The evolution of foresight : What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Commentaries. Authors' reply
Identifieur interne : 003726 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 003725; suivant : 003727The evolution of foresight : What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Commentaries. Authors' reply
Auteurs : Thomas Suddendorf ; Michael C. Corballis ; George Ainslie ; Cristina M. Atance ; Andrew N. Meltzoff ; Moshe Bar ; Doris Bischof-Köhler ; Norbert Bischof ; Martin Brüne ; Ute Brüne-Cohrs ; Randy L. Buckner ; Valerie A. Carr ; Indre V. Viskontas ; Arnaud D. Argembeau ; Martial Van Der Linden ; Jean-Louis Dessalles ; Madeline J. Eacott ; Alexander Easton ; William J. Friedman ; Jay Hegde ; James R. Hurford ; Molly Flaherty ; Giorgis Argyropoulos ; Bjorn Merker ; Alex Mesoudi ; Katherine Nelson ; Jiro Okuda ; Mathias Osvath ; Peter G Rdenfors ; Caroline Raby ; Dean Alexis ; Anthony Dickinson ; Nicola Clayton ; Daniel L. Schacter ; Donna Rose Addis ; Sara J. Shettleworth ; Elisabeth H. M. Sterck ; Valérie Dufour ; Endel Tulving ; Alice KimSource :
- Behavioral and brain sciences : (Print) [ 0140-525X ] ; 2007.
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Abstract
In a dynamic world, mechanisms allowing prediction of future situations can provide a selective advantage. We suggest that memory systems differ in the degree of flexibility they offer for anticipatory behavior and put forward a corresponding taxonomy of prospection. The adaptive advantage of any memory system can only lie in what it contributes for future survival. The most flexible is episodic memory, which we suggest is part of a more general faculty of mental time travel that allows us not only to go back in time, but also to foresee, plan, and shape virtually any specific future event. We review comparative studies and find that, in spite of increased research in the area, there is as yet no convincing evidence for mental time travel in nonhuman animals. We submit that mental time travel is not an encapsulated cognitive system, but instead comprises several subsidiary mechanisms. A theater metaphor serves as an analogy for the kind of mechanisms required for effective mental time travel. We propose that future research should consider these mechanisms in addition to direct evidence of future-directed action. We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step towards our current success.
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Format Inist (serveur)
| NO : | PASCAL 08-0118226 INIST |
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| ET : | The evolution of foresight : What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Commentaries. Authors' reply |
| AU : | SUDDENDORF (Thomas); CORBALLIS (Michael C.); AINSLIE (George); ATANCE (Cristina M.); MELTZOFF (Andrew N.); BAR (Moshe); BISCHOF-KÖHLER (Doris); BISCHOF (Norbert); BRÜNE (Martin); BRÜNE-COHRS (Ute); BUCKNER (Randy L.); CARR (Valerie A.); VISKONTAS (Indre V.); ARGEMBEAU (Arnaud D.); VAN DER LINDEN (Martial); DESSALLES (Jean-Louis); EACOTT (Madeline J.); EASTON (Alexander); FRIEDMAN (William J.); HEGDE (Jay); HURFORD (James R.); FLAHERTY (Molly); ARGYROPOULOS (Giorgis); MERKER (Bjorn); MESOUDI (Alex); NELSON (Katherine); OKUDA (Jiro); OSVATH (Mathias); GÄRDENFORS (Peter); RABY (Caroline); ALEXIS (Dean); DICKINSON (Anthony); CLAYTON (Nicola); SCHACTER (Daniel L.); ADDIS (Donna Rose); SHETTLEWORTH (Sara J.); STERCK (Elisabeth H. M.); DUFOUR (Valérie); TULVING (Endel); KIM (Alice) |
| AF : | School of Psychology, University of Queensland/Brisbane, Queensland 4072/Australie (1 aut.); Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019/Auckland 1142/Nouvelle-Zélande (2 aut.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Coatesville, PA 19320/Etats-Unis (3 aut.); School of Psychology, University of Ottawa/Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5/Canada (4 aut.); Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington/Seattle, WA 98195/Etats-Unis (5 aut.); Martinos Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School/Charlestown, MA 02129/Etats-Unis (6 aut.); Department of Psychology, University of Munich/80802 Munich/Allemagne (7 aut., 8 aut.); Centre for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventative Medicine, University of Bochum/44791 Bochum/Allemagne (9 aut., 10 aut.); Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Athinoula A Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Cambridge, MA 02138/Etats-Unis (11 aut.); Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles/Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563/Etats-Unis (12 aut.); Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco/San Francisco, CA 94143/Etats-Unis (13 aut.); Cognitive Psychopathology Unit, University of Liège/4000 Liège/Belgique (14 aut.); Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, University of Geneva/1205 Geneva/Suisse (15 aut.); Paris Tech, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications/75013 Paris/France (16 aut.); Department of Psychology, University of Durham/Durham DH1 3LE/Royaume-Uni (17 aut., 18 aut.); Department of Psychology, Oberlin College/Oberlin, OH 44074/Etats-Unis (19 aut.); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota/Minneapolis, MN 55455/Etats-Unis (20 aut.); Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh/Edinburgh, EH8 9LL/Royaume-Uni (21 aut., 22 aut., 23 aut.); Gamla Kyrkvagen 44/14171 Segeltorp/Suède (24 aut.); Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Cambridge/Cambridge CB2 3RQ/Royaume-Uni (25 aut.); Department of Psychology, City University of New York Graduate Center/New York, NY 10016-4309/Etats-Unis (26 aut.); Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute/Machida, Tokyo 194-8610/Japon (27 aut.) |
