Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Mummified Remains Found in Her Tomb (QV66)
Identifieur interne : 000660 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000659; suivant : 000661Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Mummified Remains Found in Her Tomb (QV66)
Auteurs : Michael E. Habicht [Suisse] ; Raffaella Bianucci [Italie, France] ; Stephen A. Buckley [Royaume-Uni] ; Joann Fletcher [Royaume-Uni] ; Abigail S. Bouwman [Suisse] ; Lena M. Öhrström [Suisse] ; Roger Seiler [Suisse] ; Francesco M. Galassi [Suisse] ; Irka Hajdas [Suisse] ; Eleni Vassilika [Italie] ; Thomas Böni [Suisse] ; Maciej Henneberg [Australie] ; Frank J. Rühli [Suisse]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Queen Nefertari, the favourite Royal Consort of Pharaoh Ramses II (Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty c. 1250 BC) is famous for her beautifully decorated tomb in the Valley of the Queens. Her burial was plundered in ancient times yet still many objects were found broken in the debris when the tomb was excavated. Amongst the found objects was a pair of mummified legs. They came to the Egyptian Museum in Turin and are henceforth regarded as the remains of this famous Queen, although they were never scientifically investigated. The following multidisciplinary investigation is the first ever performed on those remains. The results (radiocarbon dating, anthropology, paleopathology, genetics, chemistry and Egyptology) all strongly speak in favour of an identification of the remains as Nefertari’s, although different explanations—albeit less likely—are considered and discussed. The legs probably belong to a lady, a fully adult individual, of about 40 years of age. The materials used for embalming are consistent with Ramesside mummification traditions and indeed all objects within the tomb robustly support the burial as of Queen Nefertari.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166571
PubMed: 27902731
PubMed Central: 5130223
Affiliations:
- Australie, France, Italie, Royaume-Uni, Suisse
- Canton de Zurich, Piémont, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
- Marseille, Turin, Zurich
- Université de Zurich
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PMC:5130223Le document en format XML
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Queen Nefertari, the favourite Royal Consort of Pharaoh Ramses II (Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty c. 1250 BC) is famous for her beautifully decorated tomb in the Valley of the Queens. Her burial was plundered in ancient times yet still many objects were found broken in the debris when the tomb was excavated. Amongst the found objects was a pair of mummified legs. They came to the Egyptian Museum in Turin and are henceforth regarded as the remains of this famous Queen, although they were never scientifically investigated. The following multidisciplinary investigation is the first ever performed on those remains. The results (radiocarbon dating, anthropology, paleopathology, genetics, chemistry and Egyptology) all strongly speak in favour of an identification of the remains as Nefertari’s, although different explanations—albeit less likely—are considered and discussed. The legs probably belong to a lady, a fully adult individual, of about 40 years of age. The materials used for embalming are consistent with Ramesside mummification traditions and indeed all objects within the tomb robustly support the burial as of Queen Nefertari.</p>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
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<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
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<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27902731</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5130223</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0166571</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-16-28168</article-id>
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<subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Limbs (Anatomy)</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Legs</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Knees</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Archaeological Dating</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Skeleton</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Limbs (Anatomy)</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Legs</subject>
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</subj-group>
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</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Limbs (Anatomy)</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Legs</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject>
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</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Radiology and Imaging</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>X-Ray Radiography</subject>
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</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Physiological Parameters</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Body Height</subject>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Physiological Parameters</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Body Height</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Chromatographic Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Chemistry</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Analytical Chemistry</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Mass Spectrometry</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject>
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</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Spectrum Analysis Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Mass Spectrometry</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry</subject>
</subj-group>
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<title-group><article-title>Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II: A Multidisciplinary Investigation of the Mummified Remains Found in Her Tomb (QV66)</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Queen Nefertari, the Royal Spouse of Pharaoh Ramses II</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Habicht</surname>
<given-names>Michael E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bianucci</surname>
<given-names>Raffaella</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buckley</surname>
<given-names>Stephen A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fletcher</surname>
<given-names>Joann</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bouwman</surname>
<given-names>Abigail S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Öhrström</surname>
<given-names>Lena M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seiler</surname>
<given-names>Roger</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Galassi</surname>
<given-names>Francesco M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hajdas</surname>
<given-names>Irka</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vassilika</surname>
<given-names>Eleni</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Böni</surname>
<given-names>Thomas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Henneberg</surname>
<given-names>Maciej</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rühli</surname>
