A century of trends in adult human height
Identifieur interne : 003901 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003900; suivant : 003902A century of trends in adult human height
Auteurs :Source :
- eLife [ 2050-084X ] ; ????.
Abstract
Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3–19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8–144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
Url:
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.13410
PubMed: 27458798
PubMed Central: 4961475
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A century of trends in adult human height</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27458798</idno><idno type="pmc">4961475</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961475</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4961475</idno><idno type="doi">10.7554/eLife.13410</idno><date when="????">????</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D50</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D50</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002C00</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002C00</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002E25</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002E25</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">003901</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A century of trends in adult human height</title></analytic><series><title level="j">eLife</title><idno type="eISSN">2050-084X</idno><imprint><date when="????">????</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3–19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8–144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.13410.001">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13410.001</ext-link></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adair, Ls" uniqKey="Adair L">LS Adair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fall, Ch" uniqKey="Fall C">CH Fall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osmond, C" uniqKey="Osmond C">C Osmond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Ad" uniqKey="Stein A">AD Stein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martorell, R" uniqKey="Martorell R">R Martorell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Zea, M" uniqKey="Ramirez Zea M">M Ramirez-Zea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sachdev, Hs" uniqKey="Sachdev H">HS 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">eLife</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Elife</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">eLife</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">eLife</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>eLife</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2050-084X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27458798</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4961475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">13410</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.13410</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Epidemiology and Global Health</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="display-channel"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A century of trends in adult human height</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab>NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bentham</surname><given-names>James</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Di Cesare</surname><given-names>Mariachiara</given-names></name><aff><institution>Middlesex University</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Stevens</surname><given-names>Gretchen A</given-names></name><aff><institution>World Health Organization</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Bin</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bixby</surname><given-names>Honor</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cowan</surname><given-names>Melanie</given-names></name><aff><institution>World Health Organization</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Fortunato</surname><given-names>Léa</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bennett</surname><given-names>James E</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Danaei</surname><given-names>Goodarz</given-names></name><aff><institution>Harvard T.H. 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Chan School of Public Health</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Riley</surname><given-names>Leanne M</given-names></name><aff><institution>World Health Organization</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Laxmaiah</surname><given-names>Avula</given-names></name><aff><institution>Indian Council of Medical Research</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kontis</surname><given-names>Vasilis</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Paciorek</surname><given-names>Christopher J</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of California</institution>,<addr-line>Berkeley</addr-line>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Riboli</surname><given-names>Elio</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ezzati</surname><given-names>Majid</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff><aff><institution>WHO 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University</institution>,<country>Palestine</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Acosta-Cazares</surname><given-names>Benjamin</given-names></name><aff><institution>Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social</institution>,<country>Mexico</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Adams</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></name><aff><institution>The University of Adelaide</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Aekplakorn</surname><given-names>Wichai</given-names></name><aff><institution>Mahidol University</institution>,<country>Thailand</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Aguilar-Salinas</surname><given-names>Carlos A</given-names></name><aff><institution>Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutricion</institution>,<country>Mexico</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Agyemang</surname><given-names>Charles</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Amsterdam</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ahmadvand</surname><given-names>Alireza</given-names></name><aff><institution>Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ahrens</surname><given-names>Wolfgang</given-names></name><aff><institution>Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Al-Hazzaa</surname><given-names>Hazzaa M</given-names></name><aff><institution>King Saud University</institution>,<country>Saudi Arabia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Al-Othman</surname><given-names>Amani Rashed</given-names></name><aff><institution>Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research</institution>,<country>Kuwait</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Raddadi</surname><given-names>Rajaa Al</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>Saudi Arabia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>Mohamed M</given-names></name><aff><institution>World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean</institution>,<country>Egypt</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Alkerwi</surname><given-names>Ala'a</given-names></name><aff><institution>Luxembourg Institute of Health</institution>,<country>Luxembourg</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Alvarez-Pedrerol</surname><given-names>Mar</given-names></name><aff><institution>ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Aly</surname><given-names>Eman</given-names></name><aff><institution>World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean</institution>,<country>Egypt</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Amouyel</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lille University and Hospital</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Amuzu</surname><given-names>Antoinette</given-names></name><aff><institution>London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>Lars Bo</given-names></name><aff><institution>Sogn and Fjordane University College</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Anderssen</surname><given-names>Sigmund A</given-names></name><aff><institution>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Anjana</surname><given-names>Ranjit Mohan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Madras Diabetes Research Foundation</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Aounallah-Skhiri</surname><given-names>Hajer</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Public Health</institution>,<country>Tunisia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ariansen</surname><given-names>Inger</given-names></name><aff><institution>Norwegian Institute of Public Health</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Aris</surname><given-names>Tahir</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health Malaysia</institution>,<country>Malaysia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Arlappa</surname><given-names>Nimmathota</given-names></name><aff><institution>Indian Council of Medical Research</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Arveiler</surname><given-names>Dominique</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Strasbourg and Strasbourg University Hospital</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Assah</surname><given-names>Felix K</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Yaoundé 1</institution>,<country>Cameroon</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Avdicová</surname><given-names>Mária</given-names></name><aff><institution>Regional Authority of Public Health</institution>,<addr-line>Banská Bystrica</addr-line>,<country>Slovakia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Azizi</surname><given-names>Fereidoun</given-names></name><aff><institution>Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Babu</surname><given-names>Bontha V</given-names></name><aff><institution>Indian Council of Medical Research</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bahijri</surname><given-names>Suhad</given-names></name><aff><institution>King Abdulaziz University</institution>,<country>Saudi Arabia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Balakrishna</surname><given-names>Nagalla</given-names></name><aff><institution>Indian Council of Medical Research</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bandosz</surname><given-names>Piotr</given-names></name><aff><institution>Medical University of Gdansk</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Banegas</surname><given-names>José R</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad Autónoma de Madrid</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Barbagallo</surname><given-names>Carlo M</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Palermo</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Barceló</surname><given-names>Alberto</given-names></name><aff><institution>Pan American Health Organization</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Barkat</surname><given-names>Amina</given-names></name><aff><institution>Mohammed V University de Rabat</institution>,<country>Morocco</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>Mauro V</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Pernambuco</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bata</surname><given-names>Iqbal</given-names></name><aff><institution>Dalhousie University</institution>,<country>Canada</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Batieha</surname><given-names>Anwar M</given-names></name><aff><institution>Jordan University of Science and Technology</institution>,<country>Jordan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Batista</surname><given-names>Rosangela L</given-names></name><aff><institution>Federal University of Maranhao</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Baur</surname><given-names>Louise A</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Sydney</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Beaglehole</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Auckland</institution>,<country>New Zealand</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Romdhane</surname><given-names>Habiba Ben</given-names></name><aff><institution>University Tunis El Manar</institution>,<country>Tunisia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Benet</surname><given-names>Mikhail</given-names></name><aff><institution>University Medical Science</institution>,<country>Cuba</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bennett</surname><given-names>James E</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bernabe-Ortiz</surname><given-names>Antonio</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia</institution>,<country>Peru</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bernotiene</surname><given-names>Gailute</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lithuanian University of Health Sciences</institution>,<country>Lithuania</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bettiol</surname><given-names>Heloisa</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of São Paulo</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bhagyalaxmi</surname><given-names>Aroor</given-names></name><aff><institution>B. 