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Parallel independent evolution of pathogenicity within the genus Yersinia

Identifieur interne : 003673 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 003672; suivant : 003674

Parallel independent evolution of pathogenicity within the genus Yersinia

Auteurs : Sandra Reuter [Royaume-Uni] ; Thomas R. Connor [Royaume-Uni] ; Lars Barquist [Royaume-Uni] ; Danielle Walker [Royaume-Uni] ; Theresa Feltwell [Royaume-Uni] ; Simon R. Harris [Royaume-Uni] ; Maria Fookes [Royaume-Uni] ; Miquette E. Hall [Royaume-Uni] ; Nicola K. Petty [Royaume-Uni, Australie] ; Thilo M. Fuchs [Allemagne] ; Jukka Corander ; Muriel Dufour [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Tamara Ringwood ; Cyril Savin ; Christiane Bouchier [France] ; Liliane Martin ; Minna Miettinen ; Mikhail Shubin ; Julia M. Riehm [Allemagne] ; Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios [Finlande] ; Leila M. Sihvonen [Finlande] ; Anja Siitonen [Finlande] ; Mikael Skurnik [Finlande] ; Juliana Pfrimer Falcão [Brésil] ; Hiroshi Fukushima [Japon] ; Holger C. Scholz [Allemagne] ; Michael B. Prentice ; Brendan W. Wren [Royaume-Uni] ; Julian Parkhill [Royaume-Uni] ; Elisabeth Carniel ; Mark Achtman [Irlande (pays), Royaume-Uni] ; Alan Mcnally [Royaume-Uni] ; Nicholas R. Thomson [Royaume-Uni]

Source :

RBID : PMC:4020045

Abstract

Significance

Our past understanding of pathogen evolution has been fragmented because of tendencies to study human clinical isolates. To understand the evolutionary trends of pathogenic bacteria though, we need the context of their nonpathogenic relatives. Our unique and detailed dataset allows description of the parallel evolution of two key human pathogens: the causative agents of plague and Yersinia diarrhea. The analysis reveals an emerging pattern where few virulence-related functions are found in all pathogenic lineages, representing key “foothold” moments that mark the emergence of these pathogens. Functional gene loss and metabolic streamlining are equally complementing the evolution of Yersinia across the pathogenic spectrum.


Url:
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317161111
PubMed: 24753568
PubMed Central: 4020045

