Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations
Identifieur interne : 001C86 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001C85; suivant : 001C87Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations
Auteurs : Camille Risi ; David Noone ; John Worden ; Christian Frankenberg ; Gabriele Stiller ; Michael Kiefer ; Bernd Funke ; Kaley Walker ; Peter Bernath ; Matthias Schneider ; Debra Wunch ; Vanessa Sherlock ; Nicholas Deutscher ; David Griffith ; Paul O. Wennberg ; Kimberly Strong ; Dan Smale ; Emmanuel Mahieu ; Sabine Barthlott ; Frank Hase ; Omaira García ; Justus Notholt ; Thorsten Warneke ; Geoffrey Toon ; David Sayres ; Sandrine Bony ; Jeonghoon Lee ; Derek Brown ; Ryu Uemura ; Christophe SturmSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2012-03-16.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Absolute values, Additional information, Aircraft data, Altitude, Arrival heights, Atmos, Bias, Boundary layer, Bremen, California institute, Chem, Climate change, Climate models, Collocated, Collocated outputs, Collocation, Comparison methodology, Convective, Convective regions, Convolution, Cryogenic, Daily outputs, Daily scale, Data files, Data sets, Deep convective regions, Different data sets, Different levels, Different swing2 models, Direct comparison, Ehhalt, Emanuel, Eureka, Frankenberg, Free troposphere, Ftir, Ftir measurements, Galewsky, Gcms, General circulation model, General circulation models, Geophys, Grid, Harvard university, High latitudes, Humidity measurements, Icos, Individual kernels, Instrument sensitivity, Isotope, Isotopic, Isotopic composition, Isotopic measurements, Karlsruhe, Kernel, Lauder, Lett, Lmdz, Lmdz control simulation, Lmdz grid, Lmdz outputs, Lower troposphere, Meridional, Meridional gradient, Meridional gradients, Meteorol, Methodology, Midlatitudes, Mipas, Model grid, Model output, Model outputs, Musica, Musica sites, Negative values, Noone, Phys, Precipitable water, Precipitation, Random part, Relative seasonality, Retrieval, Risi, Robust, Robust features, Same region, Satellite data, Satellite data sets, Satellite instruments, Sayres, Schneider, Sciamachy, Seasonal variations, Seasonality, Simulation, Soden, Spatial coverage, Spatial patterns, Spatiotemporal, Spatiotemporal distribution, Spatiotemporal sampling, Spatiotemporal variations, Specific humidity, Spectrometer, Spectroscopic, Spectroscopic parameters, Square difference, Square error, Standard propagation, Steinwagner, Strongest seasonality, Subsidence, Subsidence regions, Subtropical, Subtropical regions, Subtropics, Swing2, Swing2 models, Swing2 project, Systematic biases, Systematic errors, Tangent altitude, Tccon, Tccon sites, Total carbon column, Total column, Total data, Total error, Tropical tropopause layer, Tropics, Tropopause, Tropopause height, Troposphere, Tropospheric, Tropospheric humidity, True state, Upper troposphere, Validation, Various data sets, Vertical profiles, Vertical resolution, Vertical velocity, Water vapor, Water vapor isotopologues, Water vapour, Wollongong, Worden, Zonal.
- Teeft :
- Absolute values, Additional information, Aircraft data, Altitude, Arrival heights, Atmos, Bias, Boundary layer, Bremen, California institute, Chem, Climate change, Climate models, Collocated, Collocated outputs, Collocation, Comparison methodology, Convective, Convective regions, Convolution, Cryogenic, Daily outputs, Daily scale, Data files, Data sets, Deep convective regions, Different data sets, Different levels, Different swing2 models, Direct comparison, Ehhalt, Emanuel, Eureka, Frankenberg, Free troposphere, Ftir, Ftir measurements, Galewsky, Gcms, General circulation model, General circulation models, Geophys, Grid, Harvard university, High latitudes, Humidity measurements, Icos, Individual kernels, Instrument sensitivity, Isotope, Isotopic, Isotopic composition, Isotopic measurements, Karlsruhe, Kernel, Lauder, Lett, Lmdz, Lmdz control simulation, Lmdz grid, Lmdz outputs, Lower troposphere, Meridional, Meridional gradient, Meridional gradients, Meteorol, Methodology, Midlatitudes, Mipas, Model grid, Model output, Model outputs, Musica, Musica sites, Negative values, Noone, Phys, Precipitable water, Precipitation, Random part, Relative seasonality, Retrieval, Risi, Robust, Robust features, Same region, Satellite data, Satellite data sets, Satellite instruments, Sayres, Schneider, Sciamachy, Seasonal variations, Seasonality, Simulation, Soden, Spatial coverage, Spatial patterns, Spatiotemporal, Spatiotemporal distribution, Spatiotemporal sampling, Spatiotemporal variations, Specific humidity, Spectrometer, Spectroscopic, Spectroscopic parameters, Square difference, Square error, Standard propagation, Steinwagner, Strongest seasonality, Subsidence, Subsidence regions, Subtropical, Subtropical regions, Subtropics, Swing2, Swing2 models, Swing2 project, Systematic biases, Systematic errors, Tangent altitude, Tccon, Tccon sites, Total carbon column, Total column, Total data, Total error, Tropical tropopause layer, Tropics, Tropopause, Tropopause height, Troposphere, Tropospheric, Tropospheric humidity, True state, Upper troposphere, Validation, Various data sets, Vertical profiles, Vertical resolution, Vertical velocity, Water vapor, Water vapor isotopologues, Water vapour, Wollongong, Worden, Zonal.
