Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP‐2)
Identifieur interne : 002291 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 002290; suivant : 002292Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP‐2)
Auteurs : R. G. Najjar ; X. Jin ; F. Louanchi ; O. Aumont ; K. Caldeira ; S. C. Doney ; J. Dutay ; M. Follows ; N. Gruber ; F. Joos ; K. Lindsay ; E. Maier-Reimer ; R. J. Matear ; K. Matsumoto ; P. Monfray ; A. Mouchet ; J. C. Orr ; G. Plattner ; J. L. Sarmiento ; R. Schlitzer ; R. D. Slater ; M. Weirig ; Y. Yamanaka ; A. YoolSource :
- Global Biogeochemical Cycles [ 0886-6236 ] ; 2007-09.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Academic press, Algorithm, Annual cycle, Anthropogenic, Apparent oxygen utilization, Biogeochem, Biogeochemical, Biogeochemistry, Carbon cycle, Carbon export, Carlson, Circulation, Circulation impact, Circulation models, Clim, Climatology, Community production, Compensation depth, Conkright, Cycling, Deep ocean, Doney, Downward flux, Dutay, Equatorial, Euphotic zone, Export, Export fraction, Export fractions, Export production, Geophys, Global, Global biogeochem, Global export production, Global ocean, Global particle export, Gnanadesikan, Hansell, Igcr, Initial conditions, Inorganic carbon, Inverse estimates, Inverse method, Isop, Keeling, Latitude, Latitude bands, Layer depth, Layer dynamics, Levitus, Louanchi, Marine biogeochemical models, Matsumoto, Metrics, Mikaloff fletcher, Mmol, Model timestep, Modeling, Modeling study, Monthly resolution, Najjar, Nitrogen fixation, Noaa, Noaa atlas nesdis, Npdw, Nutrient, Ocean biogeochemistry, Ocean circulation, Ocean circulation models, Ocean model intercomparison project, Ocean models, Oceanic, Oceanogr, Ocmip models, Organic carbon, Organic matter, Organic phosphorus, Outgassing, Oxygen concentration, Oxygen content, Particle export, Particle flux, Phosphate, Phosphorus, Piub, Primary production, Primary production algorithms, Prin, Prin model, Production zone, Radiocarbon, Radiocarbon content, Reasonable agreement, Redfield, Redfield ratio, Refractory, Refractory component, Remineralization, Sarmiento, Schlitzer, Seasonal variations, Seasonality, Sediment traps, Semilabile, Silver spring, Simple biogeochemical model, Simulation, Southern ocean, Southern subtropics, Subtropics, Surface ocean, Surface phosphate, Surface water, Surface waters, Tajika, Temporal variability, Thermocline, Timescale, Total export, Tracer, Transfer velocity, Tropical export production, Tropics, Unit area, Upper ocean circulation, Upwelling, Water column, Wind speed, Woods hole, World ocean atlas, Yamanaka.
