Placing limits on the stochastic gravitational-wave background using European Pulsar Timing Array data
Identifieur interne : 006C37 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 006C36; suivant : 006C38Placing limits on the stochastic gravitational-wave background using European Pulsar Timing Array data
Auteurs : R. Van Haasteren [Pays-Bas] ; Y. Levin [Pays-Bas, Australie] ; G. H. Janssen [Royaume-Uni] ; K. Lazaridis [Allemagne] ; M. Kramer [Royaume-Uni, Allemagne] ; B. W. Stappers [Royaume-Uni, Pays-Bas] ; G. Desvignes [France, États-Unis] ; M. B. Purver [Royaume-Uni] ; A. G. Lyne [Royaume-Uni] ; R. D. Ferdman [France] ; A. Jessner [Allemagne] ; I. Cognard [France] ; G. Theureau [France] ; N. D'Amico [Italie] ; A. Possenti [Italie] ; M. Burgay [Italie] ; A. Corongiu [Italie] ; J. W. T. Hessels [Pays-Bas] ; R. Smits [Royaume-Uni, Pays-Bas] ; J. P. W. Verbiest [Allemagne]Source :
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society [ 0035-8711 ] ; 2011.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Wicri :
- topic : Cosmologie.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Direct detection of low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs, 10-9 to 10-g Hz) is the main goal of pulsar timing array (PTA) projects. One of the main targets for the PTAs is to measure the stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB) whose characteristic strain is expected to approximately follow a power-law of the form hc(f) = A(f /yr-1)α, where f is the GW frequency. In this paper we use the current data from the European PTA to determine an upper limit on the GWB amplitude A as a function of the unknown spectral slope α with a Bayesian algorithm, by modelling the GWB as a random Gaussian process. For the case α = -2/3, which is expected if the GWB is produced by supermassive black hole binaries, we obtain a 95 per cent confidence upper limit on A of 6 x 10-15, which is 1.8 times lower than the 95 per cent confidence GWB limit obtained by the Parkes PTA in 2006. Our approach to the data analysis incorporates the multitelescope nature of the European PTA and thus can serve as a useful template for future intercontinental PTA collaborations.
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D'Amico</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit========Atilde; Degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7</s1><s2>90042 Monserrato (CA)</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>90042 Monserrato (CA)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Loc. Poggio dei Pini, Strada 54</s1><s2>09012 Capoterra (CA)</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>09012 Capoterra (CA)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Possenti, A" sort="Possenti, A" uniqKey="Possenti A" first="A." last="Possenti">A. Possenti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Loc. 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Poggio dei Pini, Strada 54</s1><s2>09012 Capoterra (CA)</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>09012 Capoterra (CA)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hessels, J W T" sort="Hessels, J W T" uniqKey="Hessels J" first="J. W. T." last="Hessels">J. W. T. Hessels</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Postbus 2</s1><s2>7990 AA Dwingeloo</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Astronomical Institute 'Anton Pannekoek', University of Amsterdam</s1><s2>1098 SJ Amsterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smits, R" sort="Smits, R" uniqKey="Smits R" first="R." last="Smits">R. Smits</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building</s1><s2>Manchester M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Manchester M13 9PL</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Postbus 2</s1><s2>7990 AA Dwingeloo</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verbiest, J P W" sort="Verbiest, J P W" uniqKey="Verbiest J" first="J. 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Verbiest</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">11-0320593</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 11-0320593 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:11-0320593</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">001B07</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">004437</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">001786</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001786</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0035-8711:2011:Van Haasteren R:placing:limits:on</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">006C37</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Placing limits on the stochastic gravitational-wave background using European Pulsar Timing Array data</title><author><name sortKey="Van Haasteren, R" sort="Van