Renewal rate estimation of groundwater based on radioactive tracers (3H, 14C) in an unconfined aquifer in a semi-arid area, Iullemeden Basin, Niger
Identifieur interne : 002D58 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002D57; suivant : 002D59Renewal rate estimation of groundwater based on radioactive tracers (3H, 14C) in an unconfined aquifer in a semi-arid area, Iullemeden Basin, Niger
Auteurs : C. Le Gal La Salle ; C. Marlin ; C. Leduc ; J. D. Taupin ; M. Massault ; G. FavreauSource :
- Journal of Hydrology [ 0022-1694 ] ; 2001.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Annual input, Annual rainfall, Annual recharge, Annual renewal rate, Aquifer, Aquifer volume, Atmospheric activity, Continental terminal, Electrical conductivity, Energy agency, Equal proportions, Fontes, Good agreement, Groundwater, Groundwater activity, Humid period, Hydrology, Iaea, Isotope, Isotopes, Isotopic, Iullemeden, Iullemeden basin, Lateritic plateaux, Leduc, Native vegetation, Niamey, Niger, Niger river, Northern hemisphere, Precipitation, Radioactive decay, Rainfall, Rainy season, Recharge, Recharge rate, Renewal, Renewal rate, Renewal rates, Residence time, Salle, Semi-arid environment, Shallow aquifer, Shallow groundwater, Steady state, Study area, Taupin, Tdic, Topographic depressions, Tracer, Tritium, Tritium content, Tritium data, Wankama, Water resour, Water table.
- Teeft :
- Annual input, Annual rainfall, Annual recharge, Annual renewal rate, Aquifer, Aquifer volume, Atmospheric activity, Continental terminal, Electrical conductivity, Energy agency, Equal proportions, Fontes, Good agreement, Groundwater, Groundwater activity, Humid period, Hydrology, Iaea, Isotope, Isotopic, Iullemeden, Iullemeden basin, Lateritic plateaux, Leduc, Native vegetation, Niamey, Niger, Niger river, Northern hemisphere, Precipitation, Radioactive decay, Rainfall, Rainy season, Recharge, Recharge rate, Renewal, Renewal rate, Renewal rates, Residence time, Salle, Shallow aquifer, Shallow groundwater, Steady state, Study area, Taupin, Tdic, Topographic depressions, Tracer, Tritium, Tritium content, Tritium data, Wankama, Water resour, Water table.
Abstract
Abstract: Estimation of groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid areas is difficult due to the low amount and variability of recharge. A combination of radiotracers investigation based on simple mixing models allows direct investigation of relatively long-term renewal rates of an aquifer. The recharge process of the shallow Continental Terminal aquifer in the Iullemeden basin (Niger) was investigated using a geochemical and isotopic approach. This study investigates the area in the one degree square of Nianey (13–14°N, 2–3°E). In this area, recharge is highly heterogeneous and mainly occurs through a drainage system of temporary streams and pools during the rainy season. Heterogeneity of the recharge is reflected through the wide variation in electrical conductivity and oxygen-18 content of the groundwater. The carbon-14 activity range for most of the groundwater falls between 69 and 126pmc showing pre and post-aerial thermonuclear test recharge. Two renewal rate models have been investigated: the first one models a well-mixed reservoir and the second one is derived from a piston flow model, in which mixing is in equal proportions. Major ions in tritium data analyses allow exclusion of non-representative samples and confirm the carbon-14 renewal rate estimations. Both models give similar results for the relatively low renewal rate investigated in the area. Using carbon-14, the mean annual rates of groundwater renewal range from 3 to 0.03% of the aquifer volume with a median of 0.1%. Assuming the median is representative of the overall renewal rate of the area, the recharge rate is in the order of 5mma−1. The shallow aquifer recharge extends from the last small humid period (around 4000a) up to now. High recharge rates are found in depressions whereas low recharge occurs below the plateaux.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00491-7
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:F1EF802060ACD673BF248DCDB3A460E337661E32Le document en format XML
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Present address: School of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: clegal@es.flinders.edu.au</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marlin, C" sort="Marlin, C" uniqKey="Marlin C" first="C." last="Marlin">C. Marlin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leduc, C" sort="Leduc, C" uniqKey="Leduc C" first="C." last="Leduc">C. Leduc</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taupin, J D" sort="Taupin, J D" uniqKey="Taupin J" first="J. D." last="Taupin">J. D. 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Le Gal La Salle</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Corresponding author. Present address: School of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: clegal@es.flinders.edu.au</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marlin, C" sort="Marlin, C" uniqKey="Marlin C" first="C." last="Marlin">C. Marlin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leduc, C" sort="Leduc, C" uniqKey="Leduc C" first="C." last="Leduc">C. Leduc</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taupin, J D" sort="Taupin, J D" uniqKey="Taupin J" first="J. D." last="Taupin">J. D. Taupin</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massault, M" sort="Massault, M" uniqKey="Massault M" first="M." last="Massault">M. Massault</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Favreau, G" sort="Favreau, G" uniqKey="Favreau G" first="G." last="Favreau">G. Favreau</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Journal of Hydrology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">HYDROL</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-1694</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001">2001</date><biblScope unit="volume">254</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1–4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="145">145</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="156">156</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0022-1694</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0022-1694</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Annual input</term><term>Annual rainfall</term><term>Annual recharge</term><term>Annual renewal rate</term><term>Aquifer</term><term>Aquifer volume</term><term>Atmospheric activity</term><term>Continental terminal</term><term>Electrical conductivity</term><term>Energy agency</term><term>Equal proportions</term><term>Fontes</term><term>Good agreement</term><term>Groundwater</term><term>Groundwater activity</term><term>Humid period</term><term>Hydrology</term><term>Iaea</term><term>Isotope</term><term>Isotopes</term><term>Isotopic</term><term>Iullemeden</term><term>Iullemeden basin</term><term>Lateritic plateaux</term><term>Leduc</term><term>Native vegetation</term><term>Niamey</term><term>Niger</term><term>Niger river</term><term>Northern hemisphere</term><term>Precipitation</term><term>Radioactive decay</term><term>Rainfall</term><term>Rainy season</term><term>Recharge</term><term>Recharge rate</term><term>Renewal</term><term>Renewal rate</term><term>Renewal rates</term><term>Residence time</term><term>Salle</term><term>Semi-arid environment</term><term>Shallow aquifer</term><term>Shallow groundwater</term><term>Steady state</term><term>Study area</term><term>Taupin</term><term>Tdic</term><term>Topographic depressions</term><term>Tracer</term><term>Tritium</term><term>Tritium content</term><term>Tritium data</term><term>Wankama</term><term>Water resour</term><term>Water table</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Annual input</term><term>Annual rainfall</term><term>Annual recharge</term><term>Annual renewal rate</term><term>Aquifer</term><term>Aquifer volume</term><term>Atmospheric activity</term><term>Continental terminal</term><term>Electrical conductivity</term><term>Energy agency</term><term>Equal proportions</term><term>Fontes</term><term>Good agreement</term><term>Groundwater</term><term>Groundwater activity</term><term>Humid period</term><term>Hydrology</term><term>Iaea</term><term>Isotope</term><term>Isotopic</term><term>Iullemeden</term><term>Iullemeden basin</term><term>Lateritic plateaux</term><term>Leduc</term><term>Native vegetation</term><term>Niamey</term><term>Niger</term><term>Niger river</term><term>Northern hemisphere</term><term>Precipitation</term><term>Radioactive decay</term><term>Rainfall</term><term>Rainy season</term><term>Recharge</term><term>Recharge rate</term><term>Renewal</term><term>Renewal rate</term><term>Renewal rates</term><term>Residence time</term><term>Salle</term><term>Shallow aquifer</term><term>Shallow groundwater</term><term>Steady state</term><term>Study area</term><term>Taupin</term><term>Tdic</term><term>Topographic depressions</term><term>Tracer</term><term>Tritium</term><term>Tritium content</term><term>Tritium data</term><term>Wankama</term><term>Water resour</term><term>Water table</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: Estimation of groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid areas is difficult due to the low amount and variability of recharge. A combination of radiotracers investigation based on simple mixing models allows direct investigation of relatively long-term renewal rates of an aquifer. The recharge process of the shallow Continental Terminal aquifer in the Iullemeden basin (Niger) was investigated using a geochemical and isotopic approach. This study investigates the area in the one degree square of Nianey (13–14°N, 2–3°E). In this area, recharge is highly heterogeneous and mainly occurs through a drainage system of temporary streams and pools during the rainy season. Heterogeneity of the recharge is reflected through the wide variation in electrical conductivity and oxygen-18 content of the groundwater. The carbon-14 activity range for most of the groundwater falls between 69 and 126pmc showing pre and post-aerial thermonuclear test recharge. Two renewal rate models have been investigated: the first one models a well-mixed reservoir and the second one is derived from a piston flow model, in which mixing is in equal proportions. Major ions in tritium data analyses allow exclusion of non-representative samples and confirm the carbon-14 renewal rate estimations. Both models give similar results for the relatively low renewal rate investigated in the area. Using carbon-14, the mean annual rates of groundwater renewal range from 3 to 0.03% of the aquifer volume with a median of 0.1%. Assuming the median is representative of the overall renewal rate of the area, the recharge rate is in the order of 5mma−1. The shallow aquifer recharge extends from the last small humid period (around 4000a) up to now. High recharge rates are found in depressions whereas low recharge occurs below the plateaux.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>elsevier</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>groundwater</json:string><json:string>aquifer</json:string><json:string>recharge</json:string><json:string>tritium</json:string><json:string>renewal rate</json:string><json:string>hydrology</json:string><json:string>leduc</json:string><json:string>tdic</json:string><json:string>taupin</json:string><json:string>isotope</json:string><json:string>fontes</json:string><json:string>steady state</json:string><json:string>renewal rates</json:string><json:string>precipitation</json:string><json:string>iullemeden</json:string><json:string>water table</json:string><json:string>wankama</json:string><json:string>iaea</json:string><json:string>tracer</json:string><json:string>iullemeden basin</json:string><json:string>niamey</json:string><json:string>annual rainfall</json:string><json:string>annual renewal rate</json:string><json:string>tritium data</json:string><json:string>continental terminal</json:string><json:string>native vegetation</json:string><json:string>radioactive decay</json:string><json:string>recharge rate</json:string><json:string>shallow aquifer</json:string><json:string>niger</json:string><json:string>salle</json:string><json:string>shallow groundwater</json:string><json:string>groundwater activity</json:string><json:string>niger river</json:string><json:string>electrical conductivity</json:string><json:string>study area</json:string><json:string>atmospheric activity</json:string><json:string>rainy season</json:string><json:string>renewal</json:string><json:string>annual recharge</json:string><json:string>topographic depressions</json:string><json:string>good agreement</json:string><json:string>lateritic plateaux</json:string><json:string>equal proportions</json:string><json:string>residence time</json:string><json:string>annual input</json:string><json:string>tritium content</json:string><json:string>humid period</json:string><json:string>energy agency</json:string><json:string>aquifer volume</json:string><json:string>northern hemisphere</json:string><json:string>water resour</json:string><json:string>rainfall</json:string><json:string>isotopic</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>C. Le Gal La Salle</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</json:string><json:string>Corresponding author. Present address: School of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia</json:string><json:string>E-mail: clegal@es.flinders.edu.au</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>C. Marlin</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>C. Leduc</name><affiliations><json:string>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J.D. Taupin</name><affiliations><json:string>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Massault</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. Favreau</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</json:string><json:string>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Groundwater</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Recharge</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Isotopes</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Semi-arid environment</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Niger</value></json:item></subject><arkIstex>ark:/67375/6H6-W233JDH1-N</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>Full-length article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Abstract: Estimation of groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid areas is difficult due to the low amount and variability of recharge. A combination of radiotracers investigation based on simple mixing models allows direct investigation of relatively long-term renewal rates of an aquifer. The recharge process of the shallow Continental Terminal aquifer in the Iullemeden basin (Niger) was investigated using a geochemical and isotopic approach. This study investigates the area in the one degree square of Nianey (13–14°N, 2–3°E). In this area, recharge is highly heterogeneous and mainly occurs through a drainage system of temporary streams and pools during the rainy season. Heterogeneity of the recharge is reflected through the wide variation in electrical conductivity and oxygen-18 content of the groundwater. The carbon-14 activity range for most of the groundwater falls between 69 and 126pmc showing pre and post-aerial thermonuclear test recharge. Two renewal rate models have been investigated: the first one models a well-mixed reservoir and the second one is derived from a piston flow model, in which mixing is in equal proportions. Major ions in tritium data analyses allow exclusion of non-representative samples and confirm the carbon-14 renewal rate estimations. Both models give similar results for the relatively low renewal rate investigated in the area. Using carbon-14, the mean annual rates of groundwater renewal range from 3 to 0.03% of the aquifer volume with a median of 0.1%. Assuming the median is representative of the overall renewal rate of the area, the recharge rate is in the order of 5mma−1. The shallow aquifer recharge extends from the last small humid period (around 4000a) up to now. High recharge rates are found in depressions whereas low recharge occurs below the plateaux.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>10</score><pdfWordCount>6035</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>38386</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.2</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>12</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>544 x 743 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>281</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1822</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>5</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Renewal rate estimation of groundwater based on radioactive tracers (3H, 14C) in an unconfined aquifer in a semi-arid area, Iullemeden Basin, Niger</title><pii><json:string>S0022-1694(01)00491-7</json:string></pii><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><serie><title>Radioactive Dating and Method of Low-Level Counting</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language></serie><host><title>Journal of Hydrology</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate><issn><json:string>0022-1694</json:string></issn><pii><json:string>S0022-1694(00)X0123-0</json:string></pii><volume>254</volume><issue>1–4</issue><pages><first>145</first><last>156</last></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>1963</json:string><json:string>3500</json:string><json:string>2001</json:string><json:string>1953</json:string><json:string>1993</json:string><json:string>1994</json:string><json:string>1970s</json:string><json:string>1995</json:string><json:string>1991</json:string><json:string>1905</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>The CO</json:string><json:string>IAEA</json:string><json:string>Biogenic CO</json:string><json:string>Niger River</json:string><json:string>National Meteorology, Niger</json:string><json:string>Flinders University</json:string><json:string>South Australia, GPO Box</json:string><json:string>National Meteorology of Niger</json:string><json:string>International Atomic Energy Agency</json:string><json:string>Mali and Ndjamena, Chad</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>C. Le Gal</json:string><json:string>Loga Kolo</json:string><json:string>Mac Crea</json:string><json:string>A. Raguideau</json:string><json:string>Samples</json:string><json:string>A. Filly</json:string></persName><placeName><json:string>Australia</json:string><json:string>Niamey</json:string><json:string>Canada</json:string><json:string>Niger</json:string><json:string>Ottawa</json:string><json:string>France</json:string><json:string>Bamako</json:string></placeName><ref_url></ref_url><ref_bibl><json:string>Salem et al., 1980</json:string><json:string>Walker and Cook, 1991</json:string><json:string>Stuiver et al., 1991</json:string><json:string>Riser and Petit-Maire, 1986</json:string><json:string>Deines and Langmuir, 1974</json:string><json:string>Le Gal La Salle, 1994</json:string><json:string>Desconnets et al. (1997)</json:string><json:string>Levin et al., 1995</json:string><json:string>Leduc et al., 1996</json:string><json:string>Leduc and Taupin, 1997</json:string><json:string>Taupin et al., 1995</json:string><json:string>Guyodo and Valet, 1996</json:string><json:string>Taupin, 1990</json:string><json:string>La Salle et al.</json:string><json:string>Leduc et al. (1996,1997)</json:string><json:string>Fontes et al., 1991</json:string><json:string>Epstein and Mayeda, 1953</json:string><json:string>Leduc et al. (1996)</json:string><json:string>Fontes, 1983</json:string><json:string>Levin et al. (1992)</json:string><json:string>around 4000±3500 a BP: Joseph and Aranyossy, 1985</json:string><json:string>Taupin et al., 1993</json:string><json:string>Siegenthaler et al. (1972)</json:string><json:string>Andrews et al., 1994</json:string><json:string>Suess, 1971</json:string><json:string>Kitagawa and Van der Plitch, 1998</json:string><json:string>Salomon and Mook, 1986</json:string><json:string>Leduc et al., 1996,1997</json:string><json:string>Dray et al., 1983</json:string><json:string>Fontes and Edmunds, 1989</json:string><json:string>Stumm and Morgan, 1981</json:string><json:string>Desconnets et al., 1997</json:string><json:string>Ousmane, 1988</json:string><json:string>Joseph et al., 1990</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/6H6-W233JDH1-N</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - science</json:string><json:string>2 - water resources</json:string><json:string>2 - geosciences, multidisciplinary</json:string><json:string>2 - engineering, civil</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>1 - applied sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - engineering</json:string><json:string>3 - environmental engineering</json:string></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Environmental Science</json:string><json:string>3 - Water Science and Technology</json:string></scopus><inist><json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string><json:string>3 - sciences biologiques fondamentales et appliquees. psychologie</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2001</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2001</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00491-7</json:string></doi><id>F1EF802060ACD673BF248DCDB3A460E337661E32</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F1EF802060ACD673BF248DCDB3A460E337661E32/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F1EF802060ACD673BF248DCDB3A460E337661E32/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/F1EF802060ACD673BF248DCDB3A460E337661E32/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Renewal rate estimation of groundwater based on radioactive tracers (3H, 14C) in an unconfined aquifer in a semi-arid area, Iullemeden Basin, Niger</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><availability><p>©2001 Elsevier Science B.V.</p></availability><date>2001</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">Fig. 1: Study area and the sampling site locations in both the unconfined and confined aquifers.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Oxygen-18 content (a) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (b) versus electrical conductivity. Unconfined aquifer: • samples collected after 1995, ○ samples collected before 1995; Confined aquifer: ▴.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Carbon-13 contents of the TDIC versus pH. The three curves represent the theoretical groundwater compositions in 13C resulting from an isotopic equilibrium with gaseous CO2 with different carbon-13 content (δ13C of −7, −13 and −20 ‰ versus PDB).</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Annual renewal rate calculated from the carbon-14 activity for both model of well mixed reservoir and model of mixing in equal proportion.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Annual renewal rate calculated from the model of well mixed reservoir for initial groundwater activities in 1905 (a) at a steady state and lower than the steady state by (b) 5% and (c) 10%.</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Carbon-14 activity versus tritium content. The theoretical curve indicates a model of well-mixed reservoir for different renewal rates. Unconfined aquifer: • Confined aquifer: ▴.</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: Renewal rates calculated from the carbon-14 and tritium data according the model of well-mixed reservoir versus depth of water table. For depths to the water less than 35m the recharge is high, when the depth to the water is higher the recharge is much lower.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Chemical, isotopic composition of groundwater sampled from the shallow (CT3) and confined (CT1-2) aquifers and mean annual renewal rate of the shallow aquifer</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Renewal rate estimation of groundwater based on radioactive tracers (3H, 14C) in an unconfined aquifer in a semi-arid area, Iullemeden Basin, Niger</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Le Gal La Salle</surname></persName><email>clegal@es.flinders.edu.au</email><affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</affiliation><affiliation>Corresponding author. Present address: School of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Marlin</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">C.</forename><surname>Leduc</surname></persName><affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">J.D.</forename><surname>Taupin</surname></persName><affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Massault</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">G.</forename><surname>Favreau</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</affiliation><affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">F1EF802060ACD673BF248DCDB3A460E337661E32</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00491-7</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-1694(01)00491-7</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Hydrology</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">HYDROL</title><idno type="pISSN">0022-1694</idno><idno type="PII">S0022-1694(00)X0123-0</idno><imprint><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><date type="published" when="2001"></date><biblScope unit="volume">254</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1–4</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="145">145</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="156">156</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2001</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Estimation of groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid areas is difficult due to the low amount and variability of recharge. A combination of radiotracers investigation based on simple mixing models allows direct investigation of relatively long-term renewal rates of an aquifer. The recharge process of the shallow Continental Terminal aquifer in the Iullemeden basin (Niger) was investigated using a geochemical and isotopic approach. This study investigates the area in the one degree square of Nianey (13–14°N, 2–3°E). In this area, recharge is highly heterogeneous and mainly occurs through a drainage system of temporary streams and pools during the rainy season. Heterogeneity of the recharge is reflected through the wide variation in electrical conductivity and oxygen-18 content of the groundwater. The carbon-14 activity range for most of the groundwater falls between 69 and 126pmc showing pre and post-aerial thermonuclear test recharge. Two renewal rate models have been investigated: the first one models a well-mixed reservoir and the second one is derived from a piston flow model, in which mixing is in equal proportions. Major ions in tritium data analyses allow exclusion of non-representative samples and confirm the carbon-14 renewal rate estimations. Both models give similar results for the relatively low renewal rate investigated in the area. Using carbon-14, the mean annual rates of groundwater renewal range from 3 to 0.03% of the aquifer volume with a median of 0.1%. Assuming the median is representative of the overall renewal rate of the area, the recharge rate is in the order of 5mma−1. The shallow aquifer recharge extends from the last small humid period (around 4000a) up to now. High recharge rates are found in depressions whereas low recharge occurs below the plateaux.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Groundwater</term></item><item><term>Recharge</term></item><item><term>Isotopes</term></item><item><term>Semi-arid environment</term></item><item><term>Niger</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2001-03-20">Modified</change><change when="2001">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F1EF802060ACD673BF248DCDB3A460E337661E32/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Elsevier, elements deleted: ce:floats; body; tail"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//ES//DTD journal article DTD version 4.5.2//EN//XML" URI="art452.dtd" name="istex:docType"><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr1" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr1"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr2" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr2"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr3" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr3"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr4" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr4"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr5" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr5"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr6" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr6"></istex:entity><istex:entity SYSTEM="gr7" NDATA="IMAGE" name="gr7"></istex:entity></istex:docType><istex:document><converted-article version="4.5.2" docsubtype="fla" xml:lang="en"><item-info><jid>HYDROL</jid><aid>4346</aid><ce:pii>S0022-1694(01)00491-7</ce:pii><ce:doi>10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00491-7</ce:doi><ce:copyright type="full-transfer" year="2001">Elsevier Science B.V.</ce:copyright></item-info><head><ce:title>Renewal rate estimation of groundwater based on radioactive tracers (<ce:sup loc="pre">3</ce:sup>H, <ce:sup loc="pre">14</ce:sup>C) in an unconfined aquifer in a semi-arid area, Iullemeden Basin, Niger</ce:title><ce:author-group><ce:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Le Gal La Salle</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="CORR1">*</ce:cross-ref><ce:e-address>clegal@es.flinders.edu.au</ce:e-address></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Marlin</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>C.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Leduc</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>J.D.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Taupin</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>M.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Massault</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:author><ce:given-name>G.</ce:given-name><ce:surname>Favreau</ce:surname><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF1"><ce:sup>a</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref><ce:cross-ref refid="AFF2"><ce:sup>b</ce:sup></ce:cross-ref></ce:author><ce:affiliation id="AFF1"><ce:label>a</ce:label><ce:textfn>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:affiliation id="AFF2"><ce:label>b</ce:label><ce:textfn>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</ce:textfn></ce:affiliation><ce:correspondence id="CORR1"><ce:label>*</ce:label><ce:text>Corresponding author. Present address: School of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia</ce:text></ce:correspondence></ce:author-group><ce:date-received day="20" month="10" year="1999"></ce:date-received><ce:date-revised day="20" month="3" year="2001"></ce:date-revised><ce:date-accepted day="9" month="7" year="2001"></ce:date-accepted><ce:abstract><ce:section-title>Abstract</ce:section-title><ce:abstract-sec><ce:simple-para>Estimation of groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid areas is difficult due to the low amount and variability of recharge. A combination of radiotracers investigation based on simple mixing models allows direct investigation of relatively long-term renewal rates of an aquifer. The recharge process of the shallow Continental Terminal aquifer in the Iullemeden basin (Niger) was investigated using a geochemical and isotopic approach. This study investigates the area in the one degree square of Nianey (13–14°N, 2–3°E). In this area, recharge is highly heterogeneous and mainly occurs through a drainage system of temporary streams and pools during the rainy season. Heterogeneity of the recharge is reflected through the wide variation in electrical conductivity and oxygen-18 content of the groundwater. The carbon-14 activity range for most of the groundwater falls between 69 and 126<ce:hsp sp="0.25"></ce:hsp>pmc showing pre and post-aerial thermonuclear test recharge. Two renewal rate models have been investigated: the first one models a well-mixed reservoir and the second one is derived from a piston flow model, in which mixing is in equal proportions. Major ions in tritium data analyses allow exclusion of non-representative samples and confirm the carbon-14 renewal rate estimations. Both models give similar results for the relatively low renewal rate investigated in the area. Using carbon-14, the mean annual rates of groundwater renewal range from 3 to 0.03% of the aquifer volume with a median of 0.1%. Assuming the median is representative of the overall renewal rate of the area, the recharge rate is in the order of 5<ce:hsp sp="0.25"></ce:hsp>mm<ce:hsp sp="0.25"></ce:hsp>a<ce:sup>−1</ce:sup>. The shallow aquifer recharge extends from the last small humid period (around 4000<ce:hsp sp="0.25"></ce:hsp>a) up to now. High recharge rates are found in depressions whereas low recharge occurs below the plateaux.</ce:simple-para></ce:abstract-sec></ce:abstract><ce:keywords class="keyword" xml:lang="en"><ce:section-title>Keywords</ce:section-title><ce:keyword><ce:text>Groundwater</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Recharge</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Isotopes</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Semi-arid environment</ce:text></ce:keyword><ce:keyword><ce:text>Niger</ce:text></ce:keyword></ce:keywords></head></converted-article></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Renewal rate estimation of groundwater based on radioactive tracers (3H, 14C) in an unconfined aquifer in a semi-arid area, Iullemeden Basin, Niger</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" lang="en" contentType="CDATA"><title>Renewal rate estimation of groundwater based on radioactive tracers (</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Le Gal La Salle</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</affiliation><affiliation>Corresponding author. Present address: School of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: clegal@es.flinders.edu.au</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Marlin</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Leduc</namePart><affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Taupin</namePart><affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Massault</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Favreau</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie isotopique, Université de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France</affiliation><affiliation>IRD, B.P. 5045, Montpellier, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="Full-length article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2001</dateIssued><dateModified encoding="w3cdtf">2001-03-20</dateModified><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2001</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm></language><abstract lang="en">Abstract: Estimation of groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid areas is difficult due to the low amount and variability of recharge. A combination of radiotracers investigation based on simple mixing models allows direct investigation of relatively long-term renewal rates of an aquifer. The recharge process of the shallow Continental Terminal aquifer in the Iullemeden basin (Niger) was investigated using a geochemical and isotopic approach. This study investigates the area in the one degree square of Nianey (13–14°N, 2–3°E). In this area, recharge is highly heterogeneous and mainly occurs through a drainage system of temporary streams and pools during the rainy season. Heterogeneity of the recharge is reflected through the wide variation in electrical conductivity and oxygen-18 content of the groundwater. The carbon-14 activity range for most of the groundwater falls between 69 and 126pmc showing pre and post-aerial thermonuclear test recharge. Two renewal rate models have been investigated: the first one models a well-mixed reservoir and the second one is derived from a piston flow model, in which mixing is in equal proportions. Major ions in tritium data analyses allow exclusion of non-representative samples and confirm the carbon-14 renewal rate estimations. Both models give similar results for the relatively low renewal rate investigated in the area. Using carbon-14, the mean annual rates of groundwater renewal range from 3 to 0.03% of the aquifer volume with a median of 0.1%. Assuming the median is representative of the overall renewal rate of the area, the recharge rate is in the order of 5mma−1. The shallow aquifer recharge extends from the last small humid period (around 4000a) up to now. High recharge rates are found in depressions whereas low recharge occurs below the plateaux.</abstract><note type="content">Fig. 1: Study area and the sampling site locations in both the unconfined and confined aquifers.</note><note type="content">Fig. 2: Oxygen-18 content (a) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (b) versus electrical conductivity. Unconfined aquifer: • samples collected after 1995, ○ samples collected before 1995; Confined aquifer: ▴.</note><note type="content">Fig. 3: Carbon-13 contents of the TDIC versus pH. The three curves represent the theoretical groundwater compositions in 13C resulting from an isotopic equilibrium with gaseous CO2 with different carbon-13 content (δ13C of −7, −13 and −20 ‰ versus PDB).</note><note type="content">Fig. 4: Annual renewal rate calculated from the carbon-14 activity for both model of well mixed reservoir and model of mixing in equal proportion.</note><note type="content">Fig. 5: Annual renewal rate calculated from the model of well mixed reservoir for initial groundwater activities in 1905 (a) at a steady state and lower than the steady state by (b) 5% and (c) 10%.</note><note type="content">Fig. 6: Carbon-14 activity versus tritium content. The theoretical curve indicates a model of well-mixed reservoir for different renewal rates. Unconfined aquifer: • Confined aquifer: ▴.</note><note type="content">Fig. 7: Renewal rates calculated from the carbon-14 and tritium data according the model of well-mixed reservoir versus depth of water table. For depths to the water less than 35m the recharge is high, when the depth to the water is higher the recharge is much lower.</note><note type="content">Table 1: Chemical, isotopic composition of groundwater sampled from the shallow (CT3) and confined (CT1-2) aquifers and mean annual renewal rate of the shallow aquifer</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Recharge</topic><topic>Isotopes</topic><topic>Semi-arid environment</topic><topic>Niger</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Hydrology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>HYDROL</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><originInfo><publisher>ELSEVIER</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">20011210</dateIssued></originInfo><identifier type="ISSN">0022-1694</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022-1694(00)X0123-0</identifier><part><date>20011210</date><detail type="volume"><number>254</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1–4</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="issue-pages"><start>1</start><end>256</end></extent><extent unit="pages"><start>145</start><end>156</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">F1EF802060ACD673BF248DCDB3A460E337661E32</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/6H6-W233JDH1-N</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00491-7</identifier><identifier type="PII">S0022-1694(01)00491-7</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2001 Elsevier Science B.V.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-HKKZVM7B-M">elsevier</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Elsevier Science B.V., ©2001</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/F1EF802060ACD673BF248DCDB3A460E337661E32/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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