Clinical whole-genome sequencing in severe early-onset epilepsy reveals new genes and improves molecular diagnosis
Identifieur interne : 001744 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001743; suivant : 001745Clinical whole-genome sequencing in severe early-onset epilepsy reveals new genes and improves molecular diagnosis
Auteurs : Hilary C. Martin [Royaume-Uni] ; Grace E. Kim [États-Unis] ; Alistair T. Pagnamenta [Royaume-Uni] ; Yoshiko Murakami [Japon] ; Gemma L. Carvill [États-Unis] ; Esther Meyer [Royaume-Uni] ; Richard R. Copley [Royaume-Uni] ; Andrew Rimmer [Royaume-Uni] ; Giulia Barcia [France] ; Matthew R. Fleming [États-Unis] ; Jack Kronengold [États-Unis] ; Maile R. Brown [États-Unis] ; Karl A. Hudspith [Royaume-Uni] ; John Broxholme [Royaume-Uni] ; Alexander Kanapin [Royaume-Uni] ; Jean-Baptiste Cazier [Royaume-Uni] ; Taroh Kinoshita [Japon] ; Rima Nabbout [France] ; David Bentley [États-Unis] ; Gil Mcvean [Royaume-Uni] ; Sinéad Heavin [Australie] ; Zenobia Zaiwalla [Royaume-Uni] ; Tony Mcshane [Royaume-Uni] ; Heather C. Mefford [États-Unis] ; Deborah Shears [Royaume-Uni] ; Helen Stewart [Royaume-Uni] ; Manju A. Kurian [Royaume-Uni] ; Ingrid E. Scheffer [Australie] ; Edward Blair [Royaume-Uni] ; Peter Donnelly [Royaume-Uni] ; Leonard K. Kaczmarek [États-Unis] ; Jenny C. Taylor [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Human Molecular Genetics [ 0964-6906 ] ; 2014.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Anatomopathologie moléculaire, Canal potassique KCNQ2 (génétique), Canal sodique voltage-dépendant NAV1.2 (génétique), Canaux potassiques (génétique), Chromosomes humains de la paire 9, Disomie uniparentale, Enfant, Enfant d'âge préscolaire, Humains, Jeune adulte, Mutation, Mâle, Protéines de tissu nerveux (génétique), Protéines membranaires (génétique), Protéines proto-oncogènes c-cbl (génétique), Prédisposition génétique à une maladie, Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit, Épilepsie (anatomopathologie), Épilepsie (diagnostic), Épilepsie (génétique), Étude d'association pangénomique.
- MESH :
- anatomopathologie : Épilepsie.
- diagnostic : Épilepsie.
- génétique : Canal potassique KCNQ2, Canal sodique voltage-dépendant NAV1.2, Canaux potassiques, Protéines de tissu nerveux, Protéines membranaires, Protéines proto-oncogènes c-cbl, Épilepsie.
- Anatomopathologie moléculaire, Chromosomes humains de la paire 9, Disomie uniparentale, Enfant, Enfant d'âge préscolaire, Humains, Jeune adulte, Mutation, Mâle, Prédisposition génétique à une maladie, Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit, Étude d'association pangénomique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, Epilepsy (diagnosis), Epilepsy (genetics), Epilepsy (pathology), Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, KCNQ2 Potassium Channel (genetics), Male, Membrane Proteins (genetics), Mutation, NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (genetics), Nerve Tissue Proteins (genetics), Pathology, Molecular, Potassium Channels (genetics), Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl (genetics), Uniparental Disomy, Young Adult.
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : KCNQ2 Potassium Channel, Membrane Proteins, NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Potassium Channels, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl.
- diagnosis : Epilepsy.
- genetics : Epilepsy.
- pathology : Epilepsy.
- Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, Male, Mutation, Pathology, Molecular, Uniparental Disomy, Young Adult.
Abstract
In severe early-onset epilepsy, precise clinical and molecular genetic diagnosis is complex, as many metabolic and electro-physiological processes have been implicated in disease causation. The clinical phenotypes share many features such as complex seizure types and developmental delay. Molecular diagnosis has historically been confined to sequential testing of candidate genes known to be associated with specific sub-phenotypes, but the diagnostic yield of this approach can be low. We conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on six patients with severe early-onset epilepsy who had previously been refractory to molecular diagnosis, and their parents. Four of these patients had a clinical diagnosis of Ohtahara Syndrome (OS) and two patients had severe non-syndromic early-onset epilepsy (NSEOE). In two OS cases, we found
Url:
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu030
PubMed: 24463883
PubMed Central: 4030775
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PMC:4030775Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Murakami, Yoshiko" sort="Murakami, Yoshiko" uniqKey="Murakami Y" first="Yoshiko" last="Murakami">Yoshiko Murakami</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Carvill, Gemma L" sort="Carvill, Gemma L" uniqKey="Carvill G" first="Gemma L." last="Carvill">Gemma L. Carvill</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Meyer, Esther" sort="Meyer, Esther" uniqKey="Meyer E" first="Esther" last="Meyer">Esther Meyer</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Rimmer, Andrew" sort="Rimmer, Andrew" uniqKey="Rimmer A" first="Andrew" last="Rimmer">Andrew Rimmer</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Barcia, Giulia" sort="Barcia, Giulia" uniqKey="Barcia G" first="Giulia" last="Barcia">Giulia Barcia</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Fleming, Matthew R" sort="Fleming, Matthew R" uniqKey="Fleming M" first="Matthew R." last="Fleming">Matthew R. Fleming</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Brown, Maile R" sort="Brown, Maile R" uniqKey="Brown M" first="Maile R." last="Brown">Maile R. Brown</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Hudspith, Karl A" sort="Hudspith, Karl A" uniqKey="Hudspith K" first="Karl A." last="Hudspith">Karl A. Hudspith</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Broxholme, John" sort="Broxholme, John" uniqKey="Broxholme J" first="John" last="Broxholme">John Broxholme</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kanapin, Alexander" sort="Kanapin, Alexander" uniqKey="Kanapin A" first="Alexander" last="Kanapin">Alexander Kanapin</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" sort="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" uniqKey="Cazier J" first="Jean-Baptiste" last="Cazier">Jean-Baptiste Cazier</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Kinoshita, Taroh" sort="Kinoshita, Taroh" uniqKey="Kinoshita T" first="Taroh" last="Kinoshita">Taroh Kinoshita</name>
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,<institution>Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Osaka</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Nabbout, Rima" sort="Nabbout, Rima" uniqKey="Nabbout R" first="Rima" last="Nabbout">Rima Nabbout</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares</addr-line>
,<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Bentley, David" sort="Bentley, David" uniqKey="Bentley D" first="David" last="Bentley">David Bentley</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gil" sort="Mcvean, Gil" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gil" last="Mcvean">Gil Mcvean</name>