Haasteren, R" uniqKey="Van Haasteren R" first="R." last="Van Haasteren">R. Van Haasteren</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513</s1><s2>2300 RA Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>2300 RA Leiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levin, Y" sort="Levin, Y" uniqKey="Levin Y" first="Y." last="Levin">Y. Levin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513</s1><s2>2300 RA Leiden</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>2300 RA Leiden</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>School of Physics, Monash University, PO Box 27</s1><s2>VIC 3800</s2><s3>AUS</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Australie</country><wicri:noRegion>VIC 3800</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Janssen, G H" sort="Janssen, G H" uniqKey="Janssen G" first="G. H." last="Janssen">G. H. Janssen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building</s1><s2>Manchester M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Manchester M13 9PL</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lazaridis, K" sort="Lazaridis, K" uniqKey="Lazaridis K" first="K." last="Lazaridis">K. Lazaridis</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M." last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building</s1><s2>Manchester M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Manchester M13 9PL</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B. W." last="Stappers">B. W. Stappers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building</s1><s2>Manchester M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Manchester M13 9PL</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Postbus 2</s1><s2>7990 AA Dwingeloo</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desvignes, G" sort="Desvignes, G" uniqKey="Desvignes G" first="G." last="Desvignes">G. Desvignes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>LPC2E, Université d'Orléans - CNRS, 3A Av de la Recherche Scientifique</s1><s2>45071 Orléans</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>3A Av de la Recherche Scientifique</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>18330 Nançay</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Department of Astronomy and Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of California</s1><s2>Berkeley, CA 94720</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><wicri:noRegion>Berkeley, CA 94720</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Purver, M B" sort="Purver, M B" uniqKey="Purver M" first="M. B." last="Purver">M. B. Purver</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building</s1><s2>Manchester M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Manchester M13 9PL</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyne, A G" sort="Lyne, A G" uniqKey="Lyne A" first="A. G." last="Lyne">A. G. Lyne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>University ofmanchester, Jodrell Bank Observatory</s1><s2>Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK11 9DL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK11 9DL</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferdman, R D" sort="Ferdman, R D" uniqKey="Ferdman R" first="R. D." last="Ferdman">R. D. Ferdman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>LPC2E, Université d'Orléans - CNRS, 3A Av de la Recherche Scientifique</s1><s2>45071 Orléans</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>3A Av de la Recherche Scientifique</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>18330 Nançay</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jessner, A" sort="Jessner, A" uniqKey="Jessner A" first="A." last="Jessner">A. Jessner</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cognard, I" sort="Cognard, I" uniqKey="Cognard I" first="I." last="Cognard">I. Cognard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>LPC2E, Université d'Orléans - CNRS, 3A Av de la Recherche Scientifique</s1><s2>45071 Orléans</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>3A Av de la Recherche Scientifique</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>18330 Nançay</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Theureau, G" sort="Theureau, G" uniqKey="Theureau G" first="G." last="Theureau">G. Theureau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>LPC2E, Université d'Orléans - CNRS, 3A Av de la Recherche Scientifique</s1><s2>45071 Orléans</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>3A Av de la Recherche Scientifique</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>45071 Orléans</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU</s1><s2>18330 Nançay</s2><s3>FRA</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>France</country><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>CNRS/INSU</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>18330 