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Medical College</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bharadwaj</surname><given-names>Sumit</given-names></name><aff><institution>Chirayu Medical College</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bhargava</surname><given-names>Santosh K</given-names></name><aff><institution>Sunder Lal Jain Hospital</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bhatti</surname><given-names>Zaid</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Aga Khan University</institution>,<country>Pakistan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>Zulfiqar A</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Hospital for Sick Children</institution>,<country>Canada</country></aff><aff><institution>The Aga Khan University</institution>,<country>Pakistan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bi</surname><given-names>Hongsheng</given-names></name><aff><institution>Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bi</surname><given-names>Yufang</given-names></name><aff><institution>Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bjerregaard</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Southern Denmark</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff><aff><institution>University of Greenland</institution>,<country>Greenland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bjertness</surname><given-names>Espen</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Oslo</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bjertness</surname><given-names>Marius B</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Oslo</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Björkelund</surname><given-names>Cecilia</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Gothenburg</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Blokstra</surname><given-names>Anneke</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bo</surname><given-names>Simona</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Turin</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bobak</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><aff><institution>University College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Boddy</surname><given-names>Lynne M</given-names></name><aff><institution>Liverpool John Moores University</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Boehm</surname><given-names>Bernhard O</given-names></name><aff><institution>Nanyang Technological University</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Boeing</surname><given-names>Heiner</given-names></name><aff><institution>German Institute of Human Nutrition</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Boissonnet</surname><given-names>Carlos P</given-names></name><aff><institution>CEMIC</institution>,<country>Argentina</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bongard</surname><given-names>Vanina</given-names></name><aff><institution>Toulouse University School of Medicine</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bovet</surname><given-names>Pascal</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>Seychelles</country></aff><aff><institution>University of Lausanne</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Braeckman</surname><given-names>Lutgart</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ghent University</institution>,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bragt</surname><given-names>Marjolijn CE</given-names></name><aff><institution>FrieslandCampina</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Brajkovich</surname><given-names>Imperia</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad Central de Venezuela</institution>,<country>Venezuela</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Branca</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name><aff><institution>World Health Organization</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Breckenkamp</surname><given-names>Juergen</given-names></name><aff><institution>Bielefeld University</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Brenner</surname><given-names>Hermann</given-names></name><aff><institution>German Cancer Research Center</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Brewster</surname><given-names>Lizzy M</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Amsterdam</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Brian</surname><given-names>Garry R</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Fred Hollows Foundation New Zealand</institution>,<country>New Zealand</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bruno</surname><given-names>Graziella</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Turin</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bueno-de-Mesquita</surname><given-names>HB(as)</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bugge</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Southern Denmark</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Burns</surname><given-names>Con</given-names></name><aff><institution>Cork Institute of Technology</institution>,<country>Ireland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>de León</surname><given-names>Antonio Cabrera</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad de La Laguna</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cacciottolo</surname><given-names>Joseph</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Malta</institution>,<country>Malta</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cama</surname><given-names>Tilema</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>Tonga</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cameron</surname><given-names>Christine</given-names></name><aff><institution>Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute</institution>,<country>Canada</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Camolas</surname><given-names>José</given-names></name><aff><institution>Hospital Santa Maria</institution>,<country>CHLN</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Can</surname><given-names>Günay</given-names></name><aff><institution>Istanbul University</institution>,<country>Turkey</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cândido</surname><given-names>Ana Paula C</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Capuano</surname><given-names>Vincenzo</given-names></name><aff><institution>Cardiologia di Mercato S. Severino</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cardoso</surname><given-names>Viviane C</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of São Paulo</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Carlsson</surname><given-names>Axel C</given-names></name><aff><institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>Maria J</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Porto</institution>,<country>Portugal</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Casanueva</surname><given-names>Felipe F</given-names></name><aff><institution>Santiago de Compostela University</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Casas</surname><given-names>Juan-Pablo</given-names></name><aff><institution>University College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Caserta</surname><given-names>Carmelo A</given-names></name><aff><institution>Associazione Calabrese di Epatologia</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chamukuttan</surname><given-names>Snehalatha</given-names></name><aff><institution>India Diabetes Research Foundation</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>Angelique W</given-names></name><aff><institution>Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>Queenie</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chaturvedi</surname><given-names>Himanshu K</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Medical Statistics</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chaturvedi</surname><given-names>Nishi</given-names></name><aff><institution>University College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Chien-Jen</given-names></name><aff><institution>Academia Sinica</institution>,<country>Taiwan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Fangfang</given-names></name><aff><institution>Capital Institute of Pediatrics</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Huashuai</given-names></name><aff><institution>Duke University</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Shuohua</given-names></name><aff><institution>Kailuan General Hospital</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Zhengming</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Oxford</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cheng</surname><given-names>Ching-Yu</given-names></name><aff><institution>Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chetrit</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research</institution>,<country>Israel</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chiolero</surname><given-names>Arnaud</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lausanne University Hospital</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chiou</surname><given-names>Shu-Ti</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health and Welfare</institution>,<country>Taiwan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chirita-Emandi</surname><given-names>Adela</given-names></name><aff><institution>Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara</institution>,<country>Romania</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>Belong</given-names></name><aff><institution>Seoul National University College of Medicine</institution>,<country>South Korea</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cho</surname><given-names>Yumi</given-names></name><aff><institution>Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<country>South Korea</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Christensen</surname><given-names>Kaare</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Southern Denmark</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Chudek</surname><given-names>Jerzy</given-names></name><aff><institution>Medical University of Silesia</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cifkova</surname><given-names>Renata</given-names></name><aff><institution>Charles University in Prague</institution>,<country>Czech Republic</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Claessens</surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><aff><institution>Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</institution>,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Clays</surname><given-names>Els</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ghent University</institution>,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Concin</surname><given-names>Hans</given-names></name><aff><institution>Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine</institution>,<country>Austria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>Cyrus</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Southampton</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cooper</surname><given-names>Rachel</given-names></name><aff><institution>University College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Coppinger</surname><given-names>Tara C</given-names></name><aff><institution>Cork Institute of Technology</institution>,<country>Ireland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Costanzo</surname><given-names>Simona</given-names></name><aff><institution>IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cottel</surname><given-names>Dominique</given-names></name><aff><institution>Institut Pasteur de Lille</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cowell</surname><given-names>Chris</given-names></name><aff><institution>Westmead University of Sydney</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Craig</surname><given-names>Cora L</given-names></name><aff><institution>Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute</institution>,<country>Canada</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Crujeiras</surname><given-names>Ana B</given-names></name><aff><institution>CIBEROBN</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>D'Arrigo</surname><given-names>Graziella</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Council of Research</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>d'Orsi</surname><given-names>Eleonora</given-names></name><aff><institution>Federal University of Santa Catarina</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Dallongeville</surname><given-names>Jean</given-names></name><aff><institution>Institut Pasteur de Lille</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Damasceno</surname><given-names>Albertino</given-names></name><aff><institution>Eduardo Mondlane University</institution>,<country>Mozambique</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Damsgaard</surname><given-names>Camilla T</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Copenhagen</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Danaei</surname><given-names>Goodarz</given-names></name><aff><institution>Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Dankner</surname><given-names>Rachel</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research</institution>,<country>Israel</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Dauchet</surname><given-names>Luc</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lille University Hospital</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Backer</surname><given-names>Guy De</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ghent University</institution>,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bacquer</surname><given-names>Dirk De</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ghent University</institution>,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>de Gaetano</surname><given-names>Giovanni</given-names></name><aff><institution>IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Henauw</surname><given-names>Stefaan De</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ghent University</institution>,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Smedt</surname><given-names>Delphine De</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ghent University</institution>,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Deepa</surname><given-names>Mohan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Madras Diabetes Research Foundation</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Alexander 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contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Donoso</surname><given-names>Silvana P</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad de Cuenca</institution>,<country>Ecuador</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Döring</surname><given-names>Angela</given-names></name><aff><institution>Helmholtz Zentrum München</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Doua</surname><given-names>Kouamelan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministére de la Santé et de la Lutte Contre le Sida</institution>,<country>Côte d’Ivoire</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Drygas</surname><given-names>Wojciech</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Dzerve</surname><given-names>Vilnis</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Latvia</institution>,<addr-line>Latvia</addr-line>,<country>Europe</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Egbagbe</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Benin</institution>,<country>Nigeria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Eggertsen</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Gothenburg</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ekelund</surname><given-names>Ulf</given-names></name><aff><institution>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ati</surname><given-names>Jalila