Determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study: implications for exposure assessment
Identifieur interne : 000E01 ( Istex/Curation ); précédent : 000E00; suivant : 000E02Determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study: implications for exposure assessment
Auteurs : M. Vrijheid [France, Espagne] ; S. Mann [Royaume-Uni] ; P. Vecchia [Italie] ; J. Wiart [France] ; M. Taki [Japon] ; L. Ardoino [Italie] ; B K Armstrong [Australie] ; A. Auvinen [Finlande] ; D. Bédard [Canada] ; G. Berg-Beckhoff [Allemagne] ; J. Brown [Australie] ; A. Chetrit [Israël] ; H. Collatz-Christensen [Danemark] ; E. Combalot [France] ; A. Cook [Australie] ; I. Deltour [France, Danemark] ; M. Feychting [Suède] ; G G Giles [Australie] ; S J Hepworth [Royaume-Uni] ; M. Hours [France] ; I. Iavarone [Italie] ; C. Johansen [Danemark] ; D. Krewski [Canada] ; P. Kurttio [Finlande] ; S. Lagorio [Italie] ; S. Lönn [Suède] ; M. Mcbride [Canada] ; L. Montestrucq [France] ; R C Parslow [Royaume-Uni] ; S. Sadetzki [Israël] ; J. Schüz [Danemark] ; T. Tynes [Norvège] ; A. Woodward [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; E. Cardis [France, Espagne]Source :
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine [ 1351-0711 ] ; 2009-10.
Descripteurs français
- Wicri :
- geographic : Finlande.
- topic : épidémiologie, Recherche médicale, Téléphone mobile, Santé publique.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Acoustic, Acoustic neuroma, Adaptive power control, Average output power, Average output powers, Average power level, Average power levels, Base station, Base stations, Brain tumors, Cellular, Cellular telephone, Cellular telephones, Centre, Considerable proportion, Cordless telephones, Current study, Different telecommunications systems, Environ, Environmental epidemiology, Epidemiol, Epidemiological, Epidemiological studies, Epidemiology, European countries, Explanatory variables, Exposure assessment, Exposure indices, Finland, Frequency band, Frequency bands, Gathering information, Geographical areas, Global system, Half time, Handover, Handset, Higher output power, Higher output powers, Higher power levels, Ieee transactions, Important contributor, Initial connection, International study, Interoperator range, Interphone, Interphone study, Interphone study group, Istituto superiore, Karolinska institutet, Likelihood ratio, Linear models, Linear regression models, Little difference, Little influence, Little value, Main interphone study, Maximum power, Maximum power level, Maximum power levels, Medical research, Minimum levels, Minimum power, Mobile communications, Mobile phone, Mobile phone output power, Mobile phone users, Mobile phones, Multinational study, Municipal institute, National institute, Network operator, Occup, Occup environ, Operator effect, Original article table, Other centres, Other studies, Output power, Output power levels, Output powers, Phone model, Phone models, Pmax, Population health, Population health risk assessment, Power level, Power levels, Previous studies, Public health, Regression coefficient, Regression models, Relative contribution, Review committee, Rural areas, Rural users, Sampling intervals, Significant effects, Smps, Standard deviations, Stata command, Study centre, Study centres, Study location, Substantial differences, Telecommunication, Telecommunications systems, Time period, Urban areas, Urban users, User, Variance, Variance change.
- Teeft :
- Acoustic, Acoustic neuroma, Adaptive power control, Average output power, Average output powers, Average power level, Average power levels, Base station, Base stations, Brain tumors, Cellular, Cellular telephone, Cellular telephones, Centre, Considerable proportion, Cordless telephones, Current study, Different telecommunications systems, Environ, Environmental epidemiology, Epidemiol, Epidemiological, Epidemiological studies, Epidemiology, European countries, Explanatory variables, Exposure assessment, Exposure indices, Finland, Frequency band, Frequency bands, Gathering information, Geographical areas, Global system, Half time, Handover, Handset, Higher output power, Higher output powers, Higher power levels, Ieee transactions, Important contributor, Initial connection, International study, Interoperator range, Interphone, Interphone study, Interphone study group, Istituto superiore, Karolinska institutet, Likelihood ratio, Linear models, Linear regression models, Little difference, Little influence, Little value, Main interphone study, Maximum power, Maximum power level, Maximum power levels, Medical research, Minimum levels, Minimum power, Mobile communications, Mobile phone, Mobile phone output power, Mobile phone users, Mobile phones, Multinational study, Municipal institute, National institute, Network operator, Occup, Occup environ, Operator effect, Original article table, Other centres, Other studies, Output power, Output power levels, Output powers, Phone model, Phone models, Pmax, Population health, Population health risk assessment, Power level, Power levels, Previous studies, Public health, Regression coefficient, Regression models, Relative contribution, Review committee, Rural areas, Rural users, Sampling intervals, Significant effects, Smps, Standard deviations, Stata command, Study centre, Study centres, Study location, Substantial differences, Telecommunication, Telecommunications systems, Time period, Urban areas, Urban users, User, Variance, Variance change.
Abstract
Objectives: The output power of a mobile phone is directly related to its radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field strength, and may theoretically vary substantially in different networks and phone use circumstances due to power control technologies. To improve indices of RF exposure for epidemiological studies, we assessed determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study. Methods: More than 500 volunteers in 12 countries used Global System for Mobile communications software-modified phones (GSM SMPs) for approximately 1 month each. The SMPs recorded date, time, and duration of each call, and the frequency band and output power at fixed sampling intervals throughout each call. Questionnaires provided information on the typical circumstances of an individual’s phone use. Linear regression models were used to analyse the influence of possible explanatory variables on the average output power and the percentage call time at maximum power for each call. Results: Measurements of over 60 000 phone calls showed that the average output power was approximately 50% of the maximum, and that output power varied by a factor of up to 2 to 3 between study centres and network operators. Maximum power was used during a considerable proportion of call time (39% on average). Output power decreased with increasing call duration, but showed little variation in relation to reported frequency of use while in a moving vehicle or inside buildings. Higher output powers for rural compared with urban use of the SMP were observed principally in Sweden where the study covered very sparsely populated areas. Conclusions: Average power levels are substantially higher than the minimum levels theoretically achievable in GSM networks. Exposure indices could be improved by accounting for average power levels of different telecommunications systems. There appears to be little value in gathering information on circumstances of phone use other than use in very sparsely populated regions.
Url:
DOI: 10.1136/oem.2008.043380
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Berg-Beckhoff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, J" sort="Brown, J" uniqKey="Brown J" first="J" last="Brown">J. Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chetrit, A" sort="Chetrit, A" uniqKey="Chetrit A" first="A" last="Chetrit">A. Chetrit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, Israel</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collatz Christensen, H" sort="Collatz Christensen, H" uniqKey="Collatz Christensen H" first="H" last="Collatz-Christensen">H. 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Cook</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deltour, I" sort="Deltour, I" uniqKey="Deltour I" first="I" last="Deltour">I. Deltour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feychting, M" sort="Feychting, M" uniqKey="Feychting M" first="M" last="Feychting">M. Feychting</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giles, G G" sort="Giles, G G" uniqKey="Giles G" first="G G" last="Giles">G G Giles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hepworth, S J" sort="Hepworth, S J" uniqKey="Hepworth S" first="S J" last="Hepworth">S J Hepworth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Paediatric Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, UK</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hours, M" sort="Hours, M" uniqKey="Hours M" first="M" last="Hours">M. Hours</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement INRETS - UCBL - InVS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement INRETS - UCBL - InVS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iavarone, I" sort="Iavarone, I" uniqKey="Iavarone I" first="I" last="Iavarone">I. Iavarone</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Environment & Primary Prevention, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Environment & Primary Prevention, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansen, C" sort="Johansen, C" uniqKey="Johansen C" first="C" last="Johansen">C. Johansen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krewski, D" sort="Krewski, D" uniqKey="Krewski D" first="D" last="Krewski">D. Krewski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurttio, P" sort="Kurttio, P" uniqKey="Kurttio P" first="P" last="Kurttio">P. Kurttio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Research and Environmental Surveillance, STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Research and Environmental Surveillance, STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagorio, S" sort="Lagorio, S" uniqKey="Lagorio S" first="S" last="Lagorio">S. Lagorio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lonn, S" sort="Lonn, S" uniqKey="Lonn S" first="S" last="Lönn">S. Lönn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbride, M" sort="Mcbride, M" uniqKey="Mcbride M" first="M" last="Mcbride">M. Mcbride</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>B.C. Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>B.C. Cancer Agency, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montestrucq, L" sort="Montestrucq, L" uniqKey="Montestrucq L" first="L" last="Montestrucq">L. Montestrucq</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement INRETS - UCBL - InVS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement INRETS - UCBL - InVS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parslow, R C" sort="Parslow, R C" uniqKey="Parslow R" first="R C" last="Parslow">R C Parslow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Paediatric Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, UK</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadetzki, S" sort="Sadetzki, S" uniqKey="Sadetzki S" first="S" last="Sadetzki">S. Sadetzki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, Israel</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuz, J" sort="Schuz, J" uniqKey="Schuz J" first="J" last="Schüz">J. Schüz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tynes, T" sort="Tynes, T" uniqKey="Tynes T" first="T" last="Tynes">T. Tynes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodward, A" sort="Woodward, A" uniqKey="Woodward A" first="A" last="Woodward">A. Woodward</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardis, E" sort="Cardis, E" uniqKey="Cardis E" first="E" last="Cardis">E. Cardis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:4A96046BD851DD17705ADDEB33AFF24BF20420B6</idno><date when="2009" year="2009">2009</date><idno type="doi">10.1136/oem.2008.043380</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/4A96046BD851DD17705ADDEB33AFF24BF20420B6/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">000E01</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">000E01</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Curation">000E01</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study: implications for exposure assessment</title><author><name sortKey="Vrijheid, M" sort="Vrijheid, M" uniqKey="Vrijheid M" first="M" last="Vrijheid">M. Vrijheid</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mann, S" sort="Mann, S" uniqKey="Mann S" first="S" last="Mann">S. Mann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Health Protection Agency, Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Didcot, UK</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Protection Agency, Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Didcot</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vecchia, P" sort="Vecchia, P" uniqKey="Vecchia P" first="P" last="Vecchia">P. Vecchia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Technology and Health, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Technology and Health, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiart, J" sort="Wiart, J" uniqKey="Wiart J" first="J" last="Wiart">J. Wiart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>France Telecom R&D, Issy les Moulineaux, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>France Telecom R&D, Issy les Moulineaux</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taki, M" sort="Taki, M" uniqKey="Taki M" first="M" last="Taki">M. Taki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ardoino, L" sort="Ardoino, L" uniqKey="Ardoino L" first="L" last="Ardoino">L. Ardoino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Laboratory of Environmental Metrology, Superior Institute for the Protection and the Environmental Research (ISPRA), Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Environmental Metrology, Superior Institute for the Protection and the Environmental Research (ISPRA), Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, B K" sort="Armstrong, B K" uniqKey="Armstrong B" first="B K" last="Armstrong">B K Armstrong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Auvinen, A" sort="Auvinen, A" uniqKey="Auvinen A" first="A" last="Auvinen">A. Auvinen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Research and Environmental Surveillance, STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Research and Environmental Surveillance, STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bedard, D" sort="Bedard, D" uniqKey="Bedard D" first="D" last="Bédard">D. Bédard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berg Beckhoff, G" sort="Berg Beckhoff, G" uniqKey="Berg Beckhoff G" first="G" last="Berg-Beckhoff">G. Berg-Beckhoff</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, J" sort="Brown, J" uniqKey="Brown J" first="J" last="Brown">J. Brown</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chetrit, A" sort="Chetrit, A" uniqKey="Chetrit A" first="A" last="Chetrit">A. Chetrit</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, Israel</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collatz Christensen, H" sort="Collatz Christensen, H" uniqKey="Collatz Christensen H" first="H" last="Collatz-Christensen">H. Collatz-Christensen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Combalot, E" sort="Combalot, E" uniqKey="Combalot E" first="E" last="Combalot">E. Combalot</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cook, A" sort="Cook, A" uniqKey="Cook A" first="A" last="Cook">A. Cook</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deltour, I" sort="Deltour, I" uniqKey="Deltour I" first="I" last="Deltour">I. Deltour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Feychting, M" sort="Feychting, M" uniqKey="Feychting M" first="M" last="Feychting">M. Feychting</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Giles, G G" sort="Giles, G G" uniqKey="Giles G" first="G G" last="Giles">G G Giles</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hepworth, S J" sort="Hepworth, S J" uniqKey="Hepworth S" first="S J" last="Hepworth">S J Hepworth</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Paediatric Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, UK</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hours, M" sort="Hours, M" uniqKey="Hours M" first="M" last="Hours">M. Hours</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement INRETS - UCBL - InVS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement INRETS - UCBL - InVS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iavarone, I" sort="Iavarone, I" uniqKey="Iavarone I" first="I" last="Iavarone">I. Iavarone</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Environment & Primary Prevention, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Environment & Primary Prevention, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johansen, C" sort="Johansen, C" uniqKey="Johansen C" first="C" last="Johansen">C. Johansen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Krewski, D" sort="Krewski, D" uniqKey="Krewski D" first="D" last="Krewski">D. Krewski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kurttio, P" sort="Kurttio, P" uniqKey="Kurttio P" first="P" last="Kurttio">P. Kurttio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Research and Environmental Surveillance, STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Research and Environmental Surveillance, STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagorio, S" sort="Lagorio, S" uniqKey="Lagorio S" first="S" last="Lagorio">S. Lagorio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lonn, S" sort="Lonn, S" uniqKey="Lonn S" first="S" last="Lönn">S. Lönn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbride, M" sort="Mcbride, M" uniqKey="Mcbride M" first="M" last="Mcbride">M. Mcbride</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>B.C. Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>B.C. Cancer Agency, Vancouver</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montestrucq, L" sort="Montestrucq, L" uniqKey="Montestrucq L" first="L" last="Montestrucq">L. Montestrucq</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement INRETS - UCBL - InVS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement INRETS - UCBL - InVS, Université Lyon 1, Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parslow, R C" sort="Parslow, R C" uniqKey="Parslow R" first="R C" last="Parslow">R C Parslow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Paediatric Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds, UK</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Epidemiology Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Leeds</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sadetzki, S" sort="Sadetzki, S" uniqKey="Sadetzki S" first="S" last="Sadetzki">S. Sadetzki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, Israel</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuz, J" sort="Schuz, J" uniqKey="Schuz J" first="J" last="Schüz">J. Schüz</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tynes, T" sort="Tynes, T" uniqKey="Tynes T" first="T" last="Tynes">T. Tynes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woodward, A" sort="Woodward, A" uniqKey="Woodward A" first="A" last="Woodward">A. Woodward</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cardis, E" sort="Cardis, E" uniqKey="Cardis E" first="E" last="Cardis">E. Cardis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><mods:affiliation>CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain</mods:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Occupational and Environmental Medicine</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Occup Environ Med</title><idno type="ISSN">1351-0711</idno><idno type="eISSN">1470-7926</idno><imprint><publisher>BMJ Publishing Group Ltd</publisher><date type="published" when="2009-10">2009-10</date><biblScope unit="volume">66</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">10</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="664">664</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1351-0711</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1351-0711</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acoustic</term><term>Acoustic neuroma</term><term>Adaptive power control</term><term>Average output power</term><term>Average output powers</term><term>Average power level</term><term>Average power levels</term><term>Base station</term><term>Base stations</term><term>Brain tumors</term><term>Cellular</term><term>Cellular telephone</term><term>Cellular telephones</term><term>Centre</term><term>Considerable proportion</term><term>Cordless telephones</term><term>Current study</term><term>Different telecommunications systems</term><term>Environ</term><term>Environmental epidemiology</term><term>Epidemiol</term><term>Epidemiological</term><term>Epidemiological studies</term><term>Epidemiology</term><term>European countries</term><term>Explanatory variables</term><term>Exposure assessment</term><term>Exposure indices</term><term>Finland</term><term>Frequency band</term><term>Frequency bands</term><term>Gathering information</term><term>Geographical areas</term><term>Global system</term><term>Half time</term><term>Handover</term><term>Handset</term><term>Higher output power</term><term>Higher output powers</term><term>Higher power levels</term><term>Ieee transactions</term><term>Important contributor</term><term>Initial connection</term><term>International study</term><term>Interoperator range</term><term>Interphone</term><term>Interphone study</term><term>Interphone study group</term><term>Istituto superiore</term><term>Karolinska institutet</term><term>Likelihood ratio</term><term>Linear models</term><term>Linear regression models</term><term>Little difference</term><term>Little influence</term><term>Little value</term><term>Main interphone study</term><term>Maximum power</term><term>Maximum power level</term><term>Maximum power levels</term><term>Medical research</term><term>Minimum levels</term><term>Minimum power</term><term>Mobile communications</term><term>Mobile phone</term><term>Mobile phone output power</term><term>Mobile phone users</term><term>Mobile phones</term><term>Multinational study</term><term>Municipal institute</term><term>National institute</term><term>Network operator</term><term>Occup</term><term>Occup environ</term><term>Operator effect</term><term>Original article table</term><term>Other centres</term><term>Other studies</term><term>Output power</term><term>Output power levels</term><term>Output powers</term><term>Phone model</term><term>Phone models</term><term>Pmax</term><term>Population health</term><term>Population health risk assessment</term><term>Power level</term><term>Power levels</term><term>Previous studies</term><term>Public health</term><term>Regression coefficient</term><term>Regression models</term><term>Relative contribution</term><term>Review committee</term><term>Rural areas</term><term>Rural users</term><term>Sampling intervals</term><term>Significant effects</term><term>Smps</term><term>Standard deviations</term><term>Stata command</term><term>Study centre</term><term>Study centres</term><term>Study location</term><term>Substantial differences</term><term>Telecommunication</term><term>Telecommunications systems</term><term>Time period</term><term>Urban areas</term><term>Urban users</term><term>User</term><term>Variance</term><term>Variance change</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Acoustic</term><term>Acoustic neuroma</term><term>Adaptive power control</term><term>Average output power</term><term>Average output powers</term><term>Average power level</term><term>Average power levels</term><term>Base station</term><term>Base stations</term><term>Brain tumors</term><term>Cellular</term><term>Cellular telephone</term><term>Cellular telephones</term><term>Centre</term><term>Considerable proportion</term><term>Cordless telephones</term><term>Current study</term><term>Different telecommunications systems</term><term>Environ</term><term>Environmental epidemiology</term><term>Epidemiol</term><term>Epidemiological</term><term>Epidemiological studies</term><term>Epidemiology</term><term>European countries</term><term>Explanatory variables</term><term>Exposure assessment</term><term>Exposure indices</term><term>Finland</term><term>Frequency band</term><term>Frequency bands</term><term>Gathering information</term><term>Geographical areas</term><term>Global system</term><term>Half time</term><term>Handover</term><term>Handset</term><term>Higher output power</term><term>Higher output powers</term><term>Higher power levels</term><term>Ieee transactions</term><term>Important contributor</term><term>Initial connection</term><term>International study</term><term>Interoperator range</term><term>Interphone</term><term>Interphone study</term><term>Interphone study group</term><term>Istituto superiore</term><term>Karolinska institutet</term><term>Likelihood ratio</term><term>Linear models</term><term>Linear regression models</term><term>Little difference</term><term>Little influence</term><term>Little value</term><term>Main interphone study</term><term>Maximum power</term><term>Maximum power level</term><term>Maximum power levels</term><term>Medical research</term><term>Minimum levels</term><term>Minimum power</term><term>Mobile communications</term><term>Mobile phone</term><term>Mobile phone output power</term><term>Mobile phone users</term><term>Mobile phones</term><term>Multinational study</term><term>Municipal institute</term><term>National institute</term><term>Network operator</term><term>Occup</term><term>Occup environ</term><term>Operator effect</term><term>Original article table</term><term>Other centres</term><term>Other studies</term><term>Output power</term><term>Output power levels</term><term>Output powers</term><term>Phone model</term><term>Phone models</term><term>Pmax</term><term>Population health</term><term>Population health risk assessment</term><term>Power level</term><term>Power levels</term><term>Previous studies</term><term>Public health</term><term>Regression coefficient</term><term>Regression models</term><term>Relative contribution</term><term>Review committee</term><term>Rural areas</term><term>Rural users</term><term>Sampling intervals</term><term>Significant effects</term><term>Smps</term><term>Standard deviations</term><term>Stata command</term><term>Study centre</term><term>Study centres</term><term>Study location</term><term>Substantial differences</term><term>Telecommunication</term><term>Telecommunications systems</term><term>Time period</term><term>Urban areas</term><term>Urban users</term><term>User</term><term>Variance</term><term>Variance change</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Finlande</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>épidémiologie</term><term>Recherche médicale</term><term>Téléphone mobile</term><term>Santé publique</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Objectives: The output power of a mobile phone is directly related to its radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field strength, and may theoretically vary substantially in different networks and phone use circumstances due to power control technologies. To improve indices of RF exposure for epidemiological studies, we assessed determinants of mobile phone output power in a multinational study. Methods: More than 500 volunteers in 12 countries used Global System for Mobile communications software-modified phones (GSM SMPs) for approximately 1 month each. The SMPs recorded date, time, and duration of each call, and the frequency band and output power at fixed sampling intervals throughout each call. Questionnaires provided information on the typical circumstances of an individual’s phone use. Linear regression models were used to analyse the influence of possible explanatory variables on the average output power and the percentage call time at maximum power for each call. Results: Measurements of over 60 000 phone calls showed that the average output power was approximately 50% of the maximum, and that output power varied by a factor of up to 2 to 3 between study centres and network operators. Maximum power was used during a considerable proportion of call time (39% on average). Output power decreased with increasing call duration, but showed little variation in relation to reported frequency of use while in a moving vehicle or inside buildings. Higher output powers for rural compared with urban use of the SMP were observed principally in Sweden where the study covered very sparsely populated areas. Conclusions: Average power levels are substantially higher than the minimum levels theoretically achievable in GSM networks. Exposure indices could be improved by accounting for average power levels of different telecommunications systems. There appears to be little value in gathering information on circumstances of phone use other than use in very sparsely populated regions.</div></front></TEI></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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