Abstract
The goal of this study is to determine how H2O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground‐based remote‐sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H2O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope‐enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016621
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FELe document en format XML
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Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiefer, Michael" sort="Kiefer, Michael" uniqKey="Kiefer M" first="Michael" last="Kiefer">Michael Kiefer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Funke, Bernd" sort="Funke, Bernd" uniqKey="Funke B" first="Bernd" last="Funke">Bernd Funke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Granada, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Kaley" sort="Walker, Kaley" uniqKey="Walker K" first="Kaley" last="Walker">Kaley Walker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernath, Peter" sort="Bernath, Peter" uniqKey="Bernath P" first="Peter" last="Bernath">Peter Bernath</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, Matthias" sort="Schneider, Matthias" uniqKey="Schneider M" first="Matthias" last="Schneider">Matthias Schneider</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wunch, Debra" sort="Wunch, Debra" uniqKey="Wunch D" first="Debra" last="Wunch">Debra Wunch</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sherlock, Vanessa" sort="Sherlock, Vanessa" uniqKey="Sherlock V" first="Vanessa" last="Sherlock">Vanessa Sherlock</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deutscher, Nicholas" sort="Deutscher, Nicholas" uniqKey="Deutscher N" first="Nicholas" last="Deutscher">Nicholas Deutscher</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griffith, David" sort="Griffith, David" uniqKey="Griffith D" first="David" last="Griffith">David Griffith</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wennberg, Paul O" sort="Wennberg, Paul O" uniqKey="Wennberg P" first="Paul O." last="Wennberg">Paul O. Wennberg</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strong, Kimberly" sort="Strong, Kimberly" uniqKey="Strong K" first="Kimberly" last="Strong">Kimberly Strong</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smale, Dan" sort="Smale, Dan" uniqKey="Smale D" first="Dan" last="Smale">Dan Smale</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahieu, Emmanuel" sort="Mahieu, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Mahieu E" first="Emmanuel" last="Mahieu">Emmanuel Mahieu</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barthlott, Sabine" sort="Barthlott, Sabine" uniqKey="Barthlott S" first="Sabine" last="Barthlott">Sabine Barthlott</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hase, Frank" sort="Hase, Frank" uniqKey="Hase F" first="Frank" last="Hase">Frank Hase</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Omaira" sort="Garcia, Omaira" uniqKey="Garcia O" first="Omaira" last="García">Omaira García</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Notholt, Justus" sort="Notholt, Justus" uniqKey="Notholt J" first="Justus" last="Notholt">Justus Notholt</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warneke, Thorsten" sort="Warneke, Thorsten" uniqKey="Warneke T" first="Thorsten" last="Warneke">Thorsten Warneke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toon, Geoffrey" sort="Toon, Geoffrey" uniqKey="Toon G" first="Geoffrey" last="Toon">Geoffrey Toon</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sayres, David" sort="Sayres, David" uniqKey="Sayres D" first="David" last="Sayres">David Sayres</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bony, Sandrine" sort="Bony, Sandrine" uniqKey="Bony S" first="Sandrine" last="Bony">Sandrine Bony</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jeonghoon" sort="Lee, Jeonghoon" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jeonghoon" last="Lee">Jeonghoon Lee</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Derek" sort="Brown, Derek" uniqKey="Brown D" first="Derek" last="Brown">Derek Brown</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uemura, Ryu" sort="Uemura, Ryu" uniqKey="Uemura R" first="Ryu" last="Uemura">Ryu Uemura</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sturm, Christophe" sort="Sturm, Christophe" uniqKey="Sturm C" first="Christophe" last="Sturm">Christophe Sturm</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE</idno><date when="2012" year="2012">2012</date><idno type="doi">10.1029/2011JD016621</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001C86</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001C86</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations</title><author><name sortKey="Risi, Camille" sort="Risi, Camille" uniqKey="Risi C" first="Camille" last="Risi">Camille Risi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: camille.risi@lmd.jussieu.fr</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: camille.risi@lmd.jussieu.fr</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Noone, David" sort="Noone, David" uniqKey="Noone D" first="David" last="Noone">David Noone</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Worden, John" sort="Worden, John" uniqKey="Worden J" first="John" last="Worden">John Worden</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frankenberg, Christian" sort="Frankenberg, Christian" uniqKey="Frankenberg C" first="Christian" last="Frankenberg">Christian Frankenberg</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiller, Gabriele" sort="Stiller, Gabriele" uniqKey="Stiller G" first="Gabriele" last="Stiller">Gabriele Stiller</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kiefer, Michael" sort="Kiefer, Michael" uniqKey="Kiefer M" first="Michael" last="Kiefer">Michael Kiefer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Funke, Bernd" sort="Funke, Bernd" uniqKey="Funke B" first="Bernd" last="Funke">Bernd Funke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Granada, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Kaley" sort="Walker, Kaley" uniqKey="Walker K" first="Kaley" last="Walker">Kaley Walker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bernath, Peter" sort="Bernath, Peter" uniqKey="Bernath P" first="Peter" last="Bernath">Peter Bernath</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schneider, Matthias" sort="Schneider, Matthias" uniqKey="Schneider M" first="Matthias" last="Schneider">Matthias Schneider</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wunch, Debra" sort="Wunch, Debra" uniqKey="Wunch D" first="Debra" last="Wunch">Debra Wunch</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sherlock, Vanessa" sort="Sherlock, Vanessa" uniqKey="Sherlock V" first="Vanessa" last="Sherlock">Vanessa Sherlock</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deutscher, Nicholas" sort="Deutscher, Nicholas" uniqKey="Deutscher N" first="Nicholas" last="Deutscher">Nicholas Deutscher</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Griffith, David" sort="Griffith, David" uniqKey="Griffith D" first="David" last="Griffith">David Griffith</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wennberg, Paul O" sort="Wennberg, Paul O" uniqKey="Wennberg P" first="Paul O." last="Wennberg">Paul O. Wennberg</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Strong, Kimberly" sort="Strong, Kimberly" uniqKey="Strong K" first="Kimberly" last="Strong">Kimberly Strong</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smale, Dan" sort="Smale, Dan" uniqKey="Smale D" first="Dan" last="Smale">Dan Smale</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahieu, Emmanuel" sort="Mahieu, Emmanuel" uniqKey="Mahieu E" first="Emmanuel" last="Mahieu">Emmanuel Mahieu</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barthlott, Sabine" sort="Barthlott, Sabine" uniqKey="Barthlott S" first="Sabine" last="Barthlott">Sabine Barthlott</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hase, Frank" sort="Hase, Frank" uniqKey="Hase