Measuring impairments of functioning and health in patients with axial spondyloarthritis by using the ASAS Health Index and the Environmental Item Set: translation and cross-cultural adaptation into 15 languages
Identifieur interne : 000785 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000784; suivant : 000786Measuring impairments of functioning and health in patients with axial spondyloarthritis by using the ASAS Health Index and the Environmental Item Set: translation and cross-cultural adaptation into 15 languages
Auteurs : U. Kiltz [Allemagne] ; D. Van Der Heijde [Pays-Bas] ; A. Boonen [Pays-Bas] ; W. Bautista-Molano [Colombie] ; R. Burgos-Vargas [Mexique] ; P. Chiowchanwisawakit [Thaïlande] ; T. Duruoz [Turquie] ; B. El-Zorkany [Égypte] ; I. Essers [Pays-Bas] ; I. Gaydukova [Russie] ; P. Géher [Hongrie] ; L. Gossec [France] ; S. Grazio [Croatie] ; J. Gu [République populaire de Chine] ; M A Khan [États-Unis] ; T J Kim [Corée du Sud] ; W P Maksymowych [Canada] ; H. Marzo-Ortega [Royaume-Uni] ; V. Navarro-Compán [Espagne] ; I. Olivieri [Italie] ; D. Patrikos [Grèce] ; F M Pimentel-Santos [Portugal] ; M. Schirmer [Autriche] ; F. Van Den Bosch [Belgique] ; U. Weber [Danemark] ; J. Zochling [Australie] ; J. Braun [Allemagne]Source :
- RMD Open [ 2056-5933 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The Assessments of SpondyloArthritis international society Health Index (ASAS HI) measures functioning and health in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) across 17 aspects of health and 9 environmental factors (EF). The objective was to translate and adapt the original English version of the ASAS HI, including the EF Item Set, cross-culturally into 15 languages.
Translation and cross-cultural adaptation has been carried out following the forward–backward procedure. In the cognitive debriefing, 10 patients/country across a broad spectrum of sociodemographic background, were included.
The ASAS HI and the EF Item Set were translated into Arabic, Chinese, Croatian, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Thai and Turkish. Some difficulties were experienced with translation of the contextual factors indicating that these concepts may be more culturally-dependent. A total of 215 patients with axial SpA across 23 countries (62.3% men, mean (SD) age 42.4 (13.9) years) participated in the field test. Cognitive debriefing showed that items of the ASAS HI and EF Item Set are clear, relevant and comprehensive. All versions were accepted with minor modifications with respect to item wording and response option. The wording of three items had to be adapted to improve clarity. As a result of cognitive debriefing, a new response option ‘not applicable’ was added to two items of the ASAS HI to improve appropriateness.
This study showed that the items of the ASAS HI including the EFs were readily adaptable throughout all countries, indicating that the concepts covered were comprehensive, clear and meaningful in different cultures.
Url:
DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2016-000311
PubMed: 27752358
PubMed Central: 5051462
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Autriche, Belgique, Canada, Colombie, Corée du Sud, Croatie, Danemark, Espagne, France, Grèce, Hongrie, Italie, Mexique, Pays-Bas, Portugal, Royaume-Uni, Russie, République populaire de Chine, Thaïlande, Turquie, Égypte, États-Unis
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PMC:5051462Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Bautista Molano, W" sort="Bautista Molano, W" uniqKey="Bautista Molano W" first="W" last="Bautista-Molano">W. Bautista-Molano</name>
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,<addr-line>Bogota</addr-line>
,<country>Colombia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Burgos Vargas, R" sort="Burgos Vargas, R" uniqKey="Burgos Vargas R" first="R" last="Burgos-Vargas">R. Burgos-Vargas</name>
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,<institution>Hospital General de Mexico and Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico</institution>
,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>
,<country>Mexico</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Chiowchanwisawakit, P" sort="Chiowchanwisawakit, P" uniqKey="Chiowchanwisawakit P" first="P" last="Chiowchanwisawakit">P. Chiowchanwisawakit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><institution>Mahidol University</institution>
,<addr-line>Bangkok</addr-line>
,<country>Thailand</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Duruoz, T" sort="Duruoz, T" uniqKey="Duruoz T" first="T" last="Duruoz">T. Duruoz</name>
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,<institution>Marmara University, School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>Istanbul</addr-line>
,<country>Turkey</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="El Zorkany, B" sort="El Zorkany, B" uniqKey="El Zorkany B" first="B" last="El-Zorkany">B. El-Zorkany</name>
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,<institution>Cairo University</institution>
,<addr-line>Cairo</addr-line>
,<country>Egypt</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Essers, I" sort="Essers, I" uniqKey="Essers I" first="I" last="Essers">I. Essers</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Maastricht University Medical Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Maastricht</addr-line>
,<country>The Netherlands</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Gaydukova, I" sort="Gaydukova, I" uniqKey="Gaydukova I" first="I" last="Gaydukova">I. Gaydukova</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af9"><institution>Saratov State Medical University</institution>
,<addr-line>Saratov</addr-line>
,<country>Russian Federation</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Geher, P" sort="Geher, P" uniqKey="Geher P" first="P" last="Géher">P. Géher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><institution>Semmelweis University</institution>
,<addr-line>Budapest</addr-line>
