatly reducing the error in the prediction of <italic>H</italic> from <italic>D</italic> compared to a pan-Amazonian model (Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>).</p><p>Thus, although <italic>D</italic>, ρ and <italic>H</italic> were used in the field-plot calibration of <italic>RS1</italic>, and <italic>D</italic> and ρ for <italic>RS2</italic> (with the allometric equations used coming from the same study: Chave <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b37" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>), regional differences in <italic>D:H</italic> ratios and ρ are not detected by GLAS, and thus the continental-scale GLAS–AGB calibrations used could smooth out these differences. This is likely to result in significantly higher regional uncertainties than estimated by Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>) or Baccini <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>).</p><p>In order to test this, we use a unique dataset of 413 field plots located throughout tropical South America, compiled as part of RAINFOR (<italic>Red Amazónica de Inventarios Forestales</italic>; Amazon Forest Inventory Network; Malhi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b22" ref-type="bibr">2002</xref>), the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ter Steege <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b32" ref-type="bibr">2003</xref>), TEAM (Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring) and PPBio (Brazilian Program for Biodiversity Research) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">1</xref>). Data in these plots were collected using a consistent methodology, and AGB was calculated using a T-SQL query to a single database. We compare these field plots directly to the two remote-sensing-derived maps, and additionally create a plot-based AGB map using simple two-dimensional kriging (<italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>) to allow a spatial comparison.</p><fig id="fig01" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Location of forest field plots in South America. (a) The location of all plots used in the analysis, overlaid on the intact forest landscape (IFL) and GlobCover broad-leaved forests layers. (b) Map showing the distance from the nearest plot in kilometres.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="geb0023-0935-f1"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods"><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Details of field methods and error checking procedures involved in the RAINFOR permanent plot network are discussed in detail elsewhere (Phillips <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b26" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>, <xref rid="b27" ref-type="bibr">2009a</xref>, <xref rid="b38" ref-type="bibr">b</xref>). The individual stem data for every plot used in this study are held in a database (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.forestplots.net/">http://www.forestplots.net/</ext-link>), which allowed us to calculate plot-level AGB consistently with a single T-SQL query (Lopez-Gonzalez <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b19" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>, <xref rid="b20" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). The TEAM plots were downloaded and added to the database in April 2013, with data set identifier codes of 20130415013221_3991 and 20130405063033_1587. We only used plots where data were available for every stem and trees had been measured consistently above buttresses. Plots above 1000 m elevation were excluded, as were plots in non-forest ecosystems. On average across plots, 77% of stems were identified to the species level, and 92% to the genus level. The dates at which the plots were most recently measured, and the number of times they had been re-censused, varied: in order to dampen the influence of short-term disturbances and to produce values that most closely represented the landscape AGB distribution, the value for each plot was calculated as the mean of all census values, weighted by census interval lengths before and after each measurement. Censuses collected from 2010 onwards were excluded as these post-date the remote-sensing data, apart from 41 plots that were only measured for the first time during or after 2010, in which case the earliest available census was used.</p><p>The principal AGB dataset was calculated using the three-parameter moist tropical forest model from Chave <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref rid="b37" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>), with height estimated from d.b.h. individually for each stem using the region-specific Weibull models from Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), and wood density values estimated for each stem using the mean value for the species in the Global Wood Density Database (Chave <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b7" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; Zanne <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b36" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>), or the mean for the genus using congeneric taxa from Mexico, Central America and tropical South America if no data were available for that species (<italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>). For comparison, AGB was also calculated using the same allometric equation but with the pan-Amazon Weibull model from Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>) (<italic>K</italic><sub><italic>D</italic>ρ</sub>), regional height models but with a dataset mean wood density value of 0.63 applied to every stem (<italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic>), and with the pan-Amazonian height model and mean wood density applied to every stem (<italic>K<sub>D</sub></italic>).</p><p>In order to compare the AGB dataset directly with the field plots, we averaged the field plots within 20 km × 20 km boxes and compared the mean value for these boxes to the mean AGB of <italic>RS1</italic> and <italic>RS2.</italic> This was intended to reduce the noise involved in comparing single field plots to their surrounding remote-sensing pixel. This resulted in comparisons being made with 107 unique points, with a mean of 3.9 field plots in each (range 1–14).</p><p>We attempted to produce the kriged maps using universal kriging (ter Steege <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b32" ref-type="bibr">2003</xref>), but this proved impossible because of high local variation in AGB values of neighbouring plots, resulting in little spatial autocorrelation. Plots located within a 250-m search radius were averaged, which reduced the total number of independent points entering the kriging procedure from 413 to 378; this assisted matters, but a semivariogram showed that there was still little spatial autocorrelation in the dataset (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="sd1">Fig. S1</xref>). We therefore used an inverse distance kernel with a smoothing distance of 100 km, which removed local variation and produced output layers showing the broad spatial trends in the dataset. The output kriged maps were produced at a 500-m resolution using the MODIS sinusoidal projection, an equal-area projection used in the creation of <italic>RS2.</italic></p><p><italic>RS1</italic> was provided by S. Saatchi (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, CA, USA) in a geographic projection with a pixel size of 0.00833°; <italic>RS2</italic> was provided by A. Baccini (Woods Hole Research Center, MA, USA) in a MODIS sinusoidal projection at 500 m resolution. <italic>RS1</italic> was warped to the projection of <italic>RS2</italic> using an exact mathematical transformation. Pixel values were assigned during warping using the ‘nearest neighbour’ algorithm, so no pixel values were changed by the warping procedure.</p><p>The units of the maps were in tonnes of biomass per hectare (Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>). Total carbon stocks for subsets of the resulting layers were calculated by multiplying the mean biomass of a subset by its area in hectares, and then converting biomass to carbon by multiplying the result by 0.5 (as dry biomass is assumed to be 50% carbon; Penman <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b25" ref-type="bibr">2003</xref>).