El</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology</institution>,<country>Tunisia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Elliott</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Engle-Stone</surname><given-names>Reina</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of California Davis</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Erasmus</surname><given-names>Rajiv T</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Stellenbosch</institution>,<country>South Africa</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Erem</surname><given-names>Cihangir</given-names></name><aff><institution>Karadeniz Technical University</institution>,<country>Turkey</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Eriksen</surname><given-names>Louise</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Southern Denmark</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>la Peña</surname><given-names>Jorge Escobedo-de</given-names></name><aff><institution>Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social</institution>,<country>Mexico</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>Alun</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Queen's University of Belfast</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Faeh</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Zurich</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Fall</surname><given-names>Caroline H</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Southampton</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Farzadfar</surname><given-names>Farshad</given-names></name><aff><institution>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Felix-Redondo</surname><given-names>Francisco J</given-names></name><aff><institution>Centro de Salud Villanueva Norte</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ferguson</surname><given-names>Trevor S</given-names></name><aff><institution>The University of the West Indies</institution>,<country>Jamaica</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Fernández-Bergés</surname><given-names>Daniel</given-names></name><aff><institution>Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ferrante</surname><given-names>Daniel</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>Argentina</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ferrari</surname><given-names>Marika</given-names></name><aff><institution>Council for Agricultural Research and Economics</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ferreccio</surname><given-names>Catterina</given-names></name><aff><institution>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</institution>,<country>Chile</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ferrieres</surname><given-names>Jean</given-names></name><aff><institution>Toulouse University School of Medicine</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Finn</surname><given-names>Joseph D</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Manchester</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Fischer</surname><given-names>Krista</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Tartu</institution>,<country>Estonia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Flores</surname><given-names>Eric Monterubio</given-names></name><aff><institution>Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública</institution>,<country>Mexico</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Föger</surname><given-names>Bernhard</given-names></name><aff><institution>Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine</institution>,<country>Austria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Foo</surname><given-names>Leng Huat</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universiti Sains Malaysia</institution>,<country>Malaysia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Forslund</surname><given-names>Ann-Sofie</given-names></name><aff><institution>Luleå University</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Forsner</surname><given-names>Maria</given-names></name><aff><institution>Dalarna University</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Fortmann</surname><given-names>Stephen P</given-names></name><aff><institution>Stanford University</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Fouad</surname><given-names>Heba M</given-names></name><aff><institution>World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean</institution>,<country>Egypt</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Francis</surname><given-names>Damian K</given-names></name><aff><institution>The University of the West Indies</institution>,<country>Jamaica</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Franco</surname><given-names>Maria do Carmo</given-names></name><aff><institution>Federal University of São Paulo</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Franco</surname><given-names>Oscar H</given-names></name><aff><institution>Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Frontera</surname><given-names>Guillermo</given-names></name><aff><institution>Hospital Universitario Son Espases</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Fuchs</surname><given-names>Flavio D</given-names></name><aff><institution>Hospital de Clinicas 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contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gaciong</surname><given-names>Zbigniew</given-names></name><aff><institution>Medical University of Warsaw</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gafencu</surname><given-names>Mihai</given-names></name><aff><institution>Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara</institution>,<country>Romania</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gareta</surname><given-names>Dickman</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of KwaZulu-Natal</institution>,<country>South Africa</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Garnett</surname><given-names>Sarah P</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Sydney</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gaspoz</surname><given-names>Jean-Michel</given-names></name><aff><institution>Geneva University Hospitals</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gasull</surname><given-names>Magda</given-names></name><aff><institution>CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gates</surname><given-names>Louise</given-names></name><aff><institution>Australian Bureau of Statistics</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Geleijnse</surname><given-names>Johanna M</given-names></name><aff><institution>Wageningen University</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ghasemian</surname><given-names>Anoosheh</given-names></name><aff><institution>Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Giampaoli</surname><given-names>Simona</given-names></name><aff><institution>Istituto Superiore di Sanità</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gianfagna</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Insubria</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Giovannelli</surname><given-names>Jonathan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lille University Hospital</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Giwercman</surname><given-names>Aleksander</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lund University</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Goldsmith</surname><given-names>Rebecca A</given-names></name><aff><institution content-type="dept">Nutrition Department</institution>,<institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>Israel</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gonçalves</surname><given-names>Helen</given-names></name><aff><institution>Federal University of Pelotas</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gross</surname><given-names>Marcela Gonzalez</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad Politécnica de Madrid</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Rivas</surname><given-names>Juan P González</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Andes Clinic of Cardio-Metabolic Studies</institution>,<country>Venezuela</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gorbea</surname><given-names>Mariano Bonet</given-names></name><aff><institution content-type="dept">National Institute of Hygiene</institution>,<institution>Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution>,<country>Cuba</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gottrand</surname><given-names>Frederic</given-names></name><aff><institution>Université de Lille 2</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Graff-Iversen</surname><given-names>Sidsel</given-names></name><aff><institution>Norwegian Institute of Public Health</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Grafnetter</surname><given-names>Dušan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine</institution>,<country>Czech Republic</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Grajda</surname><given-names>Aneta</given-names></name><aff><institution>Children's Memorial Health Institute</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Grammatikopoulou</surname><given-names>Maria G</given-names></name><aff><institution>Alexander Technological Educational Institute</institution>,<country>Greece</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gregor</surname><given-names>Ronald D</given-names></name><aff><institution>Dalhousie University</institution>,<country>Canada</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Grodzicki</surname><given-names>Tomasz</given-names></name><aff><institution>Jagiellonian University Medical College</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Grøntved</surname><given-names>Anders</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Southern Denmark</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gruden</surname><given-names>Grabriella</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Turin</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Grujic</surname><given-names>Vera</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Novi Sad</institution>,<country>Serbia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gu</surname><given-names>Dongfeng</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Center of Cardiovascular Diseases</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gualdi-Russo</surname><given-names>Emanuela</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Ferrara</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Guan</surname><given-names>Ong Peng</given-names></name><aff><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gudnason</surname><given-names>Vilmundur</given-names></name><aff><institution>Icelandic Heart Association</institution>,<country>Iceland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Guerrero</surname><given-names>Ramiro</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad Icesi</institution>,<country>Colombia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Guessous</surname><given-names>Idris</given-names></name><aff><institution>Geneva University Hospitals</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Guimaraes</surname><given-names>Andre L</given-names></name><aff><institution>State University of Montes Claros</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gulliford</surname><given-names>Martin C</given-names></name><aff><institution>King's College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gunnlaugsdottir</surname><given-names>Johanna</given-names></name><aff><institution>Icelandic Heart Association</institution>,<country>Iceland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gunter</surname><given-names>Marc</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Xiuhua</given-names></name><aff><institution>Capital Medical University</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>Yin</given-names></name><aff><institution>Capital Medical University</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>Prakash C</given-names></name><aff><institution>Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gureje</surname><given-names>Oye</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Ibadan</institution>,<country>Nigeria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gurzkowska</surname><given-names>Beata</given-names></name><aff><institution>Children's Memorial Health Institute</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gutierrez</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><aff><institution>Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy</institution>,<country>Argentina</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Gutzwiller</surname><given-names>Felix</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Zurich</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Halkjær</surname><given-names>Jytte</given-names></name><aff><institution>Danish Cancer Society Research Centre</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hambleton</surname><given-names>Ian R</given-names></name><aff><institution>The University of the West Indies</institution>,<country>Barbados</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hardy</surname><given-names>Rebecca</given-names></name><aff><institution>University College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Rachakulla Hari</given-names></name><aff><institution>Indian Council of Medical Research</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hata</surname><given-names>Jun</given-names></name><aff><institution>Kyushu University</institution>,<country>Japan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hayes</surname><given-names>Alison J</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Sydney</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>He</surname><given-names>Jiang</given-names></name><aff><institution>Tulane University</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hendriks</surname><given-names>Marleen Elisabeth</given-names></name><aff><institution>Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cadena</surname><given-names>Leticia Hernandez</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Public