| DT : | Publication en série; Commentaire; Réponse; Niveau analytique |
| SO : | Behavioral and brain sciences : (Print); ISSN 0140-525X; Coden BBSCDH; Royaume-Uni; Da. 2007; Vol. 30; No. 3; Pp. 299-351; Bibl. 6 p.1/4 |
| LA : | Anglais |
| EA : | In a dynamic world, mechanisms allowing prediction of future situations can provide a selective advantage. We suggest that memory systems differ in the degree of flexibility they offer for anticipatory behavior and put forward a corresponding taxonomy of prospection. The adaptive advantage of any memory system can only lie in what it contributes for future survival. The most flexible is episodic memory, which we suggest is part of a more general faculty of mental time travel that allows us not only to go back in time, but also to foresee, plan, and shape virtually any specific future event. We review comparative studies and find that, in spite of increased research in the area, there is as yet no convincing evidence for mental time travel in nonhuman animals. We submit that mental time travel is not an encapsulated cognitive system, but instead comprises several subsidiary mechanisms. A theater metaphor serves as an analogy for the kind of mechanisms required for effective mental time travel. We propose that future research should consider these mechanisms in addition to direct evidence of future-directed action. We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step towards our current success. |
| CC : | 002A26F05A |
| FD : | Comparaison interspécifique; Etude critique; Cognition; Mémoire épisodique; Planification; Evolution biologique; Temps; Prospection; Anticipation; Homme; Animal |
| ED : | Interspecific comparison; Critical study; Cognition; Episodic memory; Planning; Biological evolution; Time; Prospecting; Anticipation; Human; Animal |
| SD : | Comparación interespecífica; Estudio crítico; Cognición; Memoria episódica; Planificación; Evolución biológica; Tiempo; Prospección; Anticipación; Hombre; Animal |
| LO : | INIST-17958.354000162123010020 |
| ID : | 08-0118226 |
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Pascal:08-0118226Le document en format XML
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Friedman</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Psychology, Oberlin College</s1><s2>Oberlin, OH 44074</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hegde, Jay" sort="Hegde, Jay" uniqKey="Hegde J" first="Jay" last="Hegde">Jay Hegde</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota</s1><s2>Minneapolis, MN 55455</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hurford, James R" sort="Hurford, James R" uniqKey="Hurford J" first="James R." last="Hurford">James R. Hurford</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh</s1><s2>Edinburgh, EH8 9LL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flaherty, Molly" sort="Flaherty, Molly" uniqKey="Flaherty M" first="Molly" last="Flaherty">Molly Flaherty</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh</s1><s2>Edinburgh, EH8 9LL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Argyropoulos, Giorgis" sort="Argyropoulos, Giorgis" uniqKey="Argyropoulos G" first="Giorgis" last="Argyropoulos">Giorgis Argyropoulos</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh</s1><s2>Edinburgh, EH8 9LL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Merker, Bjorn" sort="Merker, Bjorn" uniqKey="Merker B" first="Bjorn" last="Merker">Bjorn Merker</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Gamla Kyrkvagen 44</s1><s2>14171 Segeltorp</s2><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mesoudi, Alex" sort="Mesoudi, Alex" uniqKey="Mesoudi A" first="Alex" last="Mesoudi">Alex Mesoudi</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Cambridge</s1><s2>Cambridge CB2 3RQ</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Katherine" sort="Nelson, Katherine" uniqKey="Nelson K" first="Katherine" last="Nelson">Katherine Nelson</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Department of Psychology, City University of New York Graduate Center</s1><s2>New York, NY 10016-4309</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okuda, Jiro" sort="Okuda, Jiro" uniqKey="Okuda J" first="Jiro" last="Okuda">Jiro Okuda</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute</s1><s2>Machida, Tokyo 194-8610</s2><s3>JPN</s3><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osvath, Mathias" sort="Osvath, Mathias" uniqKey="Osvath M" first="Mathias" last="Osvath">Mathias Osvath</name></author><author><name