Molecular Weight Cut-Off and Structural Analysis of Vacuum-Assisted Titania Membranes for Water Processing
Identifieur interne : 000765 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000764; suivant : 000766Molecular Weight Cut-Off and Structural Analysis of Vacuum-Assisted Titania Membranes for Water Processing
Auteurs : Siti Nurehan Abd Jalil [Malaisie] ; David K. Wang ; Christelle Yacou [France] ; Julius Motuzas ; Simon Smart ; João C. Diniz Da CostaSource :
- Materials [ 1996-1944 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
This work investigates the structural formation and analyses of titania membranes (TM) prepared using different vacuum exposure times for molecular weight (MW) cut-off performance and oil/water separation. Titania membranes were synthesized via a sol-gel method and coated on macroporous alumina tubes followed by exposure to a vacuum between 30 and 1200 s and then calcined at 400 °C. X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the crystallite size and particle size of titania increased as a function of vacuum time. All the TM membranes were mesoporous with an average pore diameter of ~3.6 nm with an anatase crystal morphology. Water, glucose, sucrose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone with 40 and 360 kDa (PVP-40 kDa and PVP-360 kDa) were used as feed solutions for MW cut-off and hexadecane solution for oil filtration investigation. The TM membranes were not able to separate glucose and sucrose, thus indicating the membrane pore sizes are larger than the kinetic diameter of sucrose of 0.9 nm, irrespective of vacuum exposure time. They also showed only moderate rejection (20%) of the smaller PVP-40 kDa, however, all the membranes were able to obtain an excellent rejection of near 100% for the larger PVP-360 kDa molecule. Furthermore, the TM membranes were tested for the separation of oil emulsions with a high concentration of oil (3000 ppm), reaching high oil rejections of more than 90% of oil. In general, the water fluxes increased with the vacuum exposure time indicating a pore structural tailoring effect. It is therefore proposed that a mechanism of pore size tailoring was formed by an interconnected network of Ti–O–Ti nanoparticles with inter-particle voids, which increased as TiO2 nanoparticle size increased as a function of vacuum exposure time, and thus reduced the water transport resistance through the TM membranes.
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ma9110938
PubMed: 28774057
PubMed Central: 5457227
Affiliations:
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Molecular Weight Cut-Off and Structural Analysis of Vacuum-Assisted Titania Membranes for Water Processing</title>
<author><name sortKey="Abd Jalil, Siti Nurehan" sort="Abd Jalil, Siti Nurehan" uniqKey="Abd Jalil S" first="Siti Nurehan" last="Abd Jalil">Siti Nurehan Abd Jalil</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Wang, David K" sort="Wang, David K" uniqKey="Wang D" first="David K." last="Wang">David K. Wang</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-materials-09-00938">The University of Queensland, FIM²Lab—Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Brisbane 4072, Australia;<email>s.abdjalil@uq.edu.au</email>
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<author><name sortKey="Yacou, Christelle" sort="Yacou, Christelle" uniqKey="Yacou C" first="Christelle" last="Yacou">Christelle Yacou</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-materials-09-00938">The University of Queensland, FIM²Lab—Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Brisbane 4072, Australia;<email>s.abdjalil@uq.edu.au</email>
(S.N.A.J.);<email>d.wang1@uq.edu.au</email>
(D.K.W.);<email>Christelle.yacou@univ-ag.fr</email>
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<author><name sortKey="Motuzas, Julius" sort="Motuzas, Julius" uniqKey="Motuzas J" first="Julius" last="Motuzas">Julius Motuzas</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-materials-09-00938">The University of Queensland, FIM²Lab—Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Brisbane 4072, Australia;<email>s.abdjalil@uq.edu.au</email>
(S.N.A.J.);<email>d.wang1@uq.edu.au</email>
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<author><name sortKey="Smart, Simon" sort="Smart, Simon" uniqKey="Smart S" first="Simon" last="Smart">Simon Smart</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-materials-09-00938">The University of Queensland, FIM²Lab—Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Brisbane 4072, Australia;<email>s.abdjalil@uq.edu.au</email>
(S.N.A.J.);<email>d.wang1@uq.edu.au</email>
(D.K.W.);<email>Christelle.yacou@univ-ag.fr</email>
(C.Y.);<email>j.motuzas@uq.edu.au</email>
(J.M.);<email>s.smart@uq.edu.au</email>
(S.S.)</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Diniz Da Costa, Joao C" sort="Diniz Da Costa, Joao C" uniqKey="Diniz Da Costa J" first="João C." last="Diniz Da Costa">João C. Diniz Da Costa</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-materials-09-00938">The University of Queensland, FIM²Lab—Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Brisbane 4072, Australia;<email>s.abdjalil@uq.edu.au</email>
(S.N.A.J.);<email>d.wang1@uq.edu.au</email>
(D.K.W.);<email>Christelle.yacou@univ-ag.fr</email>
(C.Y.);<email>j.motuzas@uq.edu.au</email>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>This work investigates the structural formation and analyses of titania membranes (TM) prepared using different vacuum exposure times for molecular weight (MW) cut-off performance and oil/water separation. Titania membranes were synthesized via a sol-gel method and coated on macroporous alumina tubes followed by exposure to a vacuum between 30 and 1200 s and then calcined at 400 °C. X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the crystallite size and particle size of titania increased as a function of vacuum time. All the TM membranes were mesoporous with an average pore diameter of ~3.6 nm with an anatase crystal morphology. Water, glucose, sucrose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone with 40 and 360 kDa (PVP-40 kDa and PVP-360 kDa) were used as feed solutions for MW cut-off and hexadecane solution for oil filtration investigation. The TM membranes were not able to separate glucose and sucrose, thus indicating the membrane pore sizes are larger than the kinetic diameter of sucrose of 0.9 nm, irrespective of vacuum exposure time. They also showed only moderate rejection (20%) of the smaller PVP-40 kDa, however, all the membranes were able to obtain an excellent rejection of near 100% for the larger PVP-360 kDa molecule. Furthermore, the TM membranes were tested for the separation of oil emulsions with a high concentration of oil (3000 ppm), reaching high oil rejections of more than 90% of oil. In general, the water fluxes increased with the vacuum exposure time indicating a pore structural tailoring effect. It is therefore proposed that a mechanism of pore size tailoring was formed by an interconnected network of Ti–O–Ti nanoparticles with inter-particle voids, which increased as TiO<sub>2</sub>