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,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
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,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Heavin, Sinead" sort="Heavin, Sinead" uniqKey="Heavin S" first="Sinéad" last="Heavin">Sinéad Heavin</name>
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,<institution>Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Melbourne, VIC</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" sort="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" uniqKey="Zaiwalla Z" first="Zenobia" last="Zaiwalla">Zenobia Zaiwalla</name>
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,<institution>John Radcliffe Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Mcshane, Tony" sort="Mcshane, Tony" uniqKey="Mcshane T" first="Tony" last="Mcshane">Tony Mcshane</name>
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,<institution>Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Mefford, Heather C" sort="Mefford, Heather C" uniqKey="Mefford H" first="Heather C." last="Mefford">Heather C. Mefford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Washington</institution>
,<addr-line>Seattle, WA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Shears, Deborah" sort="Shears, Deborah" uniqKey="Shears D" first="Deborah" last="Shears">Deborah Shears</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Helen" sort="Stewart, Helen" uniqKey="Stewart H" first="Helen" last="Stewart">Helen Stewart</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Kurian, Manju A" sort="Kurian, Manju A" uniqKey="Kurian M" first="Manju A." last="Kurian">Manju A. Kurian</name>
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,<institution>UCL-Institute of Child Health</institution>
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<author><name sortKey="Scheffer, Ingrid E" sort="Scheffer, Ingrid E" uniqKey="Scheffer I" first="Ingrid E." last="Scheffer">Ingrid E. Scheffer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Melbourne, VIC</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Blair, Edward" sort="Blair, Edward" uniqKey="Blair E" first="Edward" last="Blair">Edward Blair</name>
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,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Peter" sort="Donnelly, Peter" uniqKey="Donnelly P" first="Peter" last="Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</name>
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,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" sort="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" uniqKey="Kaczmarek L" first="Leonard K." last="Kaczmarek">Leonard K. Kaczmarek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Jenny C" sort="Taylor, Jenny C" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="Jenny C." last="Taylor">Jenny C. Taylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">24463883</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4030775</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030775</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4030775</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1093/hmg/ddu030</idno>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
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<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001705</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001705</idno>
<idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003715</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003715</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">003601</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">003601</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">003601</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">003601</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001744</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Clinical whole-genome sequencing in severe early-onset epilepsy reveals new genes and improves molecular diagnosis</title>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Hilary C" sort="Martin, Hilary C" uniqKey="Martin H" first="Hilary C." last="Martin">Hilary C. Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Grace E" sort="Kim, Grace E" uniqKey="Kim G" first="Grace E." last="Kim">Grace E. Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pagnamenta, Alistair T" sort="Pagnamenta, Alistair T" uniqKey="Pagnamenta A" first="Alistair T." last="Pagnamenta">Alistair T. Pagnamenta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murakami, Yoshiko" sort="Murakami, Yoshiko" uniqKey="Murakami Y" first="Yoshiko" last="Murakami">Yoshiko Murakami</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Immunoregulation</addr-line>
,<institution>Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Osaka</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carvill, Gemma L" sort="Carvill, Gemma L" uniqKey="Carvill G" first="Gemma L." last="Carvill">Gemma L. Carvill</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Washington</institution>
,<addr-line>Seattle, WA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meyer, Esther" sort="Meyer, Esther" uniqKey="Meyer E" first="Esther" last="Meyer">Esther Meyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Neurosciences Unit</addr-line>
,<institution>UCL-Institute of Child Health</institution>
,<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Neurology</addr-line>
,<institution>Great Ormond Street Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Copley, Richard R" sort="Copley, Richard R" uniqKey="Copley R" first="Richard R." last="Copley">Richard R. Copley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rimmer, Andrew" sort="Rimmer, Andrew" uniqKey="Rimmer A" first="Andrew" last="Rimmer">Andrew Rimmer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barcia, Giulia" sort="Barcia, Giulia" uniqKey="Barcia G" first="Giulia" last="Barcia">Giulia Barcia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares</addr-line>
,<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fleming, Matthew R" sort="Fleming, Matthew R" uniqKey="Fleming M" first="Matthew R." last="Fleming">Matthew R. Fleming</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kronengold, Jack" sort="Kronengold, Jack" uniqKey="Kronengold J" first="Jack" last="Kronengold">Jack Kronengold</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Maile R" sort="Brown, Maile R" uniqKey="Brown M" first="Maile R." last="Brown">Maile R. Brown</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hudspith, Karl A" sort="Hudspith, Karl A" uniqKey="Hudspith K" first="Karl A." last="Hudspith">Karl A. Hudspith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Broxholme, John" sort="Broxholme, John" uniqKey="Broxholme J" first="John" last="Broxholme">John Broxholme</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kanapin, Alexander" sort="Kanapin, Alexander" uniqKey="Kanapin A" first="Alexander" last="Kanapin">Alexander Kanapin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" sort="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" uniqKey="Cazier J" first="Jean-Baptiste" last="Cazier">Jean-Baptiste Cazier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kinoshita, Taroh" sort="Kinoshita, Taroh" uniqKey="Kinoshita T" first="Taroh" last="Kinoshita">Taroh Kinoshita</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Immunoregulation</addr-line>