sortKey="G Rdenfors, Peter" sort="G Rdenfors, Peter" uniqKey="G Rdenfors P" first="Peter" last="G Rdenfors">Peter G Rdenfors</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raby, Caroline" sort="Raby, Caroline" uniqKey="Raby C" first="Caroline" last="Raby">Caroline Raby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alexis, Dean" sort="Alexis, Dean" uniqKey="Alexis D" first="Dean" last="Alexis">Dean Alexis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dickinson, Anthony" sort="Dickinson, Anthony" uniqKey="Dickinson A" first="Anthony" last="Dickinson">Anthony Dickinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clayton, Nicola" sort="Clayton, Nicola" uniqKey="Clayton N" first="Nicola" last="Clayton">Nicola Clayton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schacter, Daniel L" sort="Schacter, Daniel L" uniqKey="Schacter D" first="Daniel L." last="Schacter">Daniel L. Schacter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Addis, Donna Rose" sort="Addis, Donna Rose" uniqKey="Addis D" first="Donna Rose" last="Addis">Donna Rose Addis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shettleworth, Sara J" sort="Shettleworth, Sara J" uniqKey="Shettleworth S" first="Sara J." last="Shettleworth">Sara J. Shettleworth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sterck, Elisabeth H M" sort="Sterck, Elisabeth H M" uniqKey="Sterck E" first="Elisabeth H. M." last="Sterck">Elisabeth H. M. Sterck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dufour, Valerie" sort="Dufour, Valerie" uniqKey="Dufour V" first="Valérie" last="Dufour">Valérie Dufour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tulving, Endel" sort="Tulving, Endel" uniqKey="Tulving E" first="Endel" last="Tulving">Endel Tulving</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Alice" sort="Kim, Alice" uniqKey="Kim A" first="Alice" last="Kim">Alice Kim</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">08-0118226</idno><date when="2007">2007</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 08-0118226 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:08-0118226</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">003726</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">The evolution of foresight : What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Commentaries. Authors' reply</title><author><name sortKey="Suddendorf, Thomas" sort="Suddendorf, Thomas" uniqKey="Suddendorf T" first="Thomas" last="Suddendorf">Thomas Suddendorf</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>School of Psychology, University of Queensland</s1><s2>Brisbane, Queensland 4072</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corballis, Michael C" sort="Corballis, Michael C" uniqKey="Corballis M" first="Michael C." last="Corballis">Michael C. Corballis</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019</s1><s2>Auckland 1142</s2><s3>NZL</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ainslie, George" sort="Ainslie, George" uniqKey="Ainslie G" first="George" last="Ainslie">George Ainslie</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Veterans Affairs Medical Center</s1><s2>Coatesville, PA 19320</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Atance, Cristina M" sort="Atance, Cristina M" uniqKey="Atance C" first="Cristina M." last="Atance">Cristina M. Atance</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>School of Psychology, University of Ottawa</s1><s2>Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meltzoff, Andrew N" sort="Meltzoff, Andrew N" uniqKey="Meltzoff A" first="Andrew N." last="Meltzoff">Andrew N. Meltzoff</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington</s1><s2>Seattle, WA 98195</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bar, Moshe" sort="Bar, Moshe" uniqKey="Bar M" first="Moshe" last="Bar">Moshe Bar</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Martinos Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School</s1><s2>Charlestown, MA 02129</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bischof Kohler, Doris" sort="Bischof Kohler, Doris" uniqKey="Bischof Kohler D" first="Doris" last="Bischof-Köhler">Doris Bischof-Köhler</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Munich</s1><s2>80802 Munich</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bischof, Norbert" sort="Bischof, Norbert" uniqKey="Bischof N" first="Norbert" last="Bischof">Norbert Bischof</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Munich</s1><s2>80802 Munich</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brune, Martin" sort="Brune, Martin" uniqKey="Brune M" first="Martin" last="Brüne">Martin Brüne</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Centre for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventative Medicine, University of Bochum</s1><s2>44791 Bochum</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brune Cohrs, Ute" sort="Brune Cohrs, Ute" uniqKey="Brune Cohrs U" first="Ute" last="Brüne-Cohrs">Ute Brüne-Cohrs</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Centre for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventative Medicine, University of Bochum</s1><s2>44791 