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PMC:4020045

Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Feltwell, Theresa" sort="Feltwell, Theresa" uniqKey="Feltwell T" first="Theresa" last="Feltwell">Theresa Feltwell</name>
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<name sortKey="Fookes, Maria" sort="Fookes, Maria" uniqKey="Fookes M" first="Maria" last="Fookes">Maria Fookes</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
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, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<name sortKey="Hall, Miquette E" sort="Hall, Miquette E" uniqKey="Hall M" first="Miquette E." last="Hall">Miquette E. Hall</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff1">Pathogen Research Group,
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<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
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<name sortKey="Petty, Nicola K" sort="Petty, Nicola K" uniqKey="Petty N" first="Nicola K." last="Petty">Nicola K. Petty</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
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;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">The ithree institute,
<institution>University of Technology</institution>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Fuchs, Thilo M" sort="Fuchs, Thilo M" uniqKey="Fuchs T" first="Thilo M." last="Fuchs">Thilo M. Fuchs</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff5">Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung,
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<country>Germany</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Corander, Jukka" sort="Corander, Jukka" uniqKey="Corander J" first="Jukka" last="Corander">Jukka Corander</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Dufour, Muriel" sort="Dufour, Muriel" uniqKey="Dufour M" first="Muriel" last="Dufour">Muriel Dufour</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff7">
<institution>Institute of Environmental Science and Research</institution>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
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<name sortKey="Ringwood, Tamara" sort="Ringwood, Tamara" uniqKey="Ringwood T" first="Tamara" last="Ringwood">Tamara Ringwood</name>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Savin, Cyril" sort="Savin, Cyril" uniqKey="Savin C" first="Cyril" last="Savin">Cyril Savin</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
Research Unit,</nlm:aff>
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<name sortKey="Bouchier, Christiane" sort="Bouchier, Christiane" uniqKey="Bouchier C" first="Christiane" last="Bouchier">Christiane Bouchier</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff11">Genomics Platform,
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<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Martin, Liliane" sort="Martin, Liliane" uniqKey="Martin L" first="Liliane" last="Martin">Liliane Martin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
Research Unit,</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miettinen, Minna" sort="Miettinen, Minna" uniqKey="Miettinen M" first="Minna" last="Miettinen">Minna Miettinen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="aff6">Department of Mathematics and Statistics</nlm:aff>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shubin, Mikhail" sort="Shubin, Mikhail" uniqKey="Shubin M" first="Mikhail" last="Shubin">Mikhail Shubin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="aff6">Department of Mathematics and Statistics</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Riehm, Julia M" sort="Riehm, Julia M" uniqKey="Riehm J" first="Julia M." last="Riehm">Julia M. Riehm</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Bacteriology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, D-80937 Munich,
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;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Laukkanen Ninios, Riikka" sort="Laukkanen Ninios, Riikka" uniqKey="Laukkanen Ninios R" first="Riikka" last="Laukkanen-Ninios">Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
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<country>Finland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<name sortKey="Sihvonen, Leila M" sort="Sihvonen, Leila M" uniqKey="Sihvonen L" first="Leila M." last="Sihvonen">Leila M. Sihvonen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Bacteriology Unit,
<institution>National Institute for Health and Welfare</institution>
(THL), FIN-00271 Helsinki,
<country>Finland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Siitonen, Anja" sort="Siitonen, Anja" uniqKey="Siitonen A" first="Anja" last="Siitonen">Anja Siitonen</name>
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<nlm:aff id="aff14">Bacteriology Unit,
<institution>National Institute for Health and Welfare</institution>
(THL), FIN-00271 Helsinki,
<country>Finland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skurnik, Mikael" sort="Skurnik, Mikael" uniqKey="Skurnik M" first="Mikael" last="Skurnik">Mikael Skurnik</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute,
<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>
and Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
<country>Finland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Falcao, Juliana Pfrimer" sort="Falcao, Juliana Pfrimer" uniqKey="Falcao J" first="Juliana Pfrimer" last="Falcão">Juliana Pfrimer Falcão</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff16">Brazilian Reference Center on
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
spp. other than
<italic>Y. pestis</italic>
, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–
<institution>Universidade São Paulo</institution>
, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, São Paulo,
<country>Brazil</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fukushima, Hiroshi" sort="Fukushima, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Fukushima H" first="Hiroshi" last="Fukushima">Hiroshi Fukushima</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff17">
<institution>Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science</institution>
, Matsue, Shimane 699-0122,
<country>Japan</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scholz, Holger C" sort="Scholz, Holger C" uniqKey="Scholz H" first="Holger C." last="Scholz">Holger C. Scholz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Bacteriology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, D-80937 Munich,
<country>Germany</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Prentice, Michael B" sort="Prentice, Michael B" uniqKey="Prentice M" first="Michael B." last="Prentice">Michael B. Prentice</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="aff8">Department of Microbiology</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wren, Brendan W" sort="Wren, Brendan W" uniqKey="Wren B" first="Brendan W." last="Wren">Brendan W. Wren</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff18">Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases,
