Circadian rhythms have significant effects on leaf-to-canopy scale gas exchange under field conditions
Identifieur interne : 002225 ( Main/Merge ); précédent : 002224; suivant : 002226Circadian rhythms have significant effects on leaf-to-canopy scale gas exchange under field conditions
Auteurs : Víctor Resco De Dios [Espagne] ; Arthur Gessler [Suisse, Allemagne] ; Juan Pedro Ferrio [Espagne, Chili] ; Josu G. Alday [Espagne] ; Michael Bahn [Autriche] ; Jorge Del Castillo [Espagne] ; Sébastien Devidal [France] ; Sonia García-Mu Oz ; Zachary Kayler [Allemagne, États-Unis] ; Damien Landais [France] ; Paula Martín-G Mez [Espagne] ; Alexandru Milcu [France] ; Clément Piel [France] ; Karin Pirhofer-Walzl [Allemagne] ; Olivier Ravel [France] ; Serajis Salekin [Espagne, Nouvelle-Zélande] ; David T. Tissue ; Mark G. Tjoelker ; Jordi Voltas [Espagne] ; Jacques Roy [France]Source :
- GigaScience [ 2047-217X ] ; 2016.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- analyse : Dioxyde de carbone, Eau.
- métabolisme : Feuilles de plante, Stomates de plante.
- physiologie : Gossypium, Phaseolus.
- Horloges circadiennes, Photosynthèse, Rythme circadien, Écosystème.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : Carbon Dioxide, Water.
- metabolism : Plant Leaves, Plant Stomata.
- physiology : Gossypium, Phaseolus.
- Circadian Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Ecosystem, Photosynthesis.
Abstract
Molecular clocks drive oscillations in leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and other cell and leaf-level processes over ~24 h under controlled laboratory conditions. The influence of such circadian regulation over whole-canopy fluxes remains uncertain; diurnal CO2 and H2O vapor flux dynamics in the field are currently interpreted as resulting almost exclusively from direct physiological responses to variations in light, temperature and other environmental factors. We tested whether circadian regulation would affect plant and canopy gas exchange at the Montpellier European Ecotron. Canopy and leaf-level fluxes were constantly monitored under field-like environmental conditions, and under constant environmental conditions (no variation in temperature, radiation, or other environmental cues).
We show direct experimental evidence at canopy scales of the circadian regulation of daytime gas exchange: 20–79 % of the daily variation range in CO2 and H2O fluxes occurred under circadian entrainment in canopies of an annual herb (bean) and of a perennial shrub (cotton). We also observed that considering circadian regulation improved performance by 8–17 % in commonly used stomatal conductance models.
Our results show that circadian controls affect diurnal CO2 and H2O flux patterns in entire canopies in field-like conditions, and its consideration significantly improves model performance. Circadian controls act as a ‘memory’ of the past conditions experienced by the plant, which synchronizes metabolism across entire plant canopies.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13742-016-0149-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s13742-016-0149-y
PubMed: 27765071
PubMed Central: 5072338
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Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94550 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landais, Damien" sort="Landais, Damien" uniqKey="Landais D" 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Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milcu, Alexandru" sort="Milcu, Alexandru" uniqKey="Milcu A" first="Alexandru" last="Milcu">Alexandru Milcu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Centre National de la 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xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirhofer Walzl, Karin" sort="Pirhofer Walzl, Karin" uniqKey="Pirhofer Walzl K" first="Karin" last="Pirhofer-Walzl">Karin Pirhofer-Walzl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 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last="Ravel">Olivier Ravel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salekin, Serajis" sort="Salekin, Serajis" uniqKey="Salekin S" first="Serajis" last="Salekin">Serajis Salekin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff13">Erasmus Mundus Master on Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Erasmus Mundus Master on Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff14">School of Forestry, College of Engineering, University of Canterbury, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Forestry, College of Engineering, University of Canterbury, 8140 Christchurch</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>8140 Christchurch</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tissue, David T" sort="Tissue, David T" uniqKey="Tissue D" first="David T." last="Tissue">David T. Tissue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NSW 2753 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tjoelker, Mark G" sort="Tjoelker, Mark G" uniqKey="Tjoelker M" first="Mark G." last="Tjoelker">Mark G. Tjoelker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NSW 2753 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voltas, Jordi" sort="Voltas, Jordi" uniqKey="Voltas J" first="Jordi" last="Voltas">Jordi Voltas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Jacques" sort="Roy, Jacques" uniqKey="Roy J" first="Jacques" last="Roy">Jacques Roy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27765071</idno><idno