The MOBI-Kids Study Protocol: Challenges in Assessing Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Technologies and Possible Association with Brain Tumor Risk
Identifieur interne : 003475 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 003474; suivant : 003476The MOBI-Kids Study Protocol: Challenges in Assessing Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Technologies and Possible Association with Brain Tumor Risk
Auteurs : Siegal Sadetzki [Israël] ; Chelsea Eastman Langer [Espagne] ; Revital Bruchim [Israël] ; Michael Kundi [Autriche] ; Franco Merletti [Italie] ; Roel Vermeulen [Pays-Bas] ; Hans Kromhout [Pays-Bas] ; Ae-Kyoung Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Myron Maslanyj [Royaume-Uni] ; Malcolm R. Sim [Australie] ; Masao Taki [Japon] ; Joe Wiart [France] ; Bruce Armstrong [Australie] ; Elizabeth Milne [Australie] ; Geza Benke [Australie] ; Rosa Schattner [Australie] ; Hans-Peter Hutter [Autriche] ; Adelheid Woehrer [Autriche] ; Daniel Krewski [Canada] ; Charmaine Mohipp [Canada] ; Franco Momoli [Canada] ; Paul Ritvo [Canada] ; John Spinelli [Canada] ; Brigitte Lacour [France] ; Dominique Delmas [France] ; Thomas Remen [France] ; Katja Radon [Allemagne] ; Tobias Weinmann [Allemagne] ; Swaantje Klostermann [Allemagne] ; Sabine Heinrich [Allemagne] ; Eleni Petridou [Grèce] ; Evdoxia Bouka [Grèce] ; Paraskevi Panagopoulou [Grèce] ; Rajesh Dikshit [Inde] ; Rajini Nagrani [Inde] ; Hadas Even-Nir [Israël] ; Angela Chetrit [Israël] ; Milena Maule [Italie] ; Enrica Migliore [Italie] ; Graziella Filippini [Italie] ; Lucia Miligi [Italie] ; Stefano Mattioli [Italie] ; Naohito Yamaguchi [Japon] ; Noriko Kojimahara [Japon] ; Mina Ha [Corée du Sud] ; Kyung-Hwa Choi [Corée du Sud] ; Andrea Mannetje [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Amanda Eng [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Alistair Woodward [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Gema Carretero [Espagne] ; Juan Alguacil [Espagne] ; Nuria Aragones [Espagne] ; Maria Morales Suare-Varela [Espagne] ; Geertje Goedhart [Pays-Bas] ; A. Antoinette Y. N. Schouten-Van Meeteren [Pays-Bas] ; A. Ardine M. J. Reedijk [Pays-Bas] ; Elisabeth Cardis [Espagne]Source :
- Frontiers in Public Health [ 2296-2565 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
The rapid increase in mobile phone use in young people has generated concern about possible health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). MOBI-Kids, a multinational case–control study, investigates the potential effects of childhood and adolescent exposure to EMF from mobile communications technologies on brain tumor risk in 14 countries. The study, which aims to include approximately 1,000 brain tumor cases aged 10–24 years and two individually matched controls for each case, follows a common protocol and builds upon the methodological experience of the INTERPHONE study. The design and conduct of a study on EMF exposure and brain tumor risk in young people in a large number of countries is complex and poses methodological challenges. This manuscript discusses the design of MOBI-Kids and describes the challenges and approaches chosen to address them, including: (1) the choice of controls operated for suspected appendicitis, to reduce potential selection bias related to low response rates among population controls; (2) investigating a young study population spanning a relatively wide age range; (3) conducting a large, multinational epidemiological study, while adhering to increasingly stricter ethics requirements; (4) investigating a rare and potentially fatal disease; and (5) assessing exposure to EMF from communication technologies. Our experience in thus far developing and implementing the study protocol indicates that MOBI-Kids is feasible and will generate results that will contribute to the understanding of potential brain tumor risks associated with use of mobile phones and other wireless communications technologies among young people.
