Environmentally Relevant Chronic Low-Dose Tritium and Gamma Exposures do not Increase Somatic Intrachromosomal Recombination in pKZ1 Mouse Spleen.
Identifieur interne : 003F93 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003F92; suivant : 003F94Environmentally Relevant Chronic Low-Dose Tritium and Gamma Exposures do not Increase Somatic Intrachromosomal Recombination in pKZ1 Mouse Spleen.
Auteurs : Laura Bannister [Canada] ; Mandy Serran [Canada] ; Lindsey Bertrand [Canada] ; Dmitry Klokov [Canada] ; Heather Wyatt [Canada] ; Melinda Blimkie [Canada] ; Yann Gueguen [France] ; Nicholas Priest [Canada] ; Jean-René Jourdain [France] ; Pamela Sykes [Australie]Source :
- Radiation research [ 1938-5404 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux, Chromosomes de mammifère (effets des radiations), Chromosomes de mammifère (génétique), Environnement, Radiométrie, Rate (effets des radiations), Rate (métabolisme), Rayons gamma (effets indésirables), Recombinaison génétique (effets des radiations), Relation dose-effet des radiations, Souris, Souris de lignée C57BL, Tritium (effets indésirables).
- MESH :
- effets des radiations : Chromosomes de mammifère, Rate, Recombinaison génétique.
- effets indésirables : Rayons gamma, Tritium.
- génétique : Chromosomes de mammifère.
- métabolisme : Rate.
- Animaux, Environnement, Radiométrie, Relation dose-effet des radiations, Souris, Souris de lignée C57BL.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Chromosomes, Mammalian (genetics), Chromosomes, Mammalian (radiation effects), Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Environment, Gamma Rays (adverse effects), Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Radiometry, Recombination, Genetic (radiation effects), Spleen (metabolism), Spleen (radiation effects), Tritium (adverse effects).
- MESH :
- chemical , adverse effects : Tritium.
- adverse effects : Gamma Rays.
- genetics : Chromosomes, Mammalian.
- metabolism : Spleen.
- radiation effects : Chromosomes, Mammalian, Recombination, Genetic, Spleen.
- Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Environment, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Radiometry.
Abstract
The toxicity of tritium is a public health concern given its presence and mobility in the environment. For risk predictions using radiological protection models, it is essential to allocate an appropriate radiation weighting factor (WR). This in turn should be consistent with the observed relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of tritium beta radiation. Although the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) currently recommends a WR of 1 for the calculation of committed effective dose for X rays, gamma rays and electrons of all energies, including tritium energies, there are concerns that tritium health risks are underestimated and that current regulatory tritium drinking water standards need revision. In this study, we investigated potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mouse spleen after one month and eight months of chronic exposure to low-dose tritiated water (HTO). The dose regimes studied were designed to mimic human chronic consumption of HTO at levels of 10 kBq/l, 1 MBq/l and 20 MBq/l. The total doses from these radiation exposures ranged from 0.01 to 180 mGy. We also compared the biological effects of exposure to HTO with equivalent exposure to external whole-body (60)Co gamma rays. Changes in spleen weight and somatic intrachromosomal recombination (DNA inversions) in spleen tissue of pKZ1(Tg/+) mice were monitored. Our results showed no overall changes in either spleen organ weights and no increase mouse splenic intrachromosomal recombination frequencies, indicating that current drinking water standards for tritium exposure in the form of HTO are likely to be adequately protective against cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in spleen. These results demonstrate no evidence for cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in mouse spleen following chronic exposures to HTO activities (or equivalent gamma doses) up to 20 MBq/L.