</p><p>All the plots entering the kriged map were located in forest areas with no recent anthropogenic disturbance, but a significant proportion of Amazonia is non-forest or degraded forest (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">1</xref>a). Unsurprisingly, <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> overpredicted AGB in all areas dominated by non-forest land-cover types compared to the RS maps. Therefore the maps are most comparable in undisturbed forest areas, so all comparisons were performed in Intact Forest Landscape (IFL) (Potapov <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b28" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>) areas only, with the exception of the analysis of recent deforestation. IFLs are defined as forest areas minimally influenced by human economic activity, with an area of at least 50,000 ha and a minimum width of 10 km. The IFL layers are kept updated for new infrastructure, settlements or commercial activities by their developers using a combination of field data and remote-sensing data (Potapov <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b28" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>).</p></sec><sec><title>Results and Discussion</title><p>The field plots with our best estimate of AGB (<italic>P</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>) show a robust trend of increasing AGB with increasing latitude, longitude and distance along a SW–NE line (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>a–c; the parameters of the best-fit lines are given in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="sd1">Table S1</xref>; input plot biomass data are available in Lopez-Gonzalez <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b21" ref-type="bibr">2014</xref>). The kriged map of the same field plots (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>c) shows that the latitudinal and longitudinal trends seen in the graphs are clearly driven by the dominant SW–NE gradient. By contrast, the remote-sensing layers <italic>RS1</italic> and <italic>RS2</italic> show significant decreasing trends with distance along a SW–NE line (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>c, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="sd1">Table S1</xref>). Subtracting the two RS layers from the plot AGB values emphasizes the trends described above, with positive differences (i.e. <italic>RS1</italic> and <italic>RS2</italic> greater than <italic>P</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>) in the south and west, and negative differences in the north and east (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref>d–f, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="sd1">Table S1</xref>).</p><fig id="fig02" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Best estimates field plot above-ground biomass (AGB) in the Amazon forests (<italic>P</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>), averaged in 20 km × 20 km boxes (<italic>n</italic> = 107), and AGB derived from two remote-sensing-derived maps, <italic>RS1</italic> (Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>) and <italic>RS2</italic> (Baccini <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>) for the same boxes, plotted against (a) latitude, (b) longitude and (c) distance along a SW–NE (45° bearing) line, centred on Manaus; and difference between the RS layers and <italic>P</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> plotted against (d) latitude, (e) longitude and (f) distance along a SW–NE line. Best-fit lines are shown if significant; · <italic>P</italic> < 0.1; * <italic>P</italic> < 0.05; ** <italic>P</italic> < 0.01, *** <italic>P</italic> < 0.001.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="geb0023-0935-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig03" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Above-ground biomass (AGB) maps of South America and maps of their differences. (a) AGB map <italic>RS1</italic> (Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>); (b) AGB map <italic>RS2</italic> (Baccini <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>); (c) kriged map of AGB from field plots, with AGB calculated using diameter, species-specific wood density, and a regional height model (<italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>), showing only areas identified as intact forest landscapes (IFL); (d) difference between <italic>RS1</italic> and <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>; (e) difference between <italic>RS2</italic> and <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>; (f) difference between <italic>RS1</italic> and <italic>RS2.</italic> Difference maps have non-IFL areas masked out. The projection is sinusoidal, an equal-area projection.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="geb0023-0935-f3"></graphic></fig><p>Two-dimensional kriging of the plot dataset (<italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>) allows area-based comparisons to be made between the field-plot and RS datasets. The total Amazon basin AGB stocks in <italic>RS1</italic>, <italic>RS2</italic> and <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> did not differ greatly for intact forest landscape (IFL) areas (Potapov <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b28" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>) (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">1</xref>), with <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> and <italic>RS2</italic> having very similar total stocks, and the <italic>RS1</italic> estimate being 11% lower. The patterns of AGB differ greatly among the maps, however, as shown in Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref> and demonstrated by the high root mean squared error (RMSE) values comparing <italic>RS1</italic> and <italic>RS2</italic> to <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">1</xref>). The two RS maps do not show the strong SW–NE AGB gradient seen in <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref> & <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>). <italic>RS1</italic> shows similar AGB in western and eastern Amazon forests, with distinctly lower AGB in central Amazonia than either of the other maps, explaining its lower total stock estimate. <italic>RS2</italic> has less variation in AGB overall, but with the highest values in the central-western Amazon, opposite to the pattern seen in the <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> map.</p><table-wrap id="tbl1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Comparison of the mean above-ground biomass (AGB) and total above-ground carbon stock contained in two remote-sensing-derived maps of the Amazon forests (<italic>RS1</italic>, Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>; <italic>RS2</italic>, Baccini <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>) with a map derived from kriging 413 field plots (<italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub>), and maps derived from these same field plots but excluding wood density, local tree height allometry, or both (<italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic>, <italic>K<sub>D</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub> and <italic>K<sub>D</sub></italic>, respectively). In all cases, only intact forests are considered (Potapov <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b28" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>). RMSE, root mean squared error, is calculated on a 500 m pixel basis</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Map</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean AGB (Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total carbon stock (Pg C)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% difference from <italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RMSE from <italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub> (Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amazonia (423,869,500 ha)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>DH</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">287.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.83</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n/a</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n/a</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> RS1</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.05</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−11.1%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> RS2</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">285.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.52</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.5%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>DH</sub></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">278.