Url:
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00124
PubMed: 25295243
PubMed Central: 4172002
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Sim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>VIC</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taki, Masao" sort="Taki, Masao" uniqKey="Taki M" first="Masao" last="Taki">Masao Taki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution>Department of Electrical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University</institution>,<addr-line>Tokyo</addr-line>,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiart, Joe" sort="Wiart, Joe" uniqKey="Wiart J" first="Joe" last="Wiart">Joe Wiart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><institution>Whist Laboratory</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Bruce" sort="Armstrong, Bruce" uniqKey="Armstrong B" first="Bruce" last="Armstrong">Bruce Armstrong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney, NSW</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milne, Elizabeth" sort="Milne, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Milne E" first="Elizabeth" last="Milne">Elizabeth Milne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15"><institution>Telecom Institute for Child Health Research Western Australia</institution>,<addr-line>Perth, WA</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benke, Geza" sort="Benke, Geza" uniqKey="Benke G" first="Geza" last="Benke">Geza Benke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>VIC</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schattner, Rosa" sort="Schattner, Rosa" uniqKey="Schattner R" first="Rosa" last="Schattner">Rosa Schattner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>VIC</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutter, Hans Peter" sort="Hutter, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Hutter H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Hutter">Hans-Peter Hutter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna</institution>,<addr-line>Vienna</addr-line>,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woehrer, Adelheid" sort="Woehrer, Adelheid" uniqKey="Woehrer A" first="Adelheid" last="Woehrer">Adelheid Woehrer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16"><institution>Clinical Institute of Neurology, Medical University Vienna</institution>,<addr-line>Vienna</addr-line>,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krewski, Daniel" sort="Krewski, Daniel" uniqKey="Krewski D" first="Daniel" last="Krewski">Daniel Krewski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohipp, Charmaine" sort="Mohipp, Charmaine" uniqKey="Mohipp C" first="Charmaine" last="Mohipp">Charmaine Mohipp</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19"><institution>Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20"><institution>University of Ottawa</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momoli, Franco" sort="Momoli, Franco" uniqKey="Momoli F" first="Franco" last="Momoli">Franco Momoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff21"><institution>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22"><institution>Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ritvo, Paul" sort="Ritvo, Paul" uniqKey="Ritvo P" first="Paul" last="Ritvo">Paul Ritvo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23"><institution>Research, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario</institution>,<addr-line>Ontario, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spinelli, John" sort="Spinelli, John" uniqKey="Spinelli J" first="John" last="Spinelli">John Spinelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><institution>Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>,<addr-line>Vancouver, BC</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lacour, Brigitte" sort="Lacour, Brigitte" uniqKey="Lacour B" first="Brigitte" last="Lacour">Brigitte Lacour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU</institution>,<addr-line>Nancy</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26"><institution>UMRS 1018, CESP, INSERM</institution>,<addr-line>Villejuif</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delmas, Dominique" sort="Delmas, Dominique" uniqKey="Delmas D" first="Dominique" last="Delmas">Dominique Delmas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU</institution>,<addr-line>Nancy</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Remen, Thomas" sort="Remen, Thomas" uniqKey="Remen T" first="Thomas" last="Remen">Thomas Remen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU</institution>,<addr-line>Nancy</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Radon, Katja" sort="Radon, Katja" uniqKey="Radon K" first="Katja" last="Radon">Katja Radon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><institution>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU)</institution>,<addr-line>Munich</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weinmann, Tobias" sort="Weinmann, Tobias" uniqKey="Weinmann T" first="Tobias" last="Weinmann">Tobias Weinmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><institution>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU)</institution>,<addr-line>Munich</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klostermann, Swaantje" sort="Klostermann, Swaantje" uniqKey="Klostermann S" first="Swaantje" last="Klostermann">Swaantje Klostermann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><institution>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU)</institution>,<addr-line>Munich</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinrich, Sabine" sort="Heinrich, Sabine" uniqKey="Heinrich S" first="Sabine" last="Heinrich">Sabine Heinrich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><institution>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU)</institution>,<addr-line>Munich</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petridou, Eleni" sort="Petridou, Eleni" uniqKey="Petridou E" first="Eleni" last="Petridou">Eleni