,<institution>Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Osaka</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nabbout, Rima" sort="Nabbout, Rima" uniqKey="Nabbout R" first="Rima" last="Nabbout">Rima Nabbout</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares</addr-line>
,<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bentley, David" sort="Bentley, David" uniqKey="Bentley D" first="David" last="Bentley">David Bentley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af9"><institution>Illumina Inc.</institution>
,<addr-line>San Diego, CA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gil" sort="Mcvean, Gil" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gil" last="Mcvean">Gil Mcvean</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heavin, Sinead" sort="Heavin, Sinead" uniqKey="Heavin S" first="Sinéad" last="Heavin">Sinéad Heavin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Melbourne, VIC</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" sort="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" uniqKey="Zaiwalla Z" first="Zenobia" last="Zaiwalla">Zenobia Zaiwalla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology</addr-line>
,<institution>John Radcliffe Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcshane, Tony" sort="Mcshane, Tony" uniqKey="Mcshane T" first="Tony" last="Mcshane">Tony Mcshane</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Department of Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mefford, Heather C" sort="Mefford, Heather C" uniqKey="Mefford H" first="Heather C." last="Mefford">Heather C. Mefford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Washington</institution>
,<addr-line>Seattle, WA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shears, Deborah" sort="Shears, Deborah" uniqKey="Shears D" first="Deborah" last="Shears">Deborah Shears</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Helen" sort="Stewart, Helen" uniqKey="Stewart H" first="Helen" last="Stewart">Helen Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurian, Manju A" sort="Kurian, Manju A" uniqKey="Kurian M" first="Manju A." last="Kurian">Manju A. Kurian</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Neurosciences Unit</addr-line>
,<institution>UCL-Institute of Child Health</institution>
,<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scheffer, Ingrid E" sort="Scheffer, Ingrid E" uniqKey="Scheffer I" first="Ingrid E." last="Scheffer">Ingrid E. Scheffer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Melbourne, VIC</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blair, Edward" sort="Blair, Edward" uniqKey="Blair E" first="Edward" last="Blair">Edward Blair</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Peter" sort="Donnelly, Peter" uniqKey="Donnelly P" first="Peter" last="Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" sort="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" uniqKey="Kaczmarek L" first="Leonard K." last="Kaczmarek">Leonard K. Kaczmarek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Jenny C" sort="Taylor, Jenny C" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="Jenny C." last="Taylor">Jenny C. Taylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Human Molecular Genetics</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0964-6906</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1460-2083</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
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<term>Child, Preschool</term>
<term>Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9</term>
<term>Epilepsy (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Epilepsy (genetics)</term>
<term>Epilepsy (pathology)</term>
<term>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</term>
<term>Genome-Wide Association Study</term>
<term>High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>KCNQ2 Potassium Channel (genetics)</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Membrane Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Mutation</term>
<term>NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (genetics)</term>
<term>Nerve Tissue Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Pathology, Molecular</term>
<term>Potassium Channels (genetics)</term>
<term>Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl (genetics)</term>
<term>Uniparental Disomy</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anatomopathologie moléculaire</term>
<term>Canal potassique KCNQ2 (génétique)</term>
<term>Canal sodique voltage-dépendant NAV1.2 (génétique)</term>
<term>Canaux potassiques (génétique)</term>
<term>Chromosomes humains de la paire 9</term>
<term>Disomie uniparentale</term>
<term>Enfant</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Jeune adulte</term>
<term>Mutation</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Protéines de tissu nerveux (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines membranaires (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines proto-oncogènes c-cbl (génétique)</term>
<term>Prédisposition génétique à une maladie</term>
<term>Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit</term>
<term>Épilepsie (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Épilepsie (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Épilepsie (génétique)</term>
<term>Étude d'association pangénomique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>KCNQ2 Potassium Channel</term>
<term>Membrane Proteins</term>
<term>NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel</term>
<term>Nerve Tissue Proteins</term>
<term>Potassium Channels</term>
<term>Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Épilepsie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Epilepsy</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Épilepsie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Epilepsy</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Canal potassique KCNQ2</term>
<term>Canal sodique voltage-dépendant NAV1.2</term>
<term>Canaux potassiques</term>
<term>Protéines de tissu nerveux</term>
<term>Protéines membranaires</term>
<term>Protéines proto-oncogènes c-cbl</term>
<term>Épilepsie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Epilepsy</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Child</term>
<term>Child, Preschool</term>
<term>Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9</term>
<term>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</term>
<term>Genome-Wide Association Study</term>
<term>High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Mutation</term>