DOI: 10.1667/RR14564.1
PubMed: 27922333
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pubmed:27922333Le document en format XML
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xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertrand, Lindsey" sort="Bertrand, Lindsey" uniqKey="Bertrand L" first="Lindsey" last="Bertrand">Lindsey Bertrand</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klokov, Dmitry" sort="Klokov, Dmitry" uniqKey="Klokov D" first="Dmitry" last="Klokov">Dmitry Klokov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wyatt, Heather" sort="Wyatt, Heather" uniqKey="Wyatt H" first="Heather" last="Wyatt">Heather Wyatt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blimkie, Melinda" sort="Blimkie, Melinda" uniqKey="Blimkie M" first="Melinda" last="Blimkie">Melinda Blimkie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gueguen, Yann" sort="Gueguen, Yann" uniqKey="Gueguen Y" first="Yann" last="Gueguen">Yann Gueguen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fontenay-aux-Roses</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Fontenay-aux-Roses</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Priest, Nicholas" sort="Priest, Nicholas" uniqKey="Priest N" first="Nicholas" last="Priest">Nicholas Priest</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ontario</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jourdain, Jean Rene" sort="Jourdain, Jean Rene" uniqKey="Jourdain J" first="Jean-René" last="Jourdain">Jean-René Jourdain</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Fontenay-aux-Roses</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Fontenay-aux-Roses</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sykes, Pamela" sort="Sykes, Pamela" uniqKey="Sykes P" first="Pamela" last="Sykes">Pamela Sykes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>c Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, SA, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>c Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Radiation research</title><idno type="eISSN">1938-5404</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Chromosomes, Mammalian (genetics)</term><term>Chromosomes, Mammalian (radiation effects)</term><term>Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</term><term>Environment</term><term>Gamma Rays (adverse effects)</term><term>Mice</term><term>Mice, Inbred C57BL</term><term>Radiometry</term><term>Recombination, Genetic (radiation effects)</term><term>Spleen (metabolism)</term><term>Spleen (radiation effects)</term><term>Tritium (adverse effects)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Chromosomes de mammifère (effets des radiations)</term><term>Chromosomes de mammifère (génétique)</term><term>Environnement</term><term>Radiométrie</term><term>Rate (effets des radiations)</term><term>Rate (métabolisme)</term><term>Rayons gamma (effets indésirables)</term><term>Recombinaison génétique (effets des radiations)</term><term>Relation dose-effet des radiations</term><term>Souris</term><term>Souris de lignée C57BL</term><term>Tritium (effets indésirables)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Tritium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="adverse effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Gamma Rays</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets des radiations" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chromosomes de mammifère</term><term>Rate</term><term>Recombinaison génétique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="effets indésirables" xml:lang="fr"><term>Rayons gamma</term><term>Tritium</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Chromosomes, Mammalian</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chromosomes de mammifère</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Spleen</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Rate</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="radiation effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Chromosomes, Mammalian</term><term>Recombination, Genetic</term><term>Spleen</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</term><term>Environment</term><term>Mice</term><term>Mice, Inbred C57BL</term><term>Radiometry</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Environnement</term><term>Radiométrie</term><term>Relation dose-effet des radiations</term><term>Souris</term><term>Souris de lignée C57BL</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The toxicity of tritium is a public health concern given its presence and mobility in the environment. For risk predictions using radiological protection models, it is essential to allocate an appropriate radiation weighting factor (WR). This in turn should be consistent with the observed relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of tritium beta radiation. Although the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) currently recommends a WR of 1 for the calculation of committed effective dose for X rays, gamma rays and electrons of all energies, including tritium energies, there are concerns that tritium health risks are underestimated and that current regulatory tritium drinking water standards need revision. In this study, we investigated potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mouse spleen after one month and eight months of chronic exposure to low-dose tritiated water (HTO). The dose regimes studied were designed to mimic human chronic consumption of HTO at levels of 10 kBq/l, 1 MBq/l and 20 MBq/l. The total doses from these radiation exposures ranged from 0.01 to 180 mGy. We also compared the biological effects of exposure to HTO with equivalent exposure to external whole-body (60)Co gamma rays. Changes in spleen weight and somatic intrachromosomal recombination (DNA inversions) in spleen tissue of pKZ1(Tg/+) mice were monitored. Our results showed no overall changes in either spleen organ weights and no increase mouse splenic intrachromosomal recombination frequencies, indicating that current drinking water standards for tritium exposure in the form of HTO are likely to be adequately protective against cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in spleen. These results demonstrate no evidence for cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in mouse spleen following chronic exposures to HTO activities (or equivalent gamma doses) up to 20 MBq/L.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">27922333</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>06</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2017</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>22</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>05</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1938-5404</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>186</Volume><Issue>6</Issue><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Dec</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Radiation research</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Radiat. Res.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Environmentally Relevant Chronic Low-Dose Tritium and Gamma Exposures do not Increase Somatic Intrachromosomal Recombination in pKZ1 Mouse Spleen.