Petridou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28"><institution>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouka, Evdoxia" sort="Bouka, Evdoxia" uniqKey="Bouka E" first="Evdoxia" last="Bouka">Evdoxia Bouka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28"><institution>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panagopoulou, Paraskevi" sort="Panagopoulou, Paraskevi" uniqKey="Panagopoulou P" first="Paraskevi" last="Panagopoulou">Paraskevi Panagopoulou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28"><institution>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dikshit, Rajesh" sort="Dikshit, Rajesh" uniqKey="Dikshit R" first="Rajesh" last="Dikshit">Rajesh Dikshit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29"><institution>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Mumbai</addr-line>,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nagrani, Rajini" sort="Nagrani, Rajini" uniqKey="Nagrani R" first="Rajini" last="Nagrani">Rajini Nagrani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29"><institution>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Mumbai</addr-line>,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Even Nir, Hadas" sort="Even Nir, Hadas" uniqKey="Even Nir H" first="Hadas" last="Even-Nir">Hadas Even-Nir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Ramat Gan</addr-line>,<country>Israel</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chetrit, Angela" sort="Chetrit, Angela" uniqKey="Chetrit A" first="Angela" last="Chetrit">Angela Chetrit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Ramat Gan</addr-line>,<country>Israel</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maule, Milena" sort="Maule, Milena" uniqKey="Maule M" first="Milena" last="Maule">Milena Maule</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin</institution>,<addr-line>Turin</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Migliore, Enrica" sort="Migliore, Enrica" uniqKey="Migliore E" first="Enrica" last="Migliore">Enrica Migliore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff30"><institution>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta’ della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin</institution>,<addr-line>Turin</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Filippini, Graziella" sort="Filippini, Graziella" uniqKey="Filippini G" first="Graziella" last="Filippini">Graziella Filippini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31"><institution>Neuroepidemiology Research Unit, Instituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta</institution>,<addr-line>Milan</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miligi, Lucia" sort="Miligi, Lucia" uniqKey="Miligi L" first="Lucia" last="Miligi">Lucia Miligi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32"><institution>Unit of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for the Study and Prevention of Cancer</institution>,<addr-line>Florence</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattioli, Stefano" sort="Mattioli, Stefano" uniqKey="Mattioli S" first="Stefano" last="Mattioli">Stefano Mattioli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33"><institution>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna</institution>,<addr-line>Bologna</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamaguchi, Naohito" sort="Yamaguchi, Naohito" uniqKey="Yamaguchi N" first="Naohito" last="Yamaguchi">Naohito Yamaguchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34"><institution>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women’s Medical University</institution>,<addr-line>Tokyo</addr-line>,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kojimahara, Noriko" sort="Kojimahara, Noriko" uniqKey="Kojimahara N" first="Noriko" last="Kojimahara">Noriko Kojimahara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34"><institution>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women’s Medical University</institution>,<addr-line>Tokyo</addr-line>,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, Mina" sort="Ha, Mina" uniqKey="Ha M" first="Mina" last="Ha">Mina Ha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff35"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Cheonan</addr-line>,<country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Kyung Hwa" sort="Choi, Kyung Hwa" uniqKey="Choi K" first="Kyung-Hwa" last="Choi">Kyung-Hwa Choi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff36"><institution>Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Dankook University</institution>,<addr-line>Cheonan</addr-line>,<country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mannetje, Andrea" sort="Mannetje, Andrea" uniqKey="Mannetje A" first="Andrea" last="Mannetje">Andrea Mannetje</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37"><institution>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University</institution>,<addr-line>Wellington</addr-line>,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eng, Amanda" sort="Eng, Amanda" uniqKey="Eng A" first="Amanda" last="Eng">Amanda Eng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37"><institution>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University</institution>,<addr-line>Wellington</addr-line>,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodward, Alistair" sort="Woodward, Alistair" uniqKey="Woodward A" first="Alistair" last="Woodward">Alistair Woodward</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff38"><institution>School of Population Health, University of Auckland</institution>,<addr-line>Auckland</addr-line>,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carretero, Gema" sort="Carretero, Gema" uniqKey="Carretero G" first="Gema" last="Carretero">Gema Carretero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alguacil, Juan" sort="Alguacil, Juan" uniqKey="Alguacil J" first="Juan" last="Alguacil">Juan Alguacil</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff39"><institution>Centro de Investigación en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CYSMA), Universidad de