PULSED GAMMA RAYS FROM THE ORIGINAL MILLISECOND AND BLACK WIDOW PULSARS: A CASE FOR CAUSTIC RADIO EMISSION?
Identifieur interne : 006C62 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 006C61; suivant : 006C63PULSED GAMMA RAYS FROM THE ORIGINAL MILLISECOND AND BLACK WIDOW PULSARS: A CASE FOR CAUSTIC RADIO EMISSION?
Auteurs : L. Guillemot [Allemagne] ; T. J. Johnson [États-Unis] ; C. Venter [Afrique du Sud] ; M. Kerr [États-Unis] ; B. Pancrazi [France] ; M. Livingstone [Canada] ; G. H. Janssen [Royaume-Uni] ; P. Jaroenjittichai [Royaume-Uni] ; M. Kramer [Allemagne, Royaume-Uni] ; I. Cognard [France] ; B. W. Stappers [Royaume-Uni] ; A. K. Harding [États-Unis] ; F. Camilo [États-Unis] ; C. M. Espinoza [Royaume-Uni] ; P. C. C. Freire [Allemagne] ; F. Gargano [Italie] ; J. E. Grove [États-Unis] ; S. Johnston [Australie] ; P. F. Michelson [États-Unis] ; A. Noutsos [Allemagne] ; D. Parent [États-Unis] ; S. M. Ransom [États-Unis] ; P. S. Ray [États-Unis] ; R. Shannon [Australie] ; D. A. Smith [France] ; G. Theureaui [France] ; S. E. Thorsett [États-Unis] ; N. Webb [France]Source :
- The Astrophysical journal [ 0004-637X ] ; 2011.
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Abstract
We report the detection of pulsed gamma-ray emission from the fast millisecond pulsars (MSPs) B1937+21 (also known as J 1939+2134) and B 1957+20 (J 1959+2048) using 18 months of survey data recorded by the Fermi Large Area Telescope and timing solutions based on radio observations conducted at the Westerbork and Nançay radio telescopes. In addition, we analyzed archival Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and XMM-Newton X-ray data for the two MSPs, confirming the X-ray emission properties of PSR B1937+21 and finding evidence (∼4σ) for pulsed emission from PSR B 1957+20 for the first time. In both cases the gamma-ray emission profile is characterized by two peaks separated by half a rotation and are in close alignment with components observed in radio and X-rays. These two pulsars join PSRs J0034-0534 and J2214+3000 to form an emerging class of gamma-ray MSPs with phase-aligned peaks in different energy bands. The modeling of the radio and gamma-ray emission profiles suggests co-located emission regions in the outer magnetosphere.
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Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</s1><s2>Greenbelt, MD 20771</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland</s1><s2>College Park, MD 20742</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences</s1><s2>Washington, DC 20001</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Washington, DC 20001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venter, C" sort="Venter, C" uniqKey="Venter C" first="C." last="Venter">C. 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Livingstone</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Department of Physics, McGill University</s1><s2>Montreal. PQ H3A 2T8</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Janssen, G H" sort="Janssen, G H" uniqKey="Janssen G" first="G. H." last="Janssen">G. H. Janssen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester</s1><s2>M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaroenjittichai, P" sort="Jaroenjittichai, P" uniqKey="Jaroenjittichai P" first="P." last="Jaroenjittichai">P. 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Kramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester</s1><s2>M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cognard, I" sort="Cognard, I" uniqKey="Cognard I" first="I." last="Cognard">I. Cognard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement, LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS</s1><s2>45071 Orléans</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Centre-Val de Loire</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Région Centre</region><settlement type="city">Orléans</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>18330 Nançay</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Centre-Val de Loire</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Région Centre</region><settlement type="city">Nançay</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B. W." last="Stappers">B. W. Stappers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester</s1><s2>M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harding, A K" sort="Harding, A K" uniqKey="Harding A" first="A. K." last="Harding">A. K. Harding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</s1><s2>Greenbelt, MD 20771</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Camilo, F" sort="Camilo, F" uniqKey="Camilo F" first="F." last="Camilo">F. Camilo</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University</s1><s2>New York, NY 10027</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><settlement type="city">New York</settlement><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Espinoza, C M" sort="Espinoza, C M" uniqKey="Espinoza C" first="C. M." last="Espinoza">C. M. Espinoza</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester</s1><s2>M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freire, P C C" sort="Freire, P C C" uniqKey="Freire P" first="P. C. C." last="Freire">P. C. C. Freire</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gargano, F" sort="Gargano, F" uniqKey="Gargano