Health</institution>,<country>Mexico</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Herrala</surname><given-names>Sauli</given-names></name><aff><institution>Oulu University Hospital</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Heshmat</surname><given-names>Ramin</given-names></name><aff><institution>Chronic Diseases Research Center</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hihtaniemi</surname><given-names>Ilpo Tapani</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>Sai Yin</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Hong Kong</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ho</surname><given-names>Suzanne C</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Chinese University of Hong Kong</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hobbs</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Western Australia</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hofman</surname><given-names>Albert</given-names></name><aff><institution>Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hormiga</surname><given-names>Claudia M</given-names></name><aff><institution>Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander</institution>,<country>Colombia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Horta</surname><given-names>Bernardo L</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Houti</surname><given-names>Leila</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Oran 1</institution>,<country>Algeria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Howitt</surname><given-names>Christina</given-names></name><aff><institution>The University of the West Indies</institution>,<country>Barbados</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Htay</surname><given-names>Thein Thein</given-names></name><aff><institution>Independent Public Health Specialist</institution>,<country>Myanmar</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Htet</surname><given-names>Aung Soe</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Oslo</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Htike</surname><given-names>Maung Maung Than</given-names></name><aff><institution>International Realtions Division</institution>,<country>Nay Pyi Taw</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>Yonghua</given-names></name><aff><institution>Peking University Health Science Center</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Husseini</surname><given-names>Abdullatif</given-names></name><aff><institution>Birzeit University</institution>,<country>Palestine</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Huu</surname><given-names>Chinh Nguyen</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Nutrition</institution>,<country>Vietnam</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Huybrechts</surname><given-names>Inge</given-names></name><aff><institution>International Agency for Research on Cancer</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Hwalla</surname><given-names>Nahla</given-names></name><aff><institution>American University of Beirut</institution>,<country>Lebanon</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Iacoviello</surname><given-names>Licia</given-names></name><aff><institution>IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Iannone</surname><given-names>Anna G</given-names></name><aff><institution>Cardiologia di Mercato S. 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Khang</surname><given-names>Young-Ho</given-names></name><aff><institution>Seoul National University</institution>,<country>South Korea</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Khaw</surname><given-names>Kay-Tee H</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Cambridge</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Khouw</surname><given-names>Ilse MSL</given-names></name><aff><institution>FrieslandCampina</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kruger</surname><given-names>Herculina S</given-names></name><aff><institution>North-West University</institution>,<country>South Africa</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kubinova</surname><given-names>Ruzena</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Public Health</institution>,<country>Czech Republic</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kujala</surname><given-names>Urho M</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Jyväskylä</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kula</surname><given-names>Krzysztof</given-names></name><aff><institution>Medical University of Lodz</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kulaga</surname><given-names>Zbigniew</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Children's Memorial Health Institute</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>R Krishna</given-names></name><aff><institution>Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kurjata</surname><given-names>Pawel</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Cardinal Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kusuma</surname><given-names>Yadlapalli S</given-names></name><aff><institution>All India Institute of Medical Sciences</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Kuulasmaa</surname><given-names>Kari</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute for Health and Welfare</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lachat</surname><given-names>Carl</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ghent University</institution>,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Laid</surname><given-names>Youcef</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Public Health of Algeria</institution>,<country>Algeria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lam</surname><given-names>Tai Hing</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Hong Kong</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Landrove</surname><given-names>Orlando</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministerio de Salud Pública</institution>,<country>Cuba</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lanska</surname><given-names>Vera</given-names></name><aff><institution>Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine</institution>,<country>Czech Republic</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lappas</surname><given-names>Georg</given-names></name><aff><institution>Sahlgrenska Academy</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Larijani</surname><given-names>Bagher</given-names></name><aff><institution>Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Laugsand</surname><given-names>Lars E</given-names></name><aff><institution>Norwegian University of Science and Technology</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Laxmaiah</surname><given-names>Avula</given-names></name><aff><institution>Indian Council of Medical Research</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Bao</surname><given-names>Khanh Le Nguyen</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Nutrition</institution>,<country>Vietnam</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Le</surname><given-names>Tuyen D</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Nutrition</institution>,<country>Vietnam</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Leclercq</surname><given-names>Catherine</given-names></name><aff><institution>Food and Agriculture Organization</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Jeannette</given-names></name><aff><institution>National University of Singapore</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Jeonghee</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Cancer Center</institution>,<country>South Korea</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lehtimäki</surname><given-names>Terho</given-names></name><aff><institution>Tampere University Hospital</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lekhraj</surname><given-names>Rampal</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universiti Putra Malaysia</institution>,<country>Malaysia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>León-Muñoz</surname><given-names>Luz M</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad Autónoma de Madrid</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Yanping</given-names></name><aff><institution>Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lilly</surname><given-names>Christa L</given-names></name><aff><institution>West Virginia University</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>Wei-Yen</given-names></name><aff><institution>National University of Singapore</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lima-Costa</surname><given-names>M Fernanda</given-names></name><aff><institution>Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rene Rachou Research Institute</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Hsien-Ho</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Taiwan University</institution>,<country>Taiwan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>Xu</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Linneberg</surname><given-names>Allan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Research Centre for Prevention and Health</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lissner</surname><given-names>Lauren</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Gothenburg</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Litwin</surname><given-names>Mieczyslaw</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Children's Memorial Health Institute</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Jing</given-names></name><aff><institution>Beijing Anzhen Hospital</institution>,<country>Capital Medical University</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lorbeer</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name><aff><institution>University Medicine Greifswald</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lotufo</surname><given-names>Paulo A</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of São Paulo</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lozano</surname><given-names>José Eugenio</given-names></name><aff><institution>Consejería de Sanidad Junta de Castilla y León</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Lytsy</surname><given-names>Per</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Uppsala</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Guansheng</given-names></name><aff><institution>Peking University</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>Jun</given-names></name><aff><institution>Peking University</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Machado-Coelho</surname><given-names>George 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contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Margozzini</surname><given-names>Paula</given-names></name><aff><institution>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</institution>,<country>Chile</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Markey</surname><given-names>Oonagh</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Reading</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Marques-Vidal</surname><given-names>Pedro</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lausanne University Hospital</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Masoodi</surname><given-names>Shariq R</given-names></name><aff><institution>Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mathiesen</surname><given-names>Ellisiv B</given-names></name><aff><institution>UiT The Arctic University of Norway</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Matsha</surname><given-names>Tandi E</given-names></name><aff><institution>Cape Peninsula University of Technology</institution>,<country>South Africa</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mazur</surname><given-names>Artur</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Rzeszow</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mbanya</surname><given-names>Jean Claude N</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Yaoundé 1</institution>,<country>Cameroon</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>McFarlane</surname><given-names>Shelly R</given-names></name><aff><institution>The University of the West Indies</institution>,<country>Jamaica</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>McGarvey</surname><given-names>Stephen T</given-names></name><aff><institution>Brown University</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>McKee</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><aff><institution>London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>McLachlan</surname><given-names>Stela</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Edinburgh</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>McLean</surname><given-names>Rachael M</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Otago</institution>,<country>New Zealand</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>McNulty</surname><given-names>Breige A</given-names></name><aff><institution>University College Dublin</institution>,<country>Ireland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Yusof</surname><given-names>Safiah Md</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universiti Teknologi MARA</institution>,<country>Malaysia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mediene-Benchekor</surname><given-names>Sounnia</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Oran 1</institution>,<country>Algeria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Meirhaeghe</surname><given-names>Aline</given-names></name><aff><institution>Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Meisinger</surname><given-names>Christa</given-names></name><aff><institution>Helmholtz Zentrum München</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Menezes</surname><given-names>Ana Maria B</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mensink</surname><given-names>Gert BM</given-names></name><aff><institution>Robert Koch Institute</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Meshram</surname><given-names>Indrapal I</given-names></name><aff><institution>Indian Council of Medical Research</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Metspalu</surname><given-names>Andres</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Tartu</institution>,<country>Estonia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mi</surname><given-names>Jie</given-names></name><aff><institution>Capital Institute of Pediatrics</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Michaelsen</surname><given-names>Kim