F" first="Frank" last="Hase">Frank Hase</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia, Omaira" sort="Garcia, Omaira" uniqKey="Garcia O" first="Omaira" last="García">Omaira García</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Notholt, Justus" sort="Notholt, Justus" uniqKey="Notholt J" first="Justus" last="Notholt">Justus Notholt</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Warneke, Thorsten" sort="Warneke, Thorsten" uniqKey="Warneke T" first="Thorsten" last="Warneke">Thorsten Warneke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toon, Geoffrey" sort="Toon, Geoffrey" uniqKey="Toon G" first="Geoffrey" last="Toon">Geoffrey Toon</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sayres, David" sort="Sayres, David" uniqKey="Sayres D" first="David" last="Sayres">David Sayres</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bony, Sandrine" sort="Bony, Sandrine" uniqKey="Bony S" first="Sandrine" last="Bony">Sandrine Bony</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jeonghoon" sort="Lee, Jeonghoon" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jeonghoon" last="Lee">Jeonghoon Lee</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Derek" sort="Brown, Derek" uniqKey="Brown D" first="Derek" last="Brown">Derek Brown</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Uemura, Ryu" sort="Uemura, Ryu" uniqKey="Uemura R" first="Ryu" last="Uemura">Ryu Uemura</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sturm, Christophe" sort="Sturm, Christophe" uniqKey="Sturm C" first="Christophe" last="Sturm">Christophe Sturm</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">117</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">26</biblScope><date type="published" when="2012-03-16">2012-03-16</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Absolute values</term><term>Additional information</term><term>Aircraft data</term><term>Altitude</term><term>Arrival heights</term><term>Atmos</term><term>Bias</term><term>Boundary layer</term><term>Bremen</term><term>California institute</term><term>Chem</term><term>Climate change</term><term>Climate models</term><term>Collocated</term><term>Collocated outputs</term><term>Collocation</term><term>Comparison methodology</term><term>Convective</term><term>Convective regions</term><term>Convolution</term><term>Cryogenic</term><term>Daily outputs</term><term>Daily scale</term><term>Data files</term><term>Data sets</term><term>Deep convective regions</term><term>Different data sets</term><term>Different levels</term><term>Different swing2 models</term><term>Direct comparison</term><term>Ehhalt</term><term>Emanuel</term><term>Eureka</term><term>Frankenberg</term><term>Free troposphere</term><term>Ftir</term><term>Ftir measurements</term><term>Galewsky</term><term>Gcms</term><term>General circulation model</term><term>General circulation models</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Grid</term><term>Harvard university</term><term>High latitudes</term><term>Humidity measurements</term><term>Icos</term><term>Individual kernels</term><term>Instrument sensitivity</term><term>Isotope</term><term>Isotopic</term><term>Isotopic composition</term><term>Isotopic measurements</term><term>Karlsruhe</term><term>Kernel</term><term>Lauder</term><term>Lett</term><term>Lmdz</term><term>Lmdz control simulation</term><term>Lmdz grid</term><term>Lmdz outputs</term><term>Lower troposphere</term><term>Meridional</term><term>Meridional gradient</term><term>Meridional gradients</term><term>Meteorol</term><term>Methodology</term><term>Midlatitudes</term><term>Mipas</term><term>Model grid</term><term>Model output</term><term>Model outputs</term><term>Musica</term><term>Musica sites</term><term>Negative values</term><term>Noone</term><term>Phys</term><term>Precipitable water</term><term>Precipitation</term><term>Random part</term><term>Relative seasonality</term><term>Retrieval</term><term>Risi</term><term>Robust</term><term>Robust features</term><term>Same region</term><term>Satellite data</term><term>Satellite data sets</term><term>Satellite instruments</term><term>Sayres</term><term>Schneider</term><term>Sciamachy</term><term>Seasonal variations</term><term>Seasonality</term><term>Simulation</term><term>Soden</term><term>Spatial coverage</term><term>Spatial patterns</term><term>Spatiotemporal</term><term>Spatiotemporal distribution</term><term>Spatiotemporal sampling</term><term>Spatiotemporal variations</term><term>Specific humidity</term><term>Spectrometer</term><term>Spectroscopic</term><term>Spectroscopic parameters</term><term>Square difference</term><term>Square error</term><term>Standard propagation</term><term>Steinwagner</term><term>Strongest seasonality</term><term>Subsidence</term><term>Subsidence regions</term><term>Subtropical</term><term>Subtropical regions</term><term>Subtropics</term><term>Swing2</term><term>Swing2 models</term><term>Swing2 project</term><term>Systematic biases</term><term>Systematic errors</term><term>Tangent altitude</term><term>Tccon</term><term>Tccon sites</term><term>Total carbon column</term><term>Total column</term><term>Total data</term><term>Total error</term><term>Tropical tropopause layer</term><term>Tropics</term><term>Tropopause</term><term>Tropopause height</term><term>Troposphere</term><term>Tropospheric</term><term>Tropospheric humidity</term><term>True state</term><term>Upper troposphere</term><term>Validation</term><term>Various data sets</term><term>Vertical profiles</term><term>Vertical resolution</term><term>Vertical velocity</term><term>Water vapor</term><term>Water vapor isotopologues</term><term>Water vapour</term><term>Wollongong</term><term>Worden</term><term>Zonal</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Absolute values</term><term>Additional information</term><term>Aircraft data</term><term>Altitude</term><term>Arrival heights</term><term>Atmos</term><term>Bias</term><term>Boundary layer</term><term>Bremen</term><term>California institute</term><term>Chem</term><term>Climate change</term><term>Climate models</term><term>Collocated</term><term>Collocated outputs</term><term>Collocation</term><term>Comparison methodology</term><term>Convective</term><term>Convective regions</term><term>Convolution</term><term>Cryogenic</term><term>Daily outputs</term><term>Daily scale</term><term>Data files</term><term>Data sets</term><term>Deep convective regions</term><term>Different data sets</term><term>Different levels</term><term>Different swing2 models</term><term>Direct comparison</term><term>Ehhalt</term><term>Emanuel</term><term>Eureka</term><term>Frankenberg</term><term>Free troposphere</term><term>Ftir</term><term>Ftir measurements</term><term>Galewsky</term><term>Gcms</term><term>General circulation model</term><term>General circulation models</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Grid</term><term>Harvard university</term><term>High latitudes</term><term>Humidity measurements</term><term>Icos</term><term>Individual kernels</term><term>Instrument sensitivity</term><term>Isotope</term><term>Isotopic</term><term>Isotopic composition</term><term>Isotopic measurements</term><term>Karlsruhe</term><term>Kernel</term><term>Lauder</term><term>Lett</term><term>Lmdz</term><term>Lmdz control simulation</term><term>Lmdz grid</term><term>Lmdz outputs</term><term>Lower troposphere</term><term>Meridional</term><term>Meridional gradient</term><term>Meridional gradients</term><term>Meteorol</term><term>Methodology</term><term>Midlatitudes</term><term>Mipas</term><term>Model grid</term><term>Model output</term><term>Model outputs</term><term>Musica</term><term>Musica sites</term><term>Negative values</term><term>Noone</term><term>Phys</term><term>Precipitable water</term><term>Precipitation</term><term>Random part</term><term>Relative seasonality</term><term>Retrieval</term><term>Risi</term><term>Robust</term><term>Robust features</term><term>Same region</term><term>Satellite data</term><term>Satellite data sets</term><term>Satellite