Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Mummified Remains Found in Her Tomb (QV66)
Identifieur interne : 000660 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000659; suivant : 000661Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Mummified Remains Found in Her Tomb (QV66)
Auteurs : Michael E. Habicht [Suisse] ; Raffaella Bianucci [Italie, France] ; Stephen A. Buckley [Royaume-Uni] ; Joann Fletcher [Royaume-Uni] ; Abigail S. Bouwman [Suisse] ; Lena M. Öhrström [Suisse] ; Roger Seiler [Suisse] ; Francesco M. Galassi [Suisse] ; Irka Hajdas [Suisse] ; Eleni Vassilika [Italie] ; Thomas Böni [Suisse] ; Maciej Henneberg [Australie] ; Frank J. Rühli [Suisse]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Queen Nefertari, the favourite Royal Consort of Pharaoh Ramses II (Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty c. 1250 BC) is famous for her beautifully decorated tomb in the Valley of the Queens. Her burial was plundered in ancient times yet still many objects were found broken in the debris when the tomb was excavated. Amongst the found objects was a pair of mummified legs. They came to the Egyptian Museum in Turin and are henceforth regarded as the remains of this famous Queen, although they were never scientifically investigated. The following multidisciplinary investigation is the first ever performed on those remains. The results (radiocarbon dating, anthropology, paleopathology, genetics, chemistry and Egyptology) all strongly speak in favour of an identification of the remains as Nefertari’s, although different explanations—albeit less likely—are considered and discussed. The legs probably belong to a lady, a fully adult individual, of about 40 years of age. The materials used for embalming are consistent with Ramesside mummification traditions and indeed all objects within the tomb robustly support the burial as of Queen Nefertari.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166571
PubMed: 27902731
PubMed Central: 5130223
Affiliations:
- Australie, France, Italie, Royaume-Uni, Suisse
- Canton de Zurich, Piémont, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
- Marseille, Turin, Zurich
- Université de Zurich
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Habicht</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bianucci, Raffaella" sort="Bianucci, Raffaella" uniqKey="Bianucci R" first="Raffaella" last="Bianucci">Raffaella Bianucci</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>University of Turin, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, Turin, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Turin, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, Turin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Turin</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Piémont</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>UMR 7258, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Etique & Santé (Adés), Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMR 7258, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Etique & Santé (Adés), Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region><settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buckley, Stephen A" sort="Buckley, Stephen A" uniqKey="Buckley S" first="Stephen A." last="Buckley">Stephen A. Buckley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>University of York, Department of Archaeology, York, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>University of York, Department of Archaeology, York</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>York</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology, Biology & Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology, Biology & Chemistry, University of York, York</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>York</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fletcher, Joann" sort="Fletcher, Joann" uniqKey="Fletcher J" first="Joann" last="Fletcher">Joann Fletcher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>University of York, Department of Archaeology, York, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>University of York, Department of Archaeology, York</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>York</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology, Biology & Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology, Biology & Chemistry, University of York, York</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>York</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouwman, Abigail S" sort="Bouwman, Abigail S" uniqKey="Bouwman A" first="Abigail S." last="Bouwman">Abigail S. Bouwman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ohrstrom, Lena M" sort="Ohrstrom, Lena M" uniqKey="Ohrstrom L" first="Lena M." last="Öhrström">Lena M. Öhrström</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seiler, Roger" sort="Seiler, Roger" uniqKey="Seiler R" first="Roger" last="Seiler">Roger Seiler</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galassi, Francesco M" sort="Galassi, Francesco M" uniqKey="Galassi F" first="Francesco M." last="Galassi">Francesco M. Galassi</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hajdas, Irka" sort="Hajdas, Irka" uniqKey="Hajdas I" first="Irka" last="Hajdas">Irka Hajdas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Ion Beam Physics. Labor f. Ionenstrahlphysik (LIP), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Ion Beam Physics. Labor f. Ionenstrahlphysik (LIP), ETH Zürich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vassilika, Eleni" sort="Vassilika, Eleni" uniqKey="Vassilika E" first="Eleni" last="Vassilika">Eleni Vassilika</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Fondazione Museo Egizio of Turin, Turin, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Fondazione Museo Egizio of Turin, Turin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Turin</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Piémont</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boni, Thomas" sort="Boni, Thomas" uniqKey="Boni T" first="Thomas" last="Böni">Thomas Böni</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Henneberg, Maciej" sort="Henneberg, Maciej" uniqKey="Henneberg M" first="Maciej" last="Henneberg">Maciej Henneberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Adelaide</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruhli, Frank J" sort="Ruhli, Frank J" uniqKey="Ruhli F" first="Frank J." last="Rühli">Frank J. Rühli</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement><region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Queen