Cold atom clocks and applications
Identifieur interne : 004703 ( PascalFrancis/Checkpoint ); précédent : 004702; suivant : 004704Cold atom clocks and applications
Auteurs : S. Bize [France] ; P. Laurent [France] ; M. Abgrall [France] ; H. Marion [France] ; I. Maksimovic [France] ; L. Cacciapuoti [France] ; J. Grünert [France] ; C. Vian [France] ; F. Pereira Dos Santos [France] ; P. Rosenbusch [France] ; P. Lemonde [France] ; G. Santarelli [France] ; P. Wolf [France] ; A. Clairon [France] ; A. Luiten [Australie] ; M. Tobar [Australie] ; C. Salomon [France]Source :
- Journal of physics. B. Atomic, molecular and optical physics : (Print) [ 0953-4075 ] ; 2005.
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Abstract
This paper describes advances in microwave frequency standards using laser-cooled atoms at BNM-SYRTE. First, recent improvements of the 133Cs and 87Rb atomic fountains are described. Thanks to the routine use of a cryogenic sapphire oscillator as an ultra-stable local frequency reference, a fountain frequency instability of 1.6 x 10-14 τ-1/2 where τ is the measurement time in seconds is measured. The second advance is a powerful method to control the frequency shift due to cold collisions. These two advances lead to a frequency stability of 2 x 10-16 at 50000 s for the first time for primary standards. In addition, these clocks realize the Sl second with an accuracy of 7 × 10-16, one order of magnitude below that of uncooled devices. In a second part, we describe tests of possible variations of fundamental constants using 87Rb and 133Cs fountains. Finally we give an update on the cold atom space clock PHARAO developed in collaboration with CNES. This clock is one of the main instruments of the ACES/ESA mission which is scheduled to fly on board the International Space Station in 2008, enabling a new generation of relativity tests.
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Clairon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75014 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luiten, A" sort="Luiten, A" uniqKey="Luiten A" first="A." last="Luiten">A. Luiten</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>The University of Western Australia, School of Physics, 35 Stirling Highway</s1><s2>Crawley, Western Australia</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Crawley, Western Australia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobar, M" sort="Tobar, M" uniqKey="Tobar M" first="M." last="Tobar">M. Tobar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>The University of Western Australia, School of Physics, 35 Stirling Highway</s1><s2>Crawley, Western Australia</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Crawley, Western Australia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, C" sort="Salomon, C" uniqKey="Salomon C" first="C." last="Salomon">C. Salomon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS 24 rue Lhomond</s1><s2>75005 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75005 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">05-0385211</idno><date when="2005">2005</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 05-0385211 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:05-0385211</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">004799</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">001904</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">004703</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">004703</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Cold atom clocks and applications</title><author><name sortKey="Bize, S" sort="Bize, S" uniqKey="Bize S" first="S." last="Bize">S. Bize</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Laurent, P" sort="Laurent, P" uniqKey="Laurent P" first="P." last="Laurent">P. 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Maksimovic</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cacciapuoti, L" sort="Cacciapuoti, L" uniqKey="Cacciapuoti L" first="L." last="Cacciapuoti">L. Cacciapuoti</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grunert, J" sort="Grunert, J" uniqKey="Grunert J" first="J." last="Grünert">J. Grünert</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vian, C" sort="Vian, C" uniqKey="Vian C" first="C." last="Vian">C. Vian</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira Dos Santos, F" sort="Pereira Dos Santos, F" uniqKey="Pereira Dos Santos F" first="F." last="Pereira Dos Santos">F. Pereira Dos Santos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rosenbusch, P" sort="Rosenbusch, P" uniqKey="Rosenbusch P" first="P." last="Rosenbusch">P. Rosenbusch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemonde, P" sort="Lemonde, P" uniqKey="Lemonde P" first="P." last="Lemonde">P. Lemonde</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Santarelli, G" sort="Santarelli, G" uniqKey="Santarelli G" first="G." last="Santarelli">G. Santarelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolf, P" sort="Wolf, P" uniqKey="Wolf P" first="P." last="Wolf">P. Wolf</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Clairon, A" sort="Clairon, A" uniqKey="Clairon A" first="A." last="Clairon">A. Clairon</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Luiten, A" sort="Luiten, A" uniqKey="Luiten A" first="A." last="Luiten">A. Luiten</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>The University of Western Australia, School of Physics, 35 Stirling Highway</s1><s2>Crawley, Western Australia</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Crawley, Western Australia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobar, M" sort="Tobar, M" uniqKey="Tobar M" first="M." last="Tobar">M. Tobar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>The University of Western Australia, School of Physics, 35 Stirling Highway</s1><s2>Crawley, Western Australia</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Crawley, Western