,<country>Hungary</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gossec, L" sort="Gossec, L" uniqKey="Gossec L" first="L" last="Gossec">L. Gossec</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ, Paris 06, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de, Santé Publique, GRC-UPMC 08 (EEMOIS); AP-HP,Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grazio, S" sort="Grazio, S" uniqKey="Grazio S" first="S" last="Grazio">S. Grazio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><institution>Sisters of Mercy University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Zagreb</addr-line>
,<country>Croatia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Croatie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gu, J" sort="Gu, J" uniqKey="Gu J" first="J" last="Gu">J. Gu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University</institution>
,<addr-line>Guangzhou</addr-line>
,<country>China</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khan, M A" sort="Khan, M A" uniqKey="Khan M" first="M A" last="Khan">M A Khan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af14"><institution>Case Western Reserve University Cleveland</institution>
,<addr-line>Cleveland, Ohio</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, T J" sort="Kim, T J" uniqKey="Kim T" first="T J" last="Kim">T J Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Gwangju</addr-line>
,<country>South Korea</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maksymowych, W P" sort="Maksymowych, W P" uniqKey="Maksymowych W" first="W P" last="Maksymowych">W P Maksymowych</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Alberta</institution>
,<addr-line>Edmonton, Alberta</addr-line>
,<country>Canada</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marzo Ortega, H" sort="Marzo Ortega, H" uniqKey="Marzo Ortega H" first="H" last="Marzo-Ortega">H. Marzo-Ortega</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af17"><institution>Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Alberton Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Leeds</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Navarro Compan, V" sort="Navarro Compan, V" uniqKey="Navarro Compan V" first="V" last="Navarro-Compán">V. Navarro-Compán</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af18"><institution>University Hospital La Paz</institution>
,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>
,<country>Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olivieri, I" sort="Olivieri, I" uniqKey="Olivieri I" first="I" last="Olivieri">I. Olivieri</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Rheumatology Department of Lucania</addr-line>
,<institution>San Carlo Hospital of Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital of Matera</institution>
,<addr-line>Potenza</addr-line>
,<country>Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Patrikos, D" sort="Patrikos, D" uniqKey="Patrikos D" first="D" last="Patrikos">D. Patrikos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af20"><institution>Metropolitan Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>
,<country>Greece</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pimentel Santos, F M" sort="Pimentel Santos, F M" uniqKey="Pimentel Santos F" first="F M" last="Pimentel-Santos">F M Pimentel-Santos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af21"><institution>NOVA Medical School and CEDOC, Chronic Diseases, NOVA University of Lisbon</institution>
,<addr-line>Lisboa</addr-line>
,<country>Portugal</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schirmer, M" sort="Schirmer, M" uniqKey="Schirmer M" first="M" last="Schirmer">M. Schirmer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af22"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine VI</addr-line>
,<institution>Medical University of Innsbruck</institution>
,<addr-line>Innsbruck</addr-line>
,<country>Austria</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Den Bosch, F" sort="Van Den Bosch, F" uniqKey="Van Den Bosch F" first="F" last="Van Den Bosch">F. Van Den Bosch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af23"><institution>Ghent University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Ghent</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weber, U" sort="Weber, U" uniqKey="Weber U" first="U" last="Weber">U. Weber</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>King Christian 10th Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Gråsten</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af25"><institution>Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark</institution>
,<addr-line>Odense</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zochling, J" sort="Zochling, J" uniqKey="Zochling J" first="J" last="Zochling">J. Zochling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af26"><institution>Menzies Institute for Medical Research</institution>
,<addr-line>Hobart, Tasmania</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Braun, J" sort="Braun, J" uniqKey="Braun J" first="J" last="Braun">J. Braun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><institution>Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet</institution>
,<addr-line>Herne</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Measuring impairments of functioning and health in patients with axial spondyloarthritis by using the ASAS Health Index and the Environmental Item Set: translation and cross-cultural adaptation into 15 languages</title>
<author><name sortKey="Kiltz, U" sort="Kiltz, U" uniqKey="Kiltz U" first="U" last="Kiltz">U. Kiltz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><institution>Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet</institution>
,<addr-line>Herne</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijde, D" sort="Van Der Heijde, D" uniqKey="Van Der Heijde D" first="D" last="Van Der Heijde">D. Van Der Heijde</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Leiden University Medical Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Leiden</addr-line>