Nefertari, the favourite Royal Consort of Pharaoh Ramses II (Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty c. 1250 BC) is famous for her beautifully decorated tomb in the Valley of the Queens. Her burial was plundered in ancient times yet still many objects were found broken in the debris when the tomb was excavated. Amongst the found objects was a pair of mummified legs. They came to the Egyptian Museum in Turin and are henceforth regarded as the remains of this famous Queen, although they were never scientifically investigated. The following multidisciplinary investigation is the first ever performed on those remains. The results (radiocarbon dating, anthropology, paleopathology, genetics, chemistry and Egyptology) all strongly speak in favour of an identification of the remains as Nefertari’s, although different explanations—albeit less likely—are considered and discussed. The legs probably belong to a lady, a fully adult individual, of about 40 years of age. The materials used for embalming are consistent with Ramesside mummification traditions and indeed all objects within the tomb robustly support the burial as of Queen Nefertari.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vassilika, E" uniqKey="Vassilika E">E Vassilika</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dodson, A" uniqKey="Dodson A">A Dodson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hilton, D" uniqKey="Hilton D">D Hilton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leblanc, C" uniqKey="Leblanc C">C Leblanc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siliotti, A" uniqKey="Siliotti A">A Siliotti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hari, R" uniqKey="Hari R">R Hari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27902731</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5130223</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0166571</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-16-28168</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Limbs (Anatomy)</subject><subj-group><subject>Legs</subject><subj-group><subject>Knees</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Limbs (Anatomy)</subject><subj-group><subject>Legs</subject><subj-group><subject>Knees</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Archaeology</subject><subj-group><subject>Archaeological Dating</subject><subj-group><subject>Radioactive Carbon Dating</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemical Characterization</subject><subj-group><subject>Isotope Analysis</subject><subj-group><subject>Radioactive Carbon Dating</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Skeleton</subject><subj-group><subject>Femur</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Skeleton</subject><subj-group><subject>Femur</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Limbs (Anatomy)</subject><subj-group><subject>Legs</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Limbs (Anatomy)</subject><subj-group><subject>Legs</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Biological Tissue</subject><subj-group><subject>Soft Tissues</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Biological Tissue</subject><subj-group><subject>Soft Tissues</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Bone Imaging</subject><subj-group><subject>X-Ray Radiography</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Imaging Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Bone Imaging</subject><subj-group><subject>X-Ray Radiography</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Radiology and Imaging</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Bone Imaging</subject><subj-group><subject>X-Ray Radiography</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject><subj-group><subject>X-Ray Radiography</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Imaging Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject><subj-group><subject>X-Ray Radiography</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Radiology and Imaging</subject><subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject><subj-group><subject>X-Ray Radiography</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Physiological Parameters</subject><subj-group><subject>Body Height</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Physiological Parameters</subject><subj-group><subject>Body Height</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Chromatographic Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Analytical Chemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Mass Spectrometry</subject><subj-group><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Spectrum Analysis Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Mass Spectrometry</subject><subj-group><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Mummified Remains Found in Her Tomb (QV66)</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Habicht</surname><given-names>Michael E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bianucci</surname><given-names>Raffaella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buckley</surname><given-names>Stephen A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fletcher</surname><given-names>Joann</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bouwman</surname><given-names>Abigail S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Öhrström</surname><given-names>Lena M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seiler</surname><given-names>Roger</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Galassi</surname><given-names>Francesco M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hajdas</surname><given-names>Irka</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vassilika</surname><given-names>Eleni</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Böni</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henneberg</surname><given-names>Maciej</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rühli</surname><given-names>Frank J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>University of Turin, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, Turin, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>UMR 7258, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Etique & Santé (Adés), Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>University of York, Department of Archaeology, York, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology, Biology & Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff006"><label>6</label><addr-line>University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff007"><label>7</label><addr-line>Ion Beam Physics. Labor f. Ionenstrahlphysik (LIP), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff008"><label>8</label><addr-line>Fondazione Museo Egizio of Turin, Turin, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff009"><label>9</label><addr-line>Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Hoon Shin</surname><given-names>Dong</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Seoul National University College of Medicine, REPUBLIC OF KOREA</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><bold>Conceptualization:</bold> MEH EV FJR.