nanoparticle size increased as a function of vacuum exposure time, and thus reduced the water transport resistance through the TM membranes.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Materials (Basel)</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Materials (Basel)</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">materials</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Materials</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1996-1944</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28774057</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5457227</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ma9110938</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">materials-09-00938</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Molecular Weight Cut-Off and Structural Analysis of Vacuum-Assisted Titania Membranes for Water Processing</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abd Jalil</surname>
<given-names>Siti Nurehan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-materials-09-00938">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-materials-09-00938">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>David K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-materials-09-00938">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yacou</surname>
<given-names>Christelle</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-materials-09-00938">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-materials-09-00938">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Motuzas</surname>
<given-names>Julius</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-materials-09-00938">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smart</surname>
<given-names>Simon</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-materials-09-00938">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Diniz da Costa</surname>
<given-names>João C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-materials-09-00938">1</xref>
<xref rid="c1-materials-09-00938" ref-type="corresp">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Zhao</surname>
<given-names>X.S. George</given-names>
</name>
<role>Academic Editor</role>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-materials-09-00938"><label>1</label>
The University of Queensland, FIM²Lab—Functional Interfacial Materials and Membranes Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, Brisbane 4072, Australia;<email>s.abdjalil@uq.edu.au</email>
(S.N.A.J.);<email>d.wang1@uq.edu.au</email>
(D.K.W.);<email>Christelle.yacou@univ-ag.fr</email>
(C.Y.);<email>j.motuzas@uq.edu.au</email>
(J.M.);<email>s.smart@uq.edu.au</email>
(S.S.)</aff>
<aff id="af2-materials-09-00938"><label>2</label>
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia</aff>
<aff id="af3-materials-09-00938"><label>3</label>
Department of Engineering, Université des Antilles, BP 250, Pointe à Pitre Cedex 97157, France</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1-materials-09-00938"><label>*</label>
Correspondence: <email>j.dacosta@uq.edu.au</email>
; Tel.: +61-7-3365-6960; Fax: +61-7-3365-4199</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>11</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<elocation-id>938</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>29</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 by the authors.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
).</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>This work investigates the structural formation and analyses of titania membranes (TM) prepared using different vacuum exposure times for molecular weight (MW) cut-off performance and oil/water separation. Titania membranes were synthesized via a sol-gel method and coated on macroporous alumina tubes followed by exposure to a vacuum between 30 and 1200 s and then calcined at 400 °C. X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the crystallite size and particle size of titania increased as a function of vacuum time. All the TM membranes were mesoporous with an average pore diameter of ~3.6 nm with an anatase crystal morphology. Water, glucose, sucrose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone with 40 and 360 kDa (PVP-40 kDa and PVP-360 kDa) were used as feed solutions for MW cut-off and hexadecane solution for oil filtration investigation. The TM membranes were not able to separate glucose and sucrose, thus indicating the membrane pore sizes are larger than the kinetic diameter of sucrose of 0.9 nm, irrespective of vacuum exposure time. They also showed only moderate rejection (20%) of the smaller PVP-40 kDa, however, all the membranes were able to obtain an excellent rejection of near 100% for the larger PVP-360 kDa molecule. Furthermore, the TM membranes were tested for the separation of oil emulsions with a high concentration of oil (3000 ppm), reaching high oil rejections of more than 90% of oil. In general, the water fluxes increased with the vacuum exposure time indicating a pore structural tailoring effect. It is therefore proposed that a mechanism of pore size tailoring was formed by an interconnected network of Ti–O–Ti nanoparticles with inter-particle voids, which increased as TiO<sub>2</sub>
nanoparticle size increased as a function of vacuum exposure time, and thus reduced the water transport resistance through the TM membranes.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>titania membranes</kwd>
<kwd>vacuum-assisted method</kwd>
<kwd>water flux</kwd>
<kwd>organic rejection</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="materials-09-00938-f001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>(<bold>a</bold>
) Nitrogen adsorption isotherms (full symbols for adsorption and hollow symbols for desorption); (<bold>b</bold>
) Brunner-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and pore volumes; and (<bold>c</bold>