F</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Copenhagen</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mikkel</surname><given-names>Kairit</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Tartu</institution>,<country>Estonia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>Jody C</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Otago</institution>,<country>New Zealand</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Miquel</surname><given-names>Juan Francisco</given-names></name><aff><institution>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</institution>,<country>Chile</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Miranda</surname><given-names>J Jaime</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia</institution>,<country>Peru</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mišigoj-Durakovic</surname><given-names>Marjeta</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Zagreb</institution>,<country>Croatia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mohamed</surname><given-names>Mostafa K</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ain Shams University</institution>,<country>Egypt</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mohammad</surname><given-names>Kazem</given-names></name><aff><institution>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mohammadifard</surname><given-names>Noushin</given-names></name><aff><institution>Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mohan</surname><given-names>Viswanathan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Madras Diabetes Research Foundation</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Yusoff</surname><given-names>Muhammad Fadhli Mohd</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health Malaysia</institution>,<country>Malaysia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Molbo</surname><given-names>Drude</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Copenhagen</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Møller</surname><given-names>Niels C</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Southern Denmark</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Molnár</surname><given-names>Dénes</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Pécs</institution>,<country>Hungary</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mondo</surname><given-names>Charles K</given-names></name><aff><institution>Mulago Hospital</institution>,<country>Uganda</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Monterrubio</surname><given-names>Eric A</given-names></name><aff><institution>Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública</institution>,<country>Mexico</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Monyeki</surname><given-names>Kotsedi Daniel K</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Limpopo</institution>,<country>South Africa</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Moreira</surname><given-names>Leila B</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Morejon</surname><given-names>Alain</given-names></name><aff><institution>University Medical Science</institution>,<country>Cuba</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Moreno</surname><given-names>Luis A</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad de Zaragoza</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Morgan</surname><given-names>Karen</given-names></name><aff><institution>RCSI Dublin</institution>,<country>Ireland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mortensen</surname><given-names>Erik Lykke</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Copenhagen</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Moschonis</surname><given-names>George</given-names></name><aff><institution>Harokopio University</institution>,<country>Greece</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mossakowska</surname><given-names>Malgorzata</given-names></name><aff><institution>International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mostafa</surname><given-names>Aya</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ain Shams University</institution>,<country>Egypt</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mota</surname><given-names>Jorge</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Porto</institution>,<country>Portugal</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Motlagh</surname><given-names>Mohammad Esmaeel</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Motta</surname><given-names>Jorge</given-names></name><aff><institution>Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health</institution>,<country>Panama</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mu</surname><given-names>Thet Thet</given-names></name><aff><institution>Department of Public Health</institution>,<country>Myanmar</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Muiesan</surname><given-names>Maria Lorenza</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Brescia</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Müller-Nurasyid</surname><given-names>Martina</given-names></name><aff><institution>Helmholtz Zentrum München</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Murphy</surname><given-names>Neil</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Mursu</surname><given-names>Jaakko</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Eastern Finland</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Murtagh</surname><given-names>Elaine M</given-names></name><aff><institution>Mary Immaculate College</institution>,<country>Ireland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Musa</surname><given-names>Kamarul Imran</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universiti Sains Malaysia</institution>,<country>Kota Bharu</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Musil</surname><given-names>Vera</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Zagreb</institution>,<country>Croatia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nagel</surname><given-names>Gabriele</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ulm University</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nakamura</surname><given-names>Harunobu</given-names></name><aff><institution>Kobe University</institution>,<country>Japan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Jana</surname><given-names>Námešná</given-names></name><aff><institution>Regional Authority of Public Health</institution>,<country>Banska Bystrica</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nang</surname><given-names>Ei Ei K</given-names></name><aff><institution>National University of Singapore</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nangia</surname><given-names>Vinay B</given-names></name><aff><institution>Suraj Eye Institute</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nankap</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><aff><institution>Helen Keller International</institution>,<country>Cameroon</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Narake</surname><given-names>Sameer</given-names></name><aff><institution>Healis - Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Navarrete Muñoz</surname><given-names>Eva Maria</given-names></name><aff><institution>CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Neal</surname><given-names>William A</given-names></name><aff><institution>West Virginia University</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nenko</surname><given-names>Ilona</given-names></name><aff><institution>Jagiellonian University Medical College</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Neovius</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><aff><institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nervi</surname><given-names>Flavio</given-names></name><aff><institution>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</institution>,<country>Chile</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Neuhauser</surname><given-names>Hannelore K</given-names></name><aff><institution>Robert Koch Institute</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>Nguyen D</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Pharmacy and Medicine of Ho Chi Minh City</institution>,<country>Vietnam</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>Quang Ngoc</given-names></name><aff><institution>Hanoi Medical University</institution>,<country>Vietnam</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nieto Martínez</surname><given-names>Ramfis E</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidad Centro-Occidental Lisandro Alvarado</institution>,<country>Venezuela</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ning</surname><given-names>Guang</given-names></name><aff><institution>Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ninomiya</surname><given-names>Toshiharu</given-names></name><aff><institution>Kyushu University</institution>,<country>Japan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nishtar</surname><given-names>Sania</given-names></name><aff><institution>Heartfile</institution>,<country>Pakistan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Noale</surname><given-names>Marianna</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Research Council</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Norat</surname><given-names>Teresa</given-names></name><aff><institution>Imperial College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Noto</surname><given-names>Davide</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Palermo</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Nsour</surname><given-names>Mohannad Al</given-names></name><aff><institution>Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network</institution>,<country>Jordan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>O'Reilly</surname><given-names>Dermot</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Queen's University of Belfast</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>Kyungwon</given-names></name><aff><institution>Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<country>South Korea</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Olayan</surname><given-names>Iman H</given-names></name><aff><institution>Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research</institution>,<country>Kuwait</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Olinto</surname><given-names>Maria Teresa Anselmo</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Oltarzewski</surname><given-names>Maciej</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Food and Nutrition Institute</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Omar</surname><given-names>Mohd A</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health Malaysia</institution>,<country>Malaysia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Onat</surname><given-names>Altan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Istanbul University</institution>,<country>Turkey</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ordunez</surname><given-names>Pedro</given-names></name><aff><institution>Pan American Health Organization</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ortiz</surname><given-names>Ana P</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Puerto Rico</institution>,<country>Puerto Rico</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Osler</surname><given-names>Merete</given-names></name><aff><institution>Research Center for Prevention and Health</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Osmond</surname><given-names>Clive</given-names></name><aff><institution>MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ostojic</surname><given-names>Sergej M</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Novi Sad</institution>,<country>Serbia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Otero</surname><given-names>Johanna A</given-names></name><aff><institution>Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander</institution>,<country>Colombia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Overvad</surname><given-names>Kim</given-names></name><aff><institution>Aarhus University</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Owusu-Dabo</surname><given-names>Ellis</given-names></name><aff><institution>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology</institution>,<country>Ghana</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Pajak</surname><given-names>Andrzej</given-names></name><aff><institution>Jagiellonian University Medical College</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Palli</surname><given-names>Domenico</given-names></name><aff><institution>Cancer Prevention and Research Institute</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Palloni</surname><given-names>Alberto</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Wisconsin-Madison</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Parnell</surname><given-names>Winsome R</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Otago</institution>,<country>New Zealand</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Parsaeian</surname><given-names>Mahboubeh</given-names></name><aff><institution>Tehran University of Medical Sciences</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Pecin</surname><given-names>Ivan</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Zagreb</institution>,<country>Croatia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Rosengren</surname><given-names>Annika</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Gothenburg</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Rouse</surname><given-names>Ian</given-names></name><aff><institution>Fiji National University</institution>,<country>Fiji</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Rubinstein</surname><given-names>Adolfo</given-names></name><aff><institution>Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy</institution>,<country>Argentina</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Rühli</surname><given-names>Frank J</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Zurich</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Rui</surname><given-names>Ornelas</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Madeira</institution>,<country>Portugal</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ruiz-Betancourt</surname><given-names>Blanca Sandra</given-names></name><aff><institution>Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social</institution>,<country>Mexico</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>Eduardo Salazar</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Public Health</institution>,<country>Mexico</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Salomaa</surname><given-names>Veikko</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute for Health and Welfare</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Salonen</surname><given-names>Jukka T</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Helsinki</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Salvetti</surname><given-names>Massimo</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Brescia</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sánchez-Abanto</surname><given-names>Jose</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Health</institution>,<country>Peru</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sandjaja</surname><given-names></given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>Indonesia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sans</surname><given-names>Susana</given-names></name><aff><institution>Catalan Department of Health</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Diana A</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidade de Lisboa</institution>,<country>Portugal</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Osvaldo</given-names></name><aff><institution>Institute of Preventive Medicine and Public Health</institution>,<country>Portugal</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>dos Santos</surname><given-names>Renata Nunes</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Santos</surname><given-names>Rute</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Porto</institution>,<country>Portugal</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Saramies</surname><given-names>Jouko L</given-names></name><aff><institution>South Karelia Social and Health Care District</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sardinha</surname><given-names>Luis B</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universidade de Lisboa</institution>,<country>Portugal</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sarrafzadegan</surname><given-names>Nizal</given-names></name><aff><institution>Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Saum</surname><given-names>Kai-Uwe</given-names></name><aff><institution>German Cancer Research Center</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Savva</surname><given-names>Savvas C</given-names></name><aff><institution>Research and Education Institute of Child Health</institution>,<country>Cyprus</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Scazufca</surname><given-names>Marcia</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Sao Paulo Clinics Hospital</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Rosario</surname><given-names>Angelika Schaffrath</given-names></name><aff><institution>Robert Koch Institute</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Schargrodsky</surname><given-names>Herman</given-names></name><aff><institution>Hospital Italiano de Buenos 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contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Schultsz</surname><given-names>Constance</given-names></name><aff><institution>Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Schutte</surname><given-names>Aletta E</given-names></name><aff><institution>MRC North-West University</institution>,<country>South Africa</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sein</surname><given-names>Aye Aye</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>Myanmar</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sen</surname><given-names>Abhijit</given-names></name><aff><institution>Norwegian University of Science and Technology</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Senbanjo</surname><given-names>Idowu O</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lagos State University College of Medicine</institution>,<country>Nigeria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sepanlou</surname><given-names>Sadaf G</given-names></name><aff><institution>Digestive Diseases Research Institute</institution>,<country>Iran</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Shalnova</surname><given-names>Svetlana A</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine</institution>,<country>Russia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>Sanjib K</given-names></name><aff><institution>B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences</institution>,<country>Nepal</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Shaw</surname><given-names>Jonathan E</given-names></name><aff><institution>Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Shibuya</surname><given-names>Kenji</given-names></name><aff><institution>The University of Tokyo</institution>,<country>Japan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Dong Wook</given-names></name><aff><institution>Seoul National University College of Medicine</institution>,<country>South Korea</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Youchan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Shiri</surname><given-names>Rahman</given-names></name><aff><institution>Finnish Institute of Occupational Health</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Siantar</surname><given-names>Rosalynn</given-names></name><aff><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sibai</surname><given-names>Abla M</given-names></name><aff><institution>American University of Beirut</institution>,<country>Lebanon</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Antonio M</given-names></name><aff><institution>Federal University of Maranhao</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>Diego Augusto Santos</given-names></name><aff><institution>Federal University of Santa Catarina</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Simon</surname><given-names>Mary</given-names></name><aff><institution>India Diabetes Research Foundation</institution>,<country>India</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Simons</surname><given-names>Judith</given-names></name><aff><institution>St Vincent's Hospital</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Simons</surname><given-names>Leon A</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of New South Wales</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sjostrom</surname><given-names>Michael</given-names></name><aff><institution>Karolinska Institutet</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Slowikowska-Hilczer</surname><given-names>Jolanta</given-names></name><aff><institution>Medical University of Lodz</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Slusarczyk</surname><given-names>Przemyslaw</given-names></name><aff><institution>International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Smeeth</surname><given-names>Liam</given-names></name><aff><institution>London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>Margaret C</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Oxford</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Snijder</surname><given-names>Marieke B</given-names></name><aff><institution>Academic Medical Center of University of Amsterdam</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>So</surname><given-names>Hung-Kwan</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Chinese University of Hong Kong</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sobngwi</surname><given-names>Eugéne</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Yaoundé 1</institution>,<country>Cameroon</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Söderberg</surname><given-names>Stefan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Umeå University</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Soekatri</surname><given-names>Moesijanti YE</given-names></name><aff><institution>Health Polytechnics Institute</institution>,<country>Indonesia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Solfrizzi</surname><given-names>Vincenzo</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Bari</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sonestedt</surname><given-names>Emily</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lund University</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Song</surname><given-names>Yi</given-names></name><aff><institution>Peking University</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sørensen</surname><given-names>Thorkild 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Bordeaux</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Staessen</surname><given-names>Jan A</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Leuven</institution>,<country>Belgium</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Starc</surname><given-names>Gregor</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Ljubljana</institution>,<country>Slovenia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Stathopoulou</surname><given-names>Maria G</given-names></name><aff><institution>INSERM</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Staub</surname><given-names>Kaspar</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Zurich</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Stavreski</surname><given-names>Bill</given-names></name><aff><institution>Heart Foundation</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Steene-Johannessen</surname><given-names>Jostein</given-names></name><aff><institution>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Stehle</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><aff><institution>Bonn University</institution>,<country>Germany</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Stein</surname><given-names>Aryeh D</given-names></name><aff><institution>Emory University</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Stergiou</surname><given-names>George S</given-names></name><aff><institution>Sotiria Hospital</institution>,<country>Greece</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Stronks</surname><given-names>Karien</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Amsterdam</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Strufaldi</surname><given-names>Maria Wany</given-names></name><aff><institution>Federal University of São Paulo</institution>,<country>Brazil</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>Chien-An</given-names></name><aff><institution>Fu Jen Catholic University</institution>,<country>Taiwan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sundström</surname><given-names>Johan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Uppsala University</institution>,<country>Sweden</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sung</surname><given-names>Yn-Tz</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Chinese University of Hong Kong</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Sunyer</surname><given-names>Jordi</given-names></name><aff><institution>ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Uusitalo</surname><given-names>Hannu MT</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Tampere Tays Eye Center</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Valdivia</surname><given-names>Gonzalo</given-names></name><aff><institution>Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</institution>,<country>Chile</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Vale</surname><given-names>Susana</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Porto</institution>,<country>Portugal</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Visvikis-Siest</surname><given-names>Sophie</given-names></name><aff><institution>INSERM</institution>,<country>France</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Viswanathan</surname><given-names>Bharathi</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>Seychelles</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Vollenweider</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><aff><institution>Lausanne University Hospital</institution>,<country>Switzerland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Voutilainen</surname><given-names>Sari</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Eastern Finland</institution>,<country>Finland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Vrdoljak</surname><given-names>Ana</given-names></name><aff><institution>UHC Zagreb</institution>,<country>Croatia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Vrijheid</surname><given-names>Martine</given-names></name><aff><institution>ISGlobal Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology</institution>,<country>Spain</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" 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authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Ya Xing</given-names></name><aff><institution>Beijing Tongren Hospital</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wannamethee</surname><given-names>S Goya</given-names></name><aff><institution>University College London</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wareham</surname><given-names>Nicholas</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Cambridge</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Weerasekera</surname><given-names>Deepa</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>New Zealand</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Whincup</surname><given-names>Peter H</given-names></name><aff><institution>St George’s</institution>,<country>University of London</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Widhalm</surname><given-names>Kurt</given-names></name><aff><institution>Medical University of Vienna</institution>,<country>Austria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Widyahening</surname><given-names>Indah S</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universitas Indonesia</institution>,<country>Indonesia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wiecek</surname><given-names>Andrzej</given-names></name><aff><institution>Medical University of Silesia</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wijga</surname><given-names>Alet H</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</institution>,<country>The Netherlands</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wilks</surname><given-names>Rainford J</given-names></name><aff><institution>The University of the West Indies</institution>,<country>Jamaica</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Willeit</surname><given-names>Johann</given-names></name><aff><institution>Medical University Innsbruck</institution>,<country>Austria</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wilsgaard</surname><given-names>Tom</given-names></name><aff><institution>UiT The Arctic University of Norway</institution>,<country>Norway</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wojtyniak</surname><given-names>Bogdan</given-names></name><aff><institution>National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>Jyh Eiin</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia</institution>,<country>Malaysia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>Tien Yin</given-names></name><aff><institution>Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Woo</surname><given-names>Jean</given-names></name><aff><institution>The Chinese University of Hong Kong</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Woodward</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Sydney</institution>,<country>Australia</country></aff><aff><institution>University of Oxford</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Frederick C</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Manchester</institution>,<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Jianfeng</given-names></name><aff><institution>Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>Shou Ling</given-names></name><aff><institution>Kailuan General Hospital</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Haiquan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Institute of Food and Nutrition Development of Ministry of Agriculture</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Liang</given-names></name><aff><institution>Capital Medical University</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Yamborisut</surname><given-names>Uruwan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Mahidol University</institution>,<country>Thailand</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Yan</surname><given-names>Weili</given-names></name><aff><institution>Children's Hospital of Fudan University</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Xiaoguang</given-names></name><aff><institution>Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Yardim</surname><given-names>Nazan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health</institution>,<country>Turkey</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>Xingwang</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Yiallouros</surname><given-names>Panayiotis K</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Cyprus</institution>,<country>Cyprus</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Yoshihara</surname><given-names>Akihiro</given-names></name><aff><institution>Niigata University</institution>,<country>Japan</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>You</surname><given-names>Qi Sheng</given-names></name><aff><institution>Capital Medical University</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Younger-Coleman</surname><given-names>Novie O</given-names></name><aff><institution>The University of the West Indies</institution>,<country>Jamaica</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Yusoff</surname><given-names>Ahmad F</given-names></name><aff><institution>Ministry of Health Malaysia</institution>,<country>Malaysia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zainuddin</surname><given-names>Ahmad A</given-names></name><aff><institution>Universiti Teknologi MARA</institution>,<country>Malaysia</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zambon</surname><given-names>Sabina</given-names></name><aff><institution>University of Padova</institution>,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zdrojewski</surname><given-names>Tomasz</given-names></name><aff><institution>Medical University of Gdansk</institution>,<country>Poland</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>Yi</given-names></name><aff><institution>Duke University</institution>,<country>United States</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Dong</given-names></name><aff><institution>Beijing Anzhen Hospital</institution>,<country>Capital Medical University</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>Wenhua</given-names></name><aff><institution>Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Yingfeng</given-names></name><aff><institution>Singapore Eye Research Institute</institution>,<country>Singapore</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Maigeng</given-names></name><aff><institution>Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Dan</given-names></name><aff><institution>Inner Mongolia Medical University</institution>,<country>China</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Zimmermann</surname><given-names>Esther</given-names></name><aff><institution>Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals</institution>,<country>Denmark</country></aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="collab"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="group-author-key" authenticated="false">group-author-id1</contrib-id><name><surname>Cisneros</surname><given-names>Julio Zuñiga</given-names></name><aff><institution>Gorgas Memorial Institute of Public Health</institution>,<country>Panama</country></aff></contrib></contrib-group></collab><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="con1"></xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="conf1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Franco</surname><given-names>Eduardo</given-names></name><role>Reviewing editor</role><aff><institution>McGill University</institution>,<country>Canada</country></aff></contrib></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><email>majid.ezzati@imperial.ac.uk</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><elocation-id>e13410</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>07</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016, Franco et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Franco et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This article is distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="elife-13410.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3–19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8–144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.13410.001">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13410.001</ext-link></p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="executive-summary"><title>eLife digest</title><p>People from different countries grow to different heights. This may be partly due to genetics, but most differences in height between countries have other causes. For example, children and adolescents who are malnourished, or who suffer from serious diseases, will generally be shorter as adults. This is important because taller people generally live longer, are less likely to suffer from heart disease and stroke, and taller women and their children are less likely to have complications during and after birth. Taller people may also earn more and be more successful at school. However, they are also more likely to develop some cancers.</p><p>The NCD Risk Factor Collaboration set out to find out how tall people are, on average, in every country in the world at the moment, and how this has changed over the past 100 years. The analysis revealed large differences in height between countries. The tallest men were born in the last part of the 20th century in the Netherlands, and were nearly 183 cm tall on average. The shortest women were born in 1896 in Guatemala, and were on average 140 cm tall. The difference between the shortest and tallest countries is about 20 cm for both men and women. This means there are large differences between countries in terms of nutrition and the risk of developing some diseases.</p><p>The way in which height has changed over the past 100 years also varies from country to country. Iranian men born in 1996 were around 17 cm taller than those born in 1896, and South Korean women were 20 cm taller. In other parts of the world, particularly in South Asia and parts of Africa, people are only slightly taller than 100 years ago, and in some countries people are shorter than they were 50 years ago.</p><p>There is a need to better understand why height has changed in different countries by different amounts, and use this information to improve nutrition and health across the world. It would also be valuable to understand how much becoming taller has been responsible for improved health and longevity throughout the world.</p><p><bold>DOI:</bold><ext-link ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.7554/eLife.13410.002">http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13410.002</ext-link></p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-keywords"><title>Author Keywords</title><kwd>biological sciences</kwd><kwd>medical research</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>nutrition</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group kwd-group-type="research-organism"><title>Research Organism</title><kwd>None</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group id="par-1"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004828</institution-id><institution>Grand Challenges Canada</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Ezzati</surname><given-names>Majid</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="par-2"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004440</institution-id><institution>Wellcome Trust</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>101506/Z/13/Z</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Ezzati</surname><given-names>Majid</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication.</funding-statement></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>elife-xml-version</meta-name><meta-value>2.5</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta specific-use="meta-only"><meta-name>Author impact statement</meta-name><meta-value>Height in early adulthood is an indicator that integrates across different dimensions of sustainable human development with links to health and longevity, nutrition, education and economic productivity.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><sub-article id="SA1" article-type="article-commentary"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.13410.018</article-id><title-group><article-title>Decision letter</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Franco</surname><given-names>Eduardo</given-names></name><role>Reviewing editor</role><aff><institution>McGill University</institution>,<country>Canada</country></aff></contrib></contrib-group></front-stub><body><boxed-text position="float" orientation="portrait"><p>In the interests of transparency, eLife includes the editorial decision letter and accompanying author responses. A lightly edited version of the letter sent to the authors after peer review is shown, indicating the most substantive concerns; minor comments are not usually included.</p></boxed-text><p>Thank you for submitting your work entitled "The height of the world – A century of trends in adult human height" for consideration by <italic>eLife</italic>. Your article has been reviewed by two peer reviewers, and the evaluation has been overseen by Eduardo Franco, as a Reviewing Editor, and Prabhat Jha, as the Senior Editor. M Dawn Teare, a Member of <italic>eLife</italic>'s Board of Reviewing Editors served as one of the reviewers and agreed to reveal her identity.</p><p>The reviewers have discussed the reviews with one another and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission.</p><p>Summary:</p><p>This paper is a substantial and impressive report submitted on behalf of the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. It represents a huge and extremely valuable new assemblage of data, including adult height measurements for around 15.4 million individuals born between 1896 and 1996 from 178 countries around the globe. Never before has such comprehensive data on stature been brought together, bearing on trends and differentials across the globe in health, nutrition, economy, and anthropometry. This collaborative group has published several papers now using this methodology, tackling a different health outcome in each paper. Here the health outcome is adult height and the team has systematically collected adult height measurements from 1450 studies from 178 countries for adults born between 1896 and 1996 and used a hierarchical Bayesian model to analyse trends over 100 years. Adult height lends itself nicely to this sort of analysis as the assumption is that height is pretty constant after 18, whereas weight (and hence BMI) is a much less stable measurement.</p><p>Essential revisions:</p><p>Structure and Organization:</p><p>The paper is difficult to read and some investment in visualisation tools would greatly enhance its value. The maps after the References section are very nice and easy to fit into the article in a pdf form. However, the country by gender plots need to be made a bit more accessible as these are the more interesting results summarizing the trends.</p><p>Please revise the Abstract and Introduction with due attention to providing factual material only. As they stand, the findings listed in the Abstract and Introduction would hardly justify publication. They are tidbits, engaging the curiosity of readers and showing off the scope of the assembled data, but not settling open questions of theoretical interest. Everyone knows that nutritional status across the world has not converged to some common level. Finding “no indication of convergence across countries” in mean adult heights is hardly news.</p><p>The paper has a number of strengths that do not come across in the Abstract. They have systematically searched for sampled measured data rather than self-reports; they have collected a large amount of data on women and have data from 178 countries. This means that the work is a substantial step up from other studies of trends in height. I think the paper is too short. Please explain the BMI analysis referred to in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>.</p><p>The main text and figures are valuable. The 165 pages of Supplementary Information, in contrast, do not belong in the publication. The lists of NCD Risk Factor Collaborators and the long table of data sources belong on a Project Website with hyperlink pointers in the article, or perhaps as a separate appendix hosted in the journal. Some details of the validation study might reasonably belong an appendix, but the validation study as it stands is not entirely convincing. The uncertainties of importance relate to the out-of-sample-range extrapolations to timeframes and countries without datasets, whereas the cross-validation mainly measures success at within-sample-range interpolations within sets of times and cases where relevant datasets are available.