Implications of Plasmodium vivax Biology for Control, Elimination, and Research
Identifieur interne : 000848 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000847; suivant : 000849Implications of Plasmodium vivax Biology for Control, Elimination, and Research
Auteurs : Piero L. Olliaro [Suisse, Royaume-Uni] ; John W. Barnwell [Géorgie (pays)] ; Alyssa Barry [Australie] ; Kamini Mendis ; Ivo Mueller [Australie, Espagne] ; John C. Reeder [Suisse] ; G. Dennis Shanks [Australie] ; Georges Snounou [France] ; Chansuda Wongsrichanalai [Thaïlande]Source :
- The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene [ 0002-9637 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
This paper summarizes our current understanding of the biology of
Url:
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0160
PubMed: 27799636
PubMed Central: 5201222
Affiliations:
- Australie, Espagne, France, Géorgie (pays), Royaume-Uni, Suisse, Thaïlande
- Angleterre, Catalogne, Oxfordshire, Victoria (État), Île-de-France
- Barcelone, Melbourne, Oxford, Paris
- Université d'Oxford, Université de Melbourne
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PMC:5201222Le document en format XML
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Biology for Control, Elimination, and Research</title>
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Biology for Control, Elimination, and Research</title>
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<author><name sortKey="Wongsrichanalai, Chansuda" sort="Wongsrichanalai, Chansuda" uniqKey="Wongsrichanalai C" first="Chansuda" last="Wongsrichanalai">Chansuda Wongsrichanalai</name>
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<series><title level="j">The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0002-9637</idno>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>This paper summarizes our current understanding of the biology of <italic>Plasmodium vivax</italic>
, how it differs from <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>
, and how these differences explain the need for <italic>P. vivax</italic>
-tailored interventions. The article further pinpoints knowledge gaps where investments in research are needed to help identify and develop such specific interventions. The principal obstacles to reduce and eventually eliminate <italic>P. vivax</italic>
reside in 1) its higher vectorial capacity compared with <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
due to its ability to develop at lower temperature and over a shorter sporogonic cycle in the vector, allowing transmission in temperate zones and making it less sensitive to vector control measures that are otherwise effective on <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
; 2) the presence of dormant liver forms (hypnozoites), sustaining multiple relapsing episodes from a single infectious bite that cannot be diagnosed and are not susceptible to any available antimalarial except primaquine, with routine deployment restricted by toxicity; 3) low parasite densities, which are difficult to detect with current diagnostics leading to missed diagnoses and delayed treatments (and protracted transmission), coupled with 4) transmission stages (gametocytes) occurring early in acute infections, before infection is diagnosed.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Am J Trop Med Hyg</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">tpmd</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0002-9637</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1476-1645</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27799636</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5201222</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4269/ajtmh.16-0160</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Implications of <italic>Plasmodium vivax</italic>
Biology for Control, Elimination, and Research</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="left-running-head">OLLIARO AND OTHERS</alt-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="right-running-head"><italic>PLASMODIUM VIVAX</italic>
BIOLOGY</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Olliaro</surname>
<given-names>Piero L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF2">2</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="COR1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barnwell</surname>
<given-names>John W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barry</surname>
<given-names>Alyssa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF4">4</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mendis</surname>
<given-names>Kamini</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mueller</surname>
<given-names>Ivo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF4">4</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reeder</surname>
<given-names>John C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shanks</surname>
<given-names>G. Dennis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Snounou</surname>
<given-names>Georges</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF9">9</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wongsrichanalai</surname>
<given-names>Chansuda</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF11">11</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="AFF1"><label>1</label>
UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme on Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</aff>
<aff id="AFF2"><label>2</label>
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.</aff>
<aff id="AFF3"><label>3</label>
Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.</aff>
<aff id="AFF4"><label>4</label>
Division of Population Health and Immunity, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.</aff>
<aff id="AFF5"><label>5</label>
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.</aff>
<aff id="AFF6"><label>6</label>
Independent Consultant, Colombo 5. Sri Lanka.</aff>
<aff id="AFF7"><label>7</label>
Institute of Global Health (ISGLOBAL), Barcelona, Spain.</aff>
<aff id="AFF8"><label>8</label>
School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.</aff>
<aff id="AFF9"><label>9</label>
Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UPMC UMRS CR7, Paris, France.</aff>
<aff id="AFF10"><label>10</label>
Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI)–Paris, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1135–Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ERL 8255, Paris, France.</aff>
<aff id="AFF11"><label>11</label>
Independent Scholar, Bangkok, Thailand.</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="COR1">* Address correspondence to Piero L. Olliaro, Intervention and Implementation Research, UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme on Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland. E-mail: <email>olliarop@who.int</email>
</corresp>
<corresp id="COR2">© World Health Organization 2016. Licensee American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that WHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>28</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>28</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the . </pmc-comment>
<volume>95</volume>
<issue>6 Suppl</issue>
<issue-title>Control and Elimination of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: The Evidence Base</issue-title>
<fpage>4</fpage>
<lpage>14</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>29</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>This paper summarizes our current understanding of the biology of <italic>Plasmodium vivax</italic>
, how it differs from <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>
, and how these differences explain the need for <italic>P. vivax</italic>
-tailored interventions. The article further pinpoints knowledge gaps where investments in research are needed to help identify and develop such specific interventions. The principal obstacles to reduce and eventually eliminate <italic>P. vivax</italic>
reside in 1) its higher vectorial capacity compared with <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
due to its ability to develop at lower temperature and over a shorter sporogonic cycle in the vector, allowing transmission in temperate zones and making it less sensitive to vector control measures that are otherwise effective on <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
; 2) the presence of dormant liver forms (hypnozoites), sustaining multiple relapsing episodes from a single infectious bite that cannot be diagnosed and are not susceptible to any available antimalarial except primaquine, with routine deployment restricted by toxicity; 3) low parasite densities, which are difficult to detect with current diagnostics leading to missed diagnoses and delayed treatments (and protracted transmission), coupled with 4) transmission stages (gametocytes) occurring early in acute infections, before infection is diagnosed.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
<notes notes-type="disclaimer"><p>Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and may not reflect those of their employing organizations. Piero L. Olliaro and John C. Reeder are staff members of the World Health Organization (WHO); the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication and it does not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of their organizations.</p>
</notes>
</front>
<floats-group><table-wrap id="tab1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Main characteristics of <italic>Plasmodium vivax</italic>