<term>Pathology, Molecular</term>
<term>Uniparental Disomy</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anatomopathologie moléculaire</term>
<term>Chromosomes humains de la paire 9</term>
<term>Disomie uniparentale</term>
<term>Enfant</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Jeune adulte</term>
<term>Mutation</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Prédisposition génétique à une maladie</term>
<term>Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit</term>
<term>Étude d'association pangénomique</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In severe early-onset epilepsy, precise clinical and molecular genetic diagnosis is complex, as many metabolic and electro-physiological processes have been implicated in disease causation. The clinical phenotypes share many features such as complex seizure types and developmental delay. Molecular diagnosis has historically been confined to sequential testing of candidate genes known to be associated with specific sub-phenotypes, but the diagnostic yield of this approach can be low. We conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on six patients with severe early-onset epilepsy who had previously been refractory to molecular diagnosis, and their parents. Four of these patients had a clinical diagnosis of Ohtahara Syndrome (OS) and two patients had severe non-syndromic early-onset epilepsy (NSEOE). In two OS cases, we found <italic>de novo</italic>
non-synonymous mutations in the genes <italic>KCNQ2</italic>
and <italic>SCN2A.</italic>
In a third OS case, WGS revealed paternal isodisomy for chromosome 9, leading to identification of the causal homozygous missense variant in <italic>KCNT1</italic>
, which produced a substantial increase in potassium channel current. The fourth OS patient had a recessive mutation in <italic>PIGQ</italic>
that led to exon skipping and defective glycophosphatidyl inositol biosynthesis. The two patients with NSEOE had likely pathogenic <italic>de novo</italic>
mutations in <italic>CBL</italic>
and <italic>CSNK1G1</italic>
, respectively. Mutations in these genes were not found among 500 additional individuals with epilepsy. This work reveals two novel genes for OS, <italic>KCNT1</italic>
and <italic>PIGQ</italic>
. It also uncovers unexpected genetic mechanisms and emphasizes the power of WGS as a clinical tool for making molecular diagnoses, particularly for highly heterogeneous disorders.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<double pmid="24463883"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Clinical whole-genome sequencing in severe early-onset epilepsy reveals new genes and improves molecular diagnosis</title>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Grace E" sort="Kim, Grace E" uniqKey="Kim G" first="Grace E." last="Kim">Grace E. Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pagnamenta, Alistair T" sort="Pagnamenta, Alistair T" uniqKey="Pagnamenta A" first="Alistair T." last="Pagnamenta">Alistair T. Pagnamenta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murakami, Yoshiko" sort="Murakami, Yoshiko" uniqKey="Murakami Y" first="Yoshiko" last="Murakami">Yoshiko Murakami</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Immunoregulation</addr-line>
,<institution>Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Osaka</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carvill, Gemma L" sort="Carvill, Gemma L" uniqKey="Carvill G" first="Gemma L." last="Carvill">Gemma L. Carvill</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Washington</institution>
,<addr-line>Seattle, WA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meyer, Esther" sort="Meyer, Esther" uniqKey="Meyer E" first="Esther" last="Meyer">Esther Meyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Neurosciences Unit</addr-line>
,<institution>UCL-Institute of Child Health</institution>
,<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Neurology</addr-line>
,<institution>Great Ormond Street Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Copley, Richard R" sort="Copley, Richard R" uniqKey="Copley R" first="Richard R." last="Copley">Richard R. Copley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rimmer, Andrew" sort="Rimmer, Andrew" uniqKey="Rimmer A" first="Andrew" last="Rimmer">Andrew Rimmer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barcia, Giulia" sort="Barcia, Giulia" uniqKey="Barcia G" first="Giulia" last="Barcia">Giulia Barcia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares</addr-line>
,<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fleming, Matthew R" sort="Fleming, Matthew R" uniqKey="Fleming M" first="Matthew R." last="Fleming">Matthew R. Fleming</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kronengold, Jack" sort="Kronengold, Jack" uniqKey="Kronengold J" first="Jack" last="Kronengold">Jack Kronengold</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Maile R" sort="Brown, Maile R" uniqKey="Brown M" first="Maile R." last="Brown">Maile R. Brown</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hudspith, Karl A" sort="Hudspith, Karl A" uniqKey="Hudspith K" first="Karl A." last="Hudspith">Karl A. Hudspith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Broxholme, John" sort="Broxholme, John" uniqKey="Broxholme J" first="John" last="Broxholme">John Broxholme</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kanapin, Alexander" sort="Kanapin, Alexander" uniqKey="Kanapin A" first="Alexander" last="Kanapin">Alexander Kanapin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" sort="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" uniqKey="Cazier J" first="Jean-Baptiste" last="Cazier">Jean-Baptiste Cazier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kinoshita, Taroh" sort="Kinoshita, Taroh" uniqKey="Kinoshita T" first="Taroh" last="Kinoshita">Taroh Kinoshita</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Immunoregulation</addr-line>
,<institution>Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Osaka</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nabbout, Rima" sort="Nabbout, Rima" uniqKey="Nabbout R" first="Rima" last="Nabbout">Rima Nabbout</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares</addr-line>
,<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bentley, David" sort="Bentley, David" uniqKey="Bentley D" first="David" last="Bentley">David Bentley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af9"><institution>Illumina Inc.</institution>
,<addr-line>San Diego, CA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gil" sort="Mcvean, Gil" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gil" last="Mcvean">Gil Mcvean</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heavin, Sinead" sort="Heavin, Sinead" uniqKey="Heavin S" first="Sinéad" last="Heavin">Sinéad Heavin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Melbourne, VIC</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" sort="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" uniqKey="Zaiwalla Z" first="Zenobia" last="Zaiwalla">Zenobia Zaiwalla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology</addr-line>