Huelva</institution>,<addr-line>Huelva</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff40"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Huelva</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aragones, Nuria" sort="Aragones, Nuria" uniqKey="Aragones N" first="Nuria" last="Aragones">Nuria Aragones</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff41"><institution>Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff42"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suare Varela, Maria Morales" sort="Suare Varela, Maria Morales" uniqKey="Suare Varela M" first="Maria Morales" last="Suare-Varela">Maria Morales Suare-Varela</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff42"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff43"><institution>Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universitat de Valencia</institution>,<addr-line>Valencia</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goedhart, Geertje" sort="Goedhart, Geertje" uniqKey="Goedhart G" first="Geertje" last="Goedhart">Geertje Goedhart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University</institution>,<addr-line>Utrecht</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schouten Van Meeteren, A Antoinette Y N" sort="Schouten Van Meeteren, A Antoinette Y N" uniqKey="Schouten Van Meeteren A" first="A. Antoinette Y. N." last="Schouten-Van Meeteren">A. Antoinette Y. N. Schouten-Van Meeteren</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff44"><institution>Department of Paediatric Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam</institution>,<addr-line>Amsterdam</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff45"><institution>Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG)</institution>,<addr-line>Den Haag</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reedijk, A Ardine M J" sort="Reedijk, A Ardine M J" uniqKey="Reedijk A" first="A. Ardine M. J." last="Reedijk">A. Ardine M. J. Reedijk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff45"><institution>Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG)</institution>,<addr-line>Den Haag</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardis, Elisabeth" sort="Cardis, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Cardis E" first="Elisabeth" last="Cardis">Elisabeth Cardis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25295243</idno><idno type="pmc">4172002</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172002</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4172002</idno><idno type="doi">10.3389/fpubh.2014.00124</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002534</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002534</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002384</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002384</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001317</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001317</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">003484</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">003484</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">003371</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">003371</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">003371</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">003371</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001E85</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001E85</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001E85</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">003475</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The MOBI-Kids Study Protocol: Challenges in Assessing Childhood and Adolescent Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Telecommunication Technologies and Possible Association with Brain Tumor Risk</title><author><name sortKey="Sadetzki, Siegal" sort="Sadetzki, Siegal" uniqKey="Sadetzki S" first="Siegal" last="Sadetzki">Siegal Sadetzki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Ramat Gan</addr-line>,<country>Israel</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langer, Chelsea Eastman" sort="Langer, Chelsea Eastman" uniqKey="Langer C" first="Chelsea Eastman" last="Langer">Chelsea Eastman Langer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruchim, Revital" sort="Bruchim, Revital" uniqKey="Bruchim R" first="Revital" last="Bruchim">Revital Bruchim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Ramat Gan</addr-line>,<country>Israel</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kundi, Michael" sort="Kundi, Michael" uniqKey="Kundi M" first="Michael" last="Kundi">Michael Kundi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna</institution>,<addr-line>Vienna</addr-line>,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Merletti, Franco" sort="Merletti, Franco" uniqKey="Merletti F" first="Franco" last="Merletti">Franco Merletti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin</institution>,<addr-line>Turin</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vermeulen, Roel" sort="Vermeulen, Roel" uniqKey="Vermeulen R" first="Roel" last="Vermeulen">Roel Vermeulen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University</institution>,<addr-line>Utrecht</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kromhout, Hans" sort="Kromhout, Hans" uniqKey="Kromhout H" first="Hans" last="Kromhout">Hans Kromhout</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University</institution>,<addr-line>Utrecht</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ae Kyoung" sort="Lee, Ae Kyoung" uniqKey="Lee A" first="Ae-Kyoung" last="Lee">Ae-Kyoung Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9"><institution>Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI)</institution>,<addr-line>Daejeon</addr-line>,<country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maslanyj, Myron" sort="Maslanyj, Myron" uniqKey="Maslanyj M" first="Myron" last="Maslanyj">Myron Maslanyj</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10"><institution>Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England</institution>,<addr-line>Chilton</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sim, Malcolm