Genome-Wide Scan for Linkage to Type 1 Diabetes in 2,496 Multiplex Families From the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Identifieur interne : 000508 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000507; suivant : 000509Genome-Wide Scan for Linkage to Type 1 Diabetes in 2,496 Multiplex Families From the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Auteurs : Patrick Concannon [États-Unis] ; Wei-Min Chen [États-Unis] ; Cécile Julier [France] ; Grant Morahan [Australie] ; Beena Akolkar [États-Unis] ; Henry A. Erlich [États-Unis] ; Joan E. Hilner [États-Unis] ; J Rn Nerup [Danemark] ; Concepcion Nierras [États-Unis] ; Flemming Pociot [Danemark] ; John A. Todd [Royaume-Uni] ; Stephen S. Rich [États-Unis]Source :
- Diabetes [ 0012-1797 ] ; 2009.
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes arises from the actions of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Considerable success at identifying common genetic variants that contribute to type 1 diabetes risk has come from genetic association (primarily case-control) studies. However, such studies have limited power to detect genes containing multiple rare variants that contribute significantly to disease risk.
The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) has assembled a collection of 2,496 multiplex type 1 diabetic families from nine geographical regions containing 2,658 affected sib-pairs (ASPs). We describe the results of a genome-wide scan for linkage to type 1 diabetes in the T1DGC family collection.
Significant evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes was confirmed at the HLA region on chromosome 6p21.3 (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 213.2). There was further evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes on 6q that could not be accounted for by the major linkage signal at the HLA class II loci on chromosome 6p21. Suggestive evidence of linkage (LOD ≥2.2) was observed near
Five non–HLA chromosome regions showed some evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes. A number of previously proposed type 1 diabetes susceptibility loci, based on smaller ASP numbers, showed limited or no evidence of linkage to disease. Low-frequency susceptibility variants or clusters of loci with common alleles could contribute to the linkage signals observed.
Url:
DOI: 10.2337/db08-1551
PubMed: 19136655
PubMed Central: 2661598
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Erlich</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, California;</nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hilner, Joan E" sort="Hilner, Joan E" uniqKey="Hilner J" first="Joan E." last="Hilner">Joan E. Hilner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nerup, J Rn" sort="Nerup, J Rn" uniqKey="Nerup J" first="J Rn" last="Nerup">J Rn Nerup</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gentofte</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nierras, Concepcion" sort="Nierras, Concepcion" uniqKey="Nierras C" first="Concepcion" last="Nierras">Concepcion Nierras</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, New York, New York;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pociot, Flemming" sort="Pociot, Flemming" uniqKey="Pociot F" first="Flemming" last="Pociot">Flemming Pociot</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gentofte</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Todd, John A" sort="Todd, John A" uniqKey="Todd J" first="John A." last="Todd">John A. Todd</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, Stephen S" sort="Rich, Stephen S" uniqKey="Rich S" first="Stephen S." last="Rich">Stephen S. Rich</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">19136655</idno><idno type="pmc">2661598</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2661598</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2661598</idno><idno type="doi">10.2337/db08-1551</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002415</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002415</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002265</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002265</idno><idno 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id="aff2">Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Wei Min" sort="Chen, Wei Min" uniqKey="Chen W" first="Wei-Min" last="Chen">Wei-Min Chen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Julier, Cecile" sort="Julier, Cecile" uniqKey="Julier C" first="Cécile" last="Julier">Cécile Julier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4">INSERM U730, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>INSERM U730, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Évry (Essonne)</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morahan, Grant" sort="Morahan, Grant" uniqKey="Morahan G" first="Grant" last="Morahan">Grant Morahan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Centre for Diabetes Research, The Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Diabetes Research, The Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Perth</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akolkar, Beena" sort="Akolkar, Beena" uniqKey="Akolkar B" first="Beena" last="Akolkar">Beena Akolkar</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Erlich, Henry A" sort="Erlich, Henry A" uniqKey="Erlich H" first="Henry A." last="Erlich">Henry A. Erlich</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, California;</nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hilner, Joan E" sort="Hilner, Joan E" uniqKey="Hilner J" first="Joan E." last="Hilner">Joan E. Hilner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nerup, J Rn" sort="Nerup, J Rn" uniqKey="Nerup J" first="J Rn" last="Nerup">J Rn Nerup</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gentofte</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nierras, Concepcion" sort="Nierras, Concepcion" uniqKey="Nierras C" first="Concepcion" last="Nierras">Concepcion Nierras</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, New York, New York;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pociot, Flemming" sort="Pociot, Flemming" uniqKey="Pociot