F" first="F." last="Gargano">F. Gargano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleate, Sezione di Bari</s1><s2>70126 Bari</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>70126 Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grove, J E" sort="Grove, J E" uniqKey="Grove J" first="J. E." last="Grove">J. E. Grove</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory</s1><s2>Washington, DC 20375-5352</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Washington, DC 20375-5352</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnston, S" sort="Johnston, S" uniqKey="Johnston S" first="S." last="Johnston">S. Johnston</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility</s1><s2>Epping NSW 1710</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Epping NSW 1710</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michelson, P F" sort="Michelson, P F" uniqKey="Michelson P" first="P. F." last="Michelson">P. F. Michelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University</s1><s2>Stanford, CA 94305</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Stanford, CA 94305</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noutsos, A" sort="Noutsos, A" uniqKey="Noutsos A" first="A." last="Noutsos">A. Noutsos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parent, D" sort="Parent, D" uniqKey="Parent D" first="D." last="Parent">D. Parent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University</s1><s2>Fairfax, VA 22030</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Fairfax, VA 22030</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ransom, S M" sort="Ransom, S M" uniqKey="Ransom S" first="S. M." last="Ransom">S. M. Ransom</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)</s1><s2>Charlottesville, VA 22903</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, P S" sort="Ray, P S" uniqKey="Ray P" first="P. S." last="Ray">P. S. Ray</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory</s1><s2>Washington, DC 20375-5352</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Washington, DC 20375-5352</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shannon, R" sort="Shannon, R" uniqKey="Shannon R" first="R." last="Shannon">R. Shannon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility</s1><s2>Epping NSW 1710</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Epping NSW 1710</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, D A" sort="Smith, D A" uniqKey="Smith D" first="D. A." last="Smith">D. A. Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3</s1><s2>33175 Gradignan</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>33175 Gradignan</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/IN2p3</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33175 Gradignan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Theureaui, G" sort="Theureaui, G" uniqKey="Theureaui G" first="G." last="Theureaui">G. Theureaui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement, LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS</s1><s2>45071 Orléans</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>18330 Nançay</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Centre-Val de Loire</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Région Centre</region><settlement type="city">Nançay</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorsett, S E" sort="Thorsett, S E" uniqKey="Thorsett S" first="S. E." last="Thorsett">S. E. Thorsett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Physics, Willamette University</s1><s2>Salem, OR 97031</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Salem, OR 97031</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Webb, N" sort="Webb, N" uniqKey="Webb N" first="N." last="Webb">N. Webb</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>CNRS, IRAP</s1><s2>31028 Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP</s1><s2>Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">12-0085848</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 12-0085848 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:12-0085848</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">001603</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">004908</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">001811</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001811</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0004-637X:2011:Guillemot L:pulsed:gamma:rays</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">006C62</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">PULSED GAMMA RAYS FROM THE ORIGINAL MILLISECOND AND BLACK WIDOW PULSARS: A CASE FOR CAUSTIC RADIO EMISSION?