R" sort="Sim, Malcolm R" uniqKey="Sim M" first="Malcolm R." last="Sim">Malcolm R. Sim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>VIC</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taki, Masao" sort="Taki, Masao" uniqKey="Taki M" first="Masao" last="Taki">Masao Taki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12"><institution>Department of Electrical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University</institution>,<addr-line>Tokyo</addr-line>,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiart, Joe" sort="Wiart, Joe" uniqKey="Wiart J" first="Joe" last="Wiart">Joe Wiart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff13"><institution>Whist Laboratory</institution>,<addr-line>Paris</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Bruce" sort="Armstrong, Bruce" uniqKey="Armstrong B" first="Bruce" last="Armstrong">Bruce Armstrong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff14"><institution>The University of Sydney</institution>,<addr-line>Sydney, NSW</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milne, Elizabeth" sort="Milne, Elizabeth" uniqKey="Milne E" first="Elizabeth" last="Milne">Elizabeth Milne</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15"><institution>Telecom Institute for Child Health Research Western Australia</institution>,<addr-line>Perth, WA</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benke, Geza" sort="Benke, Geza" uniqKey="Benke G" first="Geza" last="Benke">Geza Benke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>VIC</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schattner, Rosa" sort="Schattner, Rosa" uniqKey="Schattner R" first="Rosa" last="Schattner">Rosa Schattner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne</institution>,<addr-line>VIC</addr-line>,<country>Australia</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hutter, Hans Peter" sort="Hutter, Hans Peter" uniqKey="Hutter H" first="Hans-Peter" last="Hutter">Hans-Peter Hutter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>Center for Public Health, Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna</institution>,<addr-line>Vienna</addr-line>,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woehrer, Adelheid" sort="Woehrer, Adelheid" uniqKey="Woehrer A" first="Adelheid" last="Woehrer">Adelheid Woehrer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16"><institution>Clinical Institute of Neurology, Medical University Vienna</institution>,<addr-line>Vienna</addr-line>,<country>Austria</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krewski, Daniel" sort="Krewski, Daniel" uniqKey="Krewski D" first="Daniel" last="Krewski">Daniel Krewski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17"><institution>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff18"><institution>Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohipp, Charmaine" sort="Mohipp, Charmaine" uniqKey="Mohipp C" first="Charmaine" last="Mohipp">Charmaine Mohipp</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff19"><institution>Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff20"><institution>University of Ottawa</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Momoli, Franco" sort="Momoli, Franco" uniqKey="Momoli F" first="Franco" last="Momoli">Franco Momoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff21"><institution>Ottawa Hospital Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff22"><institution>Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute</institution>,<addr-line>Ottawa, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ritvo, Paul" sort="Ritvo, Paul" uniqKey="Ritvo P" first="Paul" last="Ritvo">Paul Ritvo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff23"><institution>Research, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario</institution>,<addr-line>Ontario, ON</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spinelli, John" sort="Spinelli, John" uniqKey="Spinelli J" first="John" last="Spinelli">John Spinelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff24"><institution>Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency</institution>,<addr-line>Vancouver, BC</addr-line>,<country>Canada</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lacour, Brigitte" sort="Lacour, Brigitte" uniqKey="Lacour B" first="Brigitte" last="Lacour">Brigitte Lacour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU</institution>,<addr-line>Nancy</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff26"><institution>UMRS 1018, CESP, INSERM</institution>,<addr-line>Villejuif</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delmas, Dominique" sort="Delmas, Dominique" uniqKey="Delmas D" first="Dominique" last="Delmas">Dominique Delmas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU</institution>,<addr-line>Nancy</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Remen, Thomas" sort="Remen, Thomas" uniqKey="Remen T" first="Thomas" last="Remen">Thomas Remen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff25"><institution>French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHU</institution>,<addr-line>Nancy</addr-line>,<country>France</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Radon, Katja" sort="Radon, Katja" uniqKey="Radon K" first="Katja" last="Radon">Katja Radon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><institution>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU)</institution>,<addr-line>Munich</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weinmann, Tobias" sort="Weinmann, Tobias" uniqKey="Weinmann T" first="Tobias" last="Weinmann">Tobias Weinmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><institution>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU)</institution>,<addr-line>Munich</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klostermann, Swaantje" sort="Klostermann, Swaantje" uniqKey="Klostermann S" first="Swaantje" last="Klostermann">Swaantje