, The<country>Netherlands</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boonen, A" sort="Boonen, A" uniqKey="Boonen A" first="A" last="Boonen">A. Boonen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Maastricht University Medical Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Maastricht</addr-line>
,<country>The Netherlands</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bautista Molano, W" sort="Bautista Molano, W" uniqKey="Bautista Molano W" first="W" last="Bautista-Molano">W. Bautista-Molano</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Rheumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>HMC/UMNG</institution>
,<addr-line>Bogota</addr-line>
,<country>Colombia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burgos Vargas, R" sort="Burgos Vargas, R" uniqKey="Burgos Vargas R" first="R" last="Burgos-Vargas">R. Burgos-Vargas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Hospital General de Mexico and Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico</institution>
,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>
,<country>Mexico</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chiowchanwisawakit, P" sort="Chiowchanwisawakit, P" uniqKey="Chiowchanwisawakit P" first="P" last="Chiowchanwisawakit">P. Chiowchanwisawakit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><institution>Mahidol University</institution>
,<addr-line>Bangkok</addr-line>
,<country>Thailand</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duruoz, T" sort="Duruoz, T" uniqKey="Duruoz T" first="T" last="Duruoz">T. Duruoz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>PM&R Department, Rheumatology Division</addr-line>
,<institution>Marmara University, School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>Istanbul</addr-line>
,<country>Turkey</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="El Zorkany, B" sort="El Zorkany, B" uniqKey="El Zorkany B" first="B" last="El-Zorkany">B. El-Zorkany</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Rheumatology Department</addr-line>
,<institution>Cairo University</institution>
,<addr-line>Cairo</addr-line>
,<country>Egypt</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Essers, I" sort="Essers, I" uniqKey="Essers I" first="I" last="Essers">I. Essers</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Maastricht University Medical Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Maastricht</addr-line>
,<country>The Netherlands</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gaydukova, I" sort="Gaydukova, I" uniqKey="Gaydukova I" first="I" last="Gaydukova">I. Gaydukova</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af9"><institution>Saratov State Medical University</institution>
,<addr-line>Saratov</addr-line>
,<country>Russian Federation</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geher, P" sort="Geher, P" uniqKey="Geher P" first="P" last="Géher">P. Géher</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><institution>Semmelweis University</institution>
,<addr-line>Budapest</addr-line>
,<country>Hungary</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Hongrie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gossec, L" sort="Gossec, L" uniqKey="Gossec L" first="L" last="Gossec">L. Gossec</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ, Paris 06, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de, Santé Publique, GRC-UPMC 08 (EEMOIS); AP-HP,Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grazio, S" sort="Grazio, S" uniqKey="Grazio S" first="S" last="Grazio">S. Grazio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><institution>Sisters of Mercy University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Zagreb</addr-line>
,<country>Croatia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Croatie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gu, J" sort="Gu, J" uniqKey="Gu J" first="J" last="Gu">J. Gu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University</institution>
,<addr-line>Guangzhou</addr-line>
,<country>China</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khan, M A" sort="Khan, M A" uniqKey="Khan M" first="M A" last="Khan">M A Khan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af14"><institution>Case Western Reserve University Cleveland</institution>
,<addr-line>Cleveland, Ohio</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, T J" sort="Kim, T J" uniqKey="Kim T" first="T J" last="Kim">T J Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Gwangju</addr-line>
,<country>South Korea</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maksymowych, W P" sort="Maksymowych, W P" uniqKey="Maksymowych W" first="W P" last="Maksymowych">W P Maksymowych</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Alberta</institution>
,<addr-line>Edmonton, Alberta</addr-line>
,<country>Canada</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marzo Ortega, H" sort="Marzo Ortega, H" uniqKey="Marzo Ortega H" first="H" last="Marzo-Ortega">H. Marzo-Ortega</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af17"><institution>Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Alberton Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Leeds</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Navarro Compan, V" sort="Navarro Compan, V" uniqKey="Navarro Compan V" first="V" last="Navarro-Compán">V. Navarro-Compán</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af18"><institution>University Hospital La Paz</institution>
,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>
,<country>Spain</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olivieri, I" sort="Olivieri, I" uniqKey="Olivieri I" first="I" last="Olivieri">I. Olivieri</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Rheumatology Department of Lucania</addr-line>
,<institution>San Carlo Hospital of Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital of Matera</institution>
,<addr-line>Potenza</addr-line>
