Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records
Identifieur interne : 000283 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000282; suivant : 000284Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records
Auteurs : Panos Panagos [Italie] ; Pasquale Borrelli [Suisse] ; Katrin Meusburger [Suisse] ; Bofu Yu [Australie] ; Andreas Klik [Autriche] ; Kyoung Jae Lim [Corée du Sud] ; Jae E. Yang [Corée du Sud] ; Jinren Ni [République populaire de Chine] ; Chiyuan Miao [République populaire de Chine] ; Nabansu Chattopadhyay [Inde] ; Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi [Iran] ; Zeinab Hazbavi [Iran] ; Mohsen Zabihi [Iran] ; Gennady A. Larionov [Russie] ; Sergey F. Krasnov [Russie] ; Andrey V. Gorobets [Russie] ; Yoav Levi [Israël] ; Gunay Erpul [Turquie] ; Christian Birkel [Costa Rica] ; Natalia Hoyos [Colombie] ; Victoria Naipal [France] ; Paulo Tarso S. Oliveira [Brésil] ; Carlos A. Bonilla [Chili] ; Mohamed Meddi [Algérie] ; Werner Nel [Afrique du Sud] ; Hassan Al Dashti [Koweït] ; Martino Boni [Italie] ; Nazzareno Diodato [Italie] ; Kristof Van Oost [Belgique] ; Mark Nearing [États-Unis] ; Cristiano Ballabio [Italie]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
The exposure of the Earth’s surface to the energetic input of rainfall is one of the key factors controlling water erosion. While water erosion is identified as the most serious cause of soil degradation globally, global patterns of rainfall erosivity remain poorly quantified and estimates have large uncertainties. This hampers the implementation of effective soil degradation mitigation and restoration strategies. Quantifying rainfall erosivity is challenging as it requires high temporal resolution(<30 min) and high fidelity rainfall recordings. We present the results of an extensive global data collection effort whereby we estimated rainfall erosivity for 3,625 stations covering 63 countries. This first ever Global Rainfall Erosivity Database was used to develop a global erosivity map at 30 arc-seconds(~1 km) based on a Gaussian Process Regression(GPR). Globally, the mean rainfall erosivity was estimated to be 2,190 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−1, with the highest values in South America and the Caribbean countries, Central east Africa and South east Asia. The lowest values are mainly found in Canada, the Russian Federation, Northern Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East. The tropical climate zone has the highest mean rainfall erosivity followed by the temperate whereas the lowest mean was estimated in the cold climate zone.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04282-8
PubMed: 28646132
PubMed Central: 5482877
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Algérie, Australie, Autriche, Belgique, Brésil, Chili, Colombie, Corée du Sud, Costa Rica, France, Inde, Iran, Israël, Italie, Koweït, Russie, République populaire de Chine, Suisse, Turquie, États-Unis
- Arizona, Île-de-France
- Gif-sur-Yvette
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PMC:5482877Le document en format XML
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Campo Grande, Brazil</nlm:aff>
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Región Metropolitana, Chile</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Meddi, Mohamed" sort="Meddi, Mohamed" uniqKey="Meddi M" first="Mohamed" last="Meddi">Mohamed Meddi</name>
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<institution>University of Fort Hare,</institution>
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Alice, South Africa</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Al Dashti, Hassan" sort="Al Dashti, Hassan" uniqKey="Al Dashti H" first="Hassan" last="Al Dashti">Hassan Al Dashti</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Boni, Martino" sort="Boni, Martino" uniqKey="Boni M" first="Martino" last="Boni">Martino Boni</name>
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I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Diodato, Nazzareno" sort="Diodato, Nazzareno" uniqKey="Diodato N" first="Nazzareno" last="Diodato">Nazzareno Diodato</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Van Oost, Kristof" sort="Van Oost, Kristof" uniqKey="Van Oost K" first="Kristof" last="Van Oost">Kristof Van Oost</name>
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<institution></institution>
<institution>Université Catholique de Louvain,</institution>
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Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Louvain-la-Neuve</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nearing, Mark" sort="Nearing, Mark" uniqKey="Nearing M" first="Mark" last="Nearing">Mark Nearing</name>
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<institution>USDA-ARS,</institution>
<institution>Southwest Watershed Research Center,</institution>
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Tucson, AZ USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Tucson</wicri:cityArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Ballabio, Cristiano" sort="Ballabio, Cristiano" uniqKey="Ballabio C" first="Cristiano" last="Ballabio">Cristiano Ballabio</name>
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<institution>European Commission,</institution>
<institution>Joint Research Centre,</institution>
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I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>I-21027 Ispra (VA)</wicri:regionArea>
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</titleStmt>
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<idno type="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-04282-8</idno>
<date when="2017">2017</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E22</idno>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000C83</idno>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000283</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000283</idno>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records</title>
<author><name sortKey="Panagos, Panos" sort="Panagos, Panos" uniqKey="Panagos P" first="Panos" last="Panagos">Panos Panagos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1758 4137</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.434554.7</institution-id>
<institution>European Commission,</institution>