,<institution>John Radcliffe Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcshane, Tony" sort="Mcshane, Tony" uniqKey="Mcshane T" first="Tony" last="Mcshane">Tony Mcshane</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Department of Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mefford, Heather C" sort="Mefford, Heather C" uniqKey="Mefford H" first="Heather C." last="Mefford">Heather C. Mefford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Washington</institution>
,<addr-line>Seattle, WA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shears, Deborah" sort="Shears, Deborah" uniqKey="Shears D" first="Deborah" last="Shears">Deborah Shears</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Helen" sort="Stewart, Helen" uniqKey="Stewart H" first="Helen" last="Stewart">Helen Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurian, Manju A" sort="Kurian, Manju A" uniqKey="Kurian M" first="Manju A." last="Kurian">Manju A. Kurian</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Neurosciences Unit</addr-line>
,<institution>UCL-Institute of Child Health</institution>
,<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scheffer, Ingrid E" sort="Scheffer, Ingrid E" uniqKey="Scheffer I" first="Ingrid E." last="Scheffer">Ingrid E. Scheffer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Melbourne, VIC</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blair, Edward" sort="Blair, Edward" uniqKey="Blair E" first="Edward" last="Blair">Edward Blair</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Peter" sort="Donnelly, Peter" uniqKey="Donnelly P" first="Peter" last="Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" sort="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" uniqKey="Kaczmarek L" first="Leonard K." last="Kaczmarek">Leonard K. Kaczmarek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Jenny C" sort="Taylor, Jenny C" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="Jenny C." last="Taylor">Jenny C. Taylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">24463883</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4030775</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4030775</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4030775</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1093/hmg/ddu030</idno>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002577</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002577</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002427</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002427</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001705</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001705</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Clinical whole-genome sequencing in severe early-onset epilepsy reveals new genes and improves molecular diagnosis</title>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Hilary C" sort="Martin, Hilary C" uniqKey="Martin H" first="Hilary C." last="Martin">Hilary C. Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Grace E" sort="Kim, Grace E" uniqKey="Kim G" first="Grace E." last="Kim">Grace E. Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pagnamenta, Alistair T" sort="Pagnamenta, Alistair T" uniqKey="Pagnamenta A" first="Alistair T." last="Pagnamenta">Alistair T. Pagnamenta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murakami, Yoshiko" sort="Murakami, Yoshiko" uniqKey="Murakami Y" first="Yoshiko" last="Murakami">Yoshiko Murakami</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Immunoregulation</addr-line>
,<institution>Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Osaka</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carvill, Gemma L" sort="Carvill, Gemma L" uniqKey="Carvill G" first="Gemma L." last="Carvill">Gemma L. Carvill</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Washington</institution>
,<addr-line>Seattle, WA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meyer, Esther" sort="Meyer, Esther" uniqKey="Meyer E" first="Esther" last="Meyer">Esther Meyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Neurosciences Unit</addr-line>
,<institution>UCL-Institute of Child Health</institution>
,<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Neurology</addr-line>
,<institution>Great Ormond Street Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Copley, Richard R" sort="Copley, Richard R" uniqKey="Copley R" first="Richard R." last="Copley">Richard R. Copley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rimmer, Andrew" sort="Rimmer, Andrew" uniqKey="Rimmer A" first="Andrew" last="Rimmer">Andrew Rimmer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barcia, Giulia" sort="Barcia, Giulia" uniqKey="Barcia G" first="Giulia" last="Barcia">Giulia Barcia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares</addr-line>
,<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fleming, Matthew R" sort="Fleming, Matthew R" uniqKey="Fleming M" first="Matthew R." last="Fleming">Matthew R. Fleming</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kronengold, Jack" sort="Kronengold, Jack" uniqKey="Kronengold J" first="Jack" last="Kronengold">Jack Kronengold</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Maile R" sort="Brown, Maile R" uniqKey="Brown M" first="Maile R." last="Brown">Maile R. Brown</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hudspith, Karl A" sort="Hudspith, Karl A" uniqKey="Hudspith K" first="Karl A." last="Hudspith">Karl A. Hudspith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Broxholme, John" sort="Broxholme, John" uniqKey="Broxholme J" first="John" last="Broxholme">John Broxholme</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kanapin, Alexander" sort="Kanapin, Alexander" uniqKey="Kanapin A" first="Alexander" last="Kanapin">Alexander Kanapin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" sort="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" uniqKey="Cazier J" first="Jean-Baptiste" last="Cazier">Jean-Baptiste Cazier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kinoshita, Taroh" sort="Kinoshita, Taroh" uniqKey="Kinoshita T" first="Taroh" last="Kinoshita">Taroh Kinoshita</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>Department of Immunoregulation</addr-line>
,<institution>Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University</institution>
,<addr-line>Osaka</addr-line>
,<country>Japan</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nabbout, Rima" sort="Nabbout, Rima" uniqKey="Nabbout R" first="Rima" last="Nabbout">Rima Nabbout</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares</addr-line>
,<institution>Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades</institution>
,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>
,<country>France</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bentley, David" sort="Bentley, David" uniqKey="Bentley D" first="David" last="Bentley">David Bentley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af9"><institution>Illumina Inc.</institution>