instruments</term><term>Sayres</term><term>Schneider</term><term>Sciamachy</term><term>Seasonal variations</term><term>Seasonality</term><term>Simulation</term><term>Soden</term><term>Spatial coverage</term><term>Spatial patterns</term><term>Spatiotemporal</term><term>Spatiotemporal distribution</term><term>Spatiotemporal sampling</term><term>Spatiotemporal variations</term><term>Specific humidity</term><term>Spectrometer</term><term>Spectroscopic</term><term>Spectroscopic parameters</term><term>Square difference</term><term>Square error</term><term>Standard propagation</term><term>Steinwagner</term><term>Strongest seasonality</term><term>Subsidence</term><term>Subsidence regions</term><term>Subtropical</term><term>Subtropical regions</term><term>Subtropics</term><term>Swing2</term><term>Swing2 models</term><term>Swing2 project</term><term>Systematic biases</term><term>Systematic errors</term><term>Tangent altitude</term><term>Tccon</term><term>Tccon sites</term><term>Total carbon column</term><term>Total column</term><term>Total data</term><term>Total error</term><term>Tropical tropopause layer</term><term>Tropics</term><term>Tropopause</term><term>Tropopause height</term><term>Troposphere</term><term>Tropospheric</term><term>Tropospheric humidity</term><term>True state</term><term>Upper troposphere</term><term>Validation</term><term>Various data sets</term><term>Vertical profiles</term><term>Vertical resolution</term><term>Vertical velocity</term><term>Water vapor</term><term>Water vapor isotopologues</term><term>Water vapour</term><term>Wollongong</term><term>Worden</term><term>Zonal</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The goal of this study is to determine how H2O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground‐based remote‐sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H2O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope‐enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>lmdz</json:string><json:string>troposphere</json:string><json:string>data sets</json:string><json:string>risi</json:string><json:string>mipas</json:string><json:string>seasonality</json:string><json:string>geophys</json:string><json:string>spatiotemporal</json:string><json:string>meridional</json:string><json:string>ftir</json:string><json:string>sciamachy</json:string><json:string>convective</json:string><json:string>tropospheric</json:string><json:string>upper troposphere</json:string><json:string>model outputs</json:string><json:string>zonal</json:string><json:string>worden</json:string><json:string>swing2</json:string><json:string>meridional gradient</json:string><json:string>water vapor</json:string><json:string>instrument sensitivity</json:string><json:string>total column</json:string><json:string>tccon</json:string><json:string>subtropics</json:string><json:string>tropopause</json:string><json:string>atmos</json:string><json:string>spatiotemporal sampling</json:string><json:string>wollongong</json:string><json:string>isotope</json:string><json:string>robust</json:string><json:string>retrieval</json:string><json:string>midlatitudes</json:string><json:string>noone</json:string><json:string>lower troposphere</json:string><json:string>ehhalt</json:string><json:string>lett</json:string><json:string>seasonal variations</json:string><json:string>collocated</json:string><json:string>grid</json:string><json:string>musica</json:string><json:string>isotopic composition</json:string><json:string>kernel</json:string><json:string>collocation</json:string><json:string>meridional gradients</json:string><json:string>convolution</json:string><json:string>gcms</json:string><json:string>schneider</json:string><json:string>tropics</json:string><json:string>different data sets</json:string><json:string>sayres</json:string><json:string>systematic biases</json:string><json:string>precipitation</json:string><json:string>subtropical</json:string><json:string>phys</json:string><json:string>steinwagner</json:string><json:string>karlsruhe</json:string><json:string>satellite data sets</json:string><json:string>spectroscopic</json:string><json:string>isotopic</json:string><json:string>chem</json:string><json:string>galewsky</json:string><json:string>frankenberg</json:string><json:string>soden</json:string><json:string>cryogenic</json:string><json:string>specific humidity</json:string><json:string>icos</json:string><json:string>eureka</json:string><json:string>meteorol</json:string><json:string>spatial patterns</json:string><json:string>swing2 models</json:string><json:string>lmdz outputs</json:string><json:string>tropopause height</json:string><json:string>subsidence</json:string><json:string>convective regions</json:string><json:string>bremen</json:string><json:string>lauder</json:string><json:string>spatiotemporal variations</json:string><json:string>climate models</json:string><json:string>tropospheric humidity</json:string><json:string>simulation</json:string><json:string>different levels</json:string><json:string>isotopic measurements</json:string><json:string>strongest seasonality</json:string><json:string>daily outputs</json:string><json:string>aircraft data</json:string><json:string>free troposphere</json:string><json:string>vertical resolution</json:string><json:string>tccon sites</json:string><json:string>individual kernels</json:string><json:string>true state</json:string><json:string>bias</json:string><json:string>california institute</json:string><json:string>additional information</json:string><json:string>absolute values</json:string><json:string>systematic errors</json:string><json:string>satellite data</json:string><json:string>arrival heights</json:string><json:string>deep convective regions</json:string><json:string>different swing2 models</json:string><json:string>collocated outputs</json:string><json:string>lmdz grid</json:string><json:string>negative values</json:string><json:string>general circulation models</json:string><json:string>robust features</json:string><json:string>random part</json:string><json:string>relative seasonality</json:string><json:string>vertical profiles</json:string><json:string>validation</json:string><json:string>emanuel</json:string><json:string>methodology</json:string><json:string>vertical velocity</json:string><json:string>same region</json:string><json:string>water vapor isotopologues</json:string><json:string>high latitudes</json:string><json:string>subtropical regions</json:string><json:string>total data</json:string><json:string>spatial coverage</json:string><json:string>boundary layer</json:string><json:string>satellite instruments</json:string><json:string>spatiotemporal distribution</json:string><json:string>square error</json:string><json:string>square difference</json:string><json:string>precipitable water</json:string><json:string>tropical tropopause layer</json:string><json:string>swing2 project</json:string><json:string>model output</json:string><json:string>subsidence regions</json:string><json:string>total carbon column</json:string><json:string>daily scale</json:string><json:string>humidity measurements</json:string><json:string>lmdz control simulation</json:string><json:string>comparison methodology</json:string><json:string>direct comparison</json:string><json:string>model grid</json:string><json:string>data files</json:string><json:string>standard propagation</json:string><json:string>musica sites</json:string><json:string>total error</json:string><json:string>tangent altitude</json:string><json:string>spectroscopic parameters</json:string><json:string>various data sets</json:string><json:string>ftir measurements</json:string><json:string>climate change</json:string><json:string>harvard university</json:string><json:string>water vapour</json:string><json:string>general circulation model</json:string><json:string>altitude</json:string><json:string>spectrometer</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Camille Risi</name><affiliations><json:string>E-mail: camille.risi@lmd.jussieu.fr</json:string><json:string>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</json:string><json:string>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France</json:string><json:string>E-mail: camille.risi@lmd.jussieu.fr</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>David Noone</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>John Worden</name><affiliations><json:string>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christian Frankenberg</name><affiliations><json:string>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Gabriele Stiller</name><affiliations><json:string>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Michael Kiefer</name><affiliations><json:string>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Bernd Funke</name><affiliations><json:string>Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Granada, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Kaley Walker</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Peter Bernath</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Matthias Schneider</name><affiliations><json:string>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</json:string><json:string>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Debra Wunch</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Vanessa Sherlock</name><affiliations><json:string>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Nicholas Deutscher</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia</json:string><json:string>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>David Griffith</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Paul O. Wennberg</name><affiliations><json:string>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Kimberly Strong</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Dan Smale</name><affiliations><json:string>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Emmanuel Mahieu</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Sabine Barthlott</name><affiliations><json:string>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Frank Hase</name><affiliations><json:string>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Omaira García</name><affiliations><json:string>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Justus Notholt</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Thorsten Warneke</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Geoffrey Toon</name><affiliations><json:string>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>David Sayres</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Sandrine Bony</name><affiliations><json:string>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jeonghoon Lee</name><affiliations><json:string>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</json:string><json:string>Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Derek Brown</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ryu Uemura</name><affiliations><json:string>Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christophe Sturm</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>general circulation models</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>process‐based evaluation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>relative humidity</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>water isotopes</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>2011JD016621</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-3LKMS0M8-F</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The goal of this study is to determine how H2O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground‐based remote‐sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H2O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope‐enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>10</score><pdfWordCount>16435</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>102126</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>26</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>255</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1704</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>4</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0148-0227</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>2156-2202</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>JGRD</json:string></publisherId><volume>117</volume><issue>D5</issue><pages><first>n/a</first><last>n/a</last><total>26</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Composition and Chemistry</value></json:item><json:item><value>ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Cloud physics and chemistry</value></json:item><json:item><value>Troposphere: composition and chemistry</value></json:item><json:item><value>GLOBAL CHANGE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Global climate models</value></json:item><json:item><value>Global climate models</value></json:item><json:item><value>ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</value></json:item><json:item><value>Global climate models</value></json:item><json:item><value>Global climate models</value></json:item><json:item><value>PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Global climate models</value></json:item><json:item><value>Global climate models</value></json:item><json:item><value>Composition and Chemistry</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2009</json:string><json:string>June 2008 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[2010]</json:string><json:string>Worden et al., 2007</json:string><json:string>Hourdin et al., 2006</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/WNG-3LKMS0M8-F</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - science</json:string><json:string>2 - geosciences, multidisciplinary</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>1 - natural sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - earth & environmental sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - meteorology & atmospheric sciences</json:string></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Palaeontology</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Space and Planetary Science</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Atmospheric Science</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Earth-Surface Processes</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Geochemistry and Petrology</json:string><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Agricultural and Biological Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Soil Science</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Environmental Science</json:string><json:string>3 - Water Science and Technology</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Environmental Science</json:string><json:string>3 - Ecology</json:string><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Agricultural and Biological Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Aquatic Science</json:string><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Agricultural and Biological Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Forestry</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Oceanography</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Geophysics</json:string></scopus></categories><publicationDate>2012</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2012</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1029/2011JD016621</json:string></doi><id>97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main">Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. 