<institution>Joint Research Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>I-21027 Ispra (VA)</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Borrelli, Pasquale" sort="Borrelli, Pasquale" uniqKey="Borrelli P" first="Pasquale" last="Borrelli">Pasquale Borrelli</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0642</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6612.3</institution-id>
<institution>Environmental Geosciences,</institution>
<institution>University of Basel,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Basel</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meusburger, Katrin" sort="Meusburger, Katrin" uniqKey="Meusburger K" first="Katrin" last="Meusburger">Katrin Meusburger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0642</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6612.3</institution-id>
<institution>Environmental Geosciences,</institution>
<institution>University of Basel,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Basel, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Basel</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yu, Bofu" sort="Yu, Bofu" uniqKey="Yu B" first="Bofu" last="Yu">Bofu Yu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0437 5432</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1022.1</institution-id>
<institution>School of Engineering,</institution>
<institution>Griffith University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nathan, Australia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nathan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klik, Andreas" sort="Klik, Andreas" uniqKey="Klik A" first="Andreas" last="Klik">Andreas Klik</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2298 5320</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5173.0</institution-id>
<institution>BOKU,</institution>
<institution>University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Vienna, Austria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Vienna</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jae Lim, Kyoung" sort="Jae Lim, Kyoung" uniqKey="Jae Lim K" first="Kyoung" last="Jae Lim">Kyoung Jae Lim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0707 9039</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412010.6</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Kangwon National University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Gangwon-do</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, Jae E" sort="Yang, Jae E" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jae E." last="Yang">Jae E. Yang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0707 9039</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412010.6</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Kangwon National University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Gangwon-do</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ni, Jinren" sort="Ni, Jinren" uniqKey="Ni J" first="Jinren" last="Ni">Jinren Ni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2256 9319</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11135.37</institution-id>
<institution>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering,</institution>
<institution>Peking University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Beijing, P.R. China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miao, Chiyuan" sort="Miao, Chiyuan" uniqKey="Miao C" first="Chiyuan" last="Miao">Chiyuan Miao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1789 9964</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.20513.35</institution-id>
<institution>College of Global Change and Earth System Science,</institution>
<institution>Beijing Normal University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Beijing, P.R. China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chattopadhyay, Nabansu" sort="Chattopadhyay, Nabansu" uniqKey="Chattopadhyay N" first="Nabansu" last="Chattopadhyay">Nabansu Chattopadhyay</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0498 1600</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.466772.6</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>India Meteorological Department,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Pune, India</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Pune</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sadeghi, Seyed Hamidreza" sort="Sadeghi, Seyed Hamidreza" uniqKey="Sadeghi S" first="Seyed Hamidreza" last="Sadeghi">Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1781 3962</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412266.5</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Natural Resources,</institution>
<institution>Tarbiat Modares University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Jalal, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Jalal</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hazbavi, Zeinab" sort="Hazbavi, Zeinab" uniqKey="Hazbavi Z" first="Zeinab" last="Hazbavi">Zeinab Hazbavi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1781 3962</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412266.5</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Natural Resources,</institution>
<institution>Tarbiat Modares University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Jalal, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Jalal</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zabihi, Mohsen" sort="Zabihi, Mohsen" uniqKey="Zabihi M" first="Mohsen" last="Zabihi">Mohsen Zabihi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1781 3962</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412266.5</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Natural Resources,</institution>
<institution>Tarbiat Modares University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Jalal, Iran</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Jalal</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Larionov, Gennady A" sort="Larionov, Gennady A" uniqKey="Larionov G" first="Gennady A." last="Larionov">Gennady A. Larionov</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2342 9668</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.14476.30</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Geography,</institution>
<institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Moscow, Russian Federation</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moscow</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krasnov, Sergey F" sort="Krasnov, Sergey F" uniqKey="Krasnov S" first="Sergey F." last="Krasnov">Sergey F. Krasnov</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2342 9668</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.14476.30</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Geography,</institution>
<institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Moscow, Russian Federation</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moscow</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gorobets, Andrey V" sort="Gorobets, Andrey V" uniqKey="Gorobets A" first="Andrey V." last="Gorobets">Andrey V. Gorobets</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2342 9668</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.14476.30</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Geography,</institution>
<institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Moscow, Russian Federation</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Moscow</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levi, Yoav" sort="Levi, Yoav" uniqKey="Levi Y" first="Yoav" last="Levi">Yoav Levi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Israel Meteorological Service, Beit Dagan, Israel</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Israel Meteorological Service, Beit Dagan</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Beit Dagan</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erpul, Gunay" sort="Erpul, Gunay" uniqKey="Erpul G" first="Gunay" last="Erpul">Gunay Erpul</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff12"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000109409118</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7256.6</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Agriculture - Soil Science Departement,</institution>
<institution>Ankara University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Ankara, Turkey</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ankara</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Birkel, Christian" sort="Birkel, Christian" uniqKey="Birkel C" first="Christian" last="Birkel">Christian Birkel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff13"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0706</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412889.e</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>University of Costa Rica,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
San Jose, Costa Rica</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Costa Rica</country>
<wicri:regionArea>San Jose</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoyos, Natalia" sort="Hoyos, Natalia" uniqKey="Hoyos N" first="Natalia" last="Hoyos">Natalia Hoyos</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff14"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0486 8632</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412188.6</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Universidad del Norte,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Barranquilla, Colombia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Barranquilla</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naipal, Victoria" sort="Naipal, Victoria" uniqKey="Naipal V" first="Victoria" last="Naipal">Victoria Naipal</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l′Environnement, IPSL-LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l′Environnement, IPSL-LSCE, Gif sur Yvette</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Gif-sur-Yvette</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Paulo Tarso S" sort="Oliveira, Paulo Tarso S" uniqKey="Oliveira P" first="Paulo Tarso S." last="Oliveira">Paulo Tarso S. Oliveira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2163 5978</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412352.3</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Campo Grande, Brazil</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Campo Grande</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonilla, Carlos A" sort="Bonilla, Carlos A" uniqKey="Bonilla C" first="Carlos A." last="Bonilla">Carlos A. Bonilla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff17"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2157 0406</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7870.8</institution-id>
<institution>Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental,</institution>
<institution>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Región Metropolitana, Chile</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Región Metropolitana</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meddi, Mohamed" sort="Meddi, Mohamed" uniqKey="Meddi M" first="Mohamed" last="Meddi">Mohamed Meddi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff18">Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Hydraulique de Blida, Soumaâ, Algeria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Algérie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Hydraulique de Blida, Soumaâ</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Soumaâ</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nel, Werner" sort="Nel, Werner" uniqKey="Nel W" first="Werner" last="Nel">Werner Nel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff19"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2152 8048</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413110.6</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Geography and Environmental Science,</institution>
<institution>University of Fort Hare,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Alice, South Africa</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Alice</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Al Dashti, Hassan" sort="Al Dashti, Hassan" uniqKey="Al Dashti H" first="Hassan" last="Al Dashti">Hassan Al Dashti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff20">Department of Meteorology, Kuwait, Kuwait</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Koweït</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Meteorology, Kuwait</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Kuwait</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boni, Martino" sort="Boni, Martino" uniqKey="Boni M" first="Martino" last="Boni">Martino Boni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1758 4137</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.434554.7</institution-id>