<given-names>Frank J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of Turin, Department of Public Health and Paediatric Sciences, Legal Medicine Section, Turin, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>UMR 7258, Laboratoire d’Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Etique & Santé (Adés), Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, Marseille, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>University of York, Department of Archaeology, York, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>BioArCh, Departments of Archaeology, Biology & Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff006"><label>6</label>
<addr-line>University Hospital Zurich, Department of Radiology, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff007"><label>7</label>
<addr-line>Ion Beam Physics. Labor f. Ionenstrahlphysik (LIP), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff008"><label>8</label>
<addr-line>Fondazione Museo Egizio of Turin, Turin, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff009"><label>9</label>
<addr-line>Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Hoon Shin</surname>
<given-names>Dong</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Seoul National University College of Medicine, REPUBLIC OF KOREA</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con"><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><bold>Conceptualization:</bold>
MEH EV FJR.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Data curation:</bold>
SAB ASB LMÖ RS IH TB MH.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Formal analysis:</bold>
MEH RB SAB ASB FMG.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Funding acquisition:</bold>
MEH FJR.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Investigation:</bold>
MEH RB LMÖ RS FJR.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Methodology:</bold>
MEH RB SAB LMÖ RS FMG TB FJR.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Project administration:</bold>
MEH RB FMG FJR.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Resources:</bold>
FJR.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Supervision:</bold>
JF EV FJR.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Visualization:</bold>
LMÖ RS.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Writing – original draft:</bold>
MEH RB SAB JF LMÖ IH FJR.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item><p><bold>Writing – review & editing:</bold>
MEH FMG FJR.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>frank.ruehli@iem.uzh.ch</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<elocation-id>e0166571</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Habicht et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Habicht et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0166571.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>Queen Nefertari, the favourite Royal Consort of Pharaoh Ramses II (Ancient Egypt, New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty c. 1250 BC) is famous for her beautifully decorated tomb in the Valley of the Queens. Her burial was plundered in ancient times yet still many objects were found broken in the debris when the tomb was excavated. Amongst the found objects was a pair of mummified legs. They came to the Egyptian Museum in Turin and are henceforth regarded as the remains of this famous Queen, although they were never scientifically investigated. The following multidisciplinary investigation is the first ever performed on those remains. The results (radiocarbon dating, anthropology, paleopathology, genetics, chemistry and Egyptology) all strongly speak in favour of an identification of the remains as Nefertari’s, although different explanations—albeit less likely—are considered and discussed. The legs probably belong to a lady, a fully adult individual, of about 40 years of age. The materials used for embalming are consistent with Ramesside mummification traditions and indeed all objects within the tomb robustly support the burial as of Queen Nefertari.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>The study is part of the Swiss National Science Funded "Canopic Jar Project," also including investigation of mummies from Ancient Egypt. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="13"></fig-count>
<table-count count="1"></table-count>
<page-count count="20"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
</country>
<region><li>Canton de Zurich</li>
<li>Piémont</li>
<li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Marseille</li>
<li>Turin</li>
<li>Zurich</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université de Zurich</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="Suisse"><region name="Canton de Zurich"><name sortKey="Habicht, Michael E" sort="Habicht, Michael E" uniqKey="Habicht M" first="Michael E." last="Habicht">Michael E. Habicht</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Boni, Thomas" sort="Boni, Thomas" uniqKey="Boni T" first="Thomas" last="Böni">Thomas Böni</name>
<name sortKey="Bouwman, Abigail S" sort="Bouwman, Abigail S" uniqKey="Bouwman A" first="Abigail S." last="Bouwman">Abigail S. Bouwman</name>
<name sortKey="Galassi, Francesco M" sort="Galassi, Francesco M" uniqKey="Galassi F" first="Francesco M." last="Galassi">Francesco M. Galassi</name>
<name sortKey="Hajdas, Irka" sort="Hajdas, Irka" uniqKey="Hajdas I" first="Irka" last="Hajdas">Irka Hajdas</name>
<name sortKey="Ohrstrom, Lena M" sort="Ohrstrom, Lena M" uniqKey="Ohrstrom L" first="Lena M." last="Öhrström">Lena M. Öhrström</name>
<name sortKey="Ohrstrom, Lena M" sort="Ohrstrom, Lena M" uniqKey="Ohrstrom L" first="Lena M." last="Öhrström">Lena M. Öhrström</name>
<name sortKey="Ruhli, Frank J" sort="Ruhli, Frank J" uniqKey="Ruhli F" first="Frank J." last="Rühli">Frank J. Rühli</name>
<name sortKey="Seiler, Roger" sort="Seiler, Roger" uniqKey="Seiler R" first="Roger" last="Seiler">Roger Seiler</name>
</country>
<country name="Italie"><region name="Piémont"><name sortKey="Bianucci, Raffaella" sort="Bianucci, Raffaella" uniqKey="Bianucci R" first="Raffaella" last="Bianucci">Raffaella Bianucci</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Vassilika, Eleni" sort="Vassilika, Eleni" uniqKey="Vassilika E" first="Eleni" last="Vassilika">Eleni Vassilika</name>
</country>
<country name="France"><region name="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur"><name sortKey="Bianucci, Raffaella" sort="Bianucci, Raffaella" uniqKey="Bianucci R" first="Raffaella" last="Bianucci">Raffaella Bianucci</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Buckley, Stephen A" sort="Buckley, Stephen A" uniqKey="Buckley S" first="Stephen A." last="Buckley">Stephen A. Buckley</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Buckley, Stephen A" sort="Buckley, Stephen A" uniqKey="Buckley S" first="Stephen A." last="Buckley">Stephen A. Buckley</name>
<name sortKey="Fletcher, Joann" sort="Fletcher, Joann" uniqKey="Fletcher J" first="Joann" last="Fletcher">Joann Fletcher</name>
<name sortKey="Fletcher, Joann" sort="Fletcher, Joann" uniqKey="Fletcher J" first="Joann" last="Fletcher">Joann Fletcher</name>
</country>
<country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Henneberg, Maciej" sort="Henneberg, Maciej" uniqKey="Henneberg M" first="Maciej" last="Henneberg">Maciej Henneberg</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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