Is the sky falling? Searching for stellar streams in the local Milky Way disc in the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys
Identifieur interne : 001B43 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001B42; suivant : 001B44Is the sky falling? Searching for stellar streams in the local Milky Way disc in the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys
Auteurs : G. M. Seabroke ; G. Gilmore ; A. Siebert ; O. Bienaymé ; J. Binney ; J. Bland-Hawthorn ; R. Campbell ; K. C. Freeman ; B. Gibson ; E. K. Grebel ; A. Helmi ; U. Munari ; J. F. Navarro ; Q. A. Parker ; A. Siviero ; M. Steinmetz ; F. G. Watson ; R. F. G. Wyse ; T. Zwitter ; J. Pe Arrubia ; M. C. Smith ; M. WilliamsSource :
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society [ 0035-8711 ] ; 2008-02-11.
Abstract
We have searched for in-falling stellar streams on to the local Milky Way disc in the CORrelation RAdial VELocities (CORAVEL) and RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) surveys. The CORAVEL survey consists of local dwarf stars (Nördstrom et al. Geneva–Copenhagen survey) and local Famaey et al. giant stars. We select RAVE stars with radial velocities that are sensitive to the Galactic vertical space velocity (Galactic latitude b < −45°). Kuiper statistics have been employed to test the symmetry of the Galactic vertical velocity distribution functions in these samples for evidence of a net vertical flow that could be associated with a (tidal?) stream of stars with vertically coherent kinematics. In contrast to the ‘Field of Streams’ found in the outer halo, we find that the local volumes of the solar neighbourhood sampled by the CORAVEL dwarfs (complete within ∼3 × 10−4kpc3), CORAVEL giants (complete within ∼5 × 10−2kpc3) and RAVE (5–15 per cent complete within ∼8 kpc3) are devoid of any vertically coherent streams containing hundreds of stars. This is sufficiently sensitive to allow our RAVE sample to rule out the passing of the tidal stream of the disrupting Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy through the solar neighbourhood. This agrees with the most-recent determinations of its orbit and dissociates it from the Helmi et al. halo stream. Our constraints on the absence of the Sgr stream near the Sun could prove a useful tool for discriminating between Galactic potential models. The lack of a net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples argues against the Virgo overdensity crossing the disc near the Sun. There are no vertical streams in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples with stellar densities ≳1.6 × 104 and 1.5 × 103 stars kpc−3, respectively, and therefore no evidence for locally enhanced dark matter.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12513.x
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Seabroke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>e2v Centre for Electronic Imaging, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation></mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilmore, G" sort="Gilmore, G" uniqKey="Gilmore G" first="G." last="Gilmore">G. Gilmore</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siebert, A" sort="Siebert, A" uniqKey="Siebert A" first="A." last="Siebert">A. 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Gibson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grebel, E K" sort="Grebel, E K" uniqKey="Grebel E" first="E. K." last="Grebel">E. K. Grebel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Astronomisches Institut, Universität Basel, Venusstrasse 7, Binningen CH-4102, Switzerland</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Helmi, A" sort="Helmi, A" uniqKey="Helmi A" first="A." last="Helmi">A. Helmi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munari, U" sort="Munari, U" uniqKey="Munari U" first="U." last="Munari">U. Munari</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, J F" sort="Navarro, J F" uniqKey="Navarro J" first="J. F." last="Navarro">J. F. Navarro</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parker, Q A" sort="Parker, Q A" uniqKey="Parker Q" first="Q. A." last="Parker">Q. A. Parker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siviero, A" sort="Siviero, A" uniqKey="Siviero A" first="A." last="Siviero">A. Siviero</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steinmetz, M" sort="Steinmetz, M" uniqKey="Steinmetz M" first="M." last="Steinmetz">M. Steinmetz</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, F G" sort="Watson, F G" uniqKey="Watson F" first="F. G." last="Watson">F. G. Watson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wyse, R F G" sort="Wyse, R F G" uniqKey="Wyse R" first="R. F. G." last="Wyse">R. F. G. Wyse</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Johns Hopkins University, 366 Bloomberg Centre, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zwitter, T" sort="Zwitter, T" uniqKey="Zwitter T" first="T." last="Zwitter">T. Zwitter</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pe Arrubia, J" sort="Pe Arrubia, J" uniqKey="Pe Arrubia J" first="J." last="Pe Arrubia">J. Pe Arrubia</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, M C" sort="Smith, M C" uniqKey="Smith M" first="M. C." last="Smith">M. C. Smith</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, M" sort="Williams, M" uniqKey="Williams M" first="M." last="Williams">M. Williams</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:909E9AD3B9A8C7C8E5BD952DD0B3392709D6A153</idno><date when="2008" year="2008">2008</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12513.x</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/909E9AD3B9A8C7C8E5BD952DD0B3392709D6A153/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001B43</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001B43</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a">Is the sky falling? Searching for stellar streams in the local Milky Way disc in the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys</title><author><name sortKey="Seabroke, G M" sort="Seabroke, G M" uniqKey="Seabroke G" first="G. M." last="Seabroke">G. M. Seabroke</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>e2v Centre for Electronic Imaging, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation></mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilmore, G" sort="Gilmore, G" uniqKey="Gilmore G" first="G." last="Gilmore">G. Gilmore</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siebert, A" sort="Siebert, A" uniqKey="Siebert A" first="A." last="Siebert">A. Siebert</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bienayme, O" sort="Bienayme, O" uniqKey="Bienayme O" first="O." last="Bienaymé">O. Bienaymé</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de L'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Binney, J" sort="Binney, J" uniqKey="Binney J" first="J." last="Binney">J. Binney</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bland Hawthorn, J" sort="Bland Hawthorn, J" uniqKey="Bland Hawthorn J" first="J." last="Bland-Hawthorn">J. Bland-Hawthorn</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, R" sort="Campbell, R" uniqKey="Campbell R" first="R." last="Campbell">R. Campbell</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, K C" sort="Freeman, K C" uniqKey="Freeman K" first="K. C." last="Freeman">K. C. Freeman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gibson, B" sort="Gibson, B" uniqKey="Gibson B" first="B." last="Gibson">B. Gibson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grebel, E K" sort="Grebel, E K" uniqKey="Grebel E" first="E. K." last="Grebel">E. K. Grebel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Astronomisches Institut, Universität Basel, Venusstrasse 7, Binningen CH-4102, Switzerland</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Helmi, A" sort="Helmi, A" uniqKey="Helmi A" first="A." last="Helmi">A. Helmi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munari, U" sort="Munari, U" uniqKey="Munari U" first="U." last="Munari">U. Munari</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navarro, J F" sort="Navarro, J F" uniqKey="Navarro J" first="J. F." last="Navarro">J. F. Navarro</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parker, Q A" sort="Parker, Q A" uniqKey="Parker Q" first="Q. A." last="Parker">Q. A. Parker</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siviero, A" sort="Siviero, A" uniqKey="Siviero A" first="A." last="Siviero">A. Siviero</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Steinmetz, M" sort="Steinmetz, M" uniqKey="Steinmetz M" first="M." last="Steinmetz">M. Steinmetz</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, F G" sort="Watson, F G" uniqKey="Watson F" first="F. G." last="Watson">F. G. Watson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wyse, R F G" sort="Wyse, R F G" uniqKey="Wyse R" first="R. F. G." last="Wyse">R. F. G. Wyse</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Johns Hopkins University, 366 Bloomberg Centre, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zwitter, T" sort="Zwitter, T" uniqKey="Zwitter T" first="T." last="Zwitter">T. Zwitter</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pe Arrubia, J" sort="Pe Arrubia, J" uniqKey="Pe Arrubia J" first="J." last="Pe Arrubia">J. Pe Arrubia</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, M C" sort="Smith, M C" uniqKey="Smith M" first="M. C." last="Smith">M. C. Smith</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, M" sort="Williams, M" uniqKey="Williams M" first="M." last="Williams">M. Williams</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><idno type="ISSN">0035-8711</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2966</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2008-02-11">2008-02-11</date><biblScope unit="volume">384</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="11">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="32">32</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0035-8711</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0035-8711</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">We have searched for in-falling stellar streams on to the local Milky Way disc in the CORrelation RAdial VELocities (CORAVEL) and RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) surveys. The CORAVEL survey consists of local dwarf stars (Nördstrom et al. Geneva–Copenhagen survey) and local Famaey et al. giant stars. We select RAVE stars with radial velocities that are sensitive to the Galactic vertical space velocity (Galactic latitude b < −45°). Kuiper statistics have been employed to test the symmetry of the Galactic vertical velocity distribution functions in these samples for evidence of a net vertical flow that could be associated with a (tidal?) stream of stars with vertically coherent kinematics. In contrast to the ‘Field of Streams’ found in the outer halo, we find that the local volumes of the solar neighbourhood sampled by the CORAVEL dwarfs (complete within ∼3 × 10−4kpc3), CORAVEL giants (complete within ∼5 × 10−2kpc3) and RAVE (5–15 per cent complete within ∼8 kpc3) are devoid of any vertically coherent streams containing hundreds of stars. This is sufficiently sensitive to allow our RAVE sample to rule out the passing of the tidal stream of the disrupting Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy through the solar neighbourhood. This agrees with the most-recent determinations of its orbit and dissociates it from the Helmi et al. halo stream. Our constraints on the absence of the Sgr stream near the Sun could prove a useful tool for discriminating between Galactic potential models. The lack of a net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples argues against the Virgo overdensity crossing the disc near the Sun. There are no vertical streams in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples with stellar densities ≳1.6 × 104 and 1.5 × 103 stars kpc−3, respectively, and therefore no evidence for locally enhanced dark matter.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>oup</corpusName><author><json:item><name>G. M. Seabroke</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</json:string><json:string>e2v Centre for Electronic Imaging, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH</json:string><json:string>E-mail: gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</json:string><json:null></json:null><json:string>E-mail: gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. Gilmore</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. Siebert</name><affiliations><json:string>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>O. Bienaymé</name><affiliations><json:string>Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de L'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. Binney</name><affiliations><json:string>Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. Bland-Hawthorn</name><affiliations><json:string>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>R. Campbell</name><affiliations><json:string>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>K. C. Freeman</name><affiliations><json:string>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>B. Gibson</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>E. K. Grebel</name><affiliations><json:string>Astronomisches Institut, Universität Basel, Venusstrasse 7, Binningen CH-4102, Switzerland</json:string><json:string>Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. Helmi</name><affiliations><json:string>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>U. Munari</name><affiliations><json:string>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. F. Navarro</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Q. A. Parker</name><affiliations><json:string>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</json:string><json:string>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. Siviero</name><affiliations><json:string>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Steinmetz</name><affiliations><json:string>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>F. G. Watson</name><affiliations><json:string>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>R. F. G. Wyse</name><affiliations><json:string>Johns Hopkins University, 366 Bloomberg Centre, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>T. Zwitter</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. Peñarrubia</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. C. Smith</name><affiliations><json:string>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Williams</name><affiliations><json:string>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><value>Galaxy: disc</value></json:item><json:item><value>Galaxy: formation</value></json:item><json:item><value>Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics</value></json:item><json:item><value>solar neighbourhood</value></json:item><json:item><value>Galaxy: structure</value></json:item><json:item><value>dark matter</value></json:item></subject><arkIstex>ark:/67375/HXZ-3LZH3MCG-N</arkIstex><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>We have searched for in-falling stellar streams on to the local Milky Way disc in the CORrelation RAdial VELocities (CORAVEL) and RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) surveys. The CORAVEL survey consists of local dwarf stars (Nördstrom et al. Geneva–Copenhagen survey) and local Famaey et al. giant stars. We select RAVE stars with radial velocities that are sensitive to the Galactic vertical space velocity (Galactic latitude b > −45°). Kuiper statistics have been employed to test the symmetry of the Galactic vertical velocity distribution functions in these samples for evidence of a net vertical flow that could be associated with a (tidal?) stream of stars with vertically coherent kinematics. In contrast to the ‘Field of Streams’ found in the outer halo, we find that the local volumes of the solar neighbourhood sampled by the CORAVEL dwarfs (complete within ∼3 × 10−4kpc3), CORAVEL giants (complete within ∼5 × 10−2kpc3) and RAVE (5–15 per cent complete within ∼8 kpc3) are devoid of any vertically coherent streams containing hundreds of stars. This is sufficiently sensitive to allow our RAVE sample to rule out the passing of the tidal stream of the disrupting Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy through the solar neighbourhood. This agrees with the most-recent determinations of its orbit and dissociates it from the Helmi et al. halo stream. Our constraints on the absence of the Sgr stream near the Sun could prove a useful tool for discriminating between Galactic potential models. The lack of a net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples argues against the Virgo overdensity crossing the disc near the Sun. There are no vertical streams in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples with stellar densities ≳1.6 × 104 and 1.5 × 103 stars kpc−3, respectively, and therefore no evidence for locally enhanced dark matter.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>10</score><pdfWordCount>17560</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>92437</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>22</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>300</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1868</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>6</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Is the sky falling? Searching for stellar streams in the local Milky Way disc in the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys</title><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><title>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><issn><json:string>0035-8711</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1365-2966</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>mnras</json:string></publisherId><volume>384</volume><issue>1</issue><pages><first>11</first><last>32</last></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Papers</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>6030</json:string><json:string>2008-01-16</json:string><json:string>6691</json:string><json:string>8589</json:string><json:string>2003</json:string><json:string>2008</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>National Science Foundation</json:string><json:string>Cambridge Philosophical Society Research Studentship Fund</json:string><json:string>Engineering Research Council of Canada</json:string><json:string>University of Oxford</json:string><json:string>Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska</json:string><json:string>National Science Foundation of the USA</json:string><json:string>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box</json:string><json:string>Johns Hopkins University</json:string><json:string>National Institute for Astrophysics</json:string><json:string>European Commission</json:string><json:string>University of Massachusetts</json:string><json:string>Australian Research Council</json:string><json:string>German Research Foundation</json:string><json:string>California Institute of Technology</json:string><json:string>The Johns Hopkins University</json:string><json:string>Netherlands Research School for Astronomy</json:string><json:string>UK Schmidt Telescope of the Anglo-Australian Observatory</json:string><json:string>Slovenian Research Agency</json:string><json:string>Macquarie University</json:string><json:string>University of Victoria</json:string><json:string>University of Central Lancashire</json:string><json:string>Astronomy Research Council of the UK</json:string><json:string>Brunel University</json:string><json:string>Astronomy Research Council</json:string><json:string>Astrophysical Institute Potsdam</json:string><json:string>Netherlands Organisation for Scienti</json:string><json:string>National Aeronautics and Space</json:string><json:string>Swiss National Science Foundation</json:string><json:string>MEN</json:string><json:string>CNRS</json:string><json:string>INSU</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder><json:string>MEN</json:string><json:string>CNRS</json:string><json:string>INSU</json:string></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>U. 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(2007)</json:string><json:string>Benson et al. 2002</json:string><json:string>Fellhauer et al. (2007)</json:string><json:string>Tonry & Davis 1979</json:string><json:string>Luri et al. 1996</json:string><json:string>Steinmetz et al. 2006</json:string><json:string>Beers et al. (1999)</json:string><json:string>G. M. Seabroke et al.</json:string><json:string>Zucker et al. 2006</json:string><json:string>Famaey et al.</json:string><json:string>Monaco et al. (2007)</json:string><json:string>Kinman et al. (2007)</json:string><json:string>Fuchs et al. (2006)</json:string><json:string>Duffau et al. (2006)</json:string><json:string>Johnston et al. 1999</json:string><json:string>Seabroke et al.</json:string><json:string>Veltz et al. (2007)</json:string><json:string>Hambly et al. 2001</json:string><json:string>Veltz et al. 2007</json:string><json:string>Seabroke & Gilmore 2007</json:string><json:string>Mayor 1985</json:string><json:string>Juric et al. (2005)</json:string><json:string>Frenk & White 1980</json:string><json:string>Freese et al. (2004)</json:string><json:string>Luyten 1968</json:string><json:string>Klypin et al. 1999</json:string><json:string>Johnston, Spergel & Haydn 2002</json:string><json:string>Majewski et al. (2003)</json:string><json:string>Helmi et al.</json:string><json:string>Steinmetz et al. (2006)</json:string><json:string>Udry et al. 1997</json:string><json:string>Beers et al. 2000</json:string><json:string>Chiba & Yoshii 1998</json:string><json:string>Keller et al. 2007</json:string><json:string>Alves 2000</json:string><json:string>Helmi et al. 2006</json:string><json:string>Zwitter et al.</json:string><json:string>Høg et al. 2000</json:string><json:string>Smith et al. (2007)</json:string><json:string>Freese et al. (2005)</json:string><json:string>Helmi et al. (2006)</json:string><json:string>Fellhauer et al. 2007</json:string><json:string>Newberg et al. (2007)</json:string><json:string>Beers et al. (2000)</json:string><json:string>Majewski et al. (2004)</json:string><json:string>Law et al. 2005</json:string><json:string>Gilmore (2007)</json:string><json:string>Brown et al. 1997</json:string><json:string>Baranne, Mayor & Poncet 1979</json:string><json:string>Murali & Dubinski 1999</json:string><json:string>Dehnen & Binney 1998</json:string><json:string>Belokurov et al. 2006</json:string><json:string>Fellhauer et al. 2006</json:string><json:string>Munari et al. (2005)</json:string><json:string>Law et al. (2005)</json:string><json:string>Moore et al. 1999</json:string><json:string>Newberg et al. 2002</json:string><json:string>Freese et al. 2004</json:string><json:string>Newberg et al. 2007</json:string><json:string>Grillmair 2006</json:string><json:string>Belokurov et al. (2006)</json:string><json:string>Delgado et al. 2007</json:string><json:string>Woolley 1978</json:string><json:string>Kurtz et al. 1992</json:string><json:string>Delgado et al.</json:string><json:string>1983, 1993, 1994a</json:string><json:string>Belokurov et al. 2006, 2007</json:string><json:string>Bell et al. (2007)</json:string><json:string>Press et al. 1992</json:string><json:string>Norris (2002)</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/HXZ-3LZH3MCG-N</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>science</json:string><json:string>astronomy & astrophysics</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>natural sciences</json:string><json:string>physics & astronomy</json:string><json:string>astronomy & astrophysics</json:string></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Space and Planetary Science</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Physics and Astronomy</json:string><json:string>3 - Astronomy and Astrophysics</json:string></scopus><inist><json:string>sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>sciences exactes et technologie</json:string><json:string>terre, ocean, espace</json:string><json:string>astronomie</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2008</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2008</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12513.x</json:string></doi><id>909E9AD3B9A8C7C8E5BD952DD0B3392709D6A153</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/909E9AD3B9A8C7C8E5BD952DD0B3392709D6A153/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/909E9AD3B9A8C7C8E5BD952DD0B3392709D6A153/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/909E9AD3B9A8C7C8E5BD952DD0B3392709D6A153/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a">Is the sky falling? Searching for stellar streams in the local Milky Way disc in the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher scheme="https://publisher-list.data.istex.fr">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><availability><licence><p>© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 RAS</p></licence><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-GTWS0RDP-M">oup</p></availability><date>2008-01-16</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="research-article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note><note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a">Is the sky falling? Searching for stellar streams in the local Milky Way disc in the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">G. M.</forename><surname>Seabroke</surname></persName><email>gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</email><email>gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</email><affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</affiliation><affiliation>e2v Centre for Electronic Imaging, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH</affiliation><affiliation></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">G.</forename><surname>Gilmore</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">A.</forename><surname>Siebert</surname></persName><affiliation>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">O.</forename><surname>Bienaymé</surname></persName><affiliation>Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de L'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Binney</surname></persName><affiliation>Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Bland-Hawthorn</surname></persName><affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">R.</forename><surname>Campbell</surname></persName><affiliation>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">K. C.</forename><surname>Freeman</surname></persName><affiliation>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">B.</forename><surname>Gibson</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0009"><persName><forename type="first">E. K.</forename><surname>Grebel</surname></persName><affiliation>Astronomisches Institut, Universität Basel, Venusstrasse 7, Binningen CH-4102, Switzerland</affiliation><affiliation>Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0010"><persName><forename type="first">A.</forename><surname>Helmi</surname></persName><affiliation>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0011"><persName><forename type="first">U.</forename><surname>Munari</surname></persName><affiliation>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0012"><persName><forename type="first">J. F.</forename><surname>Navarro</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0013"><persName><forename type="first">Q. A.</forename><surname>Parker</surname></persName><affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</affiliation><affiliation>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0014"><persName><forename type="first">A.</forename><surname>Siviero</surname></persName><affiliation>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0015"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Steinmetz</surname></persName><affiliation>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0016"><persName><forename type="first">F. G.</forename><surname>Watson</surname></persName><affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0017"><persName><forename type="first">R. F. G.</forename><surname>Wyse</surname></persName><affiliation>Johns Hopkins University, 366 Bloomberg Centre, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0018"><persName><forename type="first">T.</forename><surname>Zwitter</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0019"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Peñarrubia</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0020"><persName><forename type="first">M. C.</forename><surname>Smith</surname></persName><affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0021"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Williams</surname></persName><affiliation>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">909E9AD3B9A8C7C8E5BD952DD0B3392709D6A153</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/HXZ-3LZH3MCG-N</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12513.x</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title><idno type="pISSN">0035-8711</idno><idno type="eISSN">1365-2966</idno><idno type="publisher-id">mnras</idno><idno type="PublisherID-hwp">mnras</idno><imprint><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><pubPlace>Oxford, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2008-02-11"></date><biblScope unit="volume">384</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="11">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="32">32</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2008-01-16</date></creation><abstract><p>We have searched for in-falling stellar streams on to the local Milky Way disc in the CORrelation RAdial VELocities (CORAVEL) and RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) surveys. The CORAVEL survey consists of local dwarf stars (Nördstrom et al. Geneva–Copenhagen survey) and local Famaey et al. giant stars. We select RAVE stars with radial velocities that are sensitive to the Galactic vertical space velocity (Galactic latitude b < −45°). Kuiper statistics have been employed to test the symmetry of the Galactic vertical velocity distribution functions in these samples for evidence of a net vertical flow that could be associated with a (tidal?) stream of stars with vertically coherent kinematics. In contrast to the ‘Field of Streams’ found in the outer halo, we find that the local volumes of the solar neighbourhood sampled by the CORAVEL dwarfs (complete within ∼3 × 10−4kpc3), CORAVEL giants (complete within ∼5 × 10−2kpc3) and RAVE (5–15