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.04</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−2.9%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>D</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">281.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.8%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>D</sub></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">275.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.41</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.0%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NE Guiana Shield<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tf1-1">*</xref> (32,065,200 ha)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>DH</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">387.9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.22</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n/a</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n/a</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> RS1</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">279.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.48</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−27.9%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> RS2</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">278.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.47</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−28.1%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>DH</sub></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">355.0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.69</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−8.5%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>D</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.62</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−9.7%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>D</sub></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">321.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−17.2%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SW Amazonia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tf1-2">†</xref> (43,155,200 ha)</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>DH</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">244.3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n/a</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n/a</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> RS1</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">283.2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.9%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> RS2</italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">290.5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.9%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>DH</sub></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">266.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.75</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.1%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>D</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">251.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.43</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.0%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic> K<sub>D</sub></italic></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">274.8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.93</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.5%</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.2</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tf1-1"><label>*</label><p>Guyana, Suriname & French Guiana.</p></fn><fn id="tf1-2"><label>†</label><p>Acre Basin, Beni Basin, Madre de Dios Basin, Ucayali Basin.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>We believe that the AGB gradient in the field plots cannot be an artefact of our analysis: the ground-based estimates use consistent field measurements (Phillips <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b26" ref-type="bibr">2008</xref>, <xref rid="b27" ref-type="bibr">2009a</xref>) in well-surveyed plots, with AGB calculated at a stem level using a trusted allometric equation (Chave <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b37" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>) involving tree diameter, wood density and height. We are confident that diameters are measured to high precision, as a primary purpose of these plots is to track small changes in diameter through time; we are confident that our wood density values are accurate due to careful species identification and the use of a reliable wood-density dataset (Chave <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b7" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>; Zanne <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b36" ref-type="bibr">2009</xref>); and we account for spatial variation in stem height (Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). While <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> is clearly not an accurate spatial map, being based solely on 413 point measurements, these are well distributed across the study area and thus should correctly display broad regional trends in forest structure: every IFL pixel in Amazonia is within 500 km of at least eight plots (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">1</xref>b). A semivariogram analysis of the field data shows that the spatial autocorrelation of plots does not start to decrease until they are about 700 km apart, suggesting this plot network is sufficient to represent the potential AGB of old-growth forests across the whole basin (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="sd1">Fig. S1</xref>).</p><p>It is clear that the use of <italic>RS1</italic> or <italic>RS2</italic> for carbon accounting purposes for a subset of this area will produce very different results from those using <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>: the RS maps will underestimate stocks in the Guiana Shield and overestimate in SW Amazonia (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">1</xref>). To demonstrate the difference for a relevant example, we calculated the estimated emissions from deforestation in Brazil from 2009–2011, after the reported date of either RS map, using the PRODES dataset (INPE, <xref rid="b17" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). We found significantly higher carbon estimates with <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> than with either RS map (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl2">2</xref>). It is possible that estimates from the RS maps are lower because these areas were already degraded at the time the maps were made, with this perhaps explaining the lower value for <italic>RS2</italic> than <italic>RS1</italic>, as <italic>RS2</italic> is produced for a date <italic>c.</italic> 5 years later than <italic>RS1</italic>. However, this is unlikely to be the case in all areas, and thus cannot explain the extent of the difference.</p><table-wrap id="tbl2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Above-ground biomass (AGB) contained in areas deforested between 2009 and 2011 in Brazil using the PRODES dataset (INPE, <xref rid="b17" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). The total area deforested was 1,853,610 ha</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Map</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean AGB (Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total carbon stock (Tg C)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">% difference from <italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic><sub>ρ</sub></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">275.7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">511.0</td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RS1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">382.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−25.