Australia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salomon, C" sort="Salomon, C" uniqKey="Salomon C" first="C." last="Salomon">C. Salomon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS 24 rue Lhomond</s1><s2>75005 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>75005 Paris</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of physics. B. Atomic, molecular and optical physics : (Print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. phys., B, At. mol. opt. phys. : (Print)</title><idno type="ISSN">0953-4075</idno><imprint><date when="2005">2005</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Journal of physics. B. Atomic, molecular and optical physics : (Print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. phys., B, At. mol. opt. phys. : (Print)</title><idno type="ISSN">0953-4075</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Atomic clocks</term><term>Atomic fountain</term><term>Cesium 133</term><term>Cold atom</term><term>Equivalence principle</term><term>Frequency stability</term><term>Frequency standards</term><term>Laser cooling</term><term>Microwave radiation</term><term>Rubidium 87</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Horloge atomique</term><term>Refroidissement par laser</term><term>Hyperfréquence</term><term>Stabilité fréquence</term><term>Principe équivalence</term><term>Etalon fréquence</term><term>Atome froid</term><term>Rubidium 87</term><term>Césium 133</term><term>Rb</term><term>Cs</term><term>PHARAO</term><term>0630F</term><term>3280P</term><term>Fontaine atomique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This paper describes advances in microwave frequency standards using laser-cooled atoms at BNM-SYRTE. First, recent improvements of the <sup>133</sup>Cs and <sup>87</sup>Rb atomic fountains are described. Thanks to the routine use of a cryogenic sapphire oscillator as an ultra-stable local frequency reference, a fountain frequency instability of 1.6 x 10<sup>-14</sup> τ-<sup>1/2</sup> where τ is the measurement time in seconds is measured. The second advance is a powerful method to control the frequency shift due to cold collisions. These two advances lead to a frequency stability of 2 x 10<sup>-16</sup> at 50000 s for the first time for primary standards. In addition, these clocks realize the Sl second with an accuracy of 7 × 10<sup>-16</sup>, one order of magnitude below that of uncooled devices. In a second part, we describe tests of possible variations of fundamental constants using <sup>87</sup>Rb and <sup>133</sup>Cs fountains. Finally we give an update on the cold atom space clock PHARAO developed in collaboration with CNES. This clock is one of the main instruments of the ACES/ESA mission which is scheduled to fly on board the International Space Station in 2008, enabling a new generation of relativity tests.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0953-4075</s0></fA01><fA02 i1="01"><s0>JPAPEH</s0></fA02><fA03 i2="1"><s0>J. phys., B, At. mol. opt. phys. : (Print)</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>38</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>9</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Cold atom clocks and applications</s1></fA08><fA09 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Atoms, quanta and relativity - a century after Einstein's miraculous year</s1></fA09><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>BIZE (S.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>LAURENT (P.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>ABGRALL (M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>MARION (H.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>MAKSIMOVIC (I.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>CACCIAPUOTI (L.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>GRÜNERT (J.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>VIAN (C.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>PEREIRA DOS SANTOS (F.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>ROSENBUSCH (P.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="11" i2="1"><s1>LEMONDE (P.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="12" i2="1"><s1>SANTARELLI (G.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="13" i2="1"><s1>WOLF (P.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="14" i2="1"><s1>CLAIRON (A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="15" i2="1"><s1>LUITEN (A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="16" i2="1"><s1>TOBAR (M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="17" i2="1"><s1>SALOMON (C.)</s1></fA11><fA12 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>HÄNSCH (T. W.)</s1><s9>ed.</s9></fA12><fA12 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>SCHMIDT-BÖCKING (H.)</s1><s9>ed.</s9></fA12><fA12 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>WALTHER (H.)</s1><s9>ed.</s9></fA12><fA14 i1="01"><s1>BNM-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, 61 Avenue de l'Observatoire</s1><s2>75014 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>The University of Western Australia, School of Physics, 35 Stirling Highway</s1><s2>Crawley, Western Australia</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, ENS 24 rue Lhomond</s1><s2>75005 Paris</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s2>S449-S468</s2></fA20><fA21><s1>2005</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>577D</s2><s5>354000129969720020</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2005 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>68 ref.