<institution>European Commission,</institution>
<institution>Joint Research Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>I-21027 Ispra (VA)</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diodato, Nazzareno" sort="Diodato, Nazzareno" uniqKey="Diodato N" first="Nazzareno" last="Diodato">Nazzareno Diodato</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff21">Met European Research Observatory, Benevento, Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Met European Research Observatory, Benevento</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Benevento</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Oost, Kristof" sort="Van Oost, Kristof" uniqKey="Van Oost K" first="Kristof" last="Van Oost">Kristof Van Oost</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff22"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 713X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7942.8</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Université Catholique de Louvain,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Louvain-la-Neuve</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nearing, Mark" sort="Nearing, Mark" uniqKey="Nearing M" first="Mark" last="Nearing">Mark Nearing</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff23"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0478 6311</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.417548.b</institution-id>
<institution>USDA-ARS,</institution>
<institution>Southwest Watershed Research Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Tucson, AZ USA</nlm:aff>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Tucson</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ballabio, Cristiano" sort="Ballabio, Cristiano" uniqKey="Ballabio C" first="Cristiano" last="Ballabio">Cristiano Ballabio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1758 4137</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.434554.7</institution-id>
<institution>European Commission,</institution>
<institution>Joint Research Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>I-21027 Ispra (VA)</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno>
<imprint><date when="2017">2017</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
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</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">The exposure of the Earth’s surface to the energetic input of rainfall is one of the key factors controlling water erosion. While water erosion is identified as the most serious cause of soil degradation globally, global patterns of rainfall erosivity remain poorly quantified and estimates have large uncertainties. This hampers the implementation of effective soil degradation mitigation and restoration strategies. Quantifying rainfall erosivity is challenging as it requires high temporal resolution(<30 min) and high fidelity rainfall recordings. We present the results of an extensive global data collection effort whereby we estimated rainfall erosivity for 3,625 stations covering 63 countries. This first ever Global Rainfall Erosivity Database was used to develop a global erosivity map at 30 arc-seconds(~1 km) based on a Gaussian Process Regression(GPR). Globally, the mean rainfall erosivity was estimated to be 2,190 MJ mm ha<sup>−1</sup>
h<sup>−1</sup>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
, with the highest values in South America and the Caribbean countries, Central east Africa and South east Asia. The lowest values are mainly found in Canada, the Russian Federation, Northern Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East. The tropical climate zone has the highest mean rainfall erosivity followed by the temperate whereas the lowest mean was estimated in the cold climate zone.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Freebairn, Jw" uniqKey="Freebairn J">JW Freebairn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zillman, Jw" uniqKey="Zillman J">JW Zillman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tapiador, Fj" uniqKey="Tapiador F">FJ Tapiador</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Orlowsky, B" uniqKey="Orlowsky B">B Orlowsky</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seneviratne, Si" uniqKey="Seneviratne S">SI Seneviratne</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olsson, J" uniqKey="Olsson J">J Olsson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Berggren, K" uniqKey="Berggren K">K Berggren</name>
</author>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Sci Rep</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Scientific Reports</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="epub">2045-2322</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher-name>
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<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5482877</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">4282</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-017-04282-8</article-id>
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<title-group><article-title>Global rainfall erosivity assessment based on high-temporal resolution rainfall records</article-title>
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<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1758 4137</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.434554.7</institution-id>
<institution>European Commission,</institution>
<institution>Joint Research Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
I-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0642</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6612.3</institution-id>
<institution>Environmental Geosciences,</institution>
<institution>University of Basel,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Basel, Switzerland</aff>
<aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0437 5432</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.1022.1</institution-id>
<institution>School of Engineering,</institution>
<institution>Griffith University,</institution>
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Nathan, Australia</aff>
<aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2298 5320</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5173.0</institution-id>