Bochum</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buckner, Randy L" sort="Buckner, Randy L" uniqKey="Buckner R" first="Randy L." last="Buckner">Randy L. Buckner</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Athinoula A Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute</s1><s2>Cambridge, MA 02138</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, Valerie A" sort="Carr, Valerie A" uniqKey="Carr V" first="Valerie A." last="Carr">Valerie A. Carr</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles</s1><s2>Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Viskontas, Indre V" sort="Viskontas, Indre V" uniqKey="Viskontas I" first="Indre V." last="Viskontas">Indre V. Viskontas</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco</s1><s2>San Francisco, CA 94143</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Argembeau, Arnaud D" sort="Argembeau, Arnaud D" uniqKey="Argembeau A" first="Arnaud D." last="Argembeau">Arnaud D. Argembeau</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Cognitive Psychopathology Unit, University of Liège</s1><s2>4000 Liège</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Linden, Martial" sort="Van Der Linden, Martial" uniqKey="Van Der Linden M" first="Martial" last="Van Der Linden">Martial Van Der Linden</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, University of Geneva</s1><s2>1205 Geneva</s2><s3>CHE</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dessalles, Jean Louis" sort="Dessalles, Jean Louis" uniqKey="Dessalles J" first="Jean-Louis" last="Dessalles">Jean-Louis Dessalles</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Paris Tech, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications</s1><s2>75013 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eacott, Madeline J" sort="Eacott, Madeline J" uniqKey="Eacott M" first="Madeline J." last="Eacott">Madeline J. Eacott</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Durham</s1><s2>Durham DH1 3LE</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Easton, Alexander" sort="Easton, Alexander" uniqKey="Easton A" first="Alexander" last="Easton">Alexander Easton</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Durham</s1><s2>Durham DH1 3LE</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Friedman, William J" sort="Friedman, William J" uniqKey="Friedman W" first="William J." last="Friedman">William J. Friedman</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Psychology, Oberlin College</s1><s2>Oberlin, OH 44074</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hegde, Jay" sort="Hegde, Jay" uniqKey="Hegde J" first="Jay" last="Hegde">Jay Hegde</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota</s1><s2>Minneapolis, MN 55455</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hurford, James R" sort="Hurford, James R" uniqKey="Hurford J" first="James R." last="Hurford">James R. Hurford</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh</s1><s2>Edinburgh, EH8 9LL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flaherty, Molly" sort="Flaherty, Molly" uniqKey="Flaherty M" first="Molly" last="Flaherty">Molly Flaherty</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh</s1><s2>Edinburgh, EH8 9LL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Argyropoulos, Giorgis" sort="Argyropoulos, Giorgis" uniqKey="Argyropoulos G" first="Giorgis" last="Argyropoulos">Giorgis Argyropoulos</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh</s1><s2>Edinburgh, EH8 9LL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Merker, Bjorn" sort="Merker, Bjorn" uniqKey="Merker B" first="Bjorn" last="Merker">Bjorn Merker</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Gamla Kyrkvagen 44</s1><s2>14171 Segeltorp</s2><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mesoudi, Alex" sort="Mesoudi, Alex" uniqKey="Mesoudi A" first="Alex" last="Mesoudi">Alex Mesoudi</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Cambridge</s1><s2>Cambridge CB2 3RQ</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Katherine" sort="Nelson, Katherine" uniqKey="Nelson K" first="Katherine" last="Nelson">Katherine Nelson</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="21"><s1>Department of Psychology, City University of New York Graduate Center</s1><s2>New York, NY 10016-4309</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okuda, Jiro" sort="Okuda, Jiro" uniqKey="Okuda J" first="Jiro" last="Okuda">Jiro Okuda</name><affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="22"><s1>Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute</s1><s2>Machida, Tokyo 194-8610</s2><s3>JPN</s3><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osvath, Mathias" sort="Osvath, Mathias" uniqKey="Osvath M" first="Mathias" last="Osvath">Mathias Osvath</name></author><author><name sortKey="G Rdenfors, Peter" sort="G Rdenfors, Peter" uniqKey="G Rdenfors P" first="Peter" last="G Rdenfors">Peter G Rdenfors</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raby, Caroline" sort="Raby, Caroline" uniqKey="Raby C" first="Caroline" last="Raby">Caroline Raby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alexis, Dean" sort="Alexis, Dean" uniqKey="Alexis