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Data curation:</bold> SAB ASB LMÖ RS IH TB MH.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Formal analysis:</bold> MEH RB SAB ASB FMG.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Funding acquisition:</bold> MEH FJR.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Investigation:</bold> MEH RB LMÖ RS FJR.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Methodology:</bold> MEH RB SAB LMÖ RS FMG TB FJR.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Project administration:</bold> MEH RB FMG FJR.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Resources:</bold> FJR.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Supervision:</bold> JF EV FJR.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Visualization:</bold> LMÖ RS.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Writing – original draft:</bold> MEH RB SAB JF LMÖ IH FJR.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Writing – review & editing:</bold> MEH FMG FJR.</p></list-item></list></p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>frank.ruehli@iem.uzh.ch</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>11</issue><elocation-id>e0166571</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Habicht et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Habicht et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0166571.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Queen Nefertari, the favourite Royal Consort of Pharaoh Ramses II (Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty c. 1250 BC) is famous for her beautifully decorated tomb in the Valley of the Queens. Her burial was plundered in ancient times yet still many objects were found broken in the debris when the tomb was excavated. Amongst the found objects was a pair of mummified legs. They came to the Egyptian Museum in Turin and are henceforth regarded as the remains of this famous Queen, although they were never scientifically investigated. The following multidisciplinary investigation is the first ever performed on those remains. The results (radiocarbon dating, anthropology, paleopathology, genetics, chemistry and Egyptology) all strongly speak in favour of an identification of the remains as Nefertari’s, although different explanations—albeit less likely—are considered and discussed. The legs probably belong to a lady, a fully adult individual, of about 40 years of age. The materials used for embalming are consistent with Ramesside mummification traditions and indeed all objects within the tomb robustly support the burial as of Queen Nefertari.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>The study is part of the Swiss National Science Funded "Canopic Jar Project," also including investigation of mummies from Ancient Egypt. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="13"></fig-count><table-count count="1"></table-count><page-count count="20"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Suisse</li></country><region><li>Canton de Zurich</li><li>Piémont</li><li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li></region><settlement><li>Marseille</li><li>Turin</li><li>Zurich</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Zurich</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Suisse"><region name="Canton de Zurich"><name sortKey="Habicht, Michael E" sort="Habicht, Michael E" uniqKey="Habicht M" first="Michael E." last="Habicht">Michael E. Habicht</name></region><name sortKey="Boni, Thomas" sort="Boni, Thomas" uniqKey="Boni T" first="Thomas" last="Böni">Thomas Böni</name><name sortKey="Bouwman, Abigail S" sort="Bouwman, Abigail S" uniqKey="Bouwman A" first="Abigail S." last="Bouwman">Abigail S. Bouwman</name><name sortKey="Galassi, Francesco M" sort="Galassi, Francesco M" uniqKey="Galassi F" first="Francesco M." last="Galassi">Francesco M. Galassi</name><name sortKey="Hajdas, Irka" sort="Hajdas, Irka" uniqKey="Hajdas I" first="Irka" last="Hajdas">Irka Hajdas</name><name sortKey="Ohrstrom, Lena M" sort="Ohrstrom, Lena M" uniqKey="Ohrstrom L" first="Lena M." last="Öhrström">Lena M. Öhrström</name><name sortKey="Ohrstrom, Lena M" sort="Ohrstrom, Lena M" uniqKey="Ohrstrom L" first="Lena M." last="Öhrström">Lena M. Öhrström</name><name sortKey="Ruhli, Frank J" sort="Ruhli, Frank J" uniqKey="Ruhli F" first="Frank J." last="Rühli">Frank J. Rühli</name><name sortKey="Seiler, Roger" sort="Seiler, Roger" uniqKey="Seiler R" first="Roger" last="Seiler">Roger Seiler</name></country><country name="Italie"><region name="Piémont"><name sortKey="Bianucci, Raffaella" sort="Bianucci, Raffaella" uniqKey="Bianucci R" first="Raffaella" last="Bianucci">Raffaella Bianucci</name></region><name sortKey="Vassilika, Eleni" sort="Vassilika, Eleni" uniqKey="Vassilika E" first="Eleni" last="Vassilika">Eleni Vassilika</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"><name sortKey="Bianucci, Raffaella" sort="Bianucci, Raffaella" uniqKey="Bianucci R" first="Raffaella" last="Bianucci">Raffaella Bianucci</name></region></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Buckley, Stephen A" sort="Buckley, Stephen A" uniqKey="Buckley S" first="Stephen A." last="Buckley">Stephen A. Buckley</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Buckley, Stephen A" sort="Buckley, Stephen A" uniqKey="Buckley S" first="Stephen A." last="Buckley">Stephen A. Buckley</name><name sortKey="Fletcher, Joann" sort="Fletcher, Joann" uniqKey="Fletcher J" first="Joann" last="Fletcher">Joann Fletcher</name><name sortKey="Fletcher, Joann" sort="Fletcher, Joann" uniqKey="Fletcher J" first="Joann" last="Fletcher">Joann Fletcher</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Henneberg, Maciej" sort="Henneberg, Maciej" uniqKey="Henneberg M" first="Maciej" last="Henneberg">Maciej Henneberg</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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