Nançay</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Amico, N" sort="D Amico, N" uniqKey="D Amico N" first="N." last="D'Amico">N. D'Amico</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit========Atilde; Degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7</s1><s2>90042 Monserrato (CA)</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>90042 Monserrato (CA)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Loc. Poggio dei Pini, Strada 54</s1><s2>09012 Capoterra (CA)</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>09012 Capoterra (CA)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Possenti, A" sort="Possenti, A" uniqKey="Possenti A" first="A." last="Possenti">A. Possenti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Loc. Poggio dei Pini, Strada 54</s1><s2>09012 Capoterra (CA)</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>09012 Capoterra (CA)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burgay, M" sort="Burgay, M" uniqKey="Burgay M" first="M." last="Burgay">M. Burgay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Loc. Poggio dei Pini, Strada 54</s1><s2>09012 Capoterra (CA)</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>09012 Capoterra (CA)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Corongiu, A" sort="Corongiu, A" uniqKey="Corongiu A" first="A." last="Corongiu">A. Corongiu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Loc. Poggio dei Pini, Strada 54</s1><s2>09012 Capoterra (CA)</s2><s3>ITA</s3><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Italie</country><wicri:noRegion>09012 Capoterra (CA)</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hessels, J W T" sort="Hessels, J W T" uniqKey="Hessels J" first="J. W. T." last="Hessels">J. W. T. Hessels</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Postbus 2</s1><s2>7990 AA Dwingeloo</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>Astronomical Institute 'Anton Pannekoek', University of Amsterdam</s1><s2>1098 SJ Amsterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>18 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smits, R" sort="Smits, R" uniqKey="Smits R" first="R." last="Smits">R. Smits</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building</s1><s2>Manchester M13 9PL</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:noRegion>Manchester M13 9PL</wicri:noRegion><orgName type="university">Université de Manchester</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Manchester</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region nuts="2" type="region">Grand Manchester</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON), Postbus 2</s1><s2>7990 AA Dwingeloo</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>7990 AA Dwingeloo</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Verbiest, J P W" sort="Verbiest, J P W" uniqKey="Verbiest J" first="J. P. W." last="Verbiest">J. P. W. Verbiest</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69</s1><s2>53121 Bonn</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region><settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.</title><idno type="ISSN">0035-8711</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.</title><idno type="ISSN">0035-8711</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Algorithms</term><term>Confidence limit</term><term>Cosmology</term><term>Data analysis</term><term>Gaussian processes</term><term>Gravitational waves</term><term>Power law</term><term>Pulsars</term><term>Stochastic processes</term><term>Supermassive black hole</term><term>Timing</term><term>Upper bound</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Onde gravitationnelle</term><term>Pulsar</term><term>Timing</term><term>Loi puissance</term><term>Borne supérieure</term><term>Algorithme</term><term>Processus stochastique</term><term>Processus gaussien</term><term>Trou noir supermassif</term><term>Limite confiance</term><term>Analyse donnée</term><term>Cosmologie</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cosmologie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Direct detection of low-frequency gravitational waves (GWs, 10<sup>-9</sup> to 10<sup>-g</sup> Hz) is the main goal of pulsar timing array (PTA) projects. One of the main targets for the PTAs is to measure the stochastic background of gravitational waves (GWB) whose characteristic strain is expected to approximately follow a power-law of the form h<sub>c</sub>(f) = A(f /yr<sup>-1</sup>)α, where f is the GW frequency. In this paper we use the current data from the European PTA to determine an upper limit on the GWB amplitude A as a function of the unknown spectral slope α with a Bayesian algorithm, by modelling the GWB as a random Gaussian process. For the case α = -2/3, which is expected if the GWB is produced by supermassive black hole binaries, we obtain a 95 per cent confidence upper limit on A of 6 x 10<sup>-15</sup>, which is 1.8 times lower than the 95 per cent confidence GWB limit obtained by the Parkes PTA in 2006. Our approach to the data analysis incorporates the multitelescope nature of the European PTA and thus can serve as a useful template for future intercontinental PTA collaborations.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>Italie</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>District de Cologne</li><li>Grand Manchester</li><li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li><li>Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</li></region><settlement><li>Amsterdam</li><li>Bonn</li><li>Manchester</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Amsterdam</li><li>Université de Manchester</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Haasteren, R" sort="Van Haasteren, R" uniqKey="Van Haasteren R" first="R." last="Van Haasteren">R. Van Haasteren</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Hessels, J W T" sort="Hessels, J W T" uniqKey="Hessels J" first="J. W. T." last="Hessels">J. W. T. Hessels</name><name sortKey="Hessels, J W T" sort="Hessels, J W T" uniqKey="Hessels J" first="J. W. T." last="Hessels">J. W. T. Hessels</name><name sortKey="Levin, Y" sort="Levin, Y" uniqKey="Levin Y" first="Y." last="Levin">Y. Levin</name><name sortKey="Smits, R" sort="Smits, R" uniqKey="Smits R" first="R." last="Smits">R. Smits</name><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B. W." last="Stappers">B. W. Stappers</name></country><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Levin, Y" sort="Levin, Y" uniqKey="Levin Y" first="Y." last="Levin">Y. Levin</name></noRegion></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Janssen, G H" sort="Janssen, G H" uniqKey="Janssen G" first="G. H." last="Janssen">G. H. Janssen</name></region><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M." last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name><name sortKey="Lyne, A G" sort="Lyne, A G" uniqKey="Lyne A" first="A. G." last="Lyne">A. G. Lyne</name><name sortKey="Purver, M B" sort="Purver, M B" uniqKey="Purver M" first="M. B." last="Purver">M. B. Purver</name><name sortKey="Smits, R" sort="Smits, R" uniqKey="Smits R" first="R." last="Smits">R. Smits</name><name sortKey="Stappers, B W" sort="Stappers, B W" uniqKey="Stappers B" first="B. W." last="Stappers">B. W. Stappers</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie"><name sortKey="Lazaridis, K" sort="Lazaridis, K" uniqKey="Lazaridis K" first="K." last="Lazaridis">K. Lazaridis</name></region><name sortKey="Jessner, A" sort="Jessner, A" uniqKey="Jessner A" first="A." last="Jessner">A. Jessner</name><name sortKey="Kramer, M" sort="Kramer, M" uniqKey="Kramer M" first="M." last="Kramer">M. Kramer</name><name sortKey="Verbiest, J P W" sort="Verbiest, J P W" uniqKey="Verbiest J" first="J. P. W." last="Verbiest">J. P. W. Verbiest</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Desvignes, G" sort="Desvignes, G" uniqKey="Desvignes G" first="G." last="Desvignes">G. Desvignes</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Cognard, I" sort="Cognard, I" uniqKey="Cognard I" first="I." last="Cognard">I. Cognard</name><name sortKey="Cognard, I" sort="Cognard, I" uniqKey="Cognard I" first="I." last="Cognard">I. Cognard</name><name sortKey="Desvignes, G" sort="Desvignes, G" uniqKey="Desvignes G" first="G." last="Desvignes">G. Desvignes</name><name sortKey="Ferdman, R D" sort="Ferdman, R D" uniqKey="Ferdman R" first="R. D." last="Ferdman">R. D. Ferdman</name><name sortKey="Ferdman, R D" sort="Ferdman, R D" uniqKey="Ferdman R" first="R. D." last="Ferdman">R. D. Ferdman</name><name sortKey="Theureau, G" sort="Theureau, G" uniqKey="Theureau G" first="G." last="Theureau">G. Theureau</name><name sortKey="Theureau, G" sort="Theureau, G" uniqKey="Theureau G" first="G." last="Theureau">G. Theureau</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Desvignes, G" sort="Desvignes, G" uniqKey="Desvignes G" first="G." last="Desvignes">G. Desvignes</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="D Amico, N" sort="D Amico, N" uniqKey="D Amico N" first="N." last="D'Amico">N. D'Amico</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Burgay, M" sort="Burgay, M" uniqKey="Burgay M" first="M." last="Burgay">M. Burgay</name><name sortKey="Corongiu, A" sort="Corongiu, A" uniqKey="Corongiu A" first="A." last="Corongiu">A. Corongiu</name><name sortKey="D Amico, N" sort="D Amico, N" uniqKey="D Amico N" first="N." last="D'Amico">N. D'Amico</name><name sortKey="Possenti, A" sort="Possenti, A" uniqKey="Possenti A" first="A." last="Possenti">A. Possenti</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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