D" first="Dean" last="Alexis">Dean Alexis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dickinson, Anthony" sort="Dickinson, Anthony" uniqKey="Dickinson A" first="Anthony" last="Dickinson">Anthony Dickinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clayton, Nicola" sort="Clayton, Nicola" uniqKey="Clayton N" first="Nicola" last="Clayton">Nicola Clayton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schacter, Daniel L" sort="Schacter, Daniel L" uniqKey="Schacter D" first="Daniel L." last="Schacter">Daniel L. Schacter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Addis, Donna Rose" sort="Addis, Donna Rose" uniqKey="Addis D" first="Donna Rose" last="Addis">Donna Rose Addis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shettleworth, Sara J" sort="Shettleworth, Sara J" uniqKey="Shettleworth S" first="Sara J." last="Shettleworth">Sara J. Shettleworth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sterck, Elisabeth H M" sort="Sterck, Elisabeth H M" uniqKey="Sterck E" first="Elisabeth H. M." last="Sterck">Elisabeth H. M. Sterck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dufour, Valerie" sort="Dufour, Valerie" uniqKey="Dufour V" first="Valérie" last="Dufour">Valérie Dufour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tulving, Endel" sort="Tulving, Endel" uniqKey="Tulving E" first="Endel" last="Tulving">Endel Tulving</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Alice" sort="Kim, Alice" uniqKey="Kim A" first="Alice" last="Kim">Alice Kim</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Behavioral and brain sciences : (Print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Behav. brain sci. : (Print)</title><idno type="ISSN">0140-525X</idno><imprint><date when="2007">2007</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Behavioral and brain sciences : (Print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Behav. brain sci. : (Print)</title><idno type="ISSN">0140-525X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animal</term><term>Anticipation</term><term>Biological evolution</term><term>Cognition</term><term>Critical study</term><term>Episodic memory</term><term>Human</term><term>Interspecific comparison</term><term>Planning</term><term>Prospecting</term><term>Time</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Comparaison interspécifique</term><term>Etude critique</term><term>Cognition</term><term>Mémoire épisodique</term><term>Planification</term><term>Evolution biologique</term><term>Temps</term><term>Prospection</term><term>Anticipation</term><term>Homme</term><term>Animal</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In a dynamic world, mechanisms allowing prediction of future situations can provide a selective advantage. We suggest that memory systems differ in the degree of flexibility they offer for anticipatory behavior and put forward a corresponding taxonomy of prospection. The adaptive advantage of any memory system can only lie in what it contributes for future survival. The most flexible is episodic memory, which we suggest is part of a more general faculty of mental time travel that allows us not only to go back in time, but also to foresee, plan, and shape virtually any specific future event. We review comparative studies and find that, in spite of increased research in the area, there is as yet no convincing evidence for mental time travel in nonhuman animals. We submit that mental time travel is not an encapsulated cognitive system, but instead comprises several subsidiary mechanisms. A theater metaphor serves as an analogy for the kind of mechanisms required for effective mental time travel. We propose that future research should consider these mechanisms in addition to direct evidence of future-directed action. We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step towards our current success.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0140-525X</s0></fA01><fA02 i1="01"><s0>BBSCDH</s0></fA02><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Behav. brain sci. : (Print)</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>30</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>3</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>The evolution of foresight : What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Commentaries. Authors' reply</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>SUDDENDORF (Thomas)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>CORBALLIS (Michael C.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>AINSLIE (George)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>ATANCE (Cristina M.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>MELTZOFF (Andrew N.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>BAR (Moshe)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>BISCHOF-KÖHLER (Doris)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>BISCHOF (Norbert)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>BRÜNE (Martin)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>BRÜNE-COHRS (Ute)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="11" i2="1"><s1>BUCKNER (Randy L.