biology and their implications</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Consequence</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Implications for control</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Implications for research</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" colspan="1">Hypnozoites: dormant parasites in the liver</td>
<td rowspan="3" colspan="1">Relapses: (a) generate parasitological and clinical episodes without reinfection, (b) help maintain genetic diversity</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Radical cure requires elimination of hypnozoites. Only 8-aminoquinolines available to date but use limited by toxicity</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Need to develop reproducible in vitro and in vivo models to understand mechanisms of quiescence and activation</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">No diagnostic to identify subjects with potential for relapses</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Need to discover and test new medications for radical cure</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recurrent cases cannot be prevented via vector control</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Need to develop diagnostics for liver-stage parasites</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="4" colspan="1">Asexual blood stages: preference for reticulocytes and low pyrogenic threshold</td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Morbidity with low parasite densities, and parasitaemia undetectable with conventional methods</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Difficult to diagnose with rapid diagnostic tests or microscopy</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Need to develop continuous in vitro culture systems</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Delayed diagnosis and treatment (especially relapsing episodes)</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Need to develop new, more sensitive diagnostics for blood-stage parasites</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Anemia</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protracted transmission</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prevalence underestimated</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mature gametocytes appear almost simultaneously with asexual forms</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Transmission occurs before diagnosis, and treatment on occasion of primary infection and relapses</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Early treatment cannot prevent transmission for current episode</td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Resistance is not spread as efficiently as in <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Entomological surveys required to tailor vector control measures</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Vectorial capacity: can complete its development cycle in the mosquito at lower temperature and more quickly than <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(a) Larger endemic geographic range into temperate region</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(a) Not confined to tropical climates</td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(b) Less susceptible to vector control measures that reduce mosquitos' life span</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">(b) Vector control via indoor residual spraying may be not as effective as for <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Immunity</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical immunity acquired earlier in life</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Burden of disease in young children in high-transmission areas</td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">More studies needed to improve understanding of immunity to <italic>P. vivax</italic>
vs. <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Higher molecular force of infection caused by relapses independent of inoculation rate</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rate of infections increases with age</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Pathogenesis</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">High flexibility of reticulocytes allows escaping splenic removal without sequestration: relative lack of severe manifestations</td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Burden of disease underestimated</td>
<td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Develop better surveillance tools to more accurately map vivax burden of disease</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">However, significant morbidity (debilitation, anemia) and evidence of severity and fatality</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2" colspan="1">Higher genetic diversity</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Association with epidemiology not yet clear</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">More stable transmission</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">More studies needed in a range of transmission settings</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sustained at low transmission</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">More difficult to control</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">More complex vaccine target</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Studies comparing <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>
and <italic>Plasmodium vivax</italic>
genetic diversity</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Region</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Plasmodium</italic>
isolates included</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dominant infection</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Data type</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Higher <italic>P. vivax</italic>
diversity</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Venezuela</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
and 73 <italic>P. vivax</italic>
isolates</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. vivax</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ama1</italic>
SNPs</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="ref59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Worldwide reference isolates</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 isolates per species</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole genome SNPs</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="ref60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Venezuela</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">108 <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
and 107 <italic>P. vivax</italic>
field isolates</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. vivax</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microsatellites</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="ref61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vanuatu</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">165 <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
and 100 <italic>P. vivax</italic>
field isolates</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. vivax</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>msp1</italic>
and <italic>csp1</italic>
SNPs</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="ref62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cambodia</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">164 <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
and 87 <italic>P. vivax</italic>
field isolates</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. vivax</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microsatellites</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="ref63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Papua New Guinea</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">308 <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
and 193 <italic>P. vivax</italic>
field isolates</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. falciparum</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microsatellites</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="ref64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indonesia</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">166 <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
and 168 <italic>P. vivax</italic>
clinical isolates</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P. vivax</italic>
</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microsatellites</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="ref65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Worldwide clinical isolates</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 <italic>P. falciparum</italic>
and 220 <italic>P. vivax</italic>
clinical isolates</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Whole genome SNPs</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td>
<td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref rid="ref66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1"><p>SNPs = single nucleotide polymorphisms.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
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<li>Espagne</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Géorgie (pays)</li>
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<li>Thaïlande</li>
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