) pore size distribution of titania membranes (TM) xerogels exposed to varying vacuum times.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g001a"></graphic>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g001b"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="materials-09-00938-f002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of titania samples calcined at 400 °C and exposed to different vacuum times.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="materials-09-00938-f003" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the cross-section of (<bold>a</bold>
) alumina substrate and the TM1200 membranes for (<bold>c</bold>
) one layer (<bold>e</bold>
) two layers (<bold>g</bold>
) three layers and their corresponding surface morphology of (<bold>b</bold>
) alumina substrate (<bold>d</bold>
) one layer (<bold>f</bold>
) two layers and (<bold>h</bold>
) three layers of TM1200 membranes.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g003"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="materials-09-00938-f004" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Single layer TM membranes at different vacuum times (<bold>a</bold>
) flux and (<bold>b</bold>
) percentage of rejection as a function of molecular weight (MW) for TM0 (grey circles), TM30 (green inverted triangles), TM120 (red diamonds), TM600 (black triangles) and TM1200 (blue squares).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g004a"></graphic>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g004b"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="materials-09-00938-f005" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><p>MW cut off performance of TM1200 membranes prepared with varying numbers of titania layers (<bold>a</bold>
) flux and (<bold>b</bold>
) percentage of rejection as a function of MW.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g005a"></graphic>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g005b"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="materials-09-00938-f006" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><p>Water flux of the TM1200 membranes as a function of the feed pressure and number of layers.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g006"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="materials-09-00938-f007" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label>
<caption><p>Water flux of the TM1200-1L, TM1200-2L, and TM1200-3L membranes tested with oil emulsion (3000 ppm of hexadecane) at 60 min of filtration.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g007"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="materials-09-00938-f008" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label>
<caption><p>Water flux for single layer titania membranes versus calculated titania particle diameter.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g008"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="materials-09-00938-f009" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label>
<caption><p>Schematic of the effect of the vacuum in the formation of titania films.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g009"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="materials-09-00938-f010" position="float"><label>Figure 10</label>
<caption><p>Schematic of the membrane experimental set up.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="materials-09-00938-g010"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="materials-09-00938-t001" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">materials-09-00938-t001_Table 1</object-id>
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>The crystallite size of titania material based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="materials-09-00938-f002">Figure 2</xref>
.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sample</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Crystallite Size (nm)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.2</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.5</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM120</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.8</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM600</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.9</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM1200</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="materials-09-00938-t002" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">materials-09-00938-t002_Table 2</object-id>
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Calculated titania particle sizes.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM Material</th>
<th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Particle Diameter (µm)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM0</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.030</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM30</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.026</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM120</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.029</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM600</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.037</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TM1200</td>
<td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.041</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>France</li>
<li>Malaisie</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Diniz Da Costa, Joao C" sort="Diniz Da Costa, Joao C" uniqKey="Diniz Da Costa J" first="João C." last="Diniz Da Costa">João C. Diniz Da Costa</name>
<name sortKey="Motuzas, Julius" sort="Motuzas, Julius" uniqKey="Motuzas J" first="Julius" last="Motuzas">Julius Motuzas</name>
<name sortKey="Smart, Simon" sort="Smart, Simon" uniqKey="Smart S" first="Simon" last="Smart">Simon Smart</name>
<name sortKey="Wang, David K" sort="Wang, David K" uniqKey="Wang D" first="David K." last="Wang">David K. Wang</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="Malaisie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Abd Jalil, Siti Nurehan" sort="Abd Jalil, Siti Nurehan" uniqKey="Abd Jalil S" first="Siti Nurehan" last="Abd Jalil">Siti Nurehan Abd Jalil</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Yacou, Christelle" sort="Yacou, Christelle" uniqKey="Yacou C" first="Christelle" last="Yacou">Christelle Yacou</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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