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="12" i2="1"><s1>CARR (Valerie A.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="13" i2="1"><s1>VISKONTAS (Indre V.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="14" i2="1"><s1>ARGEMBEAU (Arnaud D.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="15" i2="1"><s1>VAN DER LINDEN (Martial)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="16" i2="1"><s1>DESSALLES (Jean-Louis)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="17" i2="1"><s1>EACOTT (Madeline J.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="18" i2="1"><s1>EASTON (Alexander)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="19" i2="1"><s1>FRIEDMAN (William J.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="20" i2="1"><s1>HEGDE (Jay)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="21" i2="1"><s1>HURFORD (James R.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="22" i2="1"><s1>FLAHERTY (Molly)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="23" i2="1"><s1>ARGYROPOULOS (Giorgis)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="24" i2="1"><s1>MERKER (Bjorn)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="25" i2="1"><s1>MESOUDI (Alex)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="26" i2="1"><s1>NELSON (Katherine)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="27" i2="1"><s1>OKUDA (Jiro)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="28" i2="1"><s1>OSVATH (Mathias)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="29" i2="1"><s1>GÄRDENFORS (Peter)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="30" i2="1"><s1>RABY (Caroline)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="31" i2="1"><s1>ALEXIS (Dean)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="32" i2="1"><s1>DICKINSON (Anthony)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="33" i2="1"><s1>CLAYTON (Nicola)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="34" i2="1"><s1>SCHACTER (Daniel L.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="35" i2="1"><s1>ADDIS (Donna Rose)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="36" i2="1"><s1>SHETTLEWORTH (Sara J.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="37" i2="1"><s1>STERCK (Elisabeth H. M.)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="38" i2="1"><s1>DUFOUR (Valérie)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="39" i2="1"><s1>TULVING (Endel)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA11 i1="40" i2="1"><s1>KIM (Alice)</s1><s9>comment.</s9></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>School of Psychology, University of Queensland</s1><s2>Brisbane, Queensland 4072</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019</s1><s2>Auckland 1142</s2><s3>NZL</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>Veterans Affairs Medical Center</s1><s2>Coatesville, PA 19320</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>School of Psychology, University of Ottawa</s1><s2>Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="05"><s1>Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington</s1><s2>Seattle, WA 98195</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="06"><s1>Martinos Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School</s1><s2>Charlestown, MA 02129</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="07"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Munich</s1><s2>80802 Munich</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="08"><s1>Centre for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventative Medicine, University of Bochum</s1><s2>44791 Bochum</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="09"><s1>Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Athinoula A Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute</s1><s2>Cambridge, MA 02138</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>11 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="10"><s1>Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles</s1><s2>Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="11"><s1>Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco</s1><s2>San Francisco, CA 94143</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="12"><s1>Cognitive Psychopathology Unit, University of Liège</s1><s2>4000 Liège</s2><s3>BEL</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="13"><s1>Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, University of Geneva</s1><s2>1205 Geneva</s2><s3>CHE</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="14"><s1>Paris Tech, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications</s1><s2>75013 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="15"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Durham</s1><s2>Durham DH1 3LE</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Psychology, Oberlin College</s1><s2>Oberlin, OH 44074</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota</s1><s2>Minneapolis, MN 55455</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="18"><s1>Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh</s1><s2>Edinburgh, EH8 9LL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ><sZ>22 