Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry
Identifieur interne : 002381 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002380; suivant : 002382Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry
Auteurs : Mathieu Joron [France, Royaume-Uni, Pays-Bas] ; Lise Frezal [France] ; Robert T. Jones [Royaume-Uni] ; Nicola L. Chamberlain [Royaume-Uni] ; Siu F. Lee [Australie] ; Christoph R. Haag [Suisse] ; Annabel Whibley [France] ; Michel Becuwe [Royaume-Uni] ; Simon W. Baxter [Royaume-Uni] ; Laura Ferguson [Royaume-Uni] ; Paul A. Wilkinson [Royaume-Uni] ; Camilo Salazar ; Claire Davidson [Royaume-Uni] ; Richard Clark [Royaume-Uni] ; Michael A. Quail [Royaume-Uni] ; Helen Beasley [Royaume-Uni] ; Rebecca Glithero [Royaume-Uni] ; Christine Lloyd [Royaume-Uni] ; Sarah Sims [Royaume-Uni] ; Matthew C. Jones [Royaume-Uni] ; Jane Rogers [Royaume-Uni] ; Chris D. Jiggins [Royaume-Uni] ; Richard H. Ffrench-Constant [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Nature [ 0028-0836 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
Supergenes are tight clusters of loci that facilitate the co-segregation of adaptive variation, providing integrated control of complex adaptive phenotypes
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/nature10341
PubMed: 21841803
PubMed Central: 3717454
Affiliations:
- Australie, France, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, Suisse
- Angleterre, Angleterre de l'Est, Canton de Fribourg, Victoria (État), Écosse, Île-de-France
- Cambridge, Fribourg, Melbourne, Paris, Édimbourg
- Université d'Édimbourg, Université de Cambridge, Université de Fribourg, Université de Melbourne
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PMC:3717454Le document en format XML
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">CNRS UMR 7205, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 45 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">France</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>75005 Paris</wicri:noRegion>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Becuwe, Michel" sort="Becuwe, Michel" uniqKey="Becuwe M" first="Michel" last="Becuwe">Michel Becuwe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A2">Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement>
<region type="country">Écosse</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baxter, Simon W" sort="Baxter, Simon W" uniqKey="Baxter S" first="Simon W." last="Baxter">Simon W. Baxter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Laura" sort="Ferguson, Laura" uniqKey="Ferguson L" first="Laura" last="Ferguson">Laura Ferguson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Paul A" sort="Wilkinson, Paul A" uniqKey="Wilkinson P" first="Paul A." last="Wilkinson">Paul A. Wilkinson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cornwall TR10 9EZ</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salazar, Camilo" sort="Salazar, Camilo" uniqKey="Salazar C" first="Camilo" last="Salazar">Camilo Salazar</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="A8">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, NAOS island, Causeway Amador, Panamá, República de Panamá.</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">República de Panamá.</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davidson, Claire" sort="Davidson, Claire" uniqKey="Davidson C" first="Claire" last="Davidson">Claire Davidson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clark, Richard" sort="Clark, Richard" uniqKey="Clark R" first="Richard" last="Clark">Richard Clark</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Quail, Michael A" sort="Quail, Michael A" uniqKey="Quail M" first="Michael A." last="Quail">Michael A. Quail</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beasley, Helen" sort="Beasley, Helen" uniqKey="Beasley H" first="Helen" last="Beasley">Helen Beasley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Glithero, Rebecca" sort="Glithero, Rebecca" uniqKey="Glithero R" first="Rebecca" last="Glithero">Rebecca Glithero</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lloyd, Christine" sort="Lloyd, Christine" uniqKey="Lloyd C" first="Christine" last="Lloyd">Christine Lloyd</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sims, Sarah" sort="Sims, Sarah" uniqKey="Sims S" first="Sarah" last="Sims">Sarah Sims</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jones, Matthew C" sort="Jones, Matthew C" uniqKey="Jones M" first="Matthew C." last="Jones">Matthew C. Jones</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rogers, Jane" sort="Rogers, Jane" uniqKey="Rogers J" first="Jane" last="Rogers">Jane Rogers</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1HH</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jiggins, Chris D" sort="Jiggins, Chris D" uniqKey="Jiggins C" first="Chris D." last="Jiggins">Chris D. Jiggins</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A7">Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ffrench Constant, Richard H" sort="Ffrench Constant, Richard H" uniqKey="Ffrench Constant R" first="Richard H." last="Ffrench-Constant">Richard H. Ffrench-Constant</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK.</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cornwall TR10 9EZ</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Nature</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0028-0836</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno>
<imprint><date when="2011">2011</date>
</imprint>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="P2">Supergenes are tight clusters of loci that facilitate the co-segregation of adaptive variation, providing integrated control of complex adaptive phenotypes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>
</sup>
. Polymorphic supergenes, in which specific combinations of traits are maintained within a single population, were first described for ‘pin’ and ‘thrum’ floral types in <italic>Primula</italic>
<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>
</sup>
and <italic>Fagopyrum</italic>
<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>
</sup>
, but classic examples are also found in insect mimicry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>
–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>
</sup>
and snail morphology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>
</sup>
. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that generate these co-adapted gene sets, as well as the mode of limiting the production of unfit recombinant forms, remains a substantial challenge<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>