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>539-548</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1667/RR14564.1</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>The toxicity of tritium is a public health concern given its presence and mobility in the environment. For risk predictions using radiological protection models, it is essential to allocate an appropriate radiation weighting factor (WR). This in turn should be consistent with the observed relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of tritium beta radiation. Although the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) currently recommends a WR of 1 for the calculation of committed effective dose for X rays, gamma rays and electrons of all energies, including tritium energies, there are concerns that tritium health risks are underestimated and that current regulatory tritium drinking water standards need revision. In this study, we investigated potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mouse spleen after one month and eight months of chronic exposure to low-dose tritiated water (HTO). The dose regimes studied were designed to mimic human chronic consumption of HTO at levels of 10 kBq/l, 1 MBq/l and 20 MBq/l. The total doses from these radiation exposures ranged from 0.01 to 180 mGy. We also compared the biological effects of exposure to HTO with equivalent exposure to external whole-body (60)Co gamma rays. Changes in spleen weight and somatic intrachromosomal recombination (DNA inversions) in spleen tissue of pKZ1(Tg/+) mice were monitored. Our results showed no overall changes in either spleen organ weights and no increase mouse splenic intrachromosomal recombination frequencies, indicating that current drinking water standards for tritium exposure in the form of HTO are likely to be adequately protective against cytotoxic and genotoxic damage in spleen. These results demonstrate no evidence for cytotoxicity or genotoxicity in mouse spleen following chronic exposures to HTO activities (or equivalent gamma doses) up to 20 MBq/L.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bannister</LastName><ForeName>Laura</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Serran</LastName><ForeName>Mandy</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bertrand</LastName><ForeName>Lindsey</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Klokov</LastName><ForeName>Dmitry</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wyatt</LastName><ForeName>Heather</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Blimkie</LastName><ForeName>Melinda</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gueguen</LastName><ForeName>Yann</ForeName><Initials>Y</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Priest</LastName><ForeName>Nicholas</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>a Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jourdain</LastName><ForeName>Jean-René</ForeName><Initials>JR</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>b Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-HOM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sykes</LastName><ForeName>Pamela</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>c Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, SA, Australia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>06</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Radiat Res</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0401245</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0033-7587</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>10028-17-8</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D014316">Tritium</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>S</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D033481" MajorTopicYN="N">Chromosomes, Mammalian</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000235" MajorTopicYN="Y">genetics</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000528" MajorTopicYN="Y">radiation effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004307" MajorTopicYN="N">Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004777" MajorTopicYN="Y">Environment</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005720" MajorTopicYN="N">Gamma Rays</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="Y">adverse effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D051379" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008810" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice, Inbred C57BL</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011874" MajorTopicYN="N">Radiometry</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011995" MajorTopicYN="N">Recombination, Genetic</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000528" MajorTopicYN="Y">radiation effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013154" MajorTopicYN="N">Spleen</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="Y">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000528" MajorTopicYN="N">radiation effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014316" MajorTopicYN="N">Tritium</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000009" MajorTopicYN="Y">adverse effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2017</Year><Month>5</Month><Day>23</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>7</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">27922333</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1667/RR14564.1</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>France</li></country></list><tree><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bannister, Laura" sort="Bannister, Laura" uniqKey="Bannister L" first="Laura" last="Bannister">Laura Bannister</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Bertrand, Lindsey" sort="Bertrand, Lindsey" uniqKey="Bertrand L" first="Lindsey" last="Bertrand">Lindsey Bertrand</name><name sortKey="Blimkie, Melinda" sort="Blimkie, Melinda" uniqKey="Blimkie M" first="Melinda" last="Blimkie">Melinda Blimkie</name><name sortKey="Klokov, Dmitry" sort="Klokov, Dmitry" uniqKey="Klokov D" first="Dmitry" last="Klokov">Dmitry Klokov</name><name sortKey="Priest, Nicholas" sort="Priest, Nicholas" uniqKey="Priest N" first="Nicholas" last="Priest">Nicholas Priest</name><name sortKey="Serran, Mandy" sort="Serran, Mandy" uniqKey="Serran M" first="Mandy" last="Serran">Mandy Serran</name><name sortKey="Wyatt, Heather" sort="Wyatt, Heather" uniqKey="Wyatt H" first="Heather" last="Wyatt">Heather Wyatt</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gueguen, Yann" sort="Gueguen, Yann" uniqKey="Gueguen Y" first="Yann" last="Gueguen">Yann Gueguen</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Jourdain, Jean Rene" sort="Jourdain, Jean Rene" uniqKey="Jourdain J" first="Jean-René" last="Jourdain">Jean-René Jourdain</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sykes, Pamela" sort="Sykes, Pamela" uniqKey="Sykes P" first="Pamela" last="Sykes">Pamela Sykes</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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