<institution>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</institution>
, London WC1E 7HT,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Parkhill, Julian" sort="Parkhill, Julian" uniqKey="Parkhill J" first="Julian" last="Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Carniel, Elisabeth" sort="Carniel, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Carniel E" first="Elisabeth" last="Carniel">Elisabeth Carniel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
Research Unit,</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Achtman, Mark" sort="Achtman, Mark" uniqKey="Achtman M" first="Mark" last="Achtman">Mark Achtman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">Environmental Research Institute,
<institution>University College Cork</institution>
, Cork,
<country>Ireland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Irlande (pays)</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff19">Warwick Medical School,
<institution>University of Warwick</institution>
, Coventry CV4 7AL,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcnally, Alan" sort="Mcnally, Alan" uniqKey="Mcnally A" first="Alan" last="Mcnally">Alan Mcnally</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Pathogen Research Group,
<institution>Nottingham Trent University</institution>
, Nottingham NG11 8NS,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thomson, Nicholas R" sort="Thomson, Nicholas R" uniqKey="Thomson N" first="Nicholas R." last="Thomson">Nicholas R. Thomson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
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<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff18">Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases,
<institution>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</institution>
, London WC1E 7HT,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Parallel independent evolution of pathogenicity within the genus
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<author>
<name sortKey="Reuter, Sandra" sort="Reuter, Sandra" uniqKey="Reuter S" first="Sandra" last="Reuter">Sandra Reuter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Pathogen Research Group,
<institution>Nottingham Trent University</institution>
, Nottingham NG11 8NS,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Connor, Thomas R" sort="Connor, Thomas R" uniqKey="Connor T" first="Thomas R." last="Connor">Thomas R. Connor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff3">Cardiff University School of Biosciences,
<institution>Cardiff University</institution>
, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Barquist, Lars" sort="Barquist, Lars" uniqKey="Barquist L" first="Lars" last="Barquist">Lars Barquist</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
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</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Walker, Danielle" sort="Walker, Danielle" uniqKey="Walker D" first="Danielle" last="Walker">Danielle Walker</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Feltwell, Theresa" sort="Feltwell, Theresa" uniqKey="Feltwell T" first="Theresa" last="Feltwell">Theresa Feltwell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Harris, Simon R" sort="Harris, Simon R" uniqKey="Harris S" first="Simon R." last="Harris">Simon R. Harris</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fookes, Maria" sort="Fookes, Maria" uniqKey="Fookes M" first="Maria" last="Fookes">Maria Fookes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hall, Miquette E" sort="Hall, Miquette E" uniqKey="Hall M" first="Miquette E." last="Hall">Miquette E. Hall</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Pathogen Research Group,
<institution>Nottingham Trent University</institution>
, Nottingham NG11 8NS,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Petty, Nicola K" sort="Petty, Nicola K" uniqKey="Petty N" first="Nicola K." last="Petty">Nicola K. Petty</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff4">The ithree institute,
<institution>University of Technology</institution>
, Sydney, NSW 2007,
<country>Australia</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fuchs, Thilo M" sort="Fuchs, Thilo M" uniqKey="Fuchs T" first="Thilo M." last="Fuchs">Thilo M. Fuchs</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff5">Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung,
<institution>Technische Universität München</institution>
, D-85350 Freising,
<country>Germany</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Corander, Jukka" sort="Corander, Jukka" uniqKey="Corander J" first="Jukka" last="Corander">Jukka Corander</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="aff6">Department of Mathematics and Statistics</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dufour, Muriel" sort="Dufour, Muriel" uniqKey="Dufour M" first="Muriel" last="Dufour">Muriel Dufour</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff7">
<institution>Institute of Environmental Science and Research</institution>
, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt 5140,
<country>New Zealand</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ringwood, Tamara" sort="Ringwood, Tamara" uniqKey="Ringwood T" first="Tamara" last="Ringwood">Tamara Ringwood</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="aff8">Department of Microbiology</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Savin, Cyril" sort="Savin, Cyril" uniqKey="Savin C" first="Cyril" last="Savin">Cyril Savin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
Research Unit,</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bouchier, Christiane" sort="Bouchier, Christiane" uniqKey="Bouchier C" first="Christiane" last="Bouchier">Christiane Bouchier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff11">Genomics Platform,
<institution>Institut Pasteur</institution>
, 75724 Paris,
<country>France</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martin, Liliane" sort="Martin, Liliane" uniqKey="Martin L" first="Liliane" last="Martin">Liliane Martin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
Research Unit,</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miettinen, Minna" sort="Miettinen, Minna" uniqKey="Miettinen M" first="Minna" last="Miettinen">Minna Miettinen</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="aff6">Department of Mathematics and Statistics</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shubin, Mikhail" sort="Shubin, Mikhail" uniqKey="Shubin M" first="Mikhail" last="Shubin">Mikhail Shubin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff wicri:cut=", and" id="aff6">Department of Mathematics and Statistics</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Riehm, Julia M" sort="Riehm, Julia M" uniqKey="Riehm J" first="Julia M." last="Riehm">Julia M. Riehm</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Bacteriology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, D-80937 Munich,