</title><author><name sortKey="Guillemot, L" sort="Guillemot, L" uniqKey="Guillemot L" first="L." last="Guillemot">L. Guillemot</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, T J" sort="Johnson, T J" uniqKey="Johnson T" first="T. J." last="Johnson">T. J. Johnson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</s1><s2>Greenbelt, MD 20771</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland</s1><s2>College Park, MD 20742</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>National Research Council Research Associate, National Academy of Sciences</s1><s2>Washington, DC 20001</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Washington, DC 20001</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venter, C" sort="Venter, C" uniqKey="Venter C" first="C." last="Venter">C. Venter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus</s1><s2>2520 Potchefstroom</s2><s3>ZAF</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:noRegion>2520 Potchefstroom</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kerr, M" sort="Kerr, M" uniqKey="Kerr M" first="M." last="Kerr">M. Kerr</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University</s1><s2>Stanford, CA 94305</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Stanford, CA 94305</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pancrazi, B" sort="Pancrazi, B" uniqKey="Pancrazi B" first="B." last="Pancrazi">B. Pancrazi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>CNRS, IRAP</s1><s2>31028 Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>31028 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP</s1><s2>Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Livingstone, M" sort="Livingstone, M" uniqKey="Livingstone M" first="M." last="Livingstone">M. Livingstone</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>Department of Physics, McGill University</s1><s2>Montreal. PQ H3A 2T8</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Janssen, G H" sort="Janssen, G H" uniqKey="Janssen G" first="G. H." last="Janssen">G. H. Janssen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester</s1><s2>M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jaroenjittichai, P" sort="Jaroenjittichai, P" uniqKey="Jaroenjittichai P" first="P." last="Jaroenjittichai">P. Jaroenjittichai</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester</s1><s2>M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M." last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester</s1><s2>M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cognard, I" sort="Cognard, I" uniqKey="Cognard I" first="I." last="Cognard">I. Cognard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement, LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS</s1><s2>45071 Orléans</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Centre-Val de Loire</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Région Centre</region><settlement type="city">Orléans</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>18330 Nançay</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Centre-Val de Loire</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Région Centre</region><settlement type="city">Nançay</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B. W." last="Stappers">B. W. Stappers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester</s1><s2>M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Harding, A K" sort="Harding, A K" uniqKey="Harding A" first="A. K." last="Harding">A. K. Harding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</s1><s2>Greenbelt, MD 20771</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Camilo, F" sort="Camilo, F" uniqKey="Camilo F" first="F." last="Camilo">F. Camilo</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University</s1><s2>New York, NY 10027</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><settlement type="city">New York</settlement><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Espinoza, C M" sort="Espinoza, C M" uniqKey="Espinoza C" first="C. M." last="Espinoza">C. M. Espinoza</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester</s1><s2>M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freire, P C C" sort="Freire, P C C" uniqKey="Freire P" first="P. C. C." last="Freire">P. C. C. Freire</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gargano, F" sort="Gargano, F" uniqKey="Gargano F" first="F." last="Gargano">F. Gargano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleate, Sezione di Bari</s1><s2>70126 Bari</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>16 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>70126 Bari</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grove, J E" sort="Grove, J E" uniqKey="Grove J" first="J. E." last="Grove">J. E. Grove</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory</s1><s2>Washington, DC 20375-5352</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Washington, DC 20375-5352</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnston, S" sort="Johnston, S" uniqKey="Johnston S" first="S." last="Johnston">S. Johnston</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility</s1><s2>Epping NSW 1710</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Epping NSW 1710</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Michelson, P F" sort="Michelson, P F" uniqKey="Michelson P" first="P. F." last="Michelson">P. F. Michelson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University</s1><s2>Stanford, CA 94305</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Stanford, CA 94305</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noutsos, A" sort="Noutsos, A" uniqKey="Noutsos A" first="A." last="Noutsos">A. Noutsos</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parent, D" sort="Parent, D" uniqKey="Parent D" first="D." last="Parent">D. Parent</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Center for Earth Observing and Space Research, College of Science, George Mason University</s1><s2>Fairfax, VA 22030</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>21 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Fairfax, VA 22030</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ransom, S M" sort="Ransom, S M" uniqKey="Ransom S" first="S. M." last="Ransom">S. M. Ransom</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="18"><s1>National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)</s1><s2>Charlottesville, VA 22903</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>22 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ray, P S" sort="Ray, P S" uniqKey="Ray P" first="P. S." last="Ray">P. S. Ray</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory</s1><s2>Washington, DC 20375-5352</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>17 aut.</sZ><sZ>23 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Washington, DC 20375-5352</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shannon, R" sort="Shannon, R" uniqKey="Shannon R" first="R." last="Shannon">R. Shannon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility</s1><s2>Epping NSW 1710</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>24 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>Epping NSW 1710</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, D A" sort="Smith, D A" uniqKey="Smith D" first="D. A." last="Smith">D. A. Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="19"><s1>Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS/IN2p3</s1><s2>33175 Gradignan</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>25 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>33175 Gradignan</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/IN2p3</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>33175 Gradignan</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Theureaui, G" sort="Theureaui, G" uniqKey="Theureaui G" first="G." last="Theureaui">G. Theureaui</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement, LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS</s1><s2>45071 Orléans</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>LPCE UMR 6115 CNRS</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>18330 Nançay</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>26 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorsett, S E" sort="Thorsett, S E" uniqKey="Thorsett S" first="S. E." last="Thorsett">S. E. Thorsett</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="20"><s1>Department of Physics, Willamette University</s1><s2>Salem, OR 97031</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>27 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Salem, OR 97031</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Webb, N" sort="Webb, N" uniqKey="Webb N" first="N." last="Webb">N. Webb</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>CNRS, IRAP</s1><s2>31028 Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>31028 Toulouse</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Midi-Pyrénées</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>GAHEC, Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP</s1><s2>Toulouse</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>28 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">The Astrophysical journal</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Astrophys. j.</title><idno type="ISSN">0004-637X</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">The Astrophysical journal</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Astrophys. j.</title><idno type="ISSN">0004-637X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Alignment</term><term>Gamma emission</term><term>Gamma radiation</term><term>Line shape</term><term>Millisecond pulsar</term><term>Modelling</term><term>RXTE satellite</term><term>Radiation mechanism</term><term>Radio emission</term><term>Radio observation</term><term>Timing</term><term>X ray emission</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Rayonnement gamma</term><term>Pulsar milliseconde</term><term>Emission radioélectrique</term><term>Emission gamma</term><term>Timing</term><term>Observation radio</term><term>Satellite RXTE</term><term>Emission RX</term><term>Profil raie</term><term>Alignement</term><term>Modélisation</term><term>Mécanisme rayonnement</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">We report the detection of pulsed gamma-ray emission from the fast millisecond pulsars (MSPs) B1937+21 (also known as J 1939+2134) and B 1957+20 (J 1959+2048) using 18 months of survey data recorded by the Fermi Large Area Telescope and timing solutions based on radio observations conducted at the Westerbork and Nançay radio telescopes. In addition, we analyzed archival Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer and XMM-Newton X-ray data for the two MSPs, confirming the X-ray emission properties of PSR B1937+21 and finding evidence (∼4σ) for pulsed emission from PSR B 1957+20 for the first time. In both cases the gamma-ray emission profile is characterized by two peaks separated by half a rotation and are in close alignment with components observed in radio and X-rays. These two pulsars join PSRs J0034-0534 and J2214+3000 to form an emerging class of gamma-ray MSPs with phase-aligned peaks in different energy bands. The modeling of the radio and gamma-ray emission profiles suggests co-located emission regions in the outer magnetosphere.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Canada</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Centre-Val de Loire</li><li>District de Cologne</li><li>Grand Manchester</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Midi-Pyrénées</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Québec</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li><li>Région Centre</li><li>État de New York</li></region><settlement><li>Bonn</li><li>College Park (Maryland)</li><li>Manchester</li><li>Montréal</li><li>Nançay</li><li>New York</li><li>Orléans</li><li>Toulouse</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Columbia</li><li>Université McGill</li><li>Université de Manchester</li><li>Université du Maryland</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie"><name sortKey="Guillemot, L" sort="Guillemot, L" uniqKey="Guillemot L" first="L." last="Guillemot">L. Guillemot</name></region><name sortKey="Freire, P C C" sort="Freire, P C C" uniqKey="Freire P" first="P. C. C." last="Freire">P. C. C. Freire</name><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M." last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name><name sortKey="Noutsos, A" sort="Noutsos, A" uniqKey="Noutsos A" first="A." last="Noutsos">A. Noutsos</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Johnson, T J" sort="Johnson, T J" uniqKey="Johnson T" first="T. J." last="Johnson">T. J. Johnson</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Camilo, F" sort="Camilo, F" uniqKey="Camilo F" first="F." last="Camilo">F. Camilo</name><name sortKey="Grove, J E" sort="Grove, J E" uniqKey="Grove J" first="J. E." last="Grove">J. E. Grove</name><name sortKey="Harding, A K" sort="Harding, A K" uniqKey="Harding A" first="A. K." last="Harding">A. K. Harding</name><name sortKey="Johnson, T J" sort="Johnson, T J" uniqKey="Johnson T" first="T. J." last="Johnson">T. J. Johnson</name><name sortKey="Johnson, T J" sort="Johnson, T J" uniqKey="Johnson T" first="T. J." last="Johnson">T. J. Johnson</name><name sortKey="Kerr, M" sort="Kerr, M" uniqKey="Kerr M" first="M." last="Kerr">M. Kerr</name><name sortKey="Michelson, P F" sort="Michelson, P F" uniqKey="Michelson P" first="P. F." last="Michelson">P. F. Michelson</name><name sortKey="Parent, D" sort="Parent, D" uniqKey="Parent D" first="D." last="Parent">D. Parent</name><name sortKey="Ransom, S M" sort="Ransom, S M" uniqKey="Ransom S" first="S. M." last="Ransom">S. M. Ransom</name><name sortKey="Ray, P S" sort="Ray, P S" uniqKey="Ray P" first="P. S." last="Ray">P. S. Ray</name><name sortKey="Thorsett, S E" sort="Thorsett, S E" uniqKey="Thorsett S" first="S. E." last="Thorsett">S. E. Thorsett</name></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Venter, C" sort="Venter, C" uniqKey="Venter C" first="C." last="Venter">C. Venter</name></noRegion></country><country name="France"><region name="Occitanie (région administrative)"><name sortKey="Pancrazi, B" sort="Pancrazi, B" uniqKey="Pancrazi B" first="B." last="Pancrazi">B. Pancrazi</name></region><name sortKey="Cognard, I" sort="Cognard, I" uniqKey="Cognard I" first="I." last="Cognard">I. Cognard</name><name sortKey="Cognard, I" sort="Cognard, I" uniqKey="Cognard I" first="I." last="Cognard">I. Cognard</name><name sortKey="Pancrazi, B" sort="Pancrazi, B" uniqKey="Pancrazi B" first="B." last="Pancrazi">B. Pancrazi</name><name sortKey="Smith, D A" sort="Smith, D A" uniqKey="Smith D" first="D. A." last="Smith">D. A. Smith</name><name sortKey="Theureaui, G" sort="Theureaui, G" uniqKey="Theureaui G" first="G." last="Theureaui">G. Theureaui</name><name sortKey="Theureaui, G" sort="Theureaui, G" uniqKey="Theureaui G" first="G." last="Theureaui">G. Theureaui</name><name sortKey="Webb, N" sort="Webb, N" uniqKey="Webb N" first="N." last="Webb">N. Webb</name><name sortKey="Webb, N" sort="Webb, N" uniqKey="Webb N" first="N." last="Webb">N. Webb</name></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Québec"><name sortKey="Livingstone, M" sort="Livingstone, M" uniqKey="Livingstone M" first="M." last="Livingstone">M. Livingstone</name></region></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Janssen, G H" sort="Janssen, G H" uniqKey="Janssen G" first="G. H." last="Janssen">G. H. Janssen</name></region><name sortKey="Espinoza, C M" sort="Espinoza, C M" uniqKey="Espinoza C" first="C. M." last="Espinoza">C. M. Espinoza</name><name sortKey="Jaroenjittichai, P" sort="Jaroenjittichai, P" uniqKey="Jaroenjittichai P" first="P." last="Jaroenjittichai">P. Jaroenjittichai</name><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M." last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B. W." last="Stappers">B. W. Stappers</name></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gargano, F" sort="Gargano, F" uniqKey="Gargano F" first="F." last="Gargano">F. Gargano</name></noRegion></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Johnston, S" sort="Johnston, S" uniqKey="Johnston S" first="S." last="Johnston">S. Johnston</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Shannon, R" sort="Shannon, R" uniqKey="Shannon R" first="R." last="Shannon">R. Shannon</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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