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RS2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176.6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">327.4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−35.9%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>It is important to understand the drivers of the AGB gradient seen in the field plots. From an ecological point of view, AGB is ultimately a function of net primary production (NPP) and the turnover rate of the forest. Spatial differences in NPP and turnover rates are associated with different species with different life-history strategies and structures caused by different climatic conditions and the chemical and physical properties of the soil (Quesada <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b29" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), with these different floristic communities associated with different AGB values. The key ecological parameters associated with differing AGB are basal area, wood density and <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> ratios, all of which vary across the basin (Baker <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b4" ref-type="bibr">2004</xref>; ter Steege <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b33" ref-type="bibr">2006</xref>; Banin <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b5" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>; Quesada <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b29" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), but none of which is directly detected by RS. Mapping basal area and wood density from the plots shows that both increase from SW–NE, though wood density shows a larger proportional trend than basal area (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>a,c). It is also known that, in general, tropical South American trees are shorter for a given diameter than trees from other tropical regions (Banin <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b5" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), with the exception of the Guiana Shield where trees are comparatively tall for a given diameter, with <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> relationships statistically indistinguishable from the forests of Africa and Southeast Asia (Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b11" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>). In order to assess the relative impact of wood density and tree height on AGB, we recalculated the AGB values of the 413 field plots using the same three-parameter allometric equations and diameter information, but applying three different approaches to the other two variables:</p><p><list list-type="order"><list-item><p><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>D</italic>ρ</sub>: Using a pan-Amazonian <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> model rather than the four regional height models (Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), but the same wood density values as <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>;
</p></list-item><list-item><p><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic></sub>: Using a constant value of 0.63 as the wood density for every stem, but the regional height models as in <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>;
</p></list-item><list-item><p><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>D</italic></sub>: Using a pan-Amazonian <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> model and a constant wood density value, but the same allometric equations, so AGB varied between plots solely due to <italic>D</italic>.
</p></list-item></list></p><fig id="fig04" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Drivers of the above-ground biomass (AGB) distribution seen in field plots in South America. (a) Kriged map of mean wood density (<italic>ρ</italic>) (mean calculated using basal-area weighting when summing stems). (b) Map showing the regions of differing tree diameter (<italic>D</italic>) to tree height (<italic>H</italic>) equations developed in (Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>) used for estimating <italic>H</italic> from <italic>D</italic> in <italic>K<sub>DHρ</sub></italic> and <italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic> (c) Kriged map of basal area. (d) Kriged map of AGB using <italic>D</italic> and species-specific <italic>ρ</italic>, but a pan Amazonian height model (<italic>K<sub>Dρ</sub></italic>). (e) Kriged map of AGB using <italic>D</italic>, regional height models and <italic>ρ</italic>, but with <italic>ρ</italic> fixed at 0.63 (<italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic>). (f) Kriged map of AGB using <italic>D</italic>, pan-Amazonian height model, and <italic>ρ</italic> fixed at 0.63 (<italic>K<sub>D</sub></italic>). (g–i) Differences between the named kriged map layers.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="geb0023-0935-f4"></graphic></fig><p><italic>K</italic><sub><italic>D</italic>ρ</sub> and <italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic> both have significant SW–NE AGB gradients, albeit less marked than for <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>)<sub>.</sub> On average across the Amazon, the exclusion of wood density (<italic>K<sub>DH</sub></italic>) leads to a small reduction in predicted AGB compared to <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>, but this reduction is bigger when considering only the Guiana Shield (known to have high wood density), and is reversed in SW Amazonia (known to have lower woody density) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>, Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">1</xref>). Using a pan-Amazonian height model (<italic>K</italic><sub><italic>D</italic>ρ</sub>) leads to a very small reduction in overall predicted AGB across the Amazon, with a decrease in the Guiana Shield, and a matching increase in SW Amazonia. Excluding both height and wood density (<italic>K<sub>D</sub></italic>) again results in an small reduction in predicted AGB for the whole basin, with a very large underestimate in the Guiana Shield (−17.2%), and a smaller overestimate in SW Amazonia (12.5%) (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">4</xref>, Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">1</xref>). From this analysis, we conclude that the RS layers underestimate AGB in the Guiana Shield due to a contribution of using mean wood density (an underestimate) and a generic pan-Amazonian relationship between diameter and height (ignoring the fact that trees are taller than would be expected for a given diameter in this region), with the two factors having approximately equal contributions. In SW Amazonia, the difference is caused by the same two factors in the opposite direction: using pan-Amazonian wood density and <italic>D:H</italic> relationships here results in an overestimate of AGB. In SW Amazonia the two factors are not equal in magnitude, with wood density causing approximately three times more overestimation than the <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> relationship (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">1</xref>).</p><p>Wood density and <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> relationships alone, however, cannot explain all the differences between <italic>RS1/RS2</italic> and <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub>. In both the Guiana Shield and the SW Amazon, the difference between <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> and <italic>K<sub>D</sub></italic> is smaller than the difference between <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>DH</italic>ρ</sub> and the RS maps. The unexplained difference is over 10% for the Guiana Shield, and 3–5% for the SW Amazon. There must therefore either be further factors in the processing chains involved in developing <italic>RS1</italic> and <italic>RS2</italic> from their input datasets that contribute to the over- and under-estimation in these regions, or the non-random nature of the input field datasets must be causing this additional difference. We believe the latter explanation is unlikely, as any bias towards pristine forests would tend to cause an overestimate in the plot-based estimate, but instead the field plots estimate lower AGB in SW Amazonia. Possible explanations for the former include incorrect or saturating relationships between GLAS footprints and AGB, or explanatory variables not fully capturing the spatial variability in forest structure, causing the resulting maps to tend towards the mean. The differences between <italic>RS1</italic> and <italic>RS2</italic> themselves are caused in part by the use of different remote-sensing datasets, different methods of processing the GLAS data, and different extrapolation approaches, but also by the choice of allometric equation to convert their field plot data into AGB estimates. <italic>RS2</italic> uses a two-parameter equation excluding height, whereas <italic>RS1</italic> uses the three-parameter equation we used to estimate AGB from our plots, albeit with effectively a pan-Amazonian <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> relationship. The equation excluding height used in <italic>RS2</italic> is known to estimate higher AGB values than the three-parameter equation used in <italic>RS1</italic> (Chave <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b37" ref-type="bibr">2005</xref>; Feldpausch <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b12" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), so this choice probably explains much of the 12% higher total AGB estimate for Amazonia by <italic>RS2</italic> compared to <italic>RS1</italic> (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl1">1</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The two remote-sensing maps, <italic>RS1</italic> (Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>) and <italic>RS2</italic> (Baccini <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>), show very different spatial patterns of AGB distribution across Amazonia, compared to each other and compared to field plots distributed across the region (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">2</xref> & <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">3</xref>). In particular, the strong gradient of increasing AGB from SW to NE Amazonia that we observe in the field data is not replicated in the RS datasets. <italic>RS1</italic> and <italic>RS2</italic> do have associated uncertainty estimates, but the differences observed between the maps and field plots considerably exceed the reported uncertainties over Amazonia in both cases. Our analysis shows that this is mostly due to neither study accounting for the known regional variations in wood density and <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> relationships. Specifically, they do not use any spatial layers corresponding to wood density, and use only continental (Saatchi <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b31" ref-type="bibr">2011</xref>) or global (Baccini <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b3" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>) relationships between ICESat GLAS waveforms and AGB.</p><p>We are not advocating the use of extrapolated AGB maps derived from sparse field measurements for carbon accounting: we firmly believe that AGB is best mapped using a combination of RS data calibrated and validated using a substantial number of carefully established field plots. It is this step of careful validation against best estimates from scientific field plots that we believe was lacking in the RS studies. Looking forward, we provide the following recommendations to improve AGB estimates. First, regional differences in wood density and <italic>D</italic>:<italic>H</italic> relationships must be considered when mapping AGB. One universal algorithm predicting AGB from a suite of remote-sensing variables is not appropriate, as wood density cannot be detected from space, and the structural parameters of forests cannot yet be reliably extracted from RS data. Different algorithms should be applied to different regions, potentially based on maps of soil type or vegetation structure. Alternatively spatially explicit maps of wood density and diameter:height relationships should be directly incorporated into biomass mapping algorithms (Asner <italic>et al</italic>., <xref rid="b2" ref-type="bibr">2012</xref>). There is a clear need for the ecological community to provide regional and pantropical maps of basal-area-weighted wood density based on plot data, potentially extrapolated using climate or other layers, as inputs for the biomass mapping communities. Second, our study demonstrates the importance of creating and sustaining large networks of field plots. This analysis was only possible because a sufficient number of plots have been located across the basin using a standard methodology, with the data included in a single database allowing identical processing chains to be applied to stem data. It is important that such networks are maintained and improved across the tropics, and vital that current spatial data gaps are filled (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">1</xref>b). Third, measuring tree height and identifying the thousands of Amazon tree species (at least to genus level, enabling stems to be matched to wood density information), were essential components of the field data. Recording tree diameters alone would not have allowed us to identify these important regional gradients in AGB: variation in biodiversity can matter greatly for determining carbon stocks.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>This paper is a product of the RAINFOR network, supported by a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant, the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (283080, ‘GEOCARBON’; 282664, ‘AMAZALERT’; ERC grant ‘Tropical Forests in the Changing Earth System’), and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Urgency Grant and NERC Consortium Grants ‘AMAZONICA’ (NE/F005806/1) and ‘TROBIT’ (NE/D005590/1). Additional data were included from the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, a collaboration between Conservation International, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution and the Wildlife Conservation Society, and partly funded by these institutions, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and other donors. The PPBio network was supported by PRONEX – FAPEAM/CNPq (1600/2006), Hidroveg FAPESP/FAPEAM, Universal/CNPq (473308/2009-6) and INCT-CENBAM. This work was partly supported by Investissement d'Avenir grants of the French ANR (CEBA: ANR-10-LABX-0025; TULIP: ANR-10-LABX-0041) and CNPq/PELD (Proc. 558069/2009 -6). E.M. and R.J.W.B. are funded independently by research fellowships from NERC (grant ref: NE/I021217/1 to E.M. and grant ref: NE/I021160/1 to R.J.W.B.). S.L.L. is funded by a Royal Society Fellowship. O.L.P. is supported by an ERC Advanced Grant and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. P.M. is supported by ARC Future Fellowship FT110100457 (FT3). We thank Sassan Saatchi (NASA JPL) and Alessandro Baccini (Woods Hole Research Center) for providing their published carbon maps. This paper is 633 in the Technical Series of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP-INPA/STRI).</p><p>The unpublished field data summarized here involve contributions from numerous field assistants and rural communities in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela, most of whom have been specifically acknowledged in Phillips <italic>et al</italic>. (<xref rid="b38" ref-type="bibr">2009b</xref>). We also thank Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Vega Arenas, Antonio Peña Cruz, Camilo Diaz, Javier Silva Espejo, Leandro Ferreira, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Julio Iriaca, Eliana Jiménez, Diego Rojas Landivar, Carolina Levis, Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez, Maria Cristina Peñuela, Irina Mendoza Polo, Ednodio Quintero, Agustin Rudas, Paulo Sérgio Morandi, Natalino Silva, Hugo Vásquez, and Jaim Ybarnegaray for their invaluable contributions. We thank Sue Grahame and Georgia Pickavance for their support with the ForestPlots.net database and Joana Ricardo for work supporting RAINFOR collaborators. We dedicate this work to the memory of Alwyn Gentry, Jean Pierre Veillon, Samuel Almeida and Sandra Patiño, whose pioneering efforts to understand Neotropical forest composition and structure from the ground up have been an inspiration for succeeding generations of ecologists.</p></ack><bio id="d35e38"><p><bold>Edward Mitchard</bold> is a research fellow at the University of Edinburgh, specializing in the remote sensing of tropical ecosystems. His main research focus is the development of systems for quantifying changes in above-ground biomass for avoided deforestation projects, and the estimation of uncertainty in such systems. He is also interested in the environmental and anthropogenic drivers of ecological gradients, in particular in terms of woody cover and biomass, and studies these using ground and remote sensing data across tropical forests and forest-savanna boundaries. This has also led him to research the extent and causality of woody encroachment.</p><p>RAINFOR was set up by Oliver Phillips, Yadvinder Malhi, and Jon Lloyd in 2000, and has evolved into a very large international collaboration involving hundreds of scientists from across South America, providing the main source of information on the long-term dynamics of Amazonia's forest. RAINFOR has led to many scientific discoveries, including the first quantification of the carbon sink in intact tropical forest. The framework is centred on a set of permanent forest plots, repeatedly censused using a common inventory system with trees identified to an excellent level of taxonomic detail, and associated with soil and plant biogeochemical data.