Using Benford’s law to investigate Natural Hazard dataset homogeneity
Identifieur interne : 000C51 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000C50; suivant : 000C52Using Benford’s law to investigate Natural Hazard dataset homogeneity
Auteurs : Renaud Joannes-Boyau [Australie] ; Thomas Bodin [États-Unis, France] ; Anja Scheffers [Australie] ; Malcolm Sambridge [Australie] ; Simon Matthias May [Allemagne]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Working with a large temporal dataset spanning several decades often represents a challenging task, especially when the record is heterogeneous and incomplete. The use of statistical laws could potentially overcome these problems. Here we apply Benford’s Law (also called the “First-Digit Law”) to the traveled distances of tropical cyclones since 1842. The record of tropical cyclones has been extensively impacted by improvements in detection capabilities over the past decades. We have found that, while the first-digit distribution for the entire record follows Benford’s Law prediction, specific changes such as satellite detection have had serious impacts on the dataset. The
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep12046
PubMed: 26156060
PubMed Central: 4496784
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4496784Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Using Benford’s law to investigate Natural Hazard dataset homogeneity</title><author><name sortKey="Joannes Boyau, Renaud" sort="Joannes Boyau, Renaud" uniqKey="Joannes Boyau R" first="Renaud" last="Joannes-Boyau">Renaud Joannes-Boyau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University</institution>, Lismore, NSW, 2480,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bodin, Thomas" sort="Bodin, Thomas" uniqKey="Bodin T" first="Thomas" last="Bodin">Thomas Bodin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley</institution>, CA,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon-1, CNRS</institution>, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scheffers, Anja" sort="Scheffers, Anja" uniqKey="Scheffers A" first="Anja" last="Scheffers">Anja Scheffers</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University</institution>, Lismore, NSW, 2480,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sambridge, Malcolm" sort="Sambridge, Malcolm" uniqKey="Sambridge M" first="Malcolm" last="Sambridge">Malcolm Sambridge</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT, 0200,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="May, Simon Matthias" sort="May, Simon Matthias" uniqKey="May S" first="Simon Matthias" last="May">Simon Matthias May</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Institute of Geography, University of Cologne</institution>, 50923, Cologne,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26156060</idno><idno type="pmc">4496784</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4496784</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4496784</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep12046</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000805</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000805</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000804</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000804</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000C51</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000C51</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Using Benford’s law to investigate Natural Hazard dataset homogeneity</title><author><name sortKey="Joannes Boyau, Renaud" sort="Joannes Boyau, Renaud" uniqKey="Joannes Boyau R" first="Renaud" last="Joannes-Boyau">Renaud Joannes-Boyau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University</institution>, Lismore, NSW, 2480,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bodin, Thomas" sort="Bodin, Thomas" uniqKey="Bodin T" first="Thomas" last="Bodin">Thomas Bodin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley</institution>, CA,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon-1, CNRS</institution>, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scheffers, Anja" sort="Scheffers, Anja" uniqKey="Scheffers A" first="Anja" last="Scheffers">Anja Scheffers</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University</institution>, Lismore, NSW, 2480,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sambridge, Malcolm" sort="Sambridge, Malcolm" uniqKey="Sambridge M" first="Malcolm" last="Sambridge">Malcolm Sambridge</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT, 0200,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="May, Simon Matthias" sort="May, Simon Matthias" uniqKey="May S" first="Simon Matthias" last="May">Simon Matthias May</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Institute of Geography, University of Cologne</institution>, 50923, Cologne,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Working with a large temporal dataset spanning several decades often represents a challenging task, especially when the record is heterogeneous and incomplete. The use of statistical laws could potentially overcome these problems. Here we apply Benford’s Law (also called the “First-Digit Law”) to the traveled distances of tropical cyclones since 1842. The record of tropical cyclones has been extensively impacted by improvements in detection capabilities over the past decades. We have found that, while the first-digit distribution for the entire record follows Benford’s Law prediction, specific changes such as satellite detection have had serious impacts on the dataset. The <italic>least-square misfit measure</italic> is used as a proxy to observe temporal variations, allowing us to assess data quality and homogeneity over the entire record, and at the same time over specific periods. Such information is crucial when running climatic models and Benford’s Law could potentially be used to overcome and correct for data heterogeneity and/or to select the most appropriate part of the record for detailed studies.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benford, F" uniqKey="Benford F">F. Benford</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Newcomb, S" uniqKey="Newcomb S">S. Newcomb</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hill, T" uniqKey="Hill T">T. Hill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fewster, R" uniqKey="Fewster R">R. Fewster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Scott, P" uniqKey="Scott P">P. Scott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fasli, M" uniqKey="Fasli M">M. Fasli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nigrini, M" uniqKey="Nigrini M">M. Nigrini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sambridge, M" uniqKey="Sambridge M">M. Sambridge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tkalcic, H" uniqKey="Tkalcic H">H. Tkalcic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jackson, A" uniqKey="Jackson A">A. Jackson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sambridge, M" uniqKey="Sambridge M">M. Sambridge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tkal I, H" uniqKey="Tkal I H">H. Tkalčić</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arroucau, P" uniqKey="Arroucau P">P. Arroucau</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="West, G B" uniqKey="West G">G. B. West</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, J H" uniqKey="Brown J">J. H. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enquist, B J A" uniqKey="Enquist B">B. J. A. Enquist</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raimi, R" uniqKey="Raimi R">R. Raimi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Emanuel, K" uniqKey="Emanuel K">K. Emanuel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Emanuel, K" uniqKey="Emanuel K">K. Emanuel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoyos, C D" uniqKey="Hoyos C">C. D. Hoyos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agudelo, P A" uniqKey="Agudelo P">P. A. Agudelo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Webster, P J" uniqKey="Webster P">P. J. Webster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Curry, J A" uniqKey="Curry J">J. A. Curry</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Landsea, C W" uniqKey="Landsea C">C. W. Landsea</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pielke, R A" uniqKey="Pielke R">R. A. Pielke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Landsea, C W" uniqKey="Landsea C">C. W. Landsea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Downton, M" uniqKey="Downton M">M. Downton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Musulin, R" uniqKey="Musulin R">R. Musulin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barabasi, A L" uniqKey="Barabasi A">A. L. Barabási</name></author><author><name sortKey="Albert, R" uniqKey="Albert R">R. Albert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bettencourt, L" uniqKey="Bettencourt L">L. Bettencourt</name></author><author><name sortKey="West, G" uniqKey="West G">G. West</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Diekmann, A" uniqKey="Diekmann A">A. Diekmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Judge, G" uniqKey="Judge G">G. Judge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schechter, L" uniqKey="Schechter L">L. Schechter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Landsea, C W" uniqKey="Landsea C">C. W. Landsea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murnane, R J" uniqKey="Murnane R">R. J. Murnane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, K B" uniqKey="Liu K">K.-B. Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, C" uniqKey="Wang C">C. Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deser, C" uniqKey="Deser C">C. Deser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, J Y" uniqKey="Yu J">J. Y. Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dinezio, P" uniqKey="Dinezio P">P. DiNezio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clement, A" uniqKey="Clement A">A. Clement</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glynn, P" uniqKey="Glynn P">P. Glynn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manzella, D" uniqKey="Manzella D">D. Manzella</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enochs, I" uniqKey="Enochs I">I. Enochs</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jarvinen, B R" uniqKey="Jarvinen B">B. R. Jarvinen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neumann, C J" uniqKey="Neumann C">C. J. Neumann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, M A" uniqKey="Davis M">M. A. Davis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Landsea, C W" uniqKey="Landsea C">C. W. Landsea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholls, N" uniqKey="Nicholls N">N. Nicholls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gray, W M" uniqKey="Gray W">W. M. Gray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Avila, L A" uniqKey="Avila L">L. A. Avila</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Landsea, C W" uniqKey="Landsea C">C. W. Landsea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harper, B A" uniqKey="Harper B">B. A. Harper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoarau, K" uniqKey="Hoarau K">K. Hoarau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knaff, J A" uniqKey="Knaff J">J. A. Knaff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Landsea, C W" uniqKey="Landsea C">C. W. Landsea</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burpee, R W" uniqKey="Burpee R">R. W. Burpee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franklin, J L" uniqKey="Franklin J">J. L. Franklin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tuleya, S J" uniqKey="Tuleya S">S. J. Tuleya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aberson, S D" uniqKey="Aberson S">S. D. Aberson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Holland, G J" uniqKey="Holland G">G. J. Holland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgeer, T" uniqKey="Mcgeer T">T. McGeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Youngren, H H" uniqKey="Youngren H">H. H. Youngren</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z. Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Krishnamurti, T N" uniqKey="Krishnamurti T">T. N. Krishnamurti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Landsea, C W" uniqKey="Landsea C">C. W. Landsea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vecchi, G A" uniqKey="Vecchi G">G. A. Vecchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bengtsson, L" uniqKey="Bengtsson L">L. Bengtsson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knutson, T R" uniqKey="Knutson T">T. R. Knutson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Villarini, G" uniqKey="Villarini G">G. Villarini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vecchi, G A" uniqKey="Vecchi G">G. A. Vecchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knutson, T R" uniqKey="Knutson T">T. R. Knutson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, J A" uniqKey="Smith J">J. A. Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26156060</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4496784</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">srep12046</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/srep12046</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Using Benford’s law to investigate Natural Hazard dataset homogeneity</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Joannes-Boyau</surname><given-names>Renaud</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bodin</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scheffers</surname><given-names>Anja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sambridge</surname><given-names>Malcolm</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>May</surname><given-names>Simon Matthias</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref></contrib><aff id="a1"><label>1</label><institution>Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University</institution>, Lismore, NSW, 2480,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a2"><label>2</label><institution>Earth and Planetary Science, University of California Berkeley</institution>, CA,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="a3"><label>3</label><institution>Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University</institution>, Canberra, ACT, 0200,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff id="a4"><label>4</label><institution>Institute of Geography, University of Cologne</institution>, 50923, Cologne,<country>Germany</country></aff><aff id="a5"><label>5</label><institution>Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon-1, CNRS</institution>, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07,<country>France</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label><email>renaud.joannes-boyau@scu.edu.au</email></corresp><fn id="n1"><label>*</label><p>These authors contributed equally to this work.