<institution>BOKU,</institution>
<institution>University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Vienna, Austria</aff>
<aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0707 9039</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412010.6</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Kangwon National University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea</aff>
<aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2256 9319</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.11135.37</institution-id>
<institution>College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering,</institution>
<institution>Peking University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Beijing, P.R. China</aff>
<aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1789 9964</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.20513.35</institution-id>
<institution>College of Global Change and Earth System Science,</institution>
<institution>Beijing Normal University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Beijing, P.R. China</aff>
<aff id="Aff8"><label>8</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0498 1600</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.466772.6</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>India Meteorological Department,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Pune, India</aff>
<aff id="Aff9"><label>9</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1781 3962</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412266.5</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Natural Resources,</institution>
<institution>Tarbiat Modares University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Jalal, Iran</aff>
<aff id="Aff10"><label>10</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2342 9668</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.14476.30</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Geography,</institution>
<institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Moscow, Russian Federation</aff>
<aff id="Aff11"><label>11</label>
Israel Meteorological Service, Beit Dagan, Israel</aff>
<aff id="Aff12"><label>12</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000109409118</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7256.6</institution-id>
<institution>Faculty of Agriculture - Soil Science Departement,</institution>
<institution>Ankara University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Ankara, Turkey</aff>
<aff id="Aff13"><label>13</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 0706</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412889.e</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>University of Costa Rica,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
San Jose, Costa Rica</aff>
<aff id="Aff14"><label>14</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0486 8632</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412188.6</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Universidad del Norte,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Barranquilla, Colombia</aff>
<aff id="Aff15"><label>15</label>
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l′Environnement, IPSL-LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France</aff>
<aff id="Aff16"><label>16</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2163 5978</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412352.3</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Campo Grande, Brazil</aff>
<aff id="Aff17"><label>17</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2157 0406</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7870.8</institution-id>
<institution>Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y Ambiental,</institution>
<institution>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Región Metropolitana, Chile</aff>
<aff id="Aff18"><label>18</label>
Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Hydraulique de Blida, Soumaâ, Algeria</aff>
<aff id="Aff19"><label>19</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2152 8048</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.413110.6</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Geography and Environmental Science,</institution>
<institution>University of Fort Hare,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Alice, South Africa</aff>
<aff id="Aff20"><label>20</label>
Department of Meteorology, Kuwait, Kuwait</aff>
<aff id="Aff21"><label>21</label>
Met European Research Observatory, Benevento, Italy</aff>
<aff id="Aff22"><label>22</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2294 713X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.7942.8</institution-id>
<institution></institution>
<institution>Université Catholique de Louvain,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium</aff>
<aff id="Aff23"><label>23</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0478 6311</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.417548.b</institution-id>
<institution>USDA-ARS,</institution>
<institution>Southwest Watershed Research Center,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Tucson, AZ USA</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>23</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<elocation-id>4175</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2017</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2017</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">The exposure of the Earth’s surface to the energetic input of rainfall is one of the key factors controlling water erosion. While water erosion is identified as the most serious cause of soil degradation globally, global patterns of rainfall erosivity remain poorly quantified and estimates have large uncertainties. This hampers the implementation of effective soil degradation mitigation and restoration strategies. Quantifying rainfall erosivity is challenging as it requires high temporal resolution(<30 min) and high fidelity rainfall recordings. We present the results of an extensive global data collection effort whereby we estimated rainfall erosivity for 3,625 stations covering 63 countries. This first ever Global Rainfall Erosivity Database was used to develop a global erosivity map at 30 arc-seconds(~1 km) based on a Gaussian Process Regression(GPR). Globally, the mean rainfall erosivity was estimated to be 2,190 MJ mm ha<sup>−1</sup>