,<country>Italy</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Patrikos, D" sort="Patrikos, D" uniqKey="Patrikos D" first="D" last="Patrikos">D. Patrikos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af20"><institution>Metropolitan Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>
,<country>Greece</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pimentel Santos, F M" sort="Pimentel Santos, F M" uniqKey="Pimentel Santos F" first="F M" last="Pimentel-Santos">F M Pimentel-Santos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af21"><institution>NOVA Medical School and CEDOC, Chronic Diseases, NOVA University of Lisbon</institution>
,<addr-line>Lisboa</addr-line>
,<country>Portugal</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Portugal</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schirmer, M" sort="Schirmer, M" uniqKey="Schirmer M" first="M" last="Schirmer">M. Schirmer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af22"><addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine VI</addr-line>
,<institution>Medical University of Innsbruck</institution>
,<addr-line>Innsbruck</addr-line>
,<country>Austria</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Den Bosch, F" sort="Van Den Bosch, F" uniqKey="Van Den Bosch F" first="F" last="Van Den Bosch">F. Van Den Bosch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af23"><institution>Ghent University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Ghent</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weber, U" sort="Weber, U" uniqKey="Weber U" first="U" last="Weber">U. Weber</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>King Christian 10th Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Gråsten</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af25"><institution>Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark</institution>
,<addr-line>Odense</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zochling, J" sort="Zochling, J" uniqKey="Zochling J" first="J" last="Zochling">J. Zochling</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af26"><institution>Menzies Institute for Medical Research</institution>
,<addr-line>Hobart, Tasmania</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Braun, J" sort="Braun, J" uniqKey="Braun J" first="J" last="Braun">J. Braun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><institution>Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet</institution>
,<addr-line>Herne</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">RMD Open</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2056-5933</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title>
<p>The Assessments of SpondyloArthritis international society Health Index (ASAS HI) measures functioning and health in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) across 17 aspects of health and 9 environmental factors (EF). The objective was to translate and adapt the original English version of the ASAS HI, including the EF Item Set, cross-culturally into 15 languages.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>Translation and cross-cultural adaptation has been carried out following the forward–backward procedure. In the cognitive debriefing, 10 patients/country across a broad spectrum of sociodemographic background, were included.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>The ASAS HI and the EF Item Set were translated into Arabic, Chinese, Croatian, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Thai and Turkish. Some difficulties were experienced with translation of the contextual factors indicating that these concepts may be more culturally-dependent. A total of 215 patients with axial SpA across 23 countries (62.3% men, mean (SD) age 42.4 (13.9) years) participated in the field test. Cognitive debriefing showed that items of the ASAS HI and EF Item Set are clear, relevant and comprehensive. All versions were accepted with minor modifications with respect to item wording and response option. The wording of three items had to be adapted to improve clarity. As a result of cognitive debriefing, a new response option ‘not applicable’ was added to two items of the ASAS HI to improve appropriateness.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Discussion</title>
<p>This study showed that the items of the ASAS HI including the EFs were readily adaptable throughout all countries, indicating that the concepts covered were comprehensive, clear and meaningful in different cultures.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kiltz, U" uniqKey="Kiltz U">U Kiltz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijde, D" uniqKey="Van Der Heijde D">D van der Heijde</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boonen, A" uniqKey="Boonen A">A Boonen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Braun, J" uniqKey="Braun J">J Braun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sieper, J" uniqKey="Sieper J">J Sieper</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rudwaleit, M" uniqKey="Rudwaleit M">M Rudwaleit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Der Heijde, D" uniqKey="Van Der Heijde D">D van der Heijde</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Landewe, R" uniqKey="Landewe R">R Landewé</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Echteld, I" uniqKey="Van Echteld I">I van Echteld</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cieza, A" uniqKey="Cieza A">A Cieza</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boonen, A" uniqKey="Boonen A">A Boonen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ward, Mm" uniqKey="Ward M">MM Ward</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Machado, P" uniqKey="Machado P">P Machado</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Landewe, R" uniqKey="Landewe R">R Landewé</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Braun, J" uniqKey="Braun J">J Braun</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Boonen, A" uniqKey="Boonen A">A Boonen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Braun, J" uniqKey="Braun J">J