</p></bio><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="b1"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aragão</surname><given-names>LEO</given-names></name><name><surname>Malhi</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Metcalfe</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils</article-title><source>Biogeosciences</source><year>2009</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>2759</fpage><lpage>2778</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b2"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Asner</surname><given-names>GP</given-names></name><name><surname>Clark</surname><given-names>JK</given-names></name><name><surname>Mascaro</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Galindo García</surname><given-names>GA</given-names></name><name><surname>Chadwick</surname><given-names>KD</given-names></name><name><surname>Navarrete Encinales</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Paez-Acosta</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Cabrera Montenegro</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Kennedy-Bowdoin</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Duque</surname><given-names>Á</given-names></name><name><surname>Balaji</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>von Hildebrand</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Maatoug</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Phillips Bernal</surname><given-names>JF</given-names></name><name><surname>Yepes Quintero</surname><given-names>AP</given-names></name><name><surname>Knapp</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></name><name><surname>García Dávila</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Jacobson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ordóñez</surname><given-names>MF</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>High-resolution mapping of forest carbon stocks in the Colombian Amazon</article-title><source>Biogeosciences</source><year>2012</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>2683</fpage><lpage>2696</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b3"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baccini</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Goetz</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>WS</given-names></name><name><surname>Laporte</surname><given-names>NT</given-names></name><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Sulla-Menashe</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Hackler</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Beck</surname><given-names>PSA</given-names></name><name><surname>Dubayah</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Friedl</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Samanta</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Houghton</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps</article-title><source>Nature Climate Change</source><year>2012</year><volume>2</volume><fpage>182</fpage><lpage>185</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b4"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name><name><surname>Malhi</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Almeida</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Arroyo</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Di Fiore</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Erwin</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Killeen</surname><given-names>TJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Laurance</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></name><name><surname>Laurance</surname><given-names>WF</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Lloyd</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Monteagudo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Neill</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Patiño</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Pitman</surname><given-names>NCAM</given-names></name><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vásquez Martínez</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forest biomass</article-title><source>Global Change Biology</source><year>2004</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>545</fpage><lpage>562</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b5"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Banin</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Feldpausch</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>What controls tropical forest architecture? Testing environmental, structural and floristic drivers</article-title><source>Global Ecology and Biogeography</source><year>2012</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>1179</fpage><lpage>1190</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b6"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Caravani</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Nakhooda</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Watson</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><source>The evolving global climate finance architecture</source><year>2012</year><publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Overseas Development Institute, Heinrich Böll Stiftung</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="b37"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chave</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Andalo</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Cairns</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Chambers</surname><given-names>JQ</given-names></name><name><surname>Eamus</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Fölster</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Fromard</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Higuchi</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Kira</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Lescure</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><name><surname>Nelson</surname><given-names>BW</given-names></name><name><surname>Ogawa</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Puig</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Riéra</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yamakura</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests</article-title><source>Oecologia</source><year>2005</year><volume>145</volume><fpage>87</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15971085</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b7"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chave</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Coomes</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Jansen</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Swenson</surname><given-names>NG</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zanne</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum</article-title><source>Ecology Letters</source><year>2009</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>351</fpage><lpage>366</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19243406</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b8"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Diaz</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamilton</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><source>State of the forest carbon markets 2011</source><year>2011</year><publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Forest Trends Association</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="b9"><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>FAO</collab><source>Global forests resources assessment 2010</source><year>2010</year><publisher-loc>Rome, Italy</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Food and Agriculture Organization</publisher-name><comment>. Forestry Paper 163.