h<sup>−1</sup>
yr<sup>−1</sup>
, with the highest values in South America and the Caribbean countries, Central east Africa and South east Asia. The lowest values are mainly found in Canada, the Russian Federation, Northern Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East. The tropical climate zone has the highest mean rainfall erosivity followed by the temperate whereas the lowest mean was estimated in the cold climate zone.</p>
</abstract>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© The Author(s) 2017</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li>
<li>Algérie</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>Autriche</li>
<li>Belgique</li>
<li>Brésil</li>
<li>Chili</li>
<li>Colombie</li>
<li>Corée du Sud</li>
<li>Costa Rica</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Inde</li>
<li>Iran</li>
<li>Israël</li>
<li>Italie</li>
<li>Koweït</li>
<li>Russie</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Suisse</li>
<li>Turquie</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Arizona</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Gif-sur-Yvette</li>
</settlement>
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<name sortKey="Boni, Martino" sort="Boni, Martino" uniqKey="Boni M" first="Martino" last="Boni">Martino Boni</name>
<name sortKey="Diodato, Nazzareno" sort="Diodato, Nazzareno" uniqKey="Diodato N" first="Nazzareno" last="Diodato">Nazzareno Diodato</name>
</country>
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<name sortKey="Meusburger, Katrin" sort="Meusburger, Katrin" uniqKey="Meusburger K" first="Katrin" last="Meusburger">Katrin Meusburger</name>
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<country name="Autriche"><noRegion><name sortKey="Klik, Andreas" sort="Klik, Andreas" uniqKey="Klik A" first="Andreas" last="Klik">Andreas Klik</name>
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<country name="Corée du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Jae Lim, Kyoung" sort="Jae Lim, Kyoung" uniqKey="Jae Lim K" first="Kyoung" last="Jae Lim">Kyoung Jae Lim</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Yang, Jae E" sort="Yang, Jae E" uniqKey="Yang J" first="Jae E." last="Yang">Jae E. Yang</name>
</country>
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</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Miao, Chiyuan" sort="Miao, Chiyuan" uniqKey="Miao C" first="Chiyuan" last="Miao">Chiyuan Miao</name>
</country>
<country name="Inde"><noRegion><name sortKey="Chattopadhyay, Nabansu" sort="Chattopadhyay, Nabansu" uniqKey="Chattopadhyay N" first="Nabansu" last="Chattopadhyay">Nabansu Chattopadhyay</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Iran"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sadeghi, Seyed Hamidreza" sort="Sadeghi, Seyed Hamidreza" uniqKey="Sadeghi S" first="Seyed Hamidreza" last="Sadeghi">Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Hazbavi, Zeinab" sort="Hazbavi, Zeinab" uniqKey="Hazbavi Z" first="Zeinab" last="Hazbavi">Zeinab Hazbavi</name>
<name sortKey="Zabihi, Mohsen" sort="Zabihi, Mohsen" uniqKey="Zabihi M" first="Mohsen" last="Zabihi">Mohsen Zabihi</name>
</country>
<country name="Russie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Larionov, Gennady A" sort="Larionov, Gennady A" uniqKey="Larionov G" first="Gennady A." last="Larionov">Gennady A. Larionov</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Gorobets, Andrey V" sort="Gorobets, Andrey V" uniqKey="Gorobets A" first="Andrey V." last="Gorobets">Andrey V. Gorobets</name>
<name sortKey="Krasnov, Sergey F" sort="Krasnov, Sergey F" uniqKey="Krasnov S" first="Sergey F." last="Krasnov">Sergey F. Krasnov</name>
</country>
<country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Levi, Yoav" sort="Levi, Yoav" uniqKey="Levi Y" first="Yoav" last="Levi">Yoav Levi</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Turquie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Erpul, Gunay" sort="Erpul, Gunay" uniqKey="Erpul G" first="Gunay" last="Erpul">Gunay Erpul</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Costa Rica"><noRegion><name sortKey="Birkel, Christian" sort="Birkel, Christian" uniqKey="Birkel C" first="Christian" last="Birkel">Christian Birkel</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Colombie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hoyos, Natalia" sort="Hoyos, Natalia" uniqKey="Hoyos N" first="Natalia" last="Hoyos">Natalia Hoyos</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Naipal, Victoria" sort="Naipal, Victoria" uniqKey="Naipal V" first="Victoria" last="Naipal">Victoria Naipal</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="Brésil"><noRegion><name sortKey="Oliveira, Paulo Tarso S" sort="Oliveira, Paulo Tarso S" uniqKey="Oliveira P" first="Paulo Tarso S." last="Oliveira">Paulo Tarso S. Oliveira</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
<country name="Chili"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bonilla, Carlos A" sort="Bonilla, Carlos A" uniqKey="Bonilla C" first="Carlos A." last="Bonilla">Carlos A. Bonilla</name>
</noRegion>
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<country name="Algérie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Meddi, Mohamed" sort="Meddi, Mohamed" uniqKey="Meddi M" first="Mohamed" last="Meddi">Mohamed Meddi</name>
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<country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Nel, Werner" sort="Nel, Werner" uniqKey="Nel W" first="Werner" last="Nel">Werner Nel</name>
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<country name="Koweït"><noRegion><name sortKey="Al Dashti, Hassan" sort="Al Dashti, Hassan" uniqKey="Al Dashti H" first="Hassan" last="Al Dashti">Hassan Al Dashti</name>
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<country name="Belgique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Oost, Kristof" sort="Van Oost, Kristof" uniqKey="Van Oost K" first="Kristof" last="Van Oost">Kristof Van Oost</name>
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<country name="États-Unis"><region name="Arizona"><name sortKey="Nearing, Mark" sort="Nearing, Mark" uniqKey="Nearing M" first="Mark" last="Nearing">Mark Nearing</name>
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