Braun</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Der Horst Bruinsma, Ie" uniqKey="Van Der Horst Bruinsma I">IE van der Horst Bruinsma</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martins, Ac" uniqKey="Martins A">AC Martins</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beaton, De" uniqKey="Beaton D">DE Beaton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bombardier, C" uniqKey="Bombardier C">C Bombardier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guillemin, F" uniqKey="Guillemin F">F Guillemin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guillemin, F" uniqKey="Guillemin F">F Guillemin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bombardier, C" uniqKey="Bombardier C">C Bombardier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beaton, D" uniqKey="Beaton D">D Beaton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">RMD Open</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">RMD Open</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">rmdopen</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rmdopen</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>RMD Open</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2056-5933</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Publishing Group</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27752358</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5051462</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">rmdopen-2016-000311</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/rmdopen-2016-000311</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Spondyloarthritis</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1506</subject>
</subj-group>
<series-title>Original article</series-title>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Measuring impairments of functioning and health in patients with axial spondyloarthritis by using the ASAS Health Index and the Environmental Item Set: translation and cross-cultural adaptation into 15 languages</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kiltz</surname>
<given-names>U</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van der Heijde</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boonen</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bautista-Molano</surname>
<given-names>W</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burgos-Vargas</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chiowchanwisawakit</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duruoz</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El-Zorkany</surname>
<given-names>B</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Essers</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gaydukova</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Géher</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gossec</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af11">11</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grazio</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af12">12</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gu</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af13">13</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khan</surname>
<given-names>M A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af14">14</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname>
<given-names>T J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af15">15</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maksymowych</surname>
<given-names>W P</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af16">16</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marzo-Ortega</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af17">17</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Navarro-Compán</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af18">18</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Olivieri</surname>
<given-names>I</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af19">19</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patrikos</surname>
<given-names>D</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af20">20</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pimentel-Santos</surname>
<given-names>F M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af21">21</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schirmer</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af22">22</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van den Bosch</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af23">23</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weber</surname>
<given-names>U</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af24">24</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af25">25</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zochling</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af26">26</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Braun</surname>
<given-names>J</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1"><label>1</label>
<institution>Rheumazentrum Ruhrgebiet</institution>
,<addr-line>Herne</addr-line>
,<country>Germany</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af2"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Leiden University Medical Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Leiden</addr-line>
, The<country>Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af3"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>Maastricht University Medical Center</institution>
,<addr-line>Maastricht</addr-line>
,<country>The Netherlands</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af4"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>Rheumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>HMC/UMNG</institution>
,<addr-line>Bogota</addr-line>
,<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af5"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Hospital General de Mexico and Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico</institution>