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Comparison between models and observations</title><title level="a" type="short">MODEL‐DATA COMPARISON OF WATER ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Camille</forename><surname>Risi</surname></persName><email>camille.risi@lmd.jussieu.fr</email><affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France<address><country key="FR"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">David</forename><surname>Noone</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">John</forename><surname>Worden</surname></persName><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Christian</forename><surname>Frankenberg</surname></persName><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Gabriele</forename><surname>Stiller</surname></persName><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany<address><country key="DE"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">Michael</forename><surname>Kiefer</surname></persName><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany<address><country key="DE"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">Bernd</forename><surname>Funke</surname></persName><affiliation>Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Granada, Spain<address><country key="ES"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">Kaley</forename><surname>Walker</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada<address><country key="CA"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">Peter</forename><surname>Bernath</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK<address><country key="GB"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0009"><persName><forename type="first">Matthias</forename><surname>Schneider</surname></persName><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany<address><country key="DE"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain<address><country key="ES"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0010"><persName><forename type="first">Debra</forename><surname>Wunch</surname></persName><affiliation>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0011"><persName><forename type="first">Vanessa</forename><surname>Sherlock</surname></persName><affiliation>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand<address><country key="NZ"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0012"><persName><forename type="first">Nicholas</forename><surname>Deutscher</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia<address><country key="AU"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany<address><country key="DE"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0013"><persName><forename type="first">David</forename><surname>Griffith</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia<address><country key="AU"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0014"><persName><forename type="first">Paul O.</forename><surname>Wennberg</surname></persName><affiliation>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0015"><persName><forename type="first">Kimberly</forename><surname>Strong</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada<address><country key="CA"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0016"><persName><forename type="first">Dan</forename><surname>Smale</surname></persName><affiliation>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand<address><country key="NZ"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0017"><persName><forename type="first">Emmanuel</forename><surname>Mahieu</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium<address><country key="BE"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0018"><persName><forename type="first">Sabine</forename><surname>Barthlott</surname></persName><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany<address><country key="DE"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0019"><persName><forename type="first">Frank</forename><surname>Hase</surname></persName><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany<address><country key="DE"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0020"><persName><forename type="first">Omaira</forename><surname>García</surname></persName><affiliation>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain<address><country key="ES"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0021"><persName><forename type="first">Justus</forename><surname>Notholt</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany<address><country key="DE"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0022"><persName><forename type="first">Thorsten</forename><surname>Warneke</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany<address><country key="DE"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0023"><persName><forename type="first">Geoffrey</forename><surname>Toon</surname></persName><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0024"><persName><forename type="first">David</forename><surname>Sayres</surname></persName><affiliation>School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0025"><persName><forename type="first">Sandrine</forename><surname>Bony</surname></persName><affiliation>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France<address><country key="FR"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0026"><persName><forename type="first">Jeonghoon</forename><surname>Lee</surname></persName><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea<address><country key="KR"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0027"><persName><forename type="first">Derek</forename><surname>Brown</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0028"><persName><forename type="first">Ryu</forename><surname>Uemura</surname></persName><affiliation>Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan<address><country key="JP"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0029"><persName><forename type="first">Christophe</forename><surname>Sturm</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden<address><country key="SE"></country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-3LKMS0M8-F</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2011JD016621</idno><idno type="editorialOffice">2011JD016621</idno><idno type="society">D05303</idno><idno type="unit">JGRD17565</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:JGRD.JGRD17565.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES</title><idno type="pISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/jgrd.v117.D5</idno><idno type="product">JGRD</idno><idno type="coden">JGREA2</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">117</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D5</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">26</biblScope><date type="published" when="2012-03-16"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract style="main"><p xml:id="jgrd17565-para-0001">The goal of this study is to determine how H<hi rend="subscript">2</hi>O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground‐based remote‐sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H<hi rend="subscript">2</hi>O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope‐enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.</p></abstract><abstract style="short"><head>Key Points</head><p xml:id="jgrd17565-para-0002"><list style="bulleted"><item>Isotopic evaluation with in situ, satellite, ground‐based remote‐sensing data</item><item>Consistent features and model‐data differences across data sets</item><item>Isotopic GCMs share common biases</item></list></p></abstract><textClass><keywords><term xml:id="jgrd17565-kwd-0001">general circulation models</term><term xml:id="jgrd17565-kwd-0002">process‐based evaluation</term><term xml:id="jgrd17565-kwd-0003">relative humidity</term><term xml:id="jgrd17565-kwd-0004">water isotopes</term></keywords><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/subset/ACH">Composition and Chemistry</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0300">ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</classCode><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Composition and Chemistry</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Composition and Chemistry</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="jgrd17565"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</doi><issn type="print">0148-0227</issn><issn type="electronic">2156-2202</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JGRD"></id><id