Klostermann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><institution>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU)</institution>,<addr-line>Munich</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heinrich, Sabine" sort="Heinrich, Sabine" uniqKey="Heinrich S" first="Sabine" last="Heinrich">Sabine Heinrich</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff27"><institution>Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich (LMU)</institution>,<addr-line>Munich</addr-line>,<country>Germany</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petridou, Eleni" sort="Petridou, Eleni" uniqKey="Petridou E" first="Eleni" last="Petridou">Eleni Petridou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28"><institution>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bouka, Evdoxia" sort="Bouka, Evdoxia" uniqKey="Bouka E" first="Evdoxia" last="Bouka">Evdoxia Bouka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28"><institution>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Panagopoulou, Paraskevi" sort="Panagopoulou, Paraskevi" uniqKey="Panagopoulou P" first="Paraskevi" last="Panagopoulou">Paraskevi Panagopoulou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff28"><institution>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens</institution>,<addr-line>Athens</addr-line>,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dikshit, Rajesh" sort="Dikshit, Rajesh" uniqKey="Dikshit R" first="Rajesh" last="Dikshit">Rajesh Dikshit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29"><institution>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Mumbai</addr-line>,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nagrani, Rajini" sort="Nagrani, Rajini" uniqKey="Nagrani R" first="Rajini" last="Nagrani">Rajini Nagrani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff29"><institution>Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre</institution>,<addr-line>Mumbai</addr-line>,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Even Nir, Hadas" sort="Even Nir, Hadas" uniqKey="Even Nir H" first="Hadas" last="Even-Nir">Hadas Even-Nir</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Ramat Gan</addr-line>,<country>Israel</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chetrit, Angela" sort="Chetrit, Angela" uniqKey="Chetrit A" first="Angela" last="Chetrit">Angela Chetrit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center</institution>,<addr-line>Ramat Gan</addr-line>,<country>Israel</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maule, Milena" sort="Maule, Milena" uniqKey="Maule M" first="Milena" last="Maule">Milena Maule</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin</institution>,<addr-line>Turin</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Migliore, Enrica" sort="Migliore, Enrica" uniqKey="Migliore E" first="Enrica" last="Migliore">Enrica Migliore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff30"><institution>Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Citta’ della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin</institution>,<addr-line>Turin</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Filippini, Graziella" sort="Filippini, Graziella" uniqKey="Filippini G" first="Graziella" last="Filippini">Graziella Filippini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff31"><institution>Neuroepidemiology Research Unit, Instituto Nazionale Neurologico C. Besta</institution>,<addr-line>Milan</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miligi, Lucia" sort="Miligi, Lucia" uniqKey="Miligi L" first="Lucia" last="Miligi">Lucia Miligi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff32"><institution>Unit of Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for the Study and Prevention of Cancer</institution>,<addr-line>Florence</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mattioli, Stefano" sort="Mattioli, Stefano" uniqKey="Mattioli S" first="Stefano" last="Mattioli">Stefano Mattioli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff33"><institution>Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna</institution>,<addr-line>Bologna</addr-line>,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamaguchi, Naohito" sort="Yamaguchi, Naohito" uniqKey="Yamaguchi N" first="Naohito" last="Yamaguchi">Naohito Yamaguchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34"><institution>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women’s Medical University</institution>,<addr-line>Tokyo</addr-line>,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kojimahara, Noriko" sort="Kojimahara, Noriko" uniqKey="Kojimahara N" first="Noriko" last="Kojimahara">Noriko Kojimahara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff34"><institution>Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women’s Medical University</institution>,<addr-line>Tokyo</addr-line>,<country>Japan</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ha, Mina" sort="Ha, Mina" uniqKey="Ha M" first="Mina" last="Ha">Mina Ha</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff35"><institution>Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine</institution>,<addr-line>Cheonan</addr-line>,<country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Kyung Hwa" sort="Choi, Kyung Hwa" uniqKey="Choi K" first="Kyung-Hwa" last="Choi">Kyung-Hwa Choi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff36"><institution>Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Dankook University</institution>,<addr-line>Cheonan</addr-line>,<country>South Korea</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mannetje, Andrea" sort="Mannetje, Andrea" uniqKey="Mannetje A" first="Andrea" last="Mannetje">Andrea Mannetje</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37"><institution>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University</institution>,<addr-line>Wellington</addr-line>,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eng, Amanda" sort="Eng, Amanda" uniqKey="Eng A" first="Amanda" last="Eng">Amanda