,<addr-line>Mexico City</addr-line>
,<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af6"><label>6</label>
<institution>Mahidol University</institution>
,<addr-line>Bangkok</addr-line>
,<country>Thailand</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af7"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>PM&R Department, Rheumatology Division</addr-line>
,<institution>Marmara University, School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>Istanbul</addr-line>
,<country>Turkey</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af8"><label>8</label>
<addr-line>Rheumatology Department</addr-line>
,<institution>Cairo University</institution>
,<addr-line>Cairo</addr-line>
,<country>Egypt</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af9"><label>9</label>
<institution>Saratov State Medical University</institution>
,<addr-line>Saratov</addr-line>
,<country>Russian Federation</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af10"><label>10</label>
<institution>Semmelweis University</institution>
,<addr-line>Budapest</addr-line>
,<country>Hungary</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af11"><label>11</label>
<addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ, Paris 06, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de, Santé Publique, GRC-UPMC 08 (EEMOIS); AP-HP,Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af12"><label>12</label>
<institution>Sisters of Mercy University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Zagreb</addr-line>
,<country>Croatia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af13"><label>13</label>
<addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University</institution>
,<addr-line>Guangzhou</addr-line>
,<country>China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af14"><label>14</label>
<institution>Case Western Reserve University Cleveland</institution>
,<addr-line>Cleveland, Ohio</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af15"><label>15</label>
<addr-line>Department of Rheumatology</addr-line>
,<institution>Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Gwangju</addr-line>
,<country>South Korea</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af16"><label>16</label>
<addr-line>Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Alberta</institution>
,<addr-line>Edmonton, Alberta</addr-line>
,<country>Canada</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af17"><label>17</label>
<institution>Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds and NHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Chapel Alberton Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Leeds</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af18"><label>18</label>
<institution>University Hospital La Paz</institution>
,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>
,<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af19"><label>19</label>
<addr-line>Rheumatology Department of Lucania</addr-line>
,<institution>San Carlo Hospital of Potenza and Madonna delle Grazie Hospital of Matera</institution>
,<addr-line>Potenza</addr-line>
,<country>Italy</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af20"><label>20</label>
<institution>Metropolitan Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>
,<country>Greece</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af21"><label>21</label>
<institution>NOVA Medical School and CEDOC, Chronic Diseases, NOVA University of Lisbon</institution>
,<addr-line>Lisboa</addr-line>
,<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af22"><label>22</label>
<addr-line>Department of Internal Medicine VI</addr-line>
,<institution>Medical University of Innsbruck</institution>
,<addr-line>Innsbruck</addr-line>
,<country>Austria</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af23"><label>23</label>
<institution>Ghent University Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Ghent</addr-line>
,<country>Belgium</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af24"><label>24</label>
<addr-line>King Christian 10th Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Gråsten</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af25"><label>25</label>
<institution>Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark</institution>
,<addr-line>Odense</addr-line>
,<country>Denmark</country>
</aff>
<aff id="af26"><label>26</label>
<institution>Menzies Institute for Medical Research</institution>
,<addr-line>Hobart, Tasmania</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
</aff>
<author-notes><corresp><label>Correspondence to</label>
Dr UKiltz; <email>uta.kiltz@elisabethgruppe.de</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>4</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e000311</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>6</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="rmdopen-2016-000311.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><sec><title>Introduction</title>
<p>The Assessments of SpondyloArthritis international society Health Index (ASAS HI) measures functioning and health in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) across 17 aspects of health and 9 environmental factors (EF). The objective was to translate and adapt the original English version of the ASAS HI, including the EF Item Set, cross-culturally into 15 languages.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>Translation and cross-cultural adaptation has been carried out following the forward–backward procedure. In the cognitive debriefing, 10 patients/country across a broad spectrum of sociodemographic background, were included.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>The ASAS HI and the EF Item Set were translated into Arabic, Chinese, Croatian, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Thai and Turkish. Some difficulties were experienced with translation of the contextual factors indicating that these concepts may be more culturally-dependent. A total of 215 patients with axial SpA across 23 countries (62.3% men, mean (SD) age 42.4 (13.9) years) participated in the field test. Cognitive debriefing showed that items of the ASAS HI and EF Item Set are clear, relevant and comprehensive. All versions were accepted with minor modifications with respect to item wording and response option. The wording of three items had to be adapted to improve clarity. As a result of cognitive debriefing, a new response option ‘not applicable’ was added to two items of the ASAS HI to improve appropriateness.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Discussion</title>