type="coden" value="JGREA2"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title type="short">J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="50"><doi>10.1002/jgrd.v117.D5</doi><idGroup><id type="focusSection" value="4"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="focusSection" xml:lang="en">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title></titleGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="117">117</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">D5</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2012-03-16">16 March 2012</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="570" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1029/2011JD016621</doi><idGroup><id type="editorialOffice" value="2011JD016621"></id><id type="society" value="D05303"></id><id type="unit" value="JGRD17565"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="26"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Composition and Chemistry</title><title type="tocHeading1">Composition and Chemistry</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2011-07-26"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2011-11-29"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2011-12-30"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2012-03-06"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2012-03-06"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="SPi Global Converter:AGUv5.2_TO_WileyML3Gv1.0.3 version:1.1; AGU2WileyML3G Final Clean Up v1.0; WileyML 3G Packaging Tool v1.0" date="2012-12-13"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-30"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.3.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-02-25"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">n/a</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">n/a</numbering></numberingGroup><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/subset/ACH">Composition and Chemistry</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0300">ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0320">Cloud physics and chemistry</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0365">Troposphere: composition and chemistry</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1626">Global climate models</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1626">Global climate models</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3337">Global climate models</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3337">Global climate models</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4928">Global climate models</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4928">Global climate models</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation xml:id="jgrd17565-cit-0000" type="self"><author><familyName>Risi</familyName>, <givenNames>C.</givenNames></author>, et al. (<pubYear year="2012">2012</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>J. Geophys. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>117</vol>, D05303, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2011JD016621">10.1029/2011JD016621</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><objectNameGroup><objectName elementName="appendix">Appendix</objectName></objectNameGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRD.JGRD17565.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="wordTotal" number="18900"></count><count type="figureTotal" number="10"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="6"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations</title><title type="shortAuthors">RISI ET AL.</title><title type="short">MODEL‐DATA COMPARISON OF WATER ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="jgrd17565-cr-0001" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17565-aff-0001 #jgrd17565-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Camille</givenNames><familyName>Risi</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email>camille.risi@lmd.jussieu.fr</email></contactDetails></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17565-cr-0002" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17565-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>David</givenNames><familyName>Noone</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17565-cr-0003" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17565-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>John</givenNames><familyName>Worden</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17565-cr-0004" creatorRole="author" 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Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17565-aff-0013" countryCode="BE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17565-aff-0014" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17565-aff-0015" countryCode="KR" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17565-aff-0016" countryCode="JP" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17565-aff-0017" countryCode="SE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="jgrd17565-kwd-0001">general circulation models</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd17565-kwd-0002">process‐based evaluation</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd17565-kwd-0003">relative humidity</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd17565-kwd-0004">water isotopes</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17565:jgrd17565-sup-0001-t01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17565:jgrd17565-sup-0002-t02"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 2.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17565:jgrd17565-sup-0003-t03"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 3.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17565:jgrd17565-sup-0004-t04"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 4.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17565:jgrd17565-sup-0005-t05"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 5.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17565:jgrd17565-sup-0006-t06"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 6.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="jgrd17565-para-0001" label="1">The goal of this study is to determine how H<sub>2</sub>O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground‐based remote‐sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H<sub>2</sub>O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope‐enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.</p></abstract><abstract type="short"><title type="main">Key Points</title><p xml:id="jgrd17565-para-0002"><list style="bulleted"><listItem>Isotopic evaluation with in situ, satellite, ground‐based remote‐sensing data</listItem><listItem>Consistent features and model‐data differences across data sets</listItem><listItem>Isotopic GCMs share common biases</listItem></list></p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup xml:id="jgrd17565-ntgp-0000"><note xml:id="jgrd17565-note-0000"><p xml:id="jgrd17565-para-0000">This is a companion to DOI:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2011JD016623">10.1029/2011JD016623</accessionId></p></note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>MODEL‐DATA COMPARISON OF WATER ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Camille</namePart><namePart type="family">Risi</namePart><affiliation>E-mail: camille.risi@lmd.jussieu.fr</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</affiliation><affiliation>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: camille.risi@lmd.jussieu.fr</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Noone</namePart><affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John</namePart><namePart type="family">Worden</namePart><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christian</namePart><namePart type="family">Frankenberg</namePart><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gabriele</namePart><namePart type="family">Stiller</namePart><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Michael</namePart><namePart type="family">Kiefer</namePart><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Bernd</namePart><namePart type="family">Funke</namePart><affiliation>Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Granada, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kaley</namePart><namePart type="family">Walker</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Peter</namePart><namePart type="family">Bernath</namePart><affiliation>Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Matthias</namePart><namePart type="family">Schneider</namePart><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Debra</namePart><namePart type="family">Wunch</namePart><affiliation>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Vanessa</namePart><namePart type="family">Sherlock</namePart><affiliation>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Nicholas</namePart><namePart type="family">Deutscher</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Griffith</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Paul O.</namePart><namePart type="family">Wennberg</namePart><affiliation>Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kimberly</namePart><namePart type="family">Strong</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dan</namePart><namePart type="family">Smale</namePart><affiliation>National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Emmanuel</namePart><namePart type="family">Mahieu</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Astrophysics and Geophysics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sabine</namePart><namePart type="family">Barthlott</namePart><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Frank</namePart><namePart type="family">Hase</namePart><affiliation>IMK-ASF, Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Omaira</namePart><namePart type="family">García</namePart><affiliation>Izaña Atmospheric Research Centre, Agencia Estatal de Meteorología, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Justus</namePart><namePart type="family">Notholt</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Thorsten</namePart><namePart type="family">Warneke</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Geoffrey</namePart><namePart type="family">Toon</namePart><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David</namePart><namePart type="family">Sayres</namePart><affiliation>School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sandrine</namePart><namePart type="family">Bony</namePart><affiliation>LMD/IPSL, CNRS, Paris, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jeonghoon</namePart><namePart type="family">Lee</namePart><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Derek</namePart><namePart type="family">Brown</namePart><affiliation>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ryu</namePart><namePart type="family">Uemura</namePart><affiliation>Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christophe</namePart><namePart type="family">Sturm</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012-03-16</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2011-07-26</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2011-12-30</dateValid><edition>Risi, C., et al. (2012), Process‐evaluation of tropospheric humidity simulated by general circulation models using water vapor isotopologues: 1. Comparison between models and observations, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D05303, doi:10.1029/2011JD016621.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">10</extent><extent unit="tables">6</extent><extent unit="words">18900</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>The goal of this study is to determine how H2O and HDO measurements in water vapor can be used to detect and diagnose biases in the representation of processes controlling tropospheric humidity in atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs). We analyze a large number of isotopic data sets (four satellite, sixteen ground‐based remote‐sensing, five surface in situ and three aircraft data sets) that are sensitive to different altitudes throughout the free troposphere. Despite significant differences between data sets, we identify some observed HDO/H2O characteristics that are robust across data sets and that can be used to evaluate models. We evaluate the isotopic GCM LMDZ, accounting for the effects of spatiotemporal sampling and instrument sensitivity. We find that LMDZ reproduces the spatial patterns in the lower and mid troposphere remarkably well. However, it underestimates the amplitude of seasonal variations in isotopic composition at all levels in the subtropics and in midlatitudes, and this bias is consistent across all data sets. LMDZ also underestimates the observed meridional isotopic gradient and the contrast between dry and convective tropical regions compared to satellite data sets. Comparison with six other isotope‐enabled GCMs from the SWING2 project shows that biases exhibited by LMDZ are common to all models. The SWING2 GCMs show a very large spread in isotopic behavior that is not obviously related to that of humidity, suggesting water vapor isotopic measurements could be used to expose model shortcomings. In a companion paper, the isotopic differences between models are interpreted in terms of biases in the representation of processes controlling humidity.</abstract><abstract type="short">Isotopic evaluation with in situ, satellite, ground‐based remote‐sensing data Consistent features and model‐data differences across data sets Isotopic GCMs share common biases</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.Tab‐delimited Table 2.Tab‐delimited Table 3.Tab‐delimited Table 4.Tab‐delimited Table 5.Tab‐delimited Table 6.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>general circulation models</topic><topic>process‐based evaluation</topic><topic>relative humidity</topic><topic>water isotopes</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/subset/ACH">Composition and Chemistry</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0300">ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0320">Cloud physics and chemistry</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0365">Troposphere: composition and chemistry</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1626">Global climate models</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1626">Global climate models</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3337">Global climate models</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3337">Global climate models</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4900">PALEOCEANOGRAPHY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4928">Global climate models</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4928">Global climate models</topic></subject><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Composition and Chemistry</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0148-0227</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">2156-2202</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</identifier><identifier type="CODEN">JGREA2</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">JGRD</identifier><part><date>2012</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>117</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>D5</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>n/a</start><end>n/a</end><total>26</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-3LKMS0M8-F</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1029/2011JD016621</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">2011JD016621</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-L0C46X92-X">wiley</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/97F21456AE2438A9F0299F6A1FA95D8ACFA726FE/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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