- Teeft :
- Academic press, Algorithm, Annual cycle, Anthropogenic, Apparent oxygen utilization, Biogeochem, Biogeochemical, Biogeochemistry, Carbon cycle, Carbon export, Carlson, Circulation, Circulation impact, Circulation models, Clim, Climatology, Community production, Compensation depth, Conkright, Cycling, Deep ocean, Doney, Downward flux, Dutay, Equatorial, Euphotic zone, Export, Export fraction, Export fractions, Export production, Geophys, Global, Global biogeochem, Global export production, Global ocean, Global particle export, Gnanadesikan, Hansell, Igcr, Initial conditions, Inorganic carbon, Inverse estimates, Inverse method, Isop, Keeling, Latitude, Latitude bands, Layer depth, Layer dynamics, Levitus, Louanchi, Marine biogeochemical models, Matsumoto, Metrics, Mikaloff fletcher, Mmol, Model timestep, Modeling, Modeling study, Monthly resolution, Najjar, Nitrogen fixation, Noaa, Noaa atlas nesdis, Npdw, Nutrient, Ocean biogeochemistry, Ocean circulation, Ocean circulation models, Ocean model intercomparison project, Ocean models, Oceanic, Oceanogr, Ocmip models, Organic carbon, Organic matter, Organic phosphorus, Outgassing, Oxygen concentration, Oxygen content, Particle export, Particle flux, Phosphate, Phosphorus, Piub, Primary production, Primary production algorithms, Prin, Prin model, Production zone, Radiocarbon, Radiocarbon content, Reasonable agreement, Redfield, Redfield ratio, Refractory, Refractory component, Remineralization, Sarmiento, Schlitzer, Seasonal variations, Seasonality, Sediment traps, Semilabile, Silver spring, Simple biogeochemical model, Simulation, Southern ocean, Southern subtropics, Subtropics, Surface ocean, Surface phosphate, Surface water, Surface waters, Tajika, Temporal variability, Thermocline, Timescale, Total export, Tracer, Transfer velocity, Tropical export production, Tropics, Unit area, Upper ocean circulation, Upwelling, Water column, Wind speed, Woods hole, World ocean atlas, Yamanaka.
Abstract
Results are presented of export production, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen simulated by 12 global ocean models participating in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple biogeochemical model is utilized in different coarse‐resolution ocean circulation models. The model mean (±1σ) downward flux of organic matter across 75 m depth is 17 ± 6 Pg C yr−1. Model means of globally averaged particle export, the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are in good agreement with observation‐based estimates, but particle export and surface DOC are too high in the tropics. There is a high sensitivity of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1) the correlation of surface DOC and export with circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon inventory and deep‐ocean radiocarbon, (2) very large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean export, and (3) greater export production, fraction of export as DOM, and SNO in models with explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep‐ocean oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is poorly correlated with other model indices. Cross‐model means of several biogeochemical metrics show better agreement with observation‐based estimates when restricted to those models that best simulate deep‐ocean radiocarbon. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of physical processes in marine biogeochemical modeling and suggest that the development of circulation models can be accelerated by evaluating them with marine biogeochemical metrics.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2006GB002857
Links to Exploration step
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<author><name sortKey="Mouchet, A" sort="Mouchet, A" uniqKey="Mouchet A" first="A." last="Mouchet">A. Mouchet</name>
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<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Now at Marine Environmental Laboratories, IAEA, Monaco.</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Plattner, G" sort="Plattner, G" uniqKey="Plattner G" first="G." last="Plattner">G. Plattner</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Schlitzer, R" sort="Schlitzer, R" uniqKey="Schlitzer R" first="R." last="Schlitzer">R. Schlitzer</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Slater, R D" sort="Slater, R D" uniqKey="Slater R" first="R. D." last="Slater">R. D. Slater</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, New Jersey, Princeton, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Weirig, M" sort="Weirig, M" uniqKey="Weirig M" first="M." last="Weirig">M. Weirig</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamanaka, Y" sort="Yamanaka, Y" uniqKey="Yamanaka Y" first="Y." last="Yamanaka">Y. Yamanaka</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Yool, A" sort="Yool, A" uniqKey="Yool A" first="A." last="Yool">A. Yool</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Ocean Modelling and Forecasting Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP‐2)</title>