type="pmc">5072338</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5072338</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5072338</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s13742-016-0149-y</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000D20</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000D20</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000B81</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" 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leaf-to-canopy scale gas exchange under field conditions</title><author><name sortKey="Resco De Dios, Victor" sort="Resco De Dios, Victor" uniqKey="Resco De Dios V" first="Víctor" last="Resco De Dios">Víctor Resco De Dios</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gessler, Arthur" sort="Gessler, Arthur" uniqKey="Gessler A" first="Arthur" last="Gessler">Arthur Gessler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Long-term Forest Ecosystem Research, 8903 Birmensdorf</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>8903 Birmensdorf</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrio, Juan Pedro" sort="Ferrio, Juan Pedro" uniqKey="Ferrio J" first="Juan Pedro" last="Ferrio">Juan Pedro Ferrio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Chili</country><wicri:regionArea>Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Concepción</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alday, Josu G" sort="Alday, Josu G" uniqKey="Alday J" first="Josu G." last="Alday">Josu G. Alday</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP UK</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">L69 3GP UK</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bahn, Michael" sort="Bahn, Michael" uniqKey="Bahn M" first="Michael" last="Bahn">Michael Bahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>6020 Innsbruck</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Del Castillo, Jorge" sort="Del Castillo, Jorge" uniqKey="Del Castillo J" first="Jorge" last="Del Castillo">Jorge Del Castillo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Devidal, Sebastien" sort="Devidal, Sebastien" uniqKey="Devidal S" first="Sébastien" last="Devidal">Sébastien Devidal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Mu Oz, Sonia" sort="Garcia Mu Oz, Sonia" uniqKey="Garcia Mu Oz S" first="Sonia" last="García-Mu Oz">Sonia García-Mu Oz</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff8">Instituto Madrileño de Investigación y Desarrollo Rural, Agrario y Alimentario, Finca ‘El Encín’, 28800 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid Spain</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Madrid Spain</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kayler, Zachary" sort="Kayler, Zachary" uniqKey="Kayler Z" first="Zachary" last="Kayler">Zachary Kayler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, 94550 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Landais, Damien" sort="Landais, Damien" uniqKey="Landais D" first="Damien" last="Landais">Damien Landais</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montferrier-sur-Lez</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martin G Mez, Paula" sort="Martin G Mez, Paula" uniqKey="Martin G Mez P" first="Paula" last="Martín-G Mez">Paula Martín-G Mez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Milcu, Alexandru" sort="Milcu, Alexandru" uniqKey="Milcu A" first="Alexandru" last="Milcu">Alexandru Milcu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, École Pratique des Hautes Études, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry, École Pratique des Hautes Études, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34293 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34293 Montpellier Cedex 5</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piel, Clement" sort="Piel, Clement" uniqKey="Piel C" first="Clément" last="Piel">Clément Piel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pirhofer Walzl, Karin" sort="Pirhofer Walzl, Karin" uniqKey="Pirhofer Walzl K" first="Karin" last="Pirhofer-Walzl">Karin Pirhofer-Walzl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Müncheberg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>15374 Müncheberg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff11">Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut für Biologie, Plant Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff12">Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research, D-14195 Berlin</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region><settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ravel, Olivier" sort="Ravel, Olivier" uniqKey="Ravel O" first="Olivier" last="Ravel">Olivier Ravel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salekin, Serajis" sort="Salekin, Serajis" uniqKey="Salekin S" first="Serajis" last="Salekin">Serajis Salekin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff13">Erasmus Mundus Master on Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Erasmus Mundus Master on Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff14">School of Forestry, College of Engineering, University of Canterbury, 8140 Christchurch, New Zealand</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Forestry, College of Engineering, University of Canterbury, 8140 Christchurch</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>8140 Christchurch</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tissue, David