Delayed and time-cumulative toxicity of imidacloprid in bees, ants and termites
Identifieur interne : 001B97 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001B96; suivant : 001B98Delayed and time-cumulative toxicity of imidacloprid in bees, ants and termites
Auteurs : Gary Rondeau [États-Unis] ; Francisco Sánchez-Bayo [Australie] ; Henk A. Tennekes [Pays-Bas] ; Axel Decourtye [France] ; Ricardo Ramírez-Romero [Mexique] ; Nicolas Desneux [France]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2014.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- toxicité : Composés nitrés, Imidazoles, Insecticides.
- Abeilles, Animaux, Dose létale 50, Fourmis, Isoptera, Larve.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , toxicity : Imidazoles, Insecticides, Nitro Compounds.
- drug effects : Ants, Bees, Isoptera, Larva.
- Animals, Lethal Dose 50.
Abstract
Imidacloprid, one of the most commonly used insecticides, is highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects. The regulatory challenge to determine safe levels of residual pesticides can benefit from information about the time-dependent toxicity of this chemical. Using published toxicity data for imidacloprid for several insect species, we construct time-to-lethal-effect toxicity plots and fit temporal power-law scaling curves to the data. The level of toxic exposure that results in 50% mortality after time t is found to scale as t1.7 for ants, from t1.6 to t5 for honeybees, and from t1.46 to t2.9 for termites. We present a simple toxicological model that can explain t2 scaling. Extrapolating the toxicity scaling for honeybees to the lifespan of winter bees suggests that imidacloprid in honey at 0.25 μg/kg would be lethal to a large proportion of bees nearing the end of their life.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep05566
PubMed: 24993452
PubMed Central: 4081892
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PMC:4081892Le document en format XML
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Tennekes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Experimental Toxicology Services (ETS) Nederland BV, Frankensteeg 4</institution>, Zutphen, 7201 KN, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>, Zutphen, 7201 KN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7201 KN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decourtye, Axel" sort="Decourtye, Axel" uniqKey="Decourtye A" first="Axel" last="Decourtye">Axel Decourtye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille</institution>, UMT PrADE, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" sort="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" uniqKey="Ramirez Romero R" first="Ricardo" last="Ramírez-Romero">Ricardo Ramírez-Romero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>, Zapopan, Jalisco,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desneux, Nicolas" sort="Desneux, Nicolas" uniqKey="Desneux N" first="Nicolas" last="Desneux">Nicolas Desneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech</institution>, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Ants (drug effects)</term><term>Bees (drug effects)</term><term>Imidazoles (toxicity)</term><term>Insecticides (toxicity)</term><term>Isoptera (drug effects)</term><term>Larva (drug effects)</term><term>Lethal Dose 50</term><term>Nitro Compounds (toxicity)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Abeilles ()</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Composés nitrés (toxicité)</term><term>Dose létale 50</term><term>Fourmis ()</term><term>Imidazoles (toxicité)</term><term>Insecticides (toxicité)</term><term>Isoptera ()</term><term>Larve ()</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="toxicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Imidazoles</term><term>Insecticides</term><term>Nitro Compounds</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Ants</term><term>Bees</term><term>Isoptera</term><term>Larva</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="toxicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Composés nitrés</term><term>Imidazoles</term><term>Insecticides</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Lethal Dose 50</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Abeilles</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Dose létale 50</term><term>Fourmis</term><term>Isoptera</term><term>Larve</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Imidacloprid, one of the most commonly used insecticides, is highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects. The regulatory challenge to determine safe levels of residual pesticides can benefit from information about the time-dependent toxicity of this chemical. Using published toxicity data for imidacloprid for several insect species, we construct time-to-lethal-effect toxicity plots and fit temporal power-law scaling curves to the data. The level of toxic exposure that results in 50% mortality after time t is found to scale as t<sup>1.7</sup> for ants, from t<sup>1.6</sup> to t<sup>5</sup> for honeybees, and from t<sup>1.46</sup> to t<sup>2.9</sup> for termites. We present a simple toxicological model that can explain t<sup>2</sup> scaling. Extrapolating the toxicity scaling for honeybees to the lifespan of winter bees suggests that imidacloprid in honey at 0.25 μg/kg would be lethal to a large proportion of bees nearing the end of their life.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bortolotti, L" uniqKey="Bortolotti L">L. Bortolotti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Girolami, V" uniqKey="Girolami V">V. Girolami</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rortais, A" uniqKey="Rortais A">A. Rortais</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arnold, G" uniqKey="Arnold G">G. Arnold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halm, M P" uniqKey="Halm M">M. P. Halm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Touffet Briens, F" uniqKey="Touffet Briens F">F. 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Goulson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><double pmid="24993452"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Delayed and time-cumulative toxicity of imidacloprid in bees, ants and termites</title><author><name sortKey="Rondeau, Gary" sort="Rondeau, Gary" uniqKey="Rondeau G" first="Gary" last="Rondeau">Gary Rondeau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Applied Scientific Instumentation, 1025 Elkay Drive</institution>, Eugene, Oregon 97405,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Bayo, Francisco" sort="Sanchez Bayo, Francisco" uniqKey="Sanchez Bayo F" first="Francisco" last="Sánchez-Bayo">Francisco Sánchez-Bayo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment</institution>, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tennekes, Henk A" sort="Tennekes, Henk A" uniqKey="Tennekes H" first="Henk A." last="Tennekes">Henk A. Tennekes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Experimental Toxicology Services (ETS) Nederland BV, Frankensteeg 4</institution>, Zutphen, 7201 KN, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>, Zutphen, 7201 KN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7201 KN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decourtye, Axel" sort="Decourtye, Axel" uniqKey="Decourtye A" first="Axel" last="Decourtye">Axel Decourtye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille</institution>, UMT PrADE, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" sort="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" uniqKey="Ramirez Romero R" first="Ricardo" last="Ramírez-Romero">Ricardo Ramírez-Romero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>, Zapopan, Jalisco,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desneux, Nicolas" sort="Desneux, Nicolas" uniqKey="Desneux N" first="Nicolas" last="Desneux">Nicolas Desneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech</institution>, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24993452</idno><idno type="pmc">4081892</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4081892</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4081892</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep05566</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000126</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000126</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000126</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000126</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001664</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001664</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Delayed and time-cumulative toxicity of imidacloprid in bees, ants and termites</title><author><name sortKey="Rondeau, Gary" sort="Rondeau, Gary" uniqKey="Rondeau G" first="Gary" last="Rondeau">Gary Rondeau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a1"><institution>Applied Scientific Instumentation, 1025 Elkay Drive</institution>, Eugene, Oregon 97405,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Bayo, Francisco" sort="Sanchez Bayo, Francisco" uniqKey="Sanchez Bayo F" first="Francisco" last="Sánchez-Bayo">Francisco Sánchez-Bayo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a2"><institution>University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment</institution>, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tennekes, Henk A" sort="Tennekes, Henk A" uniqKey="Tennekes H" first="Henk A." last="Tennekes">Henk A. Tennekes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a3"><institution>Experimental Toxicology Services (ETS) Nederland BV, Frankensteeg 4</institution>, Zutphen, 7201 KN, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>, Zutphen, 7201 KN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7201 KN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decourtye, Axel" sort="Decourtye, Axel" uniqKey="Decourtye A" first="Axel" last="Decourtye">Axel Decourtye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a4"><institution>Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille</institution>, UMT PrADE, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" sort="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" uniqKey="Ramirez Romero R" first="Ricardo" last="Ramírez-Romero">Ricardo Ramírez-Romero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a5"><institution>Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara</institution>, Zapopan, Jalisco,<country>Mexico</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desneux, Nicolas" sort="Desneux, Nicolas" uniqKey="Desneux N" first="Nicolas" last="Desneux">Nicolas Desneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="a6"><institution>French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech</institution>, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Imidacloprid, one of the most commonly used insecticides, is highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects. The regulatory challenge to determine safe levels of residual pesticides can benefit from information about the time-dependent toxicity of this chemical. Using published toxicity data for imidacloprid for several insect species, we construct time-to-lethal-effect toxicity plots and fit temporal power-law scaling curves to the data. The level of toxic exposure that results in 50% mortality after time t is found to scale as t<sup>1.7</sup> for ants, from t<sup>1.6</sup> to t<sup>5</sup> for honeybees, and from t<sup>1.46</sup> to t<sup>2.9</sup> for termites. We present a simple toxicological model that can explain t<sup>2</sup> scaling. 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Goulson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI></pmc><pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Delayed and time-cumulative toxicity of imidacloprid in bees, ants and termites.</title><author><name sortKey="Rondeau, Gary" sort="Rondeau, Gary" uniqKey="Rondeau G" first="Gary" last="Rondeau">Gary Rondeau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Applied Scientific Instumentation, 1025 Elkay Drive, Eugene, Oregon 97405, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Applied Scientific Instumentation, 1025 Elkay Drive, Eugene, Oregon 97405</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oregon 97405</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Bayo, Francisco" sort="Sanchez Bayo, Francisco" uniqKey="Sanchez Bayo F" first="Francisco" last="Sánchez-Bayo">Francisco Sánchez-Bayo</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tennekes, Henk A" sort="Tennekes, Henk A" uniqKey="Tennekes H" first="Henk A" last="Tennekes">Henk A. Tennekes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Experimental Toxicology Services (ETS) Nederland BV, Frankensteeg 4, Zutphen, 7201 KN, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Experimental Toxicology Services (ETS) Nederland BV, Frankensteeg 4, Zutphen, 7201 KN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7201 KN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decourtye, Axel" sort="Decourtye, Axel" uniqKey="Decourtye A" first="Axel" last="Decourtye">Axel Decourtye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille, UMT PrADE, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille, UMT PrADE, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>84914 Avignon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>84914 Avignon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" sort="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" uniqKey="Ramirez Romero R" first="Ricardo" last="Ramírez-Romero">Ricardo Ramírez-Romero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jalisco</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desneux, Nicolas" sort="Desneux, Nicolas" uniqKey="Desneux N" first="Nicolas" last="Desneux">Nicolas Desneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>06903 Sophia-Antipolis</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>06903 Sophia-Antipolis</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:24993452</idno><idno type="pmid">24993452</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/srep05566</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003648</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003648</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">003535</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">003535</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">003535</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">003535</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Delayed and time-cumulative toxicity of imidacloprid in bees, ants and termites.</title><author><name sortKey="Rondeau, Gary" sort="Rondeau, Gary" uniqKey="Rondeau G" first="Gary" last="Rondeau">Gary Rondeau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Applied Scientific Instumentation, 1025 Elkay Drive, Eugene, Oregon 97405, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Applied Scientific Instumentation, 1025 Elkay Drive, Eugene, Oregon 97405</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Oregon 97405</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Bayo, Francisco" sort="Sanchez Bayo, Francisco" uniqKey="Sanchez Bayo F" first="Francisco" last="Sánchez-Bayo">Francisco Sánchez-Bayo</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sydney, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, 1 Central Avenue, Eveleigh, NSW 2015</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tennekes, Henk A" sort="Tennekes, Henk A" uniqKey="Tennekes H" first="Henk A" last="Tennekes">Henk A. Tennekes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Experimental Toxicology Services (ETS) Nederland BV, Frankensteeg 4, Zutphen, 7201 KN, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Experimental Toxicology Services (ETS) Nederland BV, Frankensteeg 4, Zutphen, 7201 KN</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>7201 KN</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decourtye, Axel" sort="Decourtye, Axel" uniqKey="Decourtye A" first="Axel" last="Decourtye">Axel Decourtye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille, UMT PrADE, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Association de Coordination Technique Agricole (ACTA), ITSAP-Institut de l'Abeille, UMT PrADE, Site Agroparc, 84914 Avignon</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>84914 Avignon</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>84914 Avignon</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" sort="Ramirez Romero, Ricardo" uniqKey="Ramirez Romero R" first="Ricardo" last="Ramírez-Romero">Ricardo Ramírez-Romero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jalisco</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desneux, Nicolas" sort="Desneux, Nicolas" uniqKey="Desneux N" first="Nicolas" last="Desneux">Nicolas Desneux</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 route des chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>06903 Sophia-Antipolis</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>06903 Sophia-Antipolis</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Ants (drug effects)</term><term>Bees (drug effects)</term><term>Imidazoles (toxicity)</term><term>Insecticides (toxicity)</term><term>Isoptera (drug effects)</term><term>Larva (drug effects)</term><term>Lethal Dose 50</term><term>Nitro Compounds (toxicity)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Abeilles ()</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Composés nitrés (toxicité)</term><term>Dose létale 50</term><term>Fourmis ()</term><term>Imidazoles (toxicité)</term><term>Insecticides (toxicité)</term><term>Isoptera ()</term><term>Larve ()</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="toxicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Imidazoles</term><term>Insecticides</term><term>Nitro Compounds</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Ants</term><term>Bees</term><term>Isoptera</term><term>Larva</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="toxicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Composés nitrés</term><term>Imidazoles</term><term>Insecticides</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Lethal Dose 50</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Abeilles</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Dose létale 50</term><term>Fourmis</term><term>Isoptera</term><term>Larve</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Imidacloprid, one of the most commonly used insecticides, is highly toxic to bees and other beneficial insects. The regulatory challenge to determine safe levels of residual pesticides can benefit from information about the time-dependent toxicity of this chemical. Using published toxicity data for imidacloprid for several insect species, we construct time-to-lethal-effect toxicity plots and fit temporal power-law scaling curves to the data. The level of toxic exposure that results in 50% mortality after time t is found to scale as t(1.7) for ants, from t(1.6) to t(5) for honeybees, and from t(1.46) to t(2.9) for termites. We present a simple toxicological model that can explain t(2) scaling. Extrapolating the toxicity scaling for honeybees to the lifespan of winter bees suggests that imidacloprid in honey at 0.25 μg/kg would be lethal to a large proportion of bees nearing the end of their life.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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