<author><name sortKey="Najjar, R G" sort="Najjar, R G" uniqKey="Najjar R" first="R. G." last="Najjar">R. G. Najjar</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: najjar@meteo.psu.edu</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, University Park, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Jin, X" sort="Jin, X" uniqKey="Jin X" first="X." last="Jin">X. Jin</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Inst. of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, California, Los Angeles, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Louanchi, F" sort="Louanchi, F" uniqKey="Louanchi F" first="F." last="Louanchi">F. Louanchi</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institut des Sciences de la Mer et de l'Aménagement du Littoral, Algiers, Algeria</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aumont, O" sort="Aumont, O" uniqKey="Aumont O" first="O." last="Aumont">O. Aumont</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques, IPSL/IRD, Brest, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Caldeira, K" sort="Caldeira, K" uniqKey="Caldeira K" first="K." last="Caldeira">K. Caldeira</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, California, Stanford, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doney, S C" sort="Doney, S C" uniqKey="Doney S" first="S. C." last="Doney">S. C. Doney</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, Woods Hole, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dutay, J" sort="Dutay, J" uniqKey="Dutay J" first="J." last="Dutay">J. Dutay</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/IPSL, Gif‐Sur‐Yvette, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Follows, M" sort="Follows, M" uniqKey="Follows M" first="M." last="Follows">M. Follows</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gruber, N" sort="Gruber, N" uniqKey="Gruber N" first="N." last="Gruber">N. Gruber</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joos, F" sort="Joos, F" uniqKey="Joos F" first="F." last="Joos">F. Joos</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lindsay, K" sort="Lindsay, K" uniqKey="Lindsay K" first="K." last="Lindsay">K. Lindsay</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Oceanography Section, NCAR, Colorado, Boulder, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maier Eimer, E" sort="Maier Eimer, E" uniqKey="Maier Eimer E" first="E." last="Maier-Reimer">E. Maier-Reimer</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Max Planck Institut fuer Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matear, R J" sort="Matear, R J" uniqKey="Matear R" first="R. J." last="Matear">R. J. Matear</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Marine Research, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matsumoto, K" sort="Matsumoto, K" uniqKey="Matsumoto K" first="K." last="Matsumoto">K. Matsumoto</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Monfray, P" sort="Monfray, P" uniqKey="Monfray P" first="P." last="Monfray">P. Monfray</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Section Ocean‐Atmosphere, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, Paris, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mouchet, A" sort="Mouchet, A" uniqKey="Mouchet A" first="A." last="Mouchet">A. Mouchet</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics and Oceanography, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Orr, J C" sort="Orr, J C" uniqKey="Orr J" first="J. C." last="Orr">J. C. Orr</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/IPSL, Gif‐Sur‐Yvette, France</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Now at Marine Environmental Laboratories, IAEA, Monaco.</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Plattner, G" sort="Plattner, G" uniqKey="Plattner G" first="G." last="Plattner">G. Plattner</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarmiento, J L" sort="Sarmiento, J L" uniqKey="Sarmiento J" first="J. L." last="Sarmiento">J. L. Sarmiento</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, New Jersey, Princeton, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schlitzer, R" sort="Schlitzer, R" uniqKey="Schlitzer R" first="R." last="Schlitzer">R. Schlitzer</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Slater, R D" sort="Slater, R D" uniqKey="Slater R" first="R. D." last="Slater">R. D. Slater</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, New Jersey, Princeton, USA</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weirig, M" sort="Weirig, M" uniqKey="Weirig M" first="M." last="Weirig">M. Weirig</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamanaka, Y" sort="Yamanaka, Y" uniqKey="Yamanaka Y" first="Y." last="Yamanaka">Y. Yamanaka</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yool, A" sort="Yool, A" uniqKey="Yool A" first="A." last="Yool">A. Yool</name>
<affiliation><mods:affiliation>Ocean Modelling and Forecasting Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</mods:affiliation>
</affiliation>
</author>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Academic press</term>
<term>Algorithm</term>
<term>Annual cycle</term>
<term>Anthropogenic</term>
<term>Apparent oxygen utilization</term>
<term>Biogeochem</term>
<term>Biogeochemical</term>
<term>Biogeochemistry</term>
<term>Carbon cycle</term>
<term>Carbon export</term>
<term>Carlson</term>
<term>Circulation</term>
<term>Circulation impact</term>
<term>Circulation models</term>
<term>Clim</term>
<term>Climatology</term>
<term>Community production</term>
<term>Compensation depth</term>
<term>Conkright</term>
<term>Cycling</term>
<term>Deep ocean</term>
<term>Doney</term>
<term>Downward flux</term>
<term>Dutay</term>
<term>Equatorial</term>
<term>Euphotic zone</term>
<term>Export</term>
<term>Export fraction</term>
<term>Export fractions</term>
<term>Export production</term>
<term>Geophys</term>
<term>Global</term>
<term>Global biogeochem</term>
<term>Global export production</term>
<term>Global ocean</term>
<term>Global particle export</term>
<term>Gnanadesikan</term>
<term>Hansell</term>
<term>Igcr</term>
<term>Initial conditions</term>
<term>Inorganic carbon</term>
<term>Inverse estimates</term>
<term>Inverse method</term>
<term>Isop</term>
<term>Keeling</term>
<term>Latitude</term>
<term>Latitude bands</term>
<term>Layer depth</term>
<term>Layer dynamics</term>
<term>Levitus</term>
<term>Louanchi</term>
<term>Marine biogeochemical models</term>
<term>Matsumoto</term>
<term>Metrics</term>
<term>Mikaloff fletcher</term>
<term>Mmol</term>
<term>Model timestep</term>
<term>Modeling</term>
<term>Modeling study</term>