,<addr-line>San Diego, CA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gil" sort="Mcvean, Gil" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gil" last="Mcvean">Gil Mcvean</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heavin, Sinead" sort="Heavin, Sinead" uniqKey="Heavin S" first="Sinéad" last="Heavin">Sinéad Heavin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Melbourne, VIC</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" sort="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" uniqKey="Zaiwalla Z" first="Zenobia" last="Zaiwalla">Zenobia Zaiwalla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology</addr-line>
,<institution>John Radcliffe Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcshane, Tony" sort="Mcshane, Tony" uniqKey="Mcshane T" first="Tony" last="Mcshane">Tony Mcshane</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Department of Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mefford, Heather C" sort="Mefford, Heather C" uniqKey="Mefford H" first="Heather C." last="Mefford">Heather C. Mefford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Washington</institution>
,<addr-line>Seattle, WA</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shears, Deborah" sort="Shears, Deborah" uniqKey="Shears D" first="Deborah" last="Shears">Deborah Shears</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Helen" sort="Stewart, Helen" uniqKey="Stewart H" first="Helen" last="Stewart">Helen Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurian, Manju A" sort="Kurian, Manju A" uniqKey="Kurian M" first="Manju A." last="Kurian">Manju A. Kurian</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Neurosciences Unit</addr-line>
,<institution>UCL-Institute of Child Health</institution>
,<addr-line>London</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scheffer, Ingrid E" sort="Scheffer, Ingrid E" uniqKey="Scheffer I" first="Ingrid E." last="Scheffer">Ingrid E. Scheffer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics</addr-line>
,<institution>Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital</institution>
,<addr-line>Melbourne, VIC</addr-line>
,<country>Australia</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blair, Edward" sort="Blair, Edward" uniqKey="Blair E" first="Edward" last="Blair">Edward Blair</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>Department of Clinical Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Peter" sort="Donnelly, Peter" uniqKey="Donnelly P" first="Peter" last="Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" sort="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" uniqKey="Kaczmarek L" first="Leonard K." last="Kaczmarek">Leonard K. Kaczmarek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology</addr-line>
,<institution>Yale University School of Medicine</institution>
,<addr-line>New Haven, CT</addr-line>
,<country>USA</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Jenny C" sort="Taylor, Jenny C" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="Jenny C." last="Taylor">Jenny C. Taylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics</addr-line>
,<institution>University of Oxford</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3"><institution>NIHR Biomedical Research Centre</institution>
,<addr-line>Oxford</addr-line>
,<country>UK</country>
,</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Human Molecular Genetics</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0964-6906</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1460-2083</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In severe early-onset epilepsy, precise clinical and molecular genetic diagnosis is complex, as many metabolic and electro-physiological processes have been implicated in disease causation. The clinical phenotypes share many features such as complex seizure types and developmental delay. Molecular diagnosis has historically been confined to sequential testing of candidate genes known to be associated with specific sub-phenotypes, but the diagnostic yield of this approach can be low. We conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on six patients with severe early-onset epilepsy who had previously been refractory to molecular diagnosis, and their parents. Four of these patients had a clinical diagnosis of Ohtahara Syndrome (OS) and two patients had severe non-syndromic early-onset epilepsy (NSEOE). In two OS cases, we found <italic>de novo</italic>
non-synonymous mutations in the genes <italic>KCNQ2</italic>
and <italic>SCN2A.</italic>
In a third OS case, WGS revealed paternal isodisomy for chromosome 9, leading to identification of the causal homozygous missense variant in <italic>KCNT1</italic>
, which produced a substantial increase in potassium channel current. The fourth OS patient had a recessive mutation in <italic>PIGQ</italic>
that led to exon skipping and defective glycophosphatidyl inositol biosynthesis. The two patients with NSEOE had likely pathogenic <italic>de novo</italic>
mutations in <italic>CBL</italic>
and <italic>CSNK1G1</italic>
, respectively. Mutations in these genes were not found among 500 additional individuals with epilepsy. This work reveals two novel genes for OS, <italic>KCNT1</italic>
and <italic>PIGQ</italic>
. It also uncovers unexpected genetic mechanisms and emphasizes the power of WGS as a clinical tool for making molecular diagnoses, particularly for highly heterogeneous disorders.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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</author>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
<settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement>
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<orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, UK, Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
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<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT</wicri:regionArea>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<author><name sortKey="Kinoshita, Taroh" sort="Kinoshita, Taroh" uniqKey="Kinoshita T" first="Taroh" last="Kinoshita">Taroh Kinoshita</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nabbout, Rima" sort="Nabbout, Rima" uniqKey="Nabbout R" first="Rima" last="Nabbout">Rima Nabbout</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Bentley, David" sort="Bentley, David" uniqKey="Bentley D" first="David" last="Bentley">David Bentley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
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</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gil" sort="Mcvean, Gil" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gil" last="Mcvean">Gil Mcvean</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC</wicri:regionArea>
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<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" sort="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" uniqKey="Zaiwalla Z" first="Zenobia" last="Zaiwalla">Zenobia Zaiwalla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