</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="b10"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fearnside</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Greenhouse gases from deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: net committed emissions</article-title><source>Climatic Change</source><year>1997</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>321</fpage><lpage>360</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b11"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Feldpausch</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Banin</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Height–diameter allometry of tropical forest trees</article-title><source>Biogeosciences</source><year>2011</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>1081</fpage><lpage>1106</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b12"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Feldpausch</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Lloyd</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates</article-title><source>Biogeosciences</source><year>2012</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>3381</fpage><lpage>3403</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b13"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fritz</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bartholomé</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Belward</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><source>Harmonisation, mosaicing and production of the Global Land Cover 2000 database</source><year>2003</year><publisher-loc>Brussels</publisher-loc><publisher-name>European Commission Joint Research Centre</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="b14"><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>GOFC-GOLD</collab><source>A sourcebook of methods and procedures for monitoring and reporting anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals caused by deforestation, gains and losses of carbon stocks in forests, remaining forests, and forestation</source><year>2009</year><publisher-loc>Wageningen, The Netherlands</publisher-loc><publisher-name>GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, Wageningen University</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="b15"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gutierrez-Velez</surname><given-names>VH</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pontius</surname><given-names>RG</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name></person-group><article-title>Influence of carbon mapping and land change modelling on the prediction of carbon emissions from deforestation</article-title><source>Environmental Conservation</source><year>2012</year><volume>39</volume><fpage>325</fpage><lpage>336</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b16"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Houghton</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawrence</surname><given-names>KT</given-names></name><name><surname>Hackler</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: a comparison of estimates</article-title><source>Global Change Biology</source><year>2001</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>731</fpage><lpage>746</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b17"><element-citation publication-type="book"><collab>INPE</collab><source>Projecto PRODES: monitoramento da floresta amazônica Brasileira por satélite</source><year>2012</year><publisher-loc>São José dos Campos, Brazil</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais</publisher-name><comment>. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/index.php">http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/index.php</ext-link> (accessed 2 November 2012)</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="b18"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lefsky</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Harding</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Keller</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>WB</given-names></name><name><surname>Carabajal</surname><given-names>CC</given-names></name><name><surname>Del Bom Espirito-Santo</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Hunter</surname><given-names>MO</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Oliveira</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Estimates of forest canopy height and aboveground biomass using ICESat</article-title><source>Geophysical Research Letters</source><year>2005</year><volume>32</volume><fpage>L22S02</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b19"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lopez-Gonzalez</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Burkitt</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name></person-group><source>Forestplots.net database</source><year>2009</year><publisher-loc>Leeds, UK</publisher-loc><publisher-name>University of Leeds</publisher-name><comment>Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.forestplots.net/">http://www.forestplots.net/</ext-link> (accessed 13 June 2013)</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="b20"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lopez-Gonzalez</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Burkitt</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>ForestPlots.net: a web application and research tool to manage and analyse tropical forest plot data</article-title><source>Journal of Vegetation Science</source><year>2011</year><volume>22</volume><fpage>610</fpage><lpage>613</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b21"><element-citation publication-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lopez-Gonzalez</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Mitchard</surname><given-names>ETA</given-names></name><name><surname>Feldpausch</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><year>2014</year><comment><italic>Amazon forest biomass measured in inventory plots. Plot Data from ‘Markedly divergent estimates of Amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites’</italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1">http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="b22"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Malhi</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name><name><surname>Lloyd</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Wright</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>An international network to monitor the structure, composition and dynamics of Amazonian forests (RAINFOR)</article-title><source>Journal of Vegetation Science</source><year>2002</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>439</fpage><lpage>450</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b23"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Malhi</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old-growth Amazonian forests</article-title><source>Global Change Biology</source><year>2006</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>1107</fpage><lpage>1138</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b24"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Olson</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Watts</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Allison</surname><given-names>LJ</given-names></name></person-group><source>Carbon in live vegetation of major world ecosystems. TR004</source><year>1983</year><publisher-loc>Oak Ridge, TN</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Oak Ridge National Laboratory</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="b25"><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Penman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Gytarsky</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hiraishi</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Krug</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Kruge</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Pipatti</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Buendia</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Miwa</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Ngara</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanabe</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Wagner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><source>Good practice guidance for land use, land-use change and forestry</source><year>2003</year><publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc><publisher-name>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="b26"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Chao</surname><given-names>K-J</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Higuchi</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The changing Amazon forest</article-title><source>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</source><year>2008</year><volume>363</volume><fpage>1819</fpage><lpage>1827</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b27"><element-citation publication-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Feldpausch</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Brienen</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><year>2009a</year><comment><italic>Field manual for plot establishment and remeasurement</italic>. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/projects/rainfor/">http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/projects/rainfor/</ext-link> (accessed 2 January 2013)</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="b38"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name><name><surname>Aragão</surname><given-names>LEOC</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Drought sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest</article-title><source>Science</source><year>2009b</year><volume>323</volume><fpage>1344</fpage><lpage>1347</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19265020</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b28"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Potapov</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Yaroshenko</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Turubanova</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Dubinin</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Laestadius</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Thies</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Aksenov</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Egorov</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Yesipova</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Glushkov</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Karpachevskiy</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kostikova</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Manisha</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Tsybikova</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhuravleva</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mapping the world's intact forest landscapes by remote sensing</article-title><source>Ecology and Society</source><year>2008</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>51</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b29"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Quesada</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name><name><surname>Schwarz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Basin-wide variations in Amazon forest structure and function are mediated by both soils and climate</article-title><source>Biogeosciences</source><year>2012</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>2203</fpage><lpage>2246</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b30"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Saatchi</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Houghton</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Alvalá</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Soares</surname><given-names>JV</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Distribution of aboveground live biomass in the Amazon basin</article-title><source>Global Change Biology</source><year>2007</year><volume>13</volume><fpage>816</fpage><lpage>837</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b31"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Saatchi</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Harris</surname><given-names>NL</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lefsky</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Mitchard</surname><given-names>ETA</given-names></name><name><surname>Salas</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Zutta</surname><given-names>BR</given-names></name><name><surname>Buermann</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Hagen</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Silman</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Morel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents</article-title><source>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA</source><year>2011</year><volume>108</volume><fpage>9899</fpage><lpage>9904</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b32"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>ter Steege</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Pitman</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Sabatier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>A spatial model of tree α-diversity and tree density for the Amazon</article-title><source>Biodiversity and Conservation</source><year>2003</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>2255</fpage><lpage>2277</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b33"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>ter Steege</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Pitman</surname><given-names>NCA</given-names></name><name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>OL</given-names></name><name><surname>Chave</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Sabatier</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Duque</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Molino</surname><given-names>J-F</given-names></name><name><surname>Prévost</surname><given-names>M-F</given-names></name><name><surname>Spichiger</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Castellanos</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>von Hildebrand</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vásquez</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Continental-scale patterns of canopy tree composition and function across Amazonia</article-title><source>Nature</source><year>2006</year><volume>443</volume><fpage>444</fpage><lpage>447</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17006512</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="b34"><element-citation publication-type="other"><collab>U.S. Agency for International Development</collab><year>2012</year><comment><italic>Executive budget summary: function 150 & other international programs, Fiscal Year 2012</italic>. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/156214.pdf">http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/156214.pdf</ext-link> (accessed 5 February 2014)</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="b35"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Woodhouse</surname><given-names>IH</given-names></name><name><surname>Mitchard</surname><given-names>ETA</given-names></name><name><surname>Brolly</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Maniatis</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ryan</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Radar backscatter is not a ‘direct measure’ of forest biomass</article-title><source>Nature Climate Change</source><year>2012</year><volume>2</volume><fpage>556</fpage><lpage>557</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="b36"><element-citation publication-type="other"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zanne</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name><name><surname>Lopez-Gonzalez</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Coomes</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Ilic</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Jansen</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name><name><surname>Swenson</surname><given-names>NG</given-names></name><name><surname>Wiemann</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Chave</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><year>2009</year><comment><italic>Global wood density database</italic>. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234">http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234</ext-link> (accessed 13 June 2013)</comment></element-citation></ref></ref-list><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supporting Information</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="sd1"><caption><p><bold>Figure S1</bold> Semivariogram showing how variance between biomass values for the field plots varies with distance.</p><p><bold>Table S1</bold> Parameters for the fits in Figure 2.</p><p>The permanent archive of the field plot data can be accessed at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1">http://dx.doi.org/10.5521/FORESTPLOTS.NET/2014_1</ext-link></p></caption><media mimetype="docx" mime-subtype="docx" xlink:href="geb0023-0935-sd1.docx" xlink:type="simple" id="d35e4679" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material></sec></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000275 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000275 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |