Past, present, and future of Parkinson's disease: A special essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy.
Identifieur interne : 000644 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000643; suivant : 000645Past, present, and future of Parkinson's disease: A special essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy.
Auteurs : J A Obeso [Espagne] ; M. Stamelou [Allemagne] ; C G Goetz [États-Unis] ; Werner Poewe [Autriche] ; A E Lang [Canada] ; D. Weintraub [États-Unis] ; D. Burn [Royaume-Uni] ; G M Halliday [Australie] ; E. Bezard [France] ; S. Przedborski [États-Unis] ; S. Lehericy [France] ; D J Brooks [Royaume-Uni] ; J C Rothwell [Royaume-Uni] ; M. Hallett [États-Unis] ; M R Delong [États-Unis] ; C. Marras [Canada] ; C M Tanner [États-Unis] ; G W Ross [États-Unis] ; J W Langston [États-Unis] ; C. Klein [Allemagne] ; V. Bonifati [Pays-Bas] ; Joseph Jankovic [États-Unis] ; A M Lozano [Canada] ; G. Deuschl [Allemagne] ; H. Bergman [Israël] ; E. Tolosa [Espagne] ; M. Rodriguez-Violante [Mexique] ; S. Fahn [États-Unis] ; R B Postuma [Canada] ; D. Berg [Allemagne] ; K. Marek [États-Unis] ; D G Standaert [États-Unis] ; D J Surmeier [États-Unis] ; C W Olanow [États-Unis] ; J H Kordower [États-Unis] ; P. Calabresi [Italie] ; A H V. Schapira [Royaume-Uni] ; A J Stoessl [Canada]Source :
- Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society [ 1531-8257 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
This article reviews and summarizes 200 years of Parkinson's disease. It comprises a relevant history of Dr. James Parkinson's himself and what he described accurately and what he missed from today's perspective. Parkinson's disease today is understood as a multietiological condition with uncertain etiopathogenesis. Many advances have occurred regarding pathophysiology and symptomatic treatments, but critically important issues are still pending resolution. Among the latter, the need to modify disease progression is undoubtedly a priority. In sum, this multiple-author article, prepared to commemorate the bicentenary of the shaking palsy, provides a historical state-of-the-art account of what has been achieved, the current situation, and how to progress toward resolving Parkinson's disease. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
DOI: 10.1002/mds.27115
PubMed: 28887905
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Autriche, Canada, Espagne, France, Israël, Italie, Mexique, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Alabama, Angleterre, Aquitaine, Californie, Catalogne, Communauté de Madrid, Connecticut, District de Giessen, Grand Londres, Géorgie (États-Unis), Hawaï, Hesse (Land), Hollande-Méridionale, Illinois, Maryland, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Ontario, Pennsylvanie, Québec, Schleswig-Holstein, Texas, Tyrol (Land), État de New York, Île-de-France
- Barcelone, Bordeaux, Houston, Innsbruck, Kiel, Londres, Madrid, Marbourg, Montréal, New York, Paris, Rotterdam, Sydney, Toronto
- Baylor College of Medicine, Université Columbia, Université McGill, Université de Bordeaux, Université de Sydney, Université de Toronto, Université de médecine d'Innsbruck
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Stamelou</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goetz, C G" sort="Goetz, C G" uniqKey="Goetz C" first="C G" last="Goetz">C G Goetz</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poewe, W" sort="Poewe, W" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="W" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Innsbruck</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Innsbruck</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Tyrol (Land)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Innsbruck</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Tyrol (Land)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lang, A E" sort="Lang, A E" uniqKey="Lang A" first="A E" last="Lang">A E Lang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Toronto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weintraub, D" sort="Weintraub, D" uniqKey="Weintraub D" first="D" last="Weintraub">D. Weintraub</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burn, D" sort="Burn, D" uniqKey="Burn D" first="D" last="Burn">D. Burn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newcastle</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halliday, G M" sort="Halliday, G M" uniqKey="Halliday G" first="G M" last="Halliday">G M Halliday</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bezard, E" sort="Bezard, E" uniqKey="Bezard E" first="E" last="Bezard">E. Bezard</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Przedborski, S" sort="Przedborski, S" uniqKey="Przedborski S" first="S" last="Przedborski">S. Przedborski</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Neurology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, the Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Neurology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, the Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region><settlement type="city">New York</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S" last="Lehericy">S. Lehericy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, D J" sort="Brooks, D J" uniqKey="Brooks D" first="D J" last="Brooks">D J Brooks</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Sciences Department, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Sciences Department, Newcastle University, Newcastle</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newcastle</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothwell, J C" sort="Rothwell, J C" uniqKey="Rothwell J" first="J C" last="Rothwell">J C Rothwell</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Human Neurophysiology, Sobell Department, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Human Neurophysiology, Sobell Department, UCL Institute of Neurology, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallett, M" sort="Hallett, M" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="M" last="Hallett">M. Hallett</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delong, M R" sort="Delong, M R" uniqKey="Delong M" first="M R" last="Delong">M R Delong</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marras, C" sort="Marras, C" uniqKey="Marras C" first="C" last="Marras">C. Marras</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanner, C M" sort="Tanner, C M" uniqKey="Tanner C" first="C M" last="Tanner">C M Tanner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, G W" sort="Ross, G W" uniqKey="Ross G" first="G W" last="Ross">G W Ross</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langston, J W" sort="Langston, J W" uniqKey="Langston J" first="J W" last="Langston">J W Langston</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, C" sort="Klein, C" uniqKey="Klein C" first="C" last="Klein">C. Klein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Luebeck</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Luebeck</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Luebeck</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonifati, V" sort="Bonifati, V" uniqKey="Bonifati V" first="V" last="Bonifati">V. Bonifati</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jankovic, J" sort="Jankovic, J" uniqKey="Jankovic J" first="J" last="Jankovic">Joseph Jankovic</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Houston</settlement><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName><orgName type="university" n="3">Baylor College of Medicine</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Houston</settlement><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName><orgName type="university" n="3">Baylor College of Medicine</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano, A M" sort="Lozano, A M" uniqKey="Lozano A" first="A M" last="Lozano">A M Lozano</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deuschl, G" sort="Deuschl, G" uniqKey="Deuschl G" first="G" last="Deuschl">G. Deuschl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Schleswig-Holstein</region><settlement type="city">Kiel</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergman, H" sort="Bergman, H" uniqKey="Bergman H" first="H" last="Bergman">H. Bergman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tolosa, E" sort="Tolosa, E" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="E" last="Tolosa">E. Tolosa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Violante, M" sort="Rodriguez Violante, M" uniqKey="Rodriguez Violante M" first="M" last="Rodriguez-Violante">M. Rodriguez-Violante</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Movement Disorders Clinic, Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Movement Disorders Clinic, Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fahn, S" sort="Fahn, S" uniqKey="Fahn S" first="S" last="Fahn">S. Fahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Postuma, R B" sort="Postuma, R B" uniqKey="Postuma R" first="R B" last="Postuma">R B Postuma</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, D" sort="Berg, D" uniqKey="Berg D" first="D" last="Berg">D. Berg</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Klinik für Neurologie, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Klinik für Neurologie, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Schleswig-Holstein</region><settlement type="city">Kiel</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marek, K" sort="Marek, K" uniqKey="Marek K" first="K" last="Marek">K. Marek</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Standaert, D G" sort="Standaert, D G" uniqKey="Standaert D" first="D G" last="Standaert">D G Standaert</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Surmeier, D J" sort="Surmeier, D J" uniqKey="Surmeier D" first="D J" last="Surmeier">D J Surmeier</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olanow, C W" sort="Olanow, C W" uniqKey="Olanow C" first="C W" last="Olanow">C W Olanow</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kordower, J H" sort="Kordower, J H" uniqKey="Kordower J" first="J H" last="Kordower">J H Kordower</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calabresi, P" sort="Calabresi, P" uniqKey="Calabresi P" first="P" last="Calabresi">P. Calabresi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Perugia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schapira, A H V" sort="Schapira, A H V" uniqKey="Schapira A" first="A H V" last="Schapira">A H V. Schapira</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoessl, A J" sort="Stoessl, A J" uniqKey="Stoessl A" first="A J" last="Stoessl">A J Stoessl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Division of Neurology & Djavadf Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Division of Neurology & Djavadf Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>British Columbia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28887905</idno><idno type="pmid">28887905</idno><idno type="doi">10.1002/mds.27115</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000609</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000609</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000607</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000607</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000607</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000607</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004E24</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">004E24</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">004E24</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000639</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000644</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000644</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Past, present, and future of Parkinson's disease: A special essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy.</title><author><name sortKey="Obeso, J A" sort="Obeso, J A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="J A" last="Obeso">J A Obeso</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Mostoles, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stamelou, M" sort="Stamelou, M" uniqKey="Stamelou M" first="M" last="Stamelou">M. Stamelou</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Giessen</region><settlement type="city">Marbourg</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goetz, C G" sort="Goetz, C G" uniqKey="Goetz C" first="C G" last="Goetz">C G Goetz</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poewe, W" sort="Poewe, W" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="W" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Innsbruck</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Innsbruck</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Tyrol (Land)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Innsbruck</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Tyrol (Land)</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lang, A E" sort="Lang, A E" uniqKey="Lang A" first="A E" last="Lang">A E Lang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Toronto</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Weintraub, D" sort="Weintraub, D" uniqKey="Weintraub D" first="D" last="Weintraub">D. Weintraub</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Pennsylvanie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burn, D" sort="Burn, D" uniqKey="Burn D" first="D" last="Burn">D. Burn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newcastle</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halliday, G M" sort="Halliday, G M" uniqKey="Halliday G" first="G M" last="Halliday">G M Halliday</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bezard, E" sort="Bezard, E" uniqKey="Bezard E" first="E" last="Bezard">E. Bezard</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Bordeaux</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Przedborski, S" sort="Przedborski, S" uniqKey="Przedborski S" first="S" last="Przedborski">S. Przedborski</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Neurology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, the Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Neurology, Pathology, and Cell Biology, the Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region><settlement type="city">New York</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S" last="Lehericy">S. Lehericy</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière - ICM, Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooks, D J" sort="Brooks, D J" uniqKey="Brooks D" first="D J" last="Brooks">D J Brooks</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Clinical Sciences Department, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Clinical Sciences Department, Newcastle University, Newcastle</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Newcastle</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rothwell, J C" sort="Rothwell, J C" uniqKey="Rothwell J" first="J C" last="Rothwell">J C Rothwell</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Human Neurophysiology, Sobell Department, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Human Neurophysiology, Sobell Department, UCL Institute of Neurology, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hallett, M" sort="Hallett, M" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="M" last="Hallett">M. Hallett</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delong, M R" sort="Delong, M R" uniqKey="Delong M" first="M R" last="Delong">M R Delong</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marras, C" sort="Marras, C" uniqKey="Marras C" first="C" last="Marras">C. Marras</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's disease, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanner, C M" sort="Tanner, C M" uniqKey="Tanner C" first="C M" last="Tanner">C M Tanner</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, G W" sort="Ross, G W" uniqKey="Ross G" first="G W" last="Ross">G W Ross</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, Honolulu, Hawaii</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Langston, J W" sort="Langston, J W" uniqKey="Langston J" first="J W" last="Langston">J W Langston</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, California, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, California</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, C" sort="Klein, C" uniqKey="Klein C" first="C" last="Klein">C. Klein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Luebeck</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Luebeck</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>Luebeck</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonifati, V" sort="Bonifati, V" uniqKey="Bonifati V" first="V" last="Bonifati">V. Bonifati</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jankovic, J" sort="Jankovic, J" uniqKey="Jankovic J" first="J" last="Jankovic">Joseph Jankovic</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Houston</settlement><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName><orgName type="university" n="3">Baylor College of Medicine</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Houston</settlement><region type="state">Texas</region></placeName><orgName type="university" n="3">Baylor College of Medicine</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano, A M" sort="Lozano, A M" uniqKey="Lozano A" first="A M" last="Lozano">A M Lozano</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deuschl, G" sort="Deuschl, G" uniqKey="Deuschl G" first="G" last="Deuschl">G. Deuschl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Schleswig-Holstein</region><settlement type="city">Kiel</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bergman, H" sort="Bergman, H" uniqKey="Bergman H" first="H" last="Bergman">H. Bergman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Jerusalem, Israel.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tolosa, E" sort="Tolosa, E" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="E" last="Tolosa">E. Tolosa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clínic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez Violante, M" sort="Rodriguez Violante, M" uniqKey="Rodriguez Violante M" first="M" last="Rodriguez-Violante">M. Rodriguez-Violante</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Movement Disorders Clinic, Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, Mexico City, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Movement Disorders Clinic, Clinical Neurodegenerative Research Unit, Mexico City</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mexico City</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fahn, S" sort="Fahn, S" uniqKey="Fahn S" first="S" last="Fahn">S. Fahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Postuma, R B" sort="Postuma, R B" uniqKey="Postuma R" first="R B" last="Postuma">R B Postuma</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université McGill</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg, D" sort="Berg, D" uniqKey="Berg D" first="D" last="Berg">D. Berg</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Klinik für Neurologie, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Klinik für Neurologie, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Schleswig-Holstein</region><settlement type="city">Kiel</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marek, K" sort="Marek, K" uniqKey="Marek K" first="K" last="Marek">K. Marek</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, Connecticut</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Connecticut</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Standaert, D G" sort="Standaert, D G" uniqKey="Standaert D" first="D G" last="Standaert">D G Standaert</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Alabama</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Surmeier, D J" sort="Surmeier, D J" uniqKey="Surmeier D" first="D J" last="Surmeier">D J Surmeier</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olanow, C W" sort="Olanow, C W" uniqKey="Olanow C" first="C W" last="Olanow">C W Olanow</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kordower, J H" sort="Kordower, J H" uniqKey="Kordower J" first="J H" last="Kordower">J H Kordower</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Center for Brain Repair, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Calabresi, P" sort="Calabresi, P" uniqKey="Calabresi P" first="P" last="Calabresi">P. Calabresi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Perugia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schapira, A H V" sort="Schapira, A H V" uniqKey="Schapira A" first="A H V" last="Schapira">A H V. Schapira</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoessl, A J" sort="Stoessl, A J" uniqKey="Stoessl A" first="A J" last="Stoessl">A J Stoessl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Division of Neurology & Djavadf Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Division of Neurology & Djavadf Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, British Columbia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>British Columbia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society</title><idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">This article reviews and summarizes 200 years of Parkinson's disease. It comprises a relevant history of Dr. James Parkinson's himself and what he described accurately and what he missed from today's perspective. Parkinson's disease today is understood as a multietiological condition with uncertain etiopathogenesis. Many advances have occurred regarding pathophysiology and symptomatic treatments, but critically important issues are still pending resolution. Among the latter, the need to modify disease progression is undoubtedly a priority. In sum, this multiple-author article, prepared to commemorate the bicentenary of the shaking palsy, provides a historical state-of-the-art account of what has been achieved, the current situation, and how to progress toward resolving Parkinson's disease. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Canada</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Mexique</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Alabama</li><li>Angleterre</li><li>Aquitaine</li><li>Californie</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>Communauté de Madrid</li><li>Connecticut</li><li>District de Giessen</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Géorgie (États-Unis)</li><li>Hawaï</li><li>Hesse (Land)</li><li>Hollande-Méridionale</li><li>Illinois</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Nouvelle-Aquitaine</li><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li><li>Ontario</li><li>Pennsylvanie</li><li>Québec</li><li>Schleswig-Holstein</li><li>Texas</li><li>Tyrol (Land)</li><li>État de New York</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li><li>Bordeaux</li><li>Houston</li><li>Innsbruck</li><li>Kiel</li><li>Londres</li><li>Madrid</li><li>Marbourg</li><li>Montréal</li><li>New York</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rotterdam</li><li>Sydney</li><li>Toronto</li></settlement><orgName><li>Baylor College of Medicine</li><li>Université Columbia</li><li>Université McGill</li><li>Université de Bordeaux</li><li>Université de Sydney</li><li>Université de Toronto</li><li>Université de médecine d'Innsbruck</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Espagne"><region name="Communauté de Madrid"><name sortKey="Obeso, J A" sort="Obeso, J A" uniqKey="Obeso J" first="J A" last="Obeso">J A Obeso</name></region><name sortKey="Tolosa, E" sort="Tolosa, E" uniqKey="Tolosa E" first="E" last="Tolosa">E. Tolosa</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Hesse (Land)"><name sortKey="Stamelou, M" sort="Stamelou, M" uniqKey="Stamelou M" first="M" last="Stamelou">M. Stamelou</name></region><name sortKey="Berg, D" sort="Berg, D" uniqKey="Berg D" first="D" last="Berg">D. Berg</name><name sortKey="Deuschl, G" sort="Deuschl, G" uniqKey="Deuschl G" first="G" last="Deuschl">G. Deuschl</name><name sortKey="Klein, C" sort="Klein, C" uniqKey="Klein C" first="C" last="Klein">C. Klein</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Illinois"><name sortKey="Goetz, C G" sort="Goetz, C G" uniqKey="Goetz C" first="C G" last="Goetz">C G Goetz</name></region><name sortKey="Delong, M R" sort="Delong, M R" uniqKey="Delong M" first="M R" last="Delong">M R Delong</name><name sortKey="Fahn, S" sort="Fahn, S" uniqKey="Fahn S" first="S" last="Fahn">S. Fahn</name><name sortKey="Hallett, M" sort="Hallett, M" uniqKey="Hallett M" first="M" last="Hallett">M. Hallett</name><name sortKey="Jankovic, J" sort="Jankovic, J" uniqKey="Jankovic J" first="J" last="Jankovic">Joseph Jankovic</name><name sortKey="Kordower, J H" sort="Kordower, J H" uniqKey="Kordower J" first="J H" last="Kordower">J H Kordower</name><name sortKey="Langston, J W" sort="Langston, J W" uniqKey="Langston J" first="J W" last="Langston">J W Langston</name><name sortKey="Marek, K" sort="Marek, K" uniqKey="Marek K" first="K" last="Marek">K. Marek</name><name sortKey="Olanow, C W" sort="Olanow, C W" uniqKey="Olanow C" first="C W" last="Olanow">C W Olanow</name><name sortKey="Przedborski, S" sort="Przedborski, S" uniqKey="Przedborski S" first="S" last="Przedborski">S. Przedborski</name><name sortKey="Ross, G W" sort="Ross, G W" uniqKey="Ross G" first="G W" last="Ross">G W Ross</name><name sortKey="Standaert, D G" sort="Standaert, D G" uniqKey="Standaert D" first="D G" last="Standaert">D G Standaert</name><name sortKey="Surmeier, D J" sort="Surmeier, D J" uniqKey="Surmeier D" first="D J" last="Surmeier">D J Surmeier</name><name sortKey="Tanner, C M" sort="Tanner, C M" uniqKey="Tanner C" first="C M" last="Tanner">C M Tanner</name><name sortKey="Weintraub, D" sort="Weintraub, D" uniqKey="Weintraub D" first="D" last="Weintraub">D. Weintraub</name></country><country name="Autriche"><region name="Tyrol (Land)"><name sortKey="Poewe, W" sort="Poewe, W" uniqKey="Poewe W" first="W" last="Poewe">Werner Poewe</name></region></country><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lang, A E" sort="Lang, A E" uniqKey="Lang A" first="A E" last="Lang">A E Lang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Lozano, A M" sort="Lozano, A M" uniqKey="Lozano A" first="A M" last="Lozano">A M Lozano</name><name sortKey="Marras, C" sort="Marras, C" uniqKey="Marras C" first="C" last="Marras">C. Marras</name><name sortKey="Postuma, R B" sort="Postuma, R B" uniqKey="Postuma R" first="R B" last="Postuma">R B Postuma</name><name sortKey="Stoessl, A J" sort="Stoessl, A J" uniqKey="Stoessl A" first="A J" last="Stoessl">A J Stoessl</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Burn, D" sort="Burn, D" uniqKey="Burn D" first="D" last="Burn">D. Burn</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Brooks, D J" sort="Brooks, D J" uniqKey="Brooks D" first="D J" last="Brooks">D J Brooks</name><name sortKey="Rothwell, J C" sort="Rothwell, J C" uniqKey="Rothwell J" first="J C" last="Rothwell">J C Rothwell</name><name sortKey="Schapira, A H V" sort="Schapira, A H V" uniqKey="Schapira A" first="A H V" last="Schapira">A H V. Schapira</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="Halliday, G M" sort="Halliday, G M" uniqKey="Halliday G" first="G M" last="Halliday">G M Halliday</name></region></country><country name="France"><region name="Nouvelle-Aquitaine"><name sortKey="Bezard, E" sort="Bezard, E" uniqKey="Bezard E" first="E" last="Bezard">E. Bezard</name></region><name sortKey="Lehericy, S" sort="Lehericy, S" uniqKey="Lehericy S" first="S" last="Lehericy">S. Lehericy</name></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Méridionale"><name sortKey="Bonifati, V" sort="Bonifati, V" uniqKey="Bonifati V" first="V" last="Bonifati">V. Bonifati</name></region></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bergman, H" sort="Bergman, H" uniqKey="Bergman H" first="H" last="Bergman">H. Bergman</name></noRegion></country><country name="Mexique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Rodriguez Violante, M" sort="Rodriguez Violante, M" uniqKey="Rodriguez Violante M" first="M" last="Rodriguez-Violante">M. Rodriguez-Violante</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Calabresi, P" sort="Calabresi, P" uniqKey="Calabresi P" first="P" last="Calabresi">P. Calabresi</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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