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<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Mcshane, Tony" sort="Mcshane, Tony" uniqKey="Mcshane T" first="Tony" last="Mcshane">Tony Mcshane</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mefford, Heather C" sort="Mefford, Heather C" uniqKey="Mefford H" first="Heather C" last="Mefford">Heather C. Mefford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
<settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shears, Deborah" sort="Shears, Deborah" uniqKey="Shears D" first="Deborah" last="Shears">Deborah Shears</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Helen" sort="Stewart, Helen" uniqKey="Stewart H" first="Helen" last="Stewart">Helen Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurian, Manju A" sort="Kurian, Manju A" uniqKey="Kurian M" first="Manju A" last="Kurian">Manju A. Kurian</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scheffer, Ingrid E" sort="Scheffer, Ingrid E" uniqKey="Scheffer I" first="Ingrid E" last="Scheffer">Ingrid E. Scheffer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blair, Edward" sort="Blair, Edward" uniqKey="Blair E" first="Edward" last="Blair">Edward Blair</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
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</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Peter" sort="Donnelly, Peter" uniqKey="Donnelly P" first="Peter" last="Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
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<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" sort="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" uniqKey="Kaczmarek L" first="Leonard K" last="Kaczmarek">Leonard K. Kaczmarek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Jenny C" sort="Taylor, Jenny C" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="Jenny C" last="Taylor">Jenny C. Taylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK, jenny@well.ox.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Clinical whole-genome sequencing in severe early-onset epilepsy reveals new genes and improves molecular diagnosis.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Hilary C" sort="Martin, Hilary C" uniqKey="Martin H" first="Hilary C" last="Martin">Hilary C. Martin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Grace E" sort="Kim, Grace E" uniqKey="Kim G" first="Grace E" last="Kim">Grace E. Kim</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pagnamenta, Alistair T" sort="Pagnamenta, Alistair T" uniqKey="Pagnamenta A" first="Alistair T" last="Pagnamenta">Alistair T. Pagnamenta</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murakami, Yoshiko" sort="Murakami, Yoshiko" uniqKey="Murakami Y" first="Yoshiko" last="Murakami">Yoshiko Murakami</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Osaka</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carvill, Gemma L" sort="Carvill, Gemma L" uniqKey="Carvill G" first="Gemma L" last="Carvill">Gemma L. Carvill</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
<settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meyer, Esther" sort="Meyer, Esther" uniqKey="Meyer E" first="Esther" last="Meyer">Esther Meyer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, UK, Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, UK, Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Copley, Richard R" sort="Copley, Richard R" uniqKey="Copley R" first="Richard R" last="Copley">Richard R. Copley</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rimmer, Andrew" sort="Rimmer, Andrew" uniqKey="Rimmer A" first="Andrew" last="Rimmer">Andrew Rimmer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barcia, Giulia" sort="Barcia, Giulia" uniqKey="Barcia G" first="Giulia" last="Barcia">Giulia Barcia</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fleming, Matthew R" sort="Fleming, Matthew R" uniqKey="Fleming M" first="Matthew R" last="Fleming">Matthew R. Fleming</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kronengold, Jack" sort="Kronengold, Jack" uniqKey="Kronengold J" first="Jack" last="Kronengold">Jack Kronengold</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, Maile R" sort="Brown, Maile R" uniqKey="Brown M" first="Maile R" last="Brown">Maile R. Brown</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hudspith, Karl A" sort="Hudspith, Karl A" uniqKey="Hudspith K" first="Karl A" last="Hudspith">Karl A. Hudspith</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Broxholme, John" sort="Broxholme, John" uniqKey="Broxholme J" first="John" last="Broxholme">John Broxholme</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kanapin, Alexander" sort="Kanapin, Alexander" uniqKey="Kanapin A" first="Alexander" last="Kanapin">Alexander Kanapin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" sort="Cazier, Jean Baptiste" uniqKey="Cazier J" first="Jean-Baptiste" last="Cazier">Jean-Baptiste Cazier</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kinoshita, Taroh" sort="Kinoshita, Taroh" uniqKey="Kinoshita T" first="Taroh" last="Kinoshita">Taroh Kinoshita</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Immunoregulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Osaka</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nabbout, Rima" sort="Nabbout, Rima" uniqKey="Nabbout R" first="Rima" last="Nabbout">Rima Nabbout</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Paediatric Neurology, Centre de Reference Epilepsies Rares, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region>
<region type="old region">Île-de-France</region>
<settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bentley, David" sort="Bentley, David" uniqKey="Bentley D" first="David" last="Bentley">David Bentley</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Californie</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Mcvean, Gil" sort="Mcvean, Gil" uniqKey="Mcvean G" first="Gil" last="Mcvean">Gil Mcvean</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heavin, Sinead" sort="Heavin, Sinead" uniqKey="Heavin S" first="Sinéad" last="Heavin">Sinéad Heavin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" sort="Zaiwalla, Zenobia" uniqKey="Zaiwalla Z" first="Zenobia" last="Zaiwalla">Zenobia Zaiwalla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcshane, Tony" sort="Mcshane, Tony" uniqKey="Mcshane T" first="Tony" last="Mcshane">Tony Mcshane</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mefford, Heather C" sort="Mefford, Heather C" uniqKey="Mefford H" first="Heather C" last="Mefford">Heather C. Mefford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetic Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region>
<settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shears, Deborah" sort="Shears, Deborah" uniqKey="Shears D" first="Deborah" last="Shears">Deborah Shears</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stewart, Helen" sort="Stewart, Helen" uniqKey="Stewart H" first="Helen" last="Stewart">Helen Stewart</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kurian, Manju A" sort="Kurian, Manju A" uniqKey="Kurian M" first="Manju A" last="Kurian">Manju A. Kurian</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Neurosciences Unit, UCL-Institute of Child Health, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scheffer, Ingrid E" sort="Scheffer, Ingrid E" uniqKey="Scheffer I" first="Ingrid E" last="Scheffer">Ingrid E. Scheffer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Melbourne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blair, Edward" sort="Blair, Edward" uniqKey="Blair E" first="Edward" last="Blair">Edward Blair</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donnelly, Peter" sort="Donnelly, Peter" uniqKey="Donnelly P" first="Peter" last="Donnelly">Peter Donnelly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region>
<settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" sort="Kaczmarek, Leonard K" uniqKey="Kaczmarek L" first="Leonard K" last="Kaczmarek">Leonard K. Kaczmarek</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Taylor, Jenny C" sort="Taylor, Jenny C" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="Jenny C" last="Taylor">Jenny C. Taylor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK, jenny@well.ox.ac.uk.</nlm:affiliation>
<country wicri:rule="url">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement>
<region type="nation">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Human molecular genetics</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1460-2083</idno>
<imprint><date when="2014" type="published">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Child</term>
<term>Child, Preschool</term>
<term>Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9</term>
<term>Epilepsy (diagnosis)</term>
<term>Epilepsy (genetics)</term>
<term>Epilepsy (pathology)</term>
<term>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</term>
<term>Genome-Wide Association Study</term>
<term>High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>KCNQ2 Potassium Channel (genetics)</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Membrane Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Mutation</term>
<term>NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (genetics)</term>
<term>Nerve Tissue Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Pathology, Molecular</term>
<term>Potassium Channels (genetics)</term>
<term>Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl (genetics)</term>
<term>Uniparental Disomy</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anatomopathologie moléculaire</term>
<term>Canal potassique KCNQ2 (génétique)</term>
<term>Canal sodique voltage-dépendant NAV1.2 (génétique)</term>
<term>Canaux potassiques (génétique)</term>
<term>Chromosomes humains de la paire 9</term>
<term>Disomie uniparentale</term>
<term>Enfant</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Jeune adulte</term>
<term>Mutation</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Protéines de tissu nerveux (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines membranaires (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines proto-oncogènes c-cbl (génétique)</term>
<term>Prédisposition génétique à une maladie</term>
<term>Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit</term>
<term>Épilepsie (anatomopathologie)</term>
<term>Épilepsie (diagnostic)</term>
<term>Épilepsie (génétique)</term>
<term>Étude d'association pangénomique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>KCNQ2 Potassium Channel</term>
<term>Membrane Proteins</term>
<term>NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel</term>
<term>Nerve Tissue Proteins</term>
<term>Potassium Channels</term>
<term>Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Épilepsie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnosis" xml:lang="en"><term>Epilepsy</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Épilepsie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Epilepsy</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Canal potassique KCNQ2</term>
<term>Canal sodique voltage-dépendant NAV1.2</term>
<term>Canaux potassiques</term>
<term>Protéines de tissu nerveux</term>
<term>Protéines membranaires</term>
<term>Protéines proto-oncogènes c-cbl</term>
<term>Épilepsie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Epilepsy</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Child</term>
<term>Child, Preschool</term>
<term>Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9</term>
<term>Genetic Predisposition to Disease</term>
<term>Genome-Wide Association Study</term>
<term>High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Mutation</term>
<term>Pathology, Molecular</term>
<term>Uniparental Disomy</term>
<term>Young Adult</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anatomopathologie moléculaire</term>
<term>Chromosomes humains de la paire 9</term>
<term>Disomie uniparentale</term>
<term>Enfant</term>
<term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Jeune adulte</term>
<term>Mutation</term>
<term>Mâle</term>
<term>Prédisposition génétique à une maladie</term>
<term>Séquençage nucléotidique à haut débit</term>
<term>Étude d'association pangénomique</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">In severe early-onset epilepsy, precise clinical and molecular genetic diagnosis is complex, as many metabolic and electro-physiological processes have been implicated in disease causation. The clinical phenotypes share many features such as complex seizure types and developmental delay. Molecular diagnosis has historically been confined to sequential testing of candidate genes known to be associated with specific sub-phenotypes, but the diagnostic yield of this approach can be low. We conducted whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on six patients with severe early-onset epilepsy who had previously been refractory to molecular diagnosis, and their parents. Four of these patients had a clinical diagnosis of Ohtahara Syndrome (OS) and two patients had severe non-syndromic early-onset epilepsy (NSEOE). In two OS cases, we found de novo non-synonymous mutations in the genes KCNQ2 and SCN2A. In a third OS case, WGS revealed paternal isodisomy for chromosome 9, leading to identification of the causal homozygous missense variant in KCNT1, which produced a substantial increase in potassium channel current. The fourth OS patient had a recessive mutation in PIGQ that led to exon skipping and defective glycophosphatidyl inositol biosynthesis. The two patients with NSEOE had likely pathogenic de novo mutations in CBL and CSNK1G1, respectively. Mutations in these genes were not found among 500 additional individuals with epilepsy. This work reveals two novel genes for OS, KCNT1 and PIGQ. It also uncovers unexpected genetic mechanisms and emphasizes the power of WGS as a clinical tool for making molecular diagnoses, particularly for highly heterogeneous disorders.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
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