F" first="Flemming" last="Pociot">Flemming Pociot</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gentofte</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Todd, John A" sort="Todd, John A" uniqKey="Todd J" first="John A." last="Todd">John A. Todd</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff11">Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, Stephen S" sort="Rich, Stephen S" uniqKey="Rich S" first="Stephen S." last="Rich">Stephen S. Rich</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Virginie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Diabetes</title><idno type="ISSN">0012-1797</idno><idno type="eISSN">1939-327X</idno><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>OBJECTIVE</title><p>Type 1 diabetes arises from the actions of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Considerable success at identifying common genetic variants that contribute to type 1 diabetes risk has come from genetic association (primarily case-control) studies. However, such studies have limited power to detect genes containing multiple rare variants that contribute significantly to disease risk.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</title><p>The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) has assembled a collection of 2,496 multiplex type 1 diabetic families from nine geographical regions containing 2,658 affected sib-pairs (ASPs). We describe the results of a genome-wide scan for linkage to type 1 diabetes in the T1DGC family collection.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>Significant evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes was confirmed at the HLA region on chromosome 6p21.3 (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 213.2). There was further evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes on 6q that could not be accounted for by the major linkage signal at the HLA class II loci on chromosome 6p21. Suggestive evidence of linkage (LOD ≥2.2) was observed near <italic>CTLA4</italic> on chromosome 2q32.3 (LOD = 3.28) and near <italic>INS</italic> (LOD = 3.16) on chromosome 11p15.5. Some evidence for linkage was also detected at two regions on chromosome 19 (LOD = 2.84 and 2.54).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>Five non–HLA chromosome regions showed some evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes. A number of previously proposed type 1 diabetes susceptibility loci, based on smaller ASP numbers, showed limited or no evidence of linkage to disease. Low-frequency susceptibility variants or clusters of loci with common alleles could contribute to the linkage signals observed.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davies, Jl" uniqKey="Davies J">JL Davies</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawaguchi, Y" uniqKey="Kawaguchi Y">Y Kawaguchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bennett, St" uniqKey="Bennett S">ST Bennett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Copeman, Jb" uniqKey="Copeman J">JB Copeman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cordell, Hj" uniqKey="Cordell H">HJ Cordell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pritchard, Le" uniqKey="Pritchard L">LE Pritchard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, Pw" uniqKey="Reed P">PW Reed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gough, Sc" uniqKey="Gough S">SC Gough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jenkins, Sc" uniqKey="Jenkins S">SC Jenkins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, Sm" uniqKey="Palmer 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Diabetes</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">diabetes</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">diabetes</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Diabetes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Diabetes</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0012-1797</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1939-327X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>American Diabetes Association</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">19136655</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2661598</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1551</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2337/db08-1551</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject><subj-group><subject>Genetics</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Genome-Wide Scan for Linkage to Type 1 Diabetes in 2,496 Multiplex Families From the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Concannon</surname><given-names>Patrick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Wei-Min</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Julier</surname><given-names>Cécile</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morahan</surname><given-names>Grant</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akolkar</surname><given-names>Beena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Erlich</surname><given-names>Henry A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hilner</surname><given-names>Joan E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nerup</surname><given-names>Jørn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nierras</surname><given-names>Concepcion</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pociot</surname><given-names>Flemming</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Todd</surname><given-names>John A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rich</surname><given-names>Stephen S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab>the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium</collab></contrib><aff id="aff1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;</aff><aff id="aff2"><sup>2</sup>Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;</aff><aff id="aff3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;</aff><aff id="aff4"><sup>4</sup>INSERM U730, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France;</aff><aff id="aff5"><sup>5</sup>Centre for Diabetes Research, The Western Australian Institute for Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;</aff><aff id="aff6"><sup>6</sup>Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;</aff><aff id="aff7"><sup>7</sup>Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, California;</aff><aff id="aff8"><sup>8</sup>Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina;</aff><aff id="aff9"><sup>9</sup>Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark;</aff><aff id="aff10"><sup>10</sup>Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, New York, New York;</aff><aff id="aff11"><sup>11</sup>Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Corresponding author: Patrick Concannon, <email>patcon@virginia.edu</email>.