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><elocation-id>12046</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Working with a large temporal dataset spanning several decades often represents a challenging task, especially when the record is heterogeneous and incomplete. The use of statistical laws could potentially overcome these problems. Here we apply Benford’s Law (also called the “First-Digit Law”) to the traveled distances of tropical cyclones since 1842. The record of tropical cyclones has been extensively impacted by improvements in detection capabilities over the past decades. We have found that, while the first-digit distribution for the entire record follows Benford’s Law prediction, specific changes such as satellite detection have had serious impacts on the dataset. The <italic>least-square misfit measure</italic> is used as a proxy to observe temporal variations, allowing us to assess data quality and homogeneity over the entire record, and at the same time over specific periods. Such information is crucial when running climatic models and Benford’s Law could potentially be used to overcome and correct for data heterogeneity and/or to select the most appropriate part of the record for detailed studies.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Map of the world TC tracks from International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS).</title><p>(top) from 1931 to present days; (bottom) from 1841 to 1930; TC records prior to 1931 were based on only a single position estimate per day, while at the same time many parts of the globe were poorly sampled (Jarvinen <italic>et al.</italic>, 1984). There are no data available prior to 1930 for the western Pacific Ocean along the North and Central American coast, while this region is prone to TC activities, especially due to the direct influence of El Niño/La Niña; (Figure made with ArcGIS<sup>®</sup> software and Corel Draw X5).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep12046-f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Distribution of TC travelled distances and frequency since 1842 to present.</title><p>The 1930’s represent a significant improvement in the recording and measurements of tropical cyclone occurrences. Tropical cyclone travelled distances (km) from 1841 to 2010; red curve is the 5 years running mean distance (km).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep12046-f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>Temporal variations of categories distance travelled by TC.</title><p>Frequency of TC occurrences relative to the category of distance traveled: (i) short (<1000 kms), (ii) medium (1000 kms < × < 5000 kms) and (iii) long (>5000 kms) (plain curve correspond to the 5 year running mean (5YRM)).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep12046-f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><title>Relationship between BL first digit theoretical values and the first digit TC track distribution.</title><p>Comparison of the distribution of first digit occurrence in the global TC record with the theoretical Benford’s Law estimates.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep12046-f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><title>Calculation of misfit from BL estimate over the entire TC dataset.</title><p>The scatter of the data is on itself an indication of the dataset quality and homogeneity. The graphic represent the evaluation of the BL Misfit per individual years (black with empty circles), 5YRM (red) and 10YRM (blue). <bold>P</bold><sub><bold>1</bold></sub> and <bold>P</bold><sub><bold>2</bold></sub> divide the dataset into two large periods relating to technological improvements. A, B, C and D correspond notable shifts or fluctuations within the BL misfit.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="srep12046-f5"></graphic></fig><table-wrap position="float" id="t1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>First digit values obtained over the entire TC dataset (Empirical values) against the theoretical values describe by Benford’s law.</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">First digit</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Theoretical values %</th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">Empirical values %</th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">30.1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">29.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">2</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">17.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">18.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">3</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">12.5</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">13.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">4</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">9.7</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">9.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">5</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">7.9</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">7.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">6.7</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">6.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">7</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">5.8</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">5.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">8</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">5.1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">4.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">9</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">4.6</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">4.3</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Joannes Boyau, Renaud" sort="Joannes Boyau, Renaud" uniqKey="Joannes Boyau R" first="Renaud" last="Joannes-Boyau">Renaud Joannes-Boyau</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Sambridge, Malcolm" sort="Sambridge, Malcolm" uniqKey="Sambridge M" first="Malcolm" last="Sambridge">Malcolm Sambridge</name><name sortKey="Scheffers, Anja" sort="Scheffers, Anja" uniqKey="Scheffers A" first="Anja" last="Scheffers">Anja Scheffers</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bodin, Thomas" sort="Bodin, Thomas" uniqKey="Bodin T" first="Thomas" last="Bodin">Thomas Bodin</name></noRegion></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bodin, Thomas" sort="Bodin, Thomas" uniqKey="Bodin T" first="Thomas" last="Bodin">Thomas Bodin</name></noRegion></country><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="May, Simon Matthias" sort="May, Simon Matthias" uniqKey="May S" first="Simon Matthias" last="May">Simon Matthias May</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Asie/explor/AustralieFrV1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000C51 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000C51 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Asie
|area= AustralieFrV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Checkpoint
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4496784
|texte= Using Benford’s law to investigate Natural Hazard dataset homogeneity
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:26156060" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a AustralieFrV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |