International Consensus on Allergen Immunotherapy II: Mechanisms, standardization, and pharmacoeconomics.
Identifieur interne : 003105 ( Ncbi/Curation ); précédent : 003104; suivant : 003106International Consensus on Allergen Immunotherapy II: Mechanisms, standardization, and pharmacoeconomics.
Auteurs : Marek Jutel [Pologne] ; Ioana Agache [Roumanie] ; Sergio Bonini [Royaume-Uni] ; A Wesley Burks [États-Unis] ; Moises Calderon [Royaume-Uni] ; Walter Canonica [Italie] ; Linda Cox ; Pascal Demoly [France] ; Antony J. Frew [Royaume-Uni] ; Robyn O'Hehir [Australie] ; Jörg Kleine-Tebbe [Allemagne] ; Antonella Muraro [Italie] ; Gideon Lack [Royaume-Uni] ; Désirée Larenas [Mexique] ; Michael Levin [Afrique du Sud] ; Bryan L. Martin ; Harald Nelson ; Ruby Pawankar [Japon] ; Oliver Pfaar [Allemagne] ; Ronald Van Ree [Pays-Bas] ; Hugh Sampson [États-Unis] ; James L. Sublett ; Kazunari Sugita [Suisse] ; George Du Toit [Royaume-Uni] ; Thomas Werfel [Allemagne] ; Roy Gerth Van Wijk [Pays-Bas] ; Luo Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Mübeccel Akdis [Suisse] ; Cezmi A. Akdis [Suisse]Source :
- The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology [ 1097-6825 ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Allergènes (administration et posologie), Allergènes (immunologie), Analyse coût-bénéfice, Consensus, Désensibilisation immunologique (), Désensibilisation immunologique (normes), Désensibilisation immunologique (économie), Humains, Hypersensibilité (), Hypersensibilité (immunologie), Pharmacoéconomie (législation et jurisprudence), Tolérance immunitaire.
- MESH :
- administration et posologie : Allergènes.
- immunologie : Allergènes, Hypersensibilité.
- législation et jurisprudence : Pharmacoéconomie.
- normes : Désensibilisation immunologique.
- économie : Désensibilisation immunologique.
- Analyse coût-bénéfice, Consensus, Désensibilisation immunologique, Humains, Hypersensibilité, Tolérance immunitaire.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Allergens (administration & dosage), Allergens (immunology), Consensus, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Desensitization, Immunologic (economics), Desensitization, Immunologic (methods), Desensitization, Immunologic (standards), Economics, Pharmaceutical (legislation & jurisprudence), Humans, Hypersensitivity (immunology), Hypersensitivity (therapy), Immune Tolerance.
- MESH :
- chemical , administration & dosage : Allergens.
- chemical , immunology : Allergens.
- economics : Desensitization, Immunologic.
- immunology : Hypersensitivity.
- legislation & jurisprudence : Economics, Pharmaceutical.
- methods : Desensitization, Immunologic.
- standards : Desensitization, Immunologic.
- therapy : Hypersensitivity.
- Consensus, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Immune Tolerance.
Abstract
This article continues the comprehensive international consensus (ICON) statement on allergen immunotherapy (AIT). The initial article also recently appeared in the Journal. The conclusions below focus on key mechanisms of AIT-triggered tolerance, requirements in allergen standardization, AIT cost-effectiveness, and regulatory guidance. Potential barriers to and facilitators of the use of AIT are described in addition to future directions. International allergy specialists representing the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; and the World Allergy Organization critically reviewed the existing literature and prepared this summary of recommendations for best AIT practice. The authors contributed equally and reached consensus on the statements presented herein.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1300
PubMed: 26853128
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Linda Cox<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Allergy and Asthma Center, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.</nlm:affiliation>
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Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Luo" sort="Zhang, Luo" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Luo" last="Zhang">Luo Zhang</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Agache, Ioana" sort="Agache, Ioana" uniqKey="Agache I" first="Ioana" last="Agache">Ioana Agache</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Bonini, Sergio" sort="Bonini, Sergio" uniqKey="Bonini S" first="Sergio" last="Bonini">Sergio Bonini</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Second University of Naples and IFT-CNR, Rome, and Expert-on-Secondment European Medicines Agency, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Second University of Naples and IFT-CNR, Rome, and Expert-on-Secondment European Medicines Agency, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
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<author><name sortKey="Burks, A Wesley" sort="Burks, A Wesley" uniqKey="Burks A" first="A Wesley" last="Burks">A Wesley Burks</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">Caroline du Nord</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Calderon, Moises" sort="Calderon, Moises" uniqKey="Calderon M" first="Moises" last="Calderon">Moises Calderon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, Royal Brompton Hospital, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Canonica, Walter" sort="Canonica, Walter" uniqKey="Canonica W" first="Walter" last="Canonica">Walter Canonica</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Allergy & Respiratory Diseases Clinic, DIMI University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino, Genova, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Allergy & Respiratory Diseases Clinic, DIMI University of Genoa, IRCCS AOU San Martino, Genova</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Genova</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cox, Linda" sort="Cox, Linda" uniqKey="Cox L" first="Linda" last="Cox">Linda Cox</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Allergy and Asthma Center, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">Fla</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demoly, Pascal" sort="Demoly, Pascal" uniqKey="Demoly P" first="Pascal" last="Demoly">Pascal Demoly</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>University Hospital of Montpellier-INSERM U657, Montpellier, France.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>University Hospital of Montpellier-INSERM U657, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region>
<region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region>
<settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frew, Antony J" sort="Frew, Antony J" uniqKey="Frew A" first="Antony J" last="Frew">Antony J. Frew</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Brighton</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="O Hehir, Robyn" sort="O Hehir, Robyn" uniqKey="O Hehir R" first="Robyn" last="O'Hehir">Robyn O'Hehir</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement>
<region type="état">Victoria (État)</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kleine Tebbe, Jorg" sort="Kleine Tebbe, Jorg" uniqKey="Kleine Tebbe J" first="Jörg" last="Kleine-Tebbe">Jörg Kleine-Tebbe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Allergy & Asthma Center Westend, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Allergy & Asthma Center Westend, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muraro, Antonella" sort="Muraro, Antonella" uniqKey="Muraro A" first="Antonella" last="Muraro">Antonella Muraro</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Mother and Child Health, Padua General University Hospital, Padua, Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Mother and Child Health, Padua General University Hospital, Padua</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Padua</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lack, Gideon" sort="Lack, Gideon" uniqKey="Lack G" first="Gideon" last="Lack">Gideon Lack</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, and the Children's Allergy Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, and the Children's Allergy Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Larenas, Desiree" sort="Larenas, Desiree" uniqKey="Larenas D" first="Désirée" last="Larenas">Désirée Larenas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Hospital Médica Sur, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Hospital Médica Sur, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levin, Michael" sort="Levin, Michael" uniqKey="Levin M" first="Michael" last="Levin">Michael Levin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Division of Allergy, School of Child and Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Allergy, School of Child and Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Martin, Bryan L" sort="Martin, Bryan L" uniqKey="Martin B" first="Bryan L" last="Martin">Bryan L. Martin</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Allergy and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Silver Spring, Md.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">Md</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nelson, Harald" sort="Nelson, Harald" uniqKey="Nelson H" first="Harald" last="Nelson">Harald Nelson</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">Colo</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pawankar, Ruby" sort="Pawankar, Ruby" uniqKey="Pawankar R" first="Ruby" last="Pawankar">Ruby Pawankar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement>
<region type="région">Région de Kantō</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfaar, Oliver" sort="Pfaar, Oliver" uniqKey="Pfaar O" first="Oliver" last="Pfaar">Oliver Pfaar</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Center for Rhinology and Allergology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Karlsruhe</region>
<settlement type="city">Mannheim</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Ree, Ronald" sort="Van Ree, Ronald" uniqKey="Van Ree R" first="Ronald" last="Van Ree">Ronald Van Ree</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Academic Medical Center, Departments of Experimental Immunology and of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Academic Medical Center, Departments of Experimental Immunology and of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region>
<settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sampson, Hugh" sort="Sampson, Hugh" uniqKey="Sampson H" first="Hugh" last="Sampson">Hugh Sampson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy-Immunology, and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
</placeName>
<wicri:cityArea>Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy-Immunology, and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York</wicri:cityArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sublett, James L" sort="Sublett, James L" uniqKey="Sublett J" first="James L" last="Sublett">James L. Sublett</name>
<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky.</nlm:affiliation>
<wicri:noCountry code="subField">Ky</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sugita, Kazunari" sort="Sugita, Kazunari" uniqKey="Sugita K" first="Kazunari" last="Sugita">Kazunari Sugita</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement>
<region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Du Toit, George" sort="Du Toit, George" uniqKey="Du Toit G" first="George" last="Du Toit">George Du Toit</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatric Allergy, Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, King's College London, and MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatric Allergy, Division of Asthma, Allergy & Lung Biology, King's College London, and MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement>
<region type="country">Angleterre</region>
<region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Werfel, Thomas" sort="Werfel, Thomas" uniqKey="Werfel T" first="Thomas" last="Werfel">Thomas Werfel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Basse-Saxe</region>
<settlement type="city">Hanovre</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gerth Van Wijk, Roy" sort="Gerth Van Wijk, Roy" uniqKey="Gerth Van Wijk R" first="Roy" last="Gerth Van Wijk">Roy Gerth Van Wijk</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Luo" sort="Zhang, Luo" uniqKey="Zhang L" first="Luo" last="Zhang">Luo Zhang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Akdis, Mubeccel" sort="Akdis, Mubeccel" uniqKey="Akdis M" first="Mübeccel" last="Akdis">Mübeccel Akdis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement>
<region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Akdis, Cezmi A" sort="Akdis, Cezmi A" uniqKey="Akdis C" first="Cezmi A" last="Akdis">Cezmi A. Akdis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Swiss Institute for Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, and Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Zurich</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement>
<region nuts="3" type="region">Canton de Zurich</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1097-6825</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Allergens (administration & dosage)</term>
<term>Allergens (immunology)</term>
<term>Consensus</term>
<term>Cost-Benefit Analysis</term>
<term>Desensitization, Immunologic (economics)</term>
<term>Desensitization, Immunologic (methods)</term>
<term>Desensitization, Immunologic (standards)</term>
<term>Economics, Pharmaceutical (legislation & jurisprudence)</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Hypersensitivity (immunology)</term>
<term>Hypersensitivity (therapy)</term>
<term>Immune Tolerance</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Allergènes (administration et posologie)</term>
<term>Allergènes (immunologie)</term>
<term>Analyse coût-bénéfice</term>
<term>Consensus</term>
<term>Désensibilisation immunologique ()</term>
<term>Désensibilisation immunologique (normes)</term>
<term>Désensibilisation immunologique (économie)</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Hypersensibilité ()</term>
<term>Hypersensibilité (immunologie)</term>
<term>Pharmacoéconomie (législation et jurisprudence)</term>
<term>Tolérance immunitaire</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="administration & dosage" xml:lang="en"><term>Allergens</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Allergens</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="administration et posologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Allergènes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="economics" xml:lang="en"><term>Desensitization, Immunologic</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Allergènes</term>
<term>Hypersensibilité</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Hypersensitivity</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="legislation & jurisprudence" xml:lang="en"><term>Economics, Pharmaceutical</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="législation et jurisprudence" xml:lang="fr"><term>Pharmacoéconomie</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Desensitization, Immunologic</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="normes" xml:lang="fr"><term>Désensibilisation immunologique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="standards" xml:lang="en"><term>Desensitization, Immunologic</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Hypersensitivity</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="économie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Désensibilisation immunologique</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Consensus</term>
<term>Cost-Benefit Analysis</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Immune Tolerance</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Analyse coût-bénéfice</term>
<term>Consensus</term>
<term>Désensibilisation immunologique</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Hypersensibilité</term>
<term>Tolérance immunitaire</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This article continues the comprehensive international consensus (ICON) statement on allergen immunotherapy (AIT). The initial article also recently appeared in the Journal. The conclusions below focus on key mechanisms of AIT-triggered tolerance, requirements in allergen standardization, AIT cost-effectiveness, and regulatory guidance. Potential barriers to and facilitators of the use of AIT are described in addition to future directions. International allergy specialists representing the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; and the World Allergy Organization critically reviewed the existing literature and prepared this summary of recommendations for best AIT practice. The authors contributed equally and reached consensus on the statements presented herein.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</record>
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