<country>Germany</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Laukkanen Ninios, Riikka" sort="Laukkanen Ninios, Riikka" uniqKey="Laukkanen Ninios R" first="Riikka" last="Laukkanen-Ninios">Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff13">Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>
, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
<country>Finland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sihvonen, Leila M" sort="Sihvonen, Leila M" uniqKey="Sihvonen L" first="Leila M." last="Sihvonen">Leila M. Sihvonen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Bacteriology Unit,
<institution>National Institute for Health and Welfare</institution>
(THL), FIN-00271 Helsinki,
<country>Finland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Siitonen, Anja" sort="Siitonen, Anja" uniqKey="Siitonen A" first="Anja" last="Siitonen">Anja Siitonen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff14">Bacteriology Unit,
<institution>National Institute for Health and Welfare</institution>
(THL), FIN-00271 Helsinki,
<country>Finland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skurnik, Mikael" sort="Skurnik, Mikael" uniqKey="Skurnik M" first="Mikael" last="Skurnik">Mikael Skurnik</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff15">Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute,
<institution>University of Helsinki</institution>
and Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, FIN-00014 Helsinki,
<country>Finland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Falcao, Juliana Pfrimer" sort="Falcao, Juliana Pfrimer" uniqKey="Falcao J" first="Juliana Pfrimer" last="Falcão">Juliana Pfrimer Falcão</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff16">Brazilian Reference Center on
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
spp. other than
<italic>Y. pestis</italic>
, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto–
<institution>Universidade São Paulo</institution>
, Ribeirão Preto, CEP 14040-903, São Paulo,
<country>Brazil</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fukushima, Hiroshi" sort="Fukushima, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Fukushima H" first="Hiroshi" last="Fukushima">Hiroshi Fukushima</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff17">
<institution>Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science</institution>
, Matsue, Shimane 699-0122,
<country>Japan</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Scholz, Holger C" sort="Scholz, Holger C" uniqKey="Scholz H" first="Holger C." last="Scholz">Holger C. Scholz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff12">Department of Bacteriology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, D-80937 Munich,
<country>Germany</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Prentice, Michael B" sort="Prentice, Michael B" uniqKey="Prentice M" first="Michael B." last="Prentice">Michael B. Prentice</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff wicri:cut=" and" id="aff8">Department of Microbiology</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wren, Brendan W" sort="Wren, Brendan W" uniqKey="Wren B" first="Brendan W." last="Wren">Brendan W. Wren</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff18">Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases,
<institution>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</institution>
, London WC1E 7HT,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Parkhill, Julian" sort="Parkhill, Julian" uniqKey="Parkhill J" first="Julian" last="Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Carniel, Elisabeth" sort="Carniel, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Carniel E" first="Elisabeth" last="Carniel">Elisabeth Carniel</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff10">
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
Research Unit,</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Achtman, Mark" sort="Achtman, Mark" uniqKey="Achtman M" first="Mark" last="Achtman">Mark Achtman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff9">Environmental Research Institute,
<institution>University College Cork</institution>
, Cork,
<country>Ireland</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Irlande (pays)</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff19">Warwick Medical School,
<institution>University of Warwick</institution>
, Coventry CV4 7AL,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcnally, Alan" sort="Mcnally, Alan" uniqKey="Mcnally A" first="Alan" last="Mcnally">Alan Mcnally</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff1">Pathogen Research Group,
<institution>Nottingham Trent University</institution>
, Nottingham NG11 8NS,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Thomson, Nicholas R" sort="Thomson, Nicholas R" uniqKey="Thomson N" first="Nicholas R." last="Thomson">Nicholas R. Thomson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff2">Pathogen Genomics,
<institution>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute</institution>
, Cambridge CB10 1SA,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
;</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff wicri:cut="; and" id="aff18">Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases,
<institution>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</institution>
, London WC1E 7HT,
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0027-8424</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1091-6490</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<title>Significance</title>
<p>Our past understanding of pathogen evolution has been fragmented because of tendencies to study human clinical isolates. To understand the evolutionary trends of pathogenic bacteria though, we need the context of their nonpathogenic relatives. Our unique and detailed dataset allows description of the parallel evolution of two key human pathogens: the causative agents of plague and
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
diarrhea. The analysis reveals an emerging pattern where few virulence-related functions are found in all pathogenic lineages, representing key “foothold” moments that mark the emergence of these pathogens. Functional gene loss and metabolic streamlining are equally complementing the evolution of
<italic>Yersinia</italic>
across the pathogenic spectrum.</p>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</record>

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