<p>This study showed that the items of the ASAS HI including the EFs were readily adaptable throughout all countries, indicating that the concepts covered were comprehensive, clear and meaningful in different cultures.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>Spondyloarthritis</kwd>
<kwd>Ankylosing Spondylitis</kwd>
<kwd>Outcomes research</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>Autriche</li>
<li>Belgique</li>
<li>Canada</li>
<li>Colombie</li>
<li>Corée du Sud</li>
<li>Croatie</li>
<li>Danemark</li>
<li>Espagne</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Grèce</li>
<li>Hongrie</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Mexique</li>
<li>Pays-Bas</li>
<li>Portugal</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Russie</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Thaïlande</li>
<li>Turquie</li>
<li>Égypte</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Allemagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kiltz, U" sort="Kiltz, U" uniqKey="Kiltz U" first="U" last="Kiltz">U. Kiltz</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Braun, J" sort="Braun, J" uniqKey="Braun J" first="J" last="Braun">J. Braun</name>
</country>
<country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Der Heijde, D" sort="Van Der Heijde, D" uniqKey="Van Der Heijde D" first="D" last="Van Der Heijde">D. Van Der Heijde</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Boonen, A" sort="Boonen, A" uniqKey="Boonen A" first="A" last="Boonen">A. Boonen</name>
<name sortKey="Essers, I" sort="Essers, I" uniqKey="Essers I" first="I" last="Essers">I. Essers</name>
</country>
<country name="Colombie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bautista Molano, W" sort="Bautista Molano, W" uniqKey="Bautista Molano W" first="W" last="Bautista-Molano">W. Bautista-Molano</name>
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</noRegion>
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<country name="Turquie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Duruoz, T" sort="Duruoz, T" uniqKey="Duruoz T" first="T" last="Duruoz">T. Duruoz</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Égypte"><noRegion><name sortKey="El Zorkany, B" sort="El Zorkany, B" uniqKey="El Zorkany B" first="B" last="El-Zorkany">B. El-Zorkany</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Russie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gaydukova, I" sort="Gaydukova, I" uniqKey="Gaydukova I" first="I" last="Gaydukova">I. Gaydukova</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Hongrie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Geher, P" sort="Geher, P" uniqKey="Geher P" first="P" last="Géher">P. Géher</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gossec, L" sort="Gossec, L" uniqKey="Gossec L" first="L" last="Gossec">L. Gossec</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Croatie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Grazio, S" sort="Grazio, S" uniqKey="Grazio S" first="S" last="Grazio">S. Grazio</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gu, J" sort="Gu, J" uniqKey="Gu J" first="J" last="Gu">J. Gu</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Khan, M A" sort="Khan, M A" uniqKey="Khan M" first="M A" last="Khan">M A Khan</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Corée du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kim, T J" sort="Kim, T J" uniqKey="Kim T" first="T J" last="Kim">T J Kim</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Maksymowych, W P" sort="Maksymowych, W P" uniqKey="Maksymowych W" first="W P" last="Maksymowych">W P Maksymowych</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Marzo Ortega, H" sort="Marzo Ortega, H" uniqKey="Marzo Ortega H" first="H" last="Marzo-Ortega">H. Marzo-Ortega</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Navarro Compan, V" sort="Navarro Compan, V" uniqKey="Navarro Compan V" first="V" last="Navarro-Compán">V. Navarro-Compán</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Olivieri, I" sort="Olivieri, I" uniqKey="Olivieri I" first="I" last="Olivieri">I. Olivieri</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Grèce"><noRegion><name sortKey="Patrikos, D" sort="Patrikos, D" uniqKey="Patrikos D" first="D" last="Patrikos">D. Patrikos</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Portugal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pimentel Santos, F M" sort="Pimentel Santos, F M" uniqKey="Pimentel Santos F" first="F M" last="Pimentel-Santos">F M Pimentel-Santos</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Autriche"><noRegion><name sortKey="Schirmer, M" sort="Schirmer, M" uniqKey="Schirmer M" first="M" last="Schirmer">M. Schirmer</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Belgique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Den Bosch, F" sort="Van Den Bosch, F" uniqKey="Van Den Bosch F" first="F" last="Van Den Bosch">F. Van Den Bosch</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey="Weber, U" sort="Weber, U" uniqKey="Weber U" first="U" last="Weber">U. Weber</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Weber, U" sort="Weber, U" uniqKey="Weber U" first="U" last="Weber">U. Weber</name>
</country>
<country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zochling, J" sort="Zochling, J" uniqKey="Zochling J" first="J" last="Zochling">J. Zochling</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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