T" sort="Tissue, David T" uniqKey="Tissue D" first="David T." last="Tissue">David T. Tissue</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NSW 2753 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tjoelker, Mark G" sort="Tjoelker, Mark G" uniqKey="Tjoelker M" first="Mark G." last="Tjoelker">Mark G. Tjoelker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff15">Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753 Australia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">NSW 2753 Australia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Voltas, Jordi" sort="Voltas, Jordi" uniqKey="Voltas J" first="Jordi" last="Voltas">Jordi Voltas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Crop and Forest Sciences Agrotecnico Center, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>25198 Lleida</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, Jacques" sort="Roy, Jacques" uniqKey="Roy J" first="Jacques" last="Roy">Jacques Roy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Ecotron Européen de Montpellier, UPS 3248, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus Baillarguet, 34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>34980 Montferrier-sur-Lez</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">GigaScience</title><idno type="eISSN">2047-217X</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Carbon Dioxide (analysis)</term><term>Circadian Clocks</term><term>Circadian Rhythm</term><term>Ecosystem</term><term>Gossypium (physiology)</term><term>Phaseolus (physiology)</term><term>Photosynthesis</term><term>Plant Leaves (metabolism)</term><term>Plant Stomata (metabolism)</term><term>Water (analysis)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Dioxyde de carbone (analyse)</term><term>Eau (analyse)</term><term>Feuilles de plante (métabolisme)</term><term>Gossypium (physiologie)</term><term>Horloges circadiennes</term><term>Phaseolus (physiologie)</term><term>Photosynthèse</term><term>Rythme circadien</term><term>Stomates de plante (métabolisme)</term><term>Écosystème</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>Carbon Dioxide</term><term>Water</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>Dioxyde de carbone</term><term>Eau</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Leaves</term><term>Plant Stomata</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Feuilles de plante</term><term>Stomates de plante</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Gossypium</term><term>Phaseolus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Gossypium</term><term>Phaseolus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Circadian Clocks</term><term>Circadian Rhythm</term><term>Ecosystem</term><term>Photosynthesis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Horloges circadiennes</term><term>Photosynthèse</term><term>Rythme circadien</term><term>Écosystème</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Molecular clocks drive oscillations in leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and other cell and leaf-level processes over ~24 h under controlled laboratory conditions. The influence of such circadian regulation over whole-canopy fluxes remains uncertain; diurnal CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O vapor flux dynamics in the field are currently interpreted as resulting almost exclusively from direct physiological responses to variations in light, temperature and other environmental factors. We tested whether circadian regulation would affect plant and canopy gas exchange at the Montpellier European Ecotron. Canopy and leaf-level fluxes were constantly monitored under field-like environmental conditions, and under constant environmental conditions (no variation in temperature, radiation, or other environmental cues).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>We show direct experimental evidence at canopy scales of the circadian regulation of daytime gas exchange: 20–79 % of the daily variation range in CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes occurred under circadian entrainment in canopies of an annual herb (bean) and of a perennial shrub (cotton). We also observed that considering circadian regulation improved performance by 8–17 % in commonly used stomatal conductance models.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Our results show that circadian controls affect diurnal CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O flux patterns in entire canopies in field-like conditions, and its consideration significantly improves model performance. Circadian controls act as a ‘memory’ of the past conditions experienced by the plant, which synchronizes metabolism across entire plant canopies.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13742-016-0149-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Canadell, Jg" uniqKey="Canadell J">JG Canadell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Le Quere, C" uniqKey="Le Quere C">C Le Quere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raupach, Mr" uniqKey="Raupach M">MR Raupach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Field, Cb" uniqKey="Field C">CB Field</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buitenhuis, Et" uniqKey="Buitenhuis E">ET Buitenhuis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ciais, P" uniqKey="Ciais P">P Ciais</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name 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