–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>
</sup>
. Here we show that individual wing-pattern morphs in the polymorphic mimetic butterfly <italic>Heliconius numata</italic>
are associated with different genomic rearrangements at the supergene locus <italic>P</italic>
. These rearrangements tighten the genetic linkage between at least two colour-pattern loci that are known to recombine in closely related species<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>
–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>
</sup>
, with complete suppression of recombination being observed in experimental crosses across a 400-kilobase interval containing at least 18 genes. In natural populations, notable patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) are observed across the entire <italic>P</italic>
region. The resulting divergent haplotype clades and inversion breakpoints are found in complete association with wing-pattern morphs. Our results indicate that allelic combinations at known wing-patterning loci have become locked together in a polymorphic rearrangement at the <italic>P</italic>
locus, forming a supergene that acts as a simple switch between complex adaptive phenotypes found in sympatry. These findings highlight how genomic rearrangements can have a central role in the coexistence of adaptive phenotypes involving several genes acting in concert, by locally limiting recombination and gene flow.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">0410462</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">6011</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nature</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nature</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Nature</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0028-0836</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1476-4687</issn>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21841803</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3717454</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature10341</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">EMS52362</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Chromosomal rearrangements maintain a polymorphic supergene controlling butterfly mimicry</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Joron</surname>
<given-names>Mathieu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frezal</surname>
<given-names>Lise</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jones</surname>
<given-names>Robert T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chamberlain</surname>
<given-names>Nicola L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Siu F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haag</surname>
<given-names>Christoph R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Whibley</surname>
<given-names>Annabel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Becuwe</surname>
<given-names>Michel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baxter</surname>
<given-names>Simon W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferguson</surname>
<given-names>Laura</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wilkinson</surname>
<given-names>Paul A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salazar</surname>
<given-names>Camilo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davidson</surname>
<given-names>Claire</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Clark</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Quail</surname>
<given-names>Michael A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Beasley</surname>
<given-names>Helen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Glithero</surname>
<given-names>Rebecca</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lloyd</surname>
<given-names>Christine</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sims</surname>
<given-names>Sarah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jones</surname>
<given-names>Matthew C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rogers</surname>
<given-names>Jane</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jiggins</surname>
<given-names>Chris D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>ffrench-Constant</surname>
<given-names>Richard H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A1"><label>1</label>
CNRS UMR 7205, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP50, 45 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.</aff>
<aff id="A2"><label>2</label>
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.</aff>
<aff id="A3"><label>3</label>
Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Postbus 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.</aff>
<aff id="A4"><label>4</label>
Centre for Ecology and Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9EZ, UK.</aff>
<aff id="A5"><label>5</label>
Department of Genetics, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, 3010 Victoria, Australia.</aff>
<aff id="A6"><label>6</label>
Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.</aff>
<aff id="A7"><label>7</label>
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.</aff>
<aff id="A8"><label>8</label>
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, NAOS island, Causeway Amador, Panamá, República de Panamá.</aff>
<aff id="A9"><label>9</label>
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="CR1">Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.J. (<email>joron@mnhn.fr</email>
).</corresp>
<fn fn-type="equal" id="FN1"><label>*</label>
<p id="P1">These authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>5</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2011</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>22</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>477</volume>
<issue>7363</issue>
<fpage>203</fpage>
<lpage>206</lpage>
<abstract><p id="P2">Supergenes are tight clusters of loci that facilitate the co-segregation of adaptive variation, providing integrated control of complex adaptive phenotypes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>
</sup>
. Polymorphic supergenes, in which specific combinations of traits are maintained within a single population, were first described for ‘pin’ and ‘thrum’ floral types in <italic>Primula</italic>
<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R1">1</xref>
</sup>
and <italic>Fagopyrum</italic>
<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R2">2</xref>