</p><p>Data Analysis:</p><p>What is the specification of the Bayesian model in use here for filling in missing data and extrapolating back into the past and outward to nations with limited sets of direct measurements? The paper directs readers to Danaei et al., 2011 and Finucane et al., 2014 for details of the model, but the Bayesian models in those references pertain to systolic blood pressure and to health status, not to heights. Heights pose many different issues, particularly when only 70 of the 178 countries have data for cohorts born before 1920 and 22 of 200 countries for which estimates are generated have no data at all. Presumably, the model here incorporates features needed for application to heights, but nothing is spelled out. Toward the end of this review is a list of some of the model features that would seem important to describe.</p><p>In what form and under what arrangements are these data to be made available to the wider community of researchers? Is the creation of a data resource for heights along the lines of the Human Mortality Database and the Human Fertility Database underway? This question arises not only with regard to compliance with data-sharing requirements of <italic>eLife</italic> and other top journals, but also with regard to the wide range of scientific questions that could be addressed with these data. What is already treated in this paper hardly scratches the surface.</p><p>Please provide details on the Bayesian model regarding the following:</p><p>A) growth curves by age;</p><p>B) the “linear and non-linear” trends in mean age over time;</p><p>C) non-normality at younger and older ages;</p><p>D) variability in standard deviations and its relationship to the homogeneity or heterogeneity of each measured population;</p><p>E) smoothing (B-splines?);</p><p>F) covariance structures within region by age and time;</p><p>G) sample information with regard to measurement scales in centimeters or inches, with or without shoes (or unknown), degree of rounding, etc.</p></body></sub-article><sub-article id="SA2" article-type="reply"><front-stub><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7554/eLife.13410.019</article-id><title-group><article-title>Author response</article-title></title-group></front-stub><body><p>Essential revisions:</p><p>Structure and Organization:</p><p>The paper is difficult to read and some investment in visualisation tools would greatly enhance its value. The maps after the References section are very nice and easy to fit into the article in a pdf form. However, the country by gender plots need to be made a bit more accessible as these are the more interesting results summarizing the trends.</p><p>We take this comment to refer to old <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig3">Figure 3</xref> (new <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig4">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig5">5</xref>), the long “ladder” plot of all countries. As the reviewer has correctly pointed out, with 200 countries, this figure would be best suited to a dynamic visualisation. We have developed the needed technology (see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncdrisc.org/ranking-bmi.html">http://www.ncdrisc.org/ranking-bmi.html</ext-link> for what it looks likes for BMI) and will release similar graphs for height upon the paper’s publication. If <italic>eLife</italic> system allows, the current static figure can be replaced with an embedded dynamic one on the Journal’s website while the static one appears in the PDF. We would be happy to finalise the specifics with the Editors and the production team.</p><p>Please revise the Abstract and Introduction with due attention to providing factual material only. As they stand, the findings listed in the Abstract and Introduction would hardly justify publication. They are tidbits, engaging the curiosity of readers and showing off the scope of the assembled data, but not settling open questions of theoretical interest. Everyone knows that nutritional status across the world has not converged to some common level. Finding “no indication of convergence across countries” in mean adult heights is hardly news.</p><p>We have done as suggested for Abstract. The Introduction contains only a concise summary of current literature in the field, and the contribution of the paper; to the best of our ability, it is entirely factual.</p><p>The paper has a number of strengths that do not come across in the Abstract. They have systematically searched for sampled measured data rather than self-reports; they have collected a large amount of data on women and have data from 178 countries. This means that the work is a substantial step up from other studies of trends in height. I think the paper is too short. Please explain the BMI analysis referred to in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig6">Figure 6</xref>.</p><p>We understand that the Abstract is restricted to ~150 words. With this constraint in mind, we have stated that the data used in the paper were from “reanalysis” of “population-based studies with measurement of height” and have stated the number of studies and participants.</p><p>The paper that presents the BMI analysis is now published and has been cited (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016), together with a concise statement on its scope. We would be happy to provide more information in this paper if it is deemed informative to repeat the materials here.</p><p>The main text and figures are valuable. The 165 pages of Supplementary Information, in contrast, do not belong in the publication. The lists of NCD Risk Factor Collaborators and the long table of data sources belong on a Project Website with hyperlink pointers in the article, or perhaps as a separate appendix hosted in the journal. Some details of the validation study might reasonably belong an appendix, but the validation study as it stands is not entirely convincing. The uncertainties of importance relate to the out-of-sample-range extrapolations to timeframes and countries without datasets, whereas the cross-validation mainly measures success at within-sample-range interpolations within sets of times and cases where relevant datasets are available.</p><p>We request to keep the list of data sources because it is increasingly the norm in presenting global health estimates to state the data sources used in the analysis (soon to become a part of reporting guidelines). We have removed the country-specific graphs as suggested, and will show these on NCD-RisC website upon the paper’s publication.</p><p>Our data use agreement with our collaborators requires listing all of the authors, which has been done even in print journals (see for example <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30054-X/fulltext">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30054-X/fulltext</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00618-8/fulltext">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)00618-8/fulltext</ext-link>; see <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26109024">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26109024</ext-link> for how this appears in PubMed). Therefore, we request to be allowed to include the full list of authors especially given that <italic>eLife</italic> is published online.</p><p>The validation analysis is entirely out of sample validation. We removed data for specific countries (i.e. they are no longer in the sample of countries with data) and tested how well the model predicts the known-but-withheld/removed data. We have attempted to clarify this procedure in the revised paper (subsection “Author contributions”).</p><p>Data Analysis:</p><p>What is the specification of the Bayesian model in use here for filling in missing data and extrapolating back into the past and outward to nations with limited sets of direct measurements? The paper directs readers to Danaei et al., 2011 and Finucane et al., 2014 for details of the model, but the Bayesian models in those references pertain to systolic blood pressure and to health status, not to heights. Heights pose many different issues, particularly when only 70 of the 178 countries have data for cohorts born before 1920 and 22 of 200 countries for which estimates are generated have no data at all. Presumably, the model here incorporates features needed for application to heights, but nothing is spelled out. Toward the end of this review is a list of some of the model features that would seem important to describe.</p><p>One of the two papers cited is a methodological paper that lays out the Bayesian model used here; the appendix of the other has full model specification even if the paper’s substance involves its application to blood pressure. Nonetheless, as suggested below, we have added additional details regarding the model (subsection “Statistical methods”, fourth paragraph).</p><p>In what form and under what arrangements are these data to be made available to the wider community of researchers? Is the creation of a data resource for heights along the lines of the Human Mortality Database and the Human Fertility Database underway? This question arises not only with regard to compliance with data-sharing requirements of eLife and other top journals, but also with regard to the wide range of scientific questions that could be addressed with these data. What is already treated in this paper hardly scratches the surface.</p><p>NCD-RisC is a data pooling analysis that uses secondary data. Some of our data are from public sources and we would be happy to point others to the relevant sites for these sources, or provide the data. Other sources are provided either by specific scientists or national health agencies. For these, we will be happy to provide contact information of the data provider for requests to be made.</p><p>Please provide details on the Bayesian model regarding the following:</p><p>A) growth curves by age;</p><p>We have specified the age component of the model (subsection “Statistical methods”, fourth paragraph), noting that we model population mean height over age from age 18, so it is not growth at the individual level.</p><p>B) the “linear and non-linear” trends in mean age over time;</p><p>Done (subsection “Statistical methods”, fourth paragraph).</p><p>C) non-normality at younger and older ages;</p><p>We do not model individual height, for which non-normality may be an issue. Rather our analysis models mean height of the population, and its distribution across countries and health surveys. We rely on standard central limit theorem as justification for treating <italic>mean height</italic> as normally distributed across countries/surveys (Finucane et al., 2014) with error around the true population mean, which is the quantity of interest. We also considered (and have used elsewhere (Stevens et al, 2012; Finucane et al., 2015) a t<sub>4</sub> distribution which, by having heavier tails, allows for outlier studies. The results of the current analysis were not sensitive to choice, confirming that the normal prior appropriately described the distribution of mean height.</p><p>D) variability in standard deviations and its relationship to the homogeneity or heterogeneity of each measured population;</p><p>As mentioned above, the analysis and modelling are of the mean height, so the only relevant standard deviation is the standard error of the sample means. Standard errors were computed together with sample means when NCD-RisC members re-analysed each data source. The standard deviations of each data source study are reflected in the standard errors used in specifying the distribution of the sample means.</p><p>E) smoothing (B-splines?);</p><p>The smoothing of time trends is done using a 2<sup>nd</sup> order conditional auto-regressive model (also known as random walk), specified in the revised paper with appropriate citation (subsection “Statistical methods”, second paragraph).</p><p>F) covariance structures within region by age and time;</p><p>The covariance between different birth cohorts (i.e., the time scale in our model) is induced by the conditional auto-regressive structure. Formally, the auto-regressive model induces a particular precision (inverse covariance) structure for cohorts within a country and the induced covariance is therefore the inverse of that. The linear and non-linear components of this auto-regressive structure, as well as its intercept, are modelled hierarchically so the effects for each country borrow from the region to the extent that the data suggest that countries within a region have similar levels and trends across cohort. This induces covariance between countries within a region, even if not modelled explicitly. Such hierarchical structure is a standard strategy for accounting for dependence in statistical modelling. With regard to age, as stated in the revised paper, population mean adult height declined by only a small amount as the birth cohort ages (subsection “Statistical methods”, second paragraph). Nonetheless, the use of an age model introduces dependence in height over age.</p><p>G) sample information with regard to measurement scales in centimeters or inches, with or without shoes (or unknown), degree of rounding, etc.</p><p>A few data sources were in inches or meters and were converted to centimetres, which is of course an entirely deterministic calculation. To our knowledge, self-report is the single most important source of bias in adult height data. A major strength of our paper is the exclusive use of measured data and the exclusion of self-reported height. Removal of shoes is a part of the standard protocol of health and nutrition surveys (Madden et al, 2016). Our sources are high-quality health/nutrition surveys and epidemiological studies, and we expect removing shoes to be a part of their protocol. We have nonetheless stated measurement error as a potential limitation of population-based data (Discussion, sixth paragraph).</p><p>References</p><p>Finucane MM, Paciorek CJ, Stevens GA, Ezzati M. Semiparametric Bayesian density estimation with disparate data sources: a meta-analysis of global childhood undernutrition. J Am Stat Assoc 2015; 110(511): 889-901.</p><p>Madden AM, Smith S. Body composition and morphological assessment of nutritional status in adults: a review of anthropometric variables. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 29(1): 7-25.</p></body></sub-article></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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