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>05-0385211</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Journal of physics. B. Atomic, molecular and optical physics : (Print)</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>GBR</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>This paper describes advances in microwave frequency standards using laser-cooled atoms at BNM-SYRTE. First, recent improvements of the <sup>133</sup>Cs and <sup>87</sup>Rb atomic fountains are described. Thanks to the routine use of a cryogenic sapphire oscillator as an ultra-stable local frequency reference, a fountain frequency instability of 1.6 x 10<sup>-14</sup> τ-<sup>1/2</sup> where τ is the measurement time in seconds is measured. The second advance is a powerful method to control the frequency shift due to cold collisions. These two advances lead to a frequency stability of 2 x 10<sup>-16</sup> at 50000 s for the first time for primary standards. In addition, these clocks realize the Sl second with an accuracy of 7 × 10<sup>-16</sup>, one order of magnitude below that of uncooled devices. In a second part, we describe tests of possible variations of fundamental constants using <sup>87</sup>Rb and <sup>133</sup>Cs fountains. Finally we give an update on the cold atom space clock PHARAO developed in collaboration with CNES. This clock is one of the main instruments of the ACES/ESA mission which is scheduled to fly on board the International Space Station in 2008, enabling a new generation of relativity tests.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="3"><s0>001B00F30F</s0></fC02><fC02 i1="02" i2="3"><s0>001B30B80P</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Horloge atomique</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Atomic clocks</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Refroidissement par laser</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Laser cooling</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Hyperfréquence</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Microwave radiation</s0><s5>03</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Stabilité fréquence</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Frequency stability</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Principe équivalence</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Equivalence principle</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Etalon fréquence</s0><s5>30</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Frequency standards</s0><s5>30</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Atome froid</s0><s5>50</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Cold atom</s0><s5>50</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Rubidium 87</s0><s5>51</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Rubidium 87</s0><s5>51</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="09" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Césium 133</s0><s5>57</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="09" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Cesium 133</s0><s5>57</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="10" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Rb</s0><s4>INC</s4><s5>75</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="11" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Cs</s0><s4>INC</s4><s5>76</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="12" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>PHARAO</s0><s4>INC</s4><s5>77</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="13" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>0630F</s0><s2>PAC</s2><s4>INC</s4><s5>91</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="14" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>3280P</s0><s2>PAC</s2><s4>INC</s4><s5>92</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="15" i2="3" l="FRE"><s0>Fontaine atomique</s0><s4>CD</s4><s5>96</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="15" i2="3" l="ENG"><s0>Atomic fountain</s0><s4>CD</s4><s5>96</s5></fC03><fN21><s1>269</s1></fN21><fN44 i1="01"><s1>PSI</s1></fN44><fN82><s1>PSI</s1></fN82></pA></standard></inist><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>France</li></country><region><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Paris</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Bize, S" sort="Bize, S" uniqKey="Bize S" first="S." last="Bize">S. Bize</name></region><name sortKey="Abgrall, M" sort="Abgrall, M" uniqKey="Abgrall M" first="M." last="Abgrall">M. Abgrall</name><name sortKey="Cacciapuoti, L" sort="Cacciapuoti, L" uniqKey="Cacciapuoti L" first="L." last="Cacciapuoti">L. Cacciapuoti</name><name sortKey="Clairon, A" sort="Clairon, A" uniqKey="Clairon A" first="A." last="Clairon">A. Clairon</name><name sortKey="Grunert, J" sort="Grunert, J" uniqKey="Grunert J" first="J." last="Grünert">J. Grünert</name><name sortKey="Laurent, P" sort="Laurent, P" uniqKey="Laurent P" first="P." last="Laurent">P. Laurent</name><name sortKey="Lemonde, P" sort="Lemonde, P" uniqKey="Lemonde P" first="P." last="Lemonde">P. Lemonde</name><name sortKey="Maksimovic, I" sort="Maksimovic, I" uniqKey="Maksimovic I" first="I." last="Maksimovic">I. Maksimovic</name><name sortKey="Marion, H" sort="Marion, H" uniqKey="Marion H" first="H." last="Marion">H. Marion</name><name sortKey="Pereira Dos Santos, F" sort="Pereira Dos Santos, F" uniqKey="Pereira Dos Santos F" first="F." last="Pereira Dos Santos">F. Pereira Dos Santos</name><name sortKey="Rosenbusch, P" sort="Rosenbusch, P" uniqKey="Rosenbusch P" first="P." last="Rosenbusch">P. Rosenbusch</name><name sortKey="Salomon, C" sort="Salomon, C" uniqKey="Salomon C" first="C." last="Salomon">C. Salomon</name><name sortKey="Santarelli, G" sort="Santarelli, G" uniqKey="Santarelli G" first="G." last="Santarelli">G. Santarelli</name><name sortKey="Vian, C" sort="Vian, C" uniqKey="Vian C" first="C." last="Vian">C. Vian</name><name sortKey="Wolf, P" sort="Wolf, P" uniqKey="Wolf P" first="P." last="Wolf">P. Wolf</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Luiten, A" sort="Luiten, A" uniqKey="Luiten A" first="A." last="Luiten">A. Luiten</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Tobar, M" sort="Tobar, M" uniqKey="Tobar M" first="M." last="Tobar">M. 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