Eng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff37"><institution>Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University</institution>,<addr-line>Wellington</addr-line>,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodward, Alistair" sort="Woodward, Alistair" uniqKey="Woodward A" first="Alistair" last="Woodward">Alistair Woodward</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff38"><institution>School of Population Health, University of Auckland</institution>,<addr-line>Auckland</addr-line>,<country>New Zealand</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carretero, Gema" sort="Carretero, Gema" uniqKey="Carretero G" first="Gema" last="Carretero">Gema Carretero</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alguacil, Juan" sort="Alguacil, Juan" uniqKey="Alguacil J" first="Juan" last="Alguacil">Juan Alguacil</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff39"><institution>Centro de Investigación en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CYSMA), Universidad de Huelva</institution>,<addr-line>Huelva</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff40"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Huelva</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aragones, Nuria" sort="Aragones, Nuria" uniqKey="Aragones N" first="Nuria" last="Aragones">Nuria Aragones</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff41"><institution>Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Area, National Center for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health</institution>,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff42"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suare Varela, Maria Morales" sort="Suare Varela, Maria Morales" uniqKey="Suare Varela M" first="Maria Morales" last="Suare-Varela">Maria Morales Suare-Varela</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff42"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Madrid</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff43"><institution>Área de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universitat de Valencia</institution>,<addr-line>Valencia</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goedhart, Geertje" sort="Goedhart, Geertje" uniqKey="Goedhart G" first="Geertje" last="Goedhart">Geertje Goedhart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8"><institution>Division Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University</institution>,<addr-line>Utrecht</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schouten Van Meeteren, A Antoinette Y N" sort="Schouten Van Meeteren, A Antoinette Y N" uniqKey="Schouten Van Meeteren A" first="A. Antoinette Y. N." last="Schouten-Van Meeteren">A. Antoinette Y. N. Schouten-Van Meeteren</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff44"><institution>Department of Paediatric Oncology, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam</institution>,<addr-line>Amsterdam</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff45"><institution>Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG)</institution>,<addr-line>Den Haag</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reedijk, A Ardine M J" sort="Reedijk, A Ardine M J" uniqKey="Reedijk A" first="A. Ardine M. J." last="Reedijk">A. Ardine M. J. Reedijk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff45"><institution>Dutch Childhood Oncology Group (DCOG)</institution>,<addr-line>Den Haag</addr-line>,<country>Netherlands</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardis, Elisabeth" sort="Cardis, Elisabeth" uniqKey="Cardis E" first="Elisabeth" last="Cardis">Elisabeth Cardis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)</institution>,<addr-line>Barcelona</addr-line>,<country>Spain</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Frontiers in Public Health</title><idno type="eISSN">2296-2565</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The rapid increase in mobile phone use in young people has generated concern about possible health effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). MOBI-Kids, a multinational case–control study, investigates the potential effects of childhood and adolescent exposure to EMF from mobile communications technologies on brain tumor risk in 14 countries. The study, which aims to include approximately 1,000 brain tumor cases aged 10–24 years and two individually matched controls for each case, follows a common protocol and builds upon the methodological experience of the INTERPHONE study. The design and conduct of a study on EMF exposure and brain tumor risk in young people in a large number of countries is complex and poses methodological challenges. This manuscript discusses the design of MOBI-Kids and describes the challenges and approaches chosen to address them, including: (1) the choice of controls operated for suspected appendicitis, to reduce potential selection bias related to low response rates among population controls; (2) investigating a young study population spanning a relatively wide age range; (3) conducting a large, multinational epidemiological study, while adhering to increasingly stricter ethics requirements; (4) investigating a rare and potentially fatal disease; and (5) assessing exposure to EMF from communication technologies. Our experience in thus far developing and implementing the study protocol indicates that MOBI-Kids is feasible and will generate results that will contribute to the understanding of potential brain tumor risks associated with use of mobile phones and other wireless communications technologies among young people.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Swerdlow, Aj" uniqKey="Swerdlow A">AJ Swerdlow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feychting, M" uniqKey="Feychting M">M Feychting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green, Ac" uniqKey="Green A">AC Green</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leeka Kheifets, Lk" uniqKey="Leeka Kheifets L">LK Leeka Kheifets</name></author><author><name sortKey="Savitz, Da" uniqKey="Savitz D">DA Savitz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sienkiewicz, Z" 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