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="19"><s1>Gamla Kyrkvagen 44</s1><s2>14171 Segeltorp</s2><s3>SWE</s3><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Cambridge</s1><s2>Cambridge CB2 3RQ</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="21"><s1>Department of Psychology, City University of New York Graduate Center</s1><s2>New York, NY 10016-4309</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="22"><s1>Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute</s1><s2>Machida, Tokyo 194-8610</s2><s3>JPN</s3><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>299-351</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2007</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>17958</s2><s5>354000162123010020</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2008 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>6 p.1/4</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>08-0118226</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1><s3>CT</s3><s3>R</s3></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Behavioral and brain sciences : (Print)</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>GBR</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>In a dynamic world, mechanisms allowing prediction of future situations can provide a selective advantage. We suggest that memory systems differ in the degree of flexibility they offer for anticipatory behavior and put forward a corresponding taxonomy of prospection. The adaptive advantage of any memory system can only lie in what it contributes for future survival. The most flexible is episodic memory, which we suggest is part of a more general faculty of mental time travel that allows us not only to go back in time, but also to foresee, plan, and shape virtually any specific future event. We review comparative studies and find that, in spite of increased research in the area, there is as yet no convincing evidence for mental time travel in nonhuman animals. We submit that mental time travel is not an encapsulated cognitive system, but instead comprises several subsidiary mechanisms. A theater metaphor serves as an analogy for the kind of mechanisms required for effective mental time travel. We propose that future research should consider these mechanisms in addition to direct evidence of future-directed action. We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step towards our current success.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002A26F05A</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Comparaison interspécifique</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Interspecific comparison</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Comparación interespecífica</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Etude critique</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Critical study</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Estudio crítico</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Cognition</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Cognition</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Cognición</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Mémoire épisodique</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Episodic memory</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Memoria episódica</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Planification</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Planning</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Planificación</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Evolution biologique</s0><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Biological evolution</s0><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Evolución biológica</s0><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Temps</s0><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Time</s0><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Tiempo</s0><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Prospection</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Prospecting</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Prospección</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Anticipation</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Anticipation</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Anticipación</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Homme</s0><s5>18</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Human</s0><s5>18</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Hombre</s0><s5>18</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Animal</s0><s5>19</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Animal</s0><s5>19</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Animal</s0><s5>19</s5></fC03><fN21><s1>063</s1></fN21></pA></standard><server><NO>PASCAL 08-0118226 INIST</NO><ET>The evolution of foresight : What is mental time travel, and is it unique to humans? Commentaries. Authors' reply</ET><AU>SUDDENDORF (Thomas); CORBALLIS (Michael C.); AINSLIE (George); ATANCE (Cristina M.); MELTZOFF (Andrew N.); BAR (Moshe); BISCHOF-KÖHLER (Doris); BISCHOF (Norbert); BRÜNE (Martin); BRÜNE-COHRS (Ute); BUCKNER (Randy L.); CARR (Valerie A.); VISKONTAS (Indre V.); ARGEMBEAU (Arnaud D.); VAN DER LINDEN (Martial); DESSALLES (Jean-Louis); EACOTT (Madeline J.); EASTON (Alexander); FRIEDMAN (William J.); HEGDE (Jay); HURFORD (James R.); FLAHERTY (Molly); ARGYROPOULOS (Giorgis); MERKER (Bjorn); MESOUDI (Alex); NELSON (Katherine); OKUDA (Jiro); OSVATH (Mathias); GÄRDENFORS (Peter); RABY (Caroline); ALEXIS (Dean); DICKINSON (Anthony); CLAYTON (Nicola); SCHACTER (Daniel L.); ADDIS (Donna Rose); SHETTLEWORTH (Sara J.); STERCK (Elisabeth H. M.); DUFOUR (Valérie); TULVING (Endel); KIM (Alice)</AU><AF>School of Psychology, University of Queensland/Brisbane, Queensland 4072/Australie (1 aut.); Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019/Auckland 1142/Nouvelle-Zélande (2 aut.); Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Coatesville, PA 19320/Etats-Unis (3 aut.); School of Psychology, University of Ottawa/Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5/Canada (4 aut.); Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington/Seattle, WA 98195/Etats-Unis (5 aut.); Martinos Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School/Charlestown, MA 02129/Etats-Unis (6 aut.); Department of Psychology, University of Munich/80802 Munich/Allemagne (7 aut., 8 aut.); Centre for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Preventative Medicine, University of Bochum/44791 Bochum/Allemagne (9 aut., 10 aut.); Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Athinoula A Martinos Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Cambridge, MA 02138/Etats-Unis (11 aut.); Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles/Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563/Etats-Unis (12 aut.); Memory & Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco/San Francisco, CA 94143/Etats-Unis (13 aut.); Cognitive Psychopathology Unit, University of Liège/4000 Liège/Belgique (14 aut.); Cognitive Psychopathology and Neuropsychology Unit, University of Geneva/1205 Geneva/Suisse (15 aut.); Paris Tech, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecommunications/75013 Paris/France (16 aut.); Department of Psychology, University of Durham/Durham DH1 3LE/Royaume-Uni (17 aut., 18 aut.); Department of Psychology, Oberlin College/Oberlin, OH 44074/Etats-Unis (19 aut.); Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota/Minneapolis, MN 55455/Etats-Unis (20 aut.); Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh/Edinburgh, EH8 9LL/Royaume-Uni (21 aut., 22 aut., 23 aut.); Gamla Kyrkvagen 44/14171 Segeltorp/Suède (24 aut.); Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, University of Cambridge/Cambridge CB2 3RQ/Royaume-Uni (25 aut.); Department of Psychology, City University of New York Graduate Center/New York, NY 10016-4309/Etats-Unis (26 aut.); Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute/Machida, Tokyo 194-8610/Japon (27 aut.)</AF><DT>Publication en série; Commentaire; Réponse; Niveau analytique</DT><SO>Behavioral and brain sciences : (Print); ISSN 0140-525X; Coden BBSCDH; Royaume-Uni; Da. 2007; Vol. 30; No. 3; Pp. 299-351; Bibl. 6 p.1/4</SO><LA>Anglais</LA><EA>In a dynamic world, mechanisms allowing prediction of future situations can provide a selective advantage. We suggest that memory systems differ in the degree of flexibility they offer for anticipatory behavior and put forward a corresponding taxonomy of prospection. The adaptive advantage of any memory system can only lie in what it contributes for future survival. The most flexible is episodic memory, which we suggest is part of a more general faculty of mental time travel that allows us not only to go back in time, but also to foresee, plan, and shape virtually any specific future event. We review comparative studies and find that, in spite of increased research in the area, there is as yet no convincing evidence for mental time travel in nonhuman animals. We submit that mental time travel is not an encapsulated cognitive system, but instead comprises several subsidiary mechanisms. A theater metaphor serves as an analogy for the kind of mechanisms required for effective mental time travel. We propose that future research should consider these mechanisms in addition to direct evidence of future-directed action. We maintain that the emergence of mental time travel in evolution was a crucial step towards our current success.</EA><CC>002A26F05A</CC><FD>Comparaison interspécifique; Etude critique; Cognition; Mémoire épisodique; Planification; Evolution biologique; Temps; Prospection; Anticipation; Homme; Animal</FD><ED>Interspecific comparison; Critical study; Cognition; Episodic memory; Planning; Biological evolution; Time; Prospecting; Anticipation; Human; Animal</ED><SD>Comparación interespecífica; Estudio crítico; Cognición; Memoria episódica; Planificación; Evolución biológica; Tiempo; Prospección; Anticipación; Hombre; Animal</SD><LO>INIST-17958.354000162123010020</LO><ID>08-0118226</ID></server></inist></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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