</sup>
, but classic examples are also found in insect mimicry<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R3">3</xref>
–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R5">5</xref>
</sup>
and snail morphology<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R6">6</xref>
</sup>
. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that generate these co-adapted gene sets, as well as the mode of limiting the production of unfit recombinant forms, remains a substantial challenge<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R7">7</xref>
–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R10">10</xref>
</sup>
. Here we show that individual wing-pattern morphs in the polymorphic mimetic butterfly <italic>Heliconius numata</italic>
are associated with different genomic rearrangements at the supergene locus <italic>P</italic>
. These rearrangements tighten the genetic linkage between at least two colour-pattern loci that are known to recombine in closely related species<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R9">9</xref>
–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="R11">11</xref>
</sup>
, with complete suppression of recombination being observed in experimental crosses across a 400-kilobase interval containing at least 18 genes. In natural populations, notable patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) are observed across the entire <italic>P</italic>
region. The resulting divergent haplotype clades and inversion breakpoints are found in complete association with wing-pattern morphs. Our results indicate that allelic combinations at known wing-patterning loci have become locked together in a polymorphic rearrangement at the <italic>P</italic>
locus, forming a supergene that acts as a simple switch between complex adaptive phenotypes found in sympatry. These findings highlight how genomic rearrangements can have a central role in the coexistence of adaptive phenotypes involving several genes acting in concert, by locally limiting recombination and gene flow.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><award-group><funding-source country="United Kingdom">Wellcome Trust : </funding-source>
<award-id>098051 || WT</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Pays-Bas</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
</country>
<region><li>Angleterre</li>
<li>Angleterre de l'Est</li>
<li>Canton de Fribourg</li>
<li>Victoria (État)</li>
<li>Écosse</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Cambridge</li>
<li>Fribourg</li>
<li>Melbourne</li>
<li>Paris</li>
<li>Édimbourg</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université d'Édimbourg</li>
<li>Université de Cambridge</li>
<li>Université de Fribourg</li>
<li>Université de Melbourne</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Salazar, Camilo" sort="Salazar, Camilo" uniqKey="Salazar C" first="Camilo" last="Salazar">Camilo Salazar</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Joron, Mathieu" sort="Joron, Mathieu" uniqKey="Joron M" first="Mathieu" last="Joron">Mathieu Joron</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Frezal, Lise" sort="Frezal, Lise" uniqKey="Frezal L" first="Lise" last="Frezal">Lise Frezal</name>
<name sortKey="Whibley, Annabel" sort="Whibley, Annabel" uniqKey="Whibley A" first="Annabel" last="Whibley">Annabel Whibley</name>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Écosse"><name sortKey="Joron, Mathieu" sort="Joron, Mathieu" uniqKey="Joron M" first="Mathieu" last="Joron">Mathieu Joron</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Baxter, Simon W" sort="Baxter, Simon W" uniqKey="Baxter S" first="Simon W." last="Baxter">Simon W. Baxter</name>
<name sortKey="Beasley, Helen" sort="Beasley, Helen" uniqKey="Beasley H" first="Helen" last="Beasley">Helen Beasley</name>
<name sortKey="Becuwe, Michel" sort="Becuwe, Michel" uniqKey="Becuwe M" first="Michel" last="Becuwe">Michel Becuwe</name>
<name sortKey="Chamberlain, Nicola L" sort="Chamberlain, Nicola L" uniqKey="Chamberlain N" first="Nicola L." last="Chamberlain">Nicola L. Chamberlain</name>
<name sortKey="Clark, Richard" sort="Clark, Richard" uniqKey="Clark R" first="Richard" last="Clark">Richard Clark</name>
<name sortKey="Davidson, Claire" sort="Davidson, Claire" uniqKey="Davidson C" first="Claire" last="Davidson">Claire Davidson</name>
<name sortKey="Ferguson, Laura" sort="Ferguson, Laura" uniqKey="Ferguson L" first="Laura" last="Ferguson">Laura Ferguson</name>
<name sortKey="Ffrench Constant, Richard H" sort="Ffrench Constant, Richard H" uniqKey="Ffrench Constant R" first="Richard H." last="Ffrench-Constant">Richard H. Ffrench-Constant</name>
<name sortKey="Glithero, Rebecca" sort="Glithero, Rebecca" uniqKey="Glithero R" first="Rebecca" last="Glithero">Rebecca Glithero</name>
<name sortKey="Jiggins, Chris D" sort="Jiggins, Chris D" uniqKey="Jiggins C" first="Chris D." last="Jiggins">Chris D. Jiggins</name>
<name sortKey="Jones, Matthew C" sort="Jones, Matthew C" uniqKey="Jones M" first="Matthew C." last="Jones">Matthew C. Jones</name>
<name sortKey="Jones, Robert T" sort="Jones, Robert T" uniqKey="Jones R" first="Robert T." last="Jones">Robert T. Jones</name>
<name sortKey="Lloyd, Christine" sort="Lloyd, Christine" uniqKey="Lloyd C" first="Christine" last="Lloyd">Christine Lloyd</name>
<name sortKey="Quail, Michael A" sort="Quail, Michael A" uniqKey="Quail M" first="Michael A." last="Quail">Michael A. Quail</name>
<name sortKey="Rogers, Jane" sort="Rogers, Jane" uniqKey="Rogers J" first="Jane" last="Rogers">Jane Rogers</name>
<name sortKey="Sims, Sarah" sort="Sims, Sarah" uniqKey="Sims S" first="Sarah" last="Sims">Sarah Sims</name>
<name sortKey="Wilkinson, Paul A" sort="Wilkinson, Paul A" uniqKey="Wilkinson P" first="Paul A." last="Wilkinson">Paul A. Wilkinson</name>
</country>
<country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Joron, Mathieu" sort="Joron, Mathieu" uniqKey="Joron M" first="Mathieu" last="Joron">Mathieu Joron</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Australie"><region name="Victoria (État)"><name sortKey="Lee, Siu F" sort="Lee, Siu F" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Siu F." last="Lee">Siu F. Lee</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="Suisse"><region name="Canton de Fribourg"><name sortKey="Haag, Christoph R" sort="Haag, Christoph R" uniqKey="Haag C" first="Christoph R." last="Haag">Christoph R. Haag</name>
</region>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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