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day><month>1</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>58</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>1018</fpage><lpage>1022</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>11</month><year>2008</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>5</day><month>1</month><year>2009</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2009 by the American Diabetes Association.</copyright-statement><license license-type="creative-commons"><license-p>Readers may use this article as long as the work is properly cited, the use is educational and not for profit, and the work is not altered. See <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/</ext-link> for details.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="zdb00409001018.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>OBJECTIVE</title><p>Type 1 diabetes arises from the actions of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Considerable success at identifying common genetic variants that contribute to type 1 diabetes risk has come from genetic association (primarily case-control) studies. However, such studies have limited power to detect genes containing multiple rare variants that contribute significantly to disease risk.</p></sec><sec><title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS</title><p>The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) has assembled a collection of 2,496 multiplex type 1 diabetic families from nine geographical regions containing 2,658 affected sib-pairs (ASPs). We describe the results of a genome-wide scan for linkage to type 1 diabetes in the T1DGC family collection.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>Significant evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes was confirmed at the HLA region on chromosome 6p21.3 (logarithm of odds [LOD] = 213.2). There was further evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes on 6q that could not be accounted for by the major linkage signal at the HLA class II loci on chromosome 6p21. Suggestive evidence of linkage (LOD ≥2.2) was observed near <italic>CTLA4</italic> on chromosome 2q32.3 (LOD = 3.28) and near <italic>INS</italic> (LOD = 3.16) on chromosome 11p15.5. Some evidence for linkage was also detected at two regions on chromosome 19 (LOD = 2.84 and 2.54).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>Five non–HLA chromosome regions showed some evidence of linkage to type 1 diabetes. A number of previously proposed type 1 diabetes susceptibility loci, based on smaller ASP numbers, showed limited or no evidence of linkage to disease. Low-frequency susceptibility variants or clusters of loci with common alleles could contribute to the linkage signals observed.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source id="CS100">National Institutes of Health</funding-source><award-id rid="CS100">N01-HG-65403</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>Danemark</li><li>France</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Angleterre de l'Est</li><li>Californie</li><li>Caroline du Nord</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Virginie</li><li>État de New York</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Cambridge</li><li>Évry (Essonne)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Cambridge</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Virginie"><name sortKey="Concannon, Patrick" sort="Concannon, Patrick" uniqKey="Concannon P" first="Patrick" last="Concannon">Patrick Concannon</name></region><name sortKey="Akolkar, Beena" sort="Akolkar, Beena" uniqKey="Akolkar B" first="Beena" last="Akolkar">Beena Akolkar</name><name sortKey="Chen, Wei Min" sort="Chen, Wei Min" uniqKey="Chen W" first="Wei-Min" last="Chen">Wei-Min Chen</name><name sortKey="Chen, Wei Min" sort="Chen, Wei Min" uniqKey="Chen W" first="Wei-Min" last="Chen">Wei-Min Chen</name><name sortKey="Concannon, Patrick" sort="Concannon, Patrick" uniqKey="Concannon P" first="Patrick" last="Concannon">Patrick Concannon</name><name sortKey="Erlich, Henry A" sort="Erlich, Henry A" uniqKey="Erlich H" first="Henry A." last="Erlich">Henry A. Erlich</name><name sortKey="Hilner, Joan E" sort="Hilner, Joan E" uniqKey="Hilner J" first="Joan E." last="Hilner">Joan E. Hilner</name><name sortKey="Nierras, Concepcion" sort="Nierras, Concepcion" uniqKey="Nierras C" first="Concepcion" last="Nierras">Concepcion Nierras</name><name sortKey="Rich, Stephen S" sort="Rich, Stephen S" uniqKey="Rich S" first="Stephen S." last="Rich">Stephen S. Rich</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Julier, Cecile" sort="Julier, Cecile" uniqKey="Julier C" first="Cécile" last="Julier">Cécile Julier</name></region></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Morahan, Grant" sort="Morahan, Grant" uniqKey="Morahan G" first="Grant" last="Morahan">Grant Morahan</name></noRegion></country><country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey="Nerup, J Rn" sort="Nerup, J Rn" uniqKey="Nerup J" first="J Rn" last="Nerup">J Rn Nerup</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Pociot, Flemming" sort="Pociot, Flemming" uniqKey="Pociot F" first="Flemming" last="Pociot">Flemming Pociot</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Todd, John A" sort="Todd, John A" uniqKey="Todd J" first="John A." last="Todd">John A. Todd</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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