<term>Monthly resolution</term>
<term>Najjar</term>
<term>Nitrogen fixation</term>
<term>Noaa</term>
<term>Noaa atlas nesdis</term>
<term>Npdw</term>
<term>Nutrient</term>
<term>Ocean biogeochemistry</term>
<term>Ocean circulation</term>
<term>Ocean circulation models</term>
<term>Ocean model intercomparison project</term>
<term>Ocean models</term>
<term>Oceanic</term>
<term>Oceanogr</term>
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<term>Oxygen content</term>
<term>Particle export</term>
<term>Particle flux</term>
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<term>Phosphorus</term>
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<term>Prin model</term>
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<term>Radiocarbon content</term>
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<term>Apparent oxygen utilization</term>
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<term>Biogeochemical</term>
<term>Biogeochemistry</term>
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<term>Export</term>
<term>Export fraction</term>
<term>Export fractions</term>
<term>Export production</term>
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<term>Global</term>
<term>Global biogeochem</term>
<term>Global export production</term>
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<term>Global particle export</term>
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<term>Inorganic carbon</term>
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<term>Latitude</term>
<term>Latitude bands</term>
<term>Layer depth</term>
<term>Layer dynamics</term>
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<term>Louanchi</term>
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<term>Modeling study</term>
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<term>Noaa</term>
<term>Noaa atlas nesdis</term>
<term>Npdw</term>
<term>Nutrient</term>
<term>Ocean biogeochemistry</term>
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<term>Organic matter</term>
<term>Organic phosphorus</term>
<term>Outgassing</term>
<term>Oxygen concentration</term>
<term>Oxygen content</term>
<term>Particle export</term>
<term>Particle flux</term>
<term>Phosphate</term>
<term>Phosphorus</term>
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<term>Primary production</term>
<term>Primary production algorithms</term>
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<term>Prin model</term>
<term>Production zone</term>
<term>Radiocarbon</term>
<term>Radiocarbon content</term>
<term>Reasonable agreement</term>
<term>Redfield</term>
<term>Redfield ratio</term>
<term>Refractory</term>
<term>Refractory component</term>
<term>Remineralization</term>
<term>Sarmiento</term>
<term>Schlitzer</term>
<term>Seasonal variations</term>
<term>Seasonality</term>
<term>Sediment traps</term>
<term>Semilabile</term>
<term>Silver spring</term>
<term>Simple biogeochemical model</term>
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<term>Southern subtropics</term>
<term>Subtropics</term>
<term>Surface ocean</term>
<term>Surface phosphate</term>
<term>Surface water</term>
<term>Surface waters</term>
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<term>Thermocline</term>
<term>Timescale</term>
<term>Total export</term>
<term>Tracer</term>
<term>Transfer velocity</term>
<term>Tropical export production</term>
<term>Tropics</term>
<term>Unit area</term>
<term>Upper ocean circulation</term>
<term>Upwelling</term>
<term>Water column</term>
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<front><div type="abstract">Results are presented of export production, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen simulated by 12 global ocean models participating in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple biogeochemical model is utilized in different coarse‐resolution ocean circulation models. The model mean (±1σ) downward flux of organic matter across 75 m depth is 17 ± 6 Pg C yr−1. Model means of globally averaged particle export, the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are in good agreement with observation‐based estimates, but particle export and surface DOC are too high in the tropics. There is a high sensitivity of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1) the correlation of surface DOC and export with circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon inventory and deep‐ocean radiocarbon, (2) very large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean export, and (3) greater export production, fraction of export as DOM, and SNO in models with explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep‐ocean oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is poorly correlated with other model indices. Cross‐model means of several biogeochemical metrics show better agreement with observation‐based estimates when restricted to those models that best simulate deep‐ocean radiocarbon. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of physical processes in marine biogeochemical modeling and suggest that the development of circulation models can be accelerated by evaluating them with marine biogeochemical metrics.</div>
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<abstract>Results are presented of export production, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen simulated by 12 global ocean models participating in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple biogeochemical model is utilized in different coarse‐resolution ocean circulation models. The model mean (±1σ) downward flux of organic matter across 75 m depth is 17 ± 6 Pg C yr−1. Model means of globally averaged particle export, the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are in good agreement with observation‐based estimates, but particle export and surface DOC are too high in the tropics. There is a high sensitivity of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1) the correlation of surface DOC and export with circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon inventory and deep‐ocean radiocarbon, (2) very large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean export, and (3) greater export production, fraction of export as DOM, and SNO in models with explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep‐ocean oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is poorly correlated with other model indices. Cross‐model means of several biogeochemical metrics show better agreement with observation‐based estimates when restricted to those models that best simulate deep‐ocean radiocarbon. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of physical processes in marine biogeochemical modeling and suggest that the development of circulation models can be accelerated by evaluating them with marine biogeochemical metrics.</abstract>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP‐2)</title>
<title level="a" type="short">CIRCULATION IMPACT ON EXPORT PRODUCTION</title>
<author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">R. G.</forename>
<surname>Najjar</surname>
</persName>
<email>najjar@meteo.psu.edu</email>
<affiliation><orgName>Department of Meteorology</orgName>
<orgName>Pennsylvania State University</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">University Park</settlement>
<region>Pennsylvania</region>
<country key="US">USA</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">X.</forename>
<surname>Jin</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Inst. of Geophysics and Planetary Physics</orgName>
<orgName>University of California</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Los Angeles</settlement>
<region>California</region>
<country key="US">USA</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">F.</forename>
<surname>Louanchi</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Institut des Sciences de la Mer et de l'Aménagement du Littoral</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Algiers</settlement>
<country key="DZ">Algeria</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
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<author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">O.</forename>
<surname>Aumont</surname>
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<affiliation><orgName>Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques</orgName>
<orgName>IPSL/IRD</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Brest</settlement>
<country key="FR">France</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">K.</forename>
<surname>Caldeira</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Department of Global Ecology</orgName>
<orgName>Carnegie Institution</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Stanford</settlement>
<region>California</region>
<country key="US">USA</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">S. C.</forename>
<surname>Doney</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry</orgName>
<orgName>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Woods Hole</settlement>
<region>Massachusetts</region>
<country key="US">USA</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">J.‐C.</forename>
<surname>Dutay</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/IPSL</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Gif‐Sur‐Yvette</settlement>
<country key="FR">France</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename>
<surname>Follows</surname>
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<affiliation><orgName>Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences</orgName>
<orgName>Massachusetts Institute of Technology</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement>
<region>Massachusetts</region>
<country key="US">USA</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">N.</forename>
<surname>Gruber</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics</orgName>
<orgName>ETH Zürich</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Zurich</settlement>
<country key="CH">Switzerland</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0009"><persName><forename type="first">F.</forename>
<surname>Joos</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute</orgName>
<orgName>University of Bern</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Bern</settlement>
<country key="CH">Switzerland</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0010"><persName><forename type="first">K.</forename>
<surname>Lindsay</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Oceanography Section</orgName>
<orgName>NCAR</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Boulder</settlement>
<region>Colorado</region>
<country key="US">USA</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0011"><persName><forename type="first">E.</forename>
<surname>Maier‐Reimer</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Max Planck Institut fuer Meteorologie</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Hamburg</settlement>
<country key="DE">Germany</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0012"><persName><forename type="first">R. J.</forename>
<surname>Matear</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Division of Marine Research</orgName>
<orgName>CSIRO</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Hobart, Tasmania</settlement>
<country key="AU">Australia</country>
</address>
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</author>
<author xml:id="author-0013"><persName><forename type="first">K.</forename>
<surname>Matsumoto</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Department of Geology and Geophysics</orgName>
<orgName>University of Minnesota</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Minneapolis</settlement>
<region>Minnesota</region>
<country key="US">USA</country>
</address>
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<surname>Monfray</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Section Ocean‐Atmosphere</orgName>
<orgName>Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement>
<country key="FR">France</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
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<author xml:id="author-0015"><persName><forename type="first">A.</forename>
<surname>Mouchet</surname>
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<affiliation><orgName>Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics and Oceanography</orgName>
<orgName>University of Liege</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Liege</settlement>
<country key="BE">Belgium</country>
</address>
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<author xml:id="author-0016"><persName><forename type="first">J. C.</forename>
<surname>Orr</surname>
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<affiliation><orgName>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/IPSL</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Gif‐Sur‐Yvette</settlement>
<country key="FR">France</country>
</address>
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<affiliation>Now at Marine Environmental Laboratories, IAEA, Monaco.</affiliation>
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<author xml:id="author-0017"><persName><forename type="first">G.‐K.</forename>
<surname>Plattner</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute</orgName>
<orgName>University of Bern</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Bern</settlement>
<country key="CH">Switzerland</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
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<author xml:id="author-0018"><persName><forename type="first">J. L.</forename>
<surname>Sarmiento</surname>
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<affiliation><orgName>Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences</orgName>
<orgName>Princeton University</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Princeton</settlement>
<region>New Jersey</region>
<country key="US">USA</country>
</address>
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<author xml:id="author-0019"><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename>
<surname>Schlitzer</surname>
</persName>
<affiliation><orgName>Alfred Wegener Institute</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Bremerhaven</settlement>
<country key="DE">Germany</country>
</address>
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<author xml:id="author-0020"><persName><forename type="first">R. D.</forename>
<surname>Slater</surname>
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<affiliation><orgName>Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences</orgName>
<orgName>Princeton University</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Princeton</settlement>
<region>New Jersey</region>
<country key="US">USA</country>
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<author xml:id="author-0021"><persName><forename type="first">M.‐F.</forename>
<surname>Weirig</surname>
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<affiliation><orgName>Alfred Wegener Institute</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Bremerhaven</settlement>
<country key="DE">Germany</country>
</address>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author xml:id="author-0022"><persName><forename type="first">Y.</forename>
<surname>Yamanaka</surname>
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<affiliation><orgName>Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science</orgName>
<orgName>Hokkaido University</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Sapporo</settlement>
<country key="JP">Japan</country>
</address>
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<author xml:id="author-0023"><persName><forename type="first">A.</forename>
<surname>Yool</surname>
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<affiliation><orgName>Ocean Modelling and Forecasting Group</orgName>
<orgName>National Oceanography Centre</orgName>
<address><settlement type="city">Southampton</settlement>
<country key="GB">UK</country>
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<monogr><title level="j" type="main">Global Biogeochemical Cycles</title>
<title level="j" type="alt">GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES</title>
<idno type="pISSN">0886-6236</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1944-9224</idno>
<idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9224</idno>
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<profileDesc><abstract style="main"><p xml:id="gbc1398-para-0001">Results are presented of export production, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen simulated by 12 global ocean models participating in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple biogeochemical model is utilized in different coarse‐resolution ocean circulation models. The model mean (±1<hi rend="italic">σ</hi>
) downward flux of organic matter across 75 m depth is 17 ± 6 Pg C yr<hi rend="superscript">−1</hi>
. Model means of globally averaged particle export, the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are in good agreement with observation‐based estimates, but particle export and surface DOC are too high in the tropics. There is a high sensitivity of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1) the correlation of surface DOC and export with circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon inventory and deep‐ocean radiocarbon, (2) very large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean export, and (3) greater export production, fraction of export as DOM, and SNO in models with explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep‐ocean oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is poorly correlated with other model indices. Cross‐model means of several biogeochemical metrics show better agreement with observation‐based estimates when restricted to those models that best simulate deep‐ocean radiocarbon. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of physical processes in marine biogeochemical modeling and suggest that the development of circulation models can be accelerated by evaluating them with marine biogeochemical metrics.</p>
</abstract>
<textClass><keywords><term xml:id="gbc1398-kwd-0001">export production</term>
<term xml:id="gbc1398-kwd-0002">numerical modeling</term>
<term xml:id="gbc1398-kwd-0003">ocean circulation</term>
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, et al. (<pubYear year="2007">2007</pubYear>
), <articleTitle>Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP‐2)</articleTitle>
, <journalTitle>Global Biogeochem. Cycles</journalTitle>
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<titleGroup><title type="main">Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP‐2)</title>
<title type="short">CIRCULATION IMPACT ON EXPORT PRODUCTION</title>
<title type="shortAuthors">Najjar <i>et al</i>
.</title>
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</address>
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</address>
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<address><city>Liege</city>
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</address>
</affiliation>
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<address><city>Princeton</city>
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<keyword xml:id="gbc1398-kwd-0002">numerical modeling</keyword>
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<caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption>
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<caption>Tab‐delimited Table 3.</caption>
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<caption>Tab‐delimited Table 4.</caption>
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<abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="gbc1398-para-0001" label="1">Results are presented of export production, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen simulated by 12 global ocean models participating in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple biogeochemical model is utilized in different coarse‐resolution ocean circulation models. The model mean (±1<i>σ</i>
) downward flux of organic matter across 75 m depth is 17 ± 6 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup>
. Model means of globally averaged particle export, the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are in good agreement with observation‐based estimates, but particle export and surface DOC are too high in the tropics. There is a high sensitivity of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1) the correlation of surface DOC and export with circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon inventory and deep‐ocean radiocarbon, (2) very large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean export, and (3) greater export production, fraction of export as DOM, and SNO in models with explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep‐ocean oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is poorly correlated with other model indices. Cross‐model means of several biogeochemical metrics show better agreement with observation‐based estimates when restricted to those models that best simulate deep‐ocean radiocarbon. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of physical processes in marine biogeochemical modeling and suggest that the development of circulation models can be accelerated by evaluating them with marine biogeochemical metrics.</p>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F.</namePart>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Caldeira</namePart>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S. C.</namePart>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.‐C.</namePart>
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<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R. J.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Matear</namePart>
<affiliation>Division of Marine Research, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Matsumoto</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">P.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Monfray</namePart>
<affiliation>Section Ocean‐Atmosphere, Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers, Paris, France</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
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</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Mouchet</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics and Oceanography, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. C.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Orr</namePart>
<affiliation>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/IPSL, Gif‐Sur‐Yvette, France</affiliation>
<affiliation>Now at Marine Environmental Laboratories, IAEA, Monaco.</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.‐K.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Plattner</namePart>
<affiliation>Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. L.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Sarmiento</namePart>
<affiliation>Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, New Jersey, Princeton, USA</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
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</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Schlitzer</namePart>
<affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R. D.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Slater</namePart>
<affiliation>Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, New Jersey, Princeton, USA</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.‐F.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Weirig</namePart>
<affiliation>Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Y.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Yamanaka</namePart>
<affiliation>Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Yool</namePart>
<affiliation>Ocean Modelling and Forecasting Group, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</affiliation>
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<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-09</dateIssued>
<dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2006-10-10</dateCaptured>
<dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2007-05-22</dateValid>
<edition>Najjar, R. G., et al. (2007), Impact of circulation on export production, dissolved organic matter, and dissolved oxygen in the ocean: Results from Phase II of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP‐2), Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, GB3007, doi:10.1029/2006GB002857.</edition>
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<abstract>Results are presented of export production, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved oxygen simulated by 12 global ocean models participating in the second phase of the Ocean Carbon‐cycle Model Intercomparison Project. A common, simple biogeochemical model is utilized in different coarse‐resolution ocean circulation models. The model mean (±1σ) downward flux of organic matter across 75 m depth is 17 ± 6 Pg C yr−1. Model means of globally averaged particle export, the fraction of total export in dissolved form, surface semilabile dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and seasonal net outgassing (SNO) of oxygen are in good agreement with observation‐based estimates, but particle export and surface DOC are too high in the tropics. There is a high sensitivity of the results to circulation, as evidenced by (1) the correlation of surface DOC and export with circulation metrics, including chlorofluorocarbon inventory and deep‐ocean radiocarbon, (2) very large intermodel differences in Southern Ocean export, and (3) greater export production, fraction of export as DOM, and SNO in models with explicit mixed layer physics. However, deep‐ocean oxygen, which varies widely among the models, is poorly correlated with other model indices. Cross‐model means of several biogeochemical metrics show better agreement with observation‐based estimates when restricted to those models that best simulate deep‐ocean radiocarbon. Overall, the results emphasize the importance of physical processes in marine biogeochemical modeling and suggest that the development of circulation models can be accelerated by evaluating them with marine biogeochemical metrics.</abstract>
<note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.Tab‐delimited Table 2.Tab‐delimited Table 3.Tab‐delimited Table 4.</note>
<subject><genre>keywords</genre>
<topic>export production</topic>
<topic>numerical modeling</topic>
<topic>ocean circulation</topic>
</subject>
<relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</title>
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<titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Global Biogeochem. Cycles</title>
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<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0400">BIOGEOSCIENCES</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0412">Biogeochemical kinetics and reaction modeling</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0414">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0470">Nutrients and nutrient cycling</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0428">Carbon cycling</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0700">CRYOSPHERE</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0793">Biogeochemistry</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1000">GEOCHEMISTRY</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1050">Marine geochemistry</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1615">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4800">OCEANOGRAPHY: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4805">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4808">Chemical tracers</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4845">Nutrients and nutrient cycling</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4806">Carbon cycling</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</topic>
<topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4912">Biogeochemical cycles, processes, and modeling</topic>
</subject>
<identifier type="ISSN">0886-6236</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">1944-9224</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9224</identifier>
<identifier type="CODEN">GBCYEP</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID">GBC</identifier>
<part><date>2007</date>
<detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption>
<number>21</number>
</detail>
<detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption>
<number>3</number>
</detail>
<extent unit="pages"><start>n/a</start>
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<identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2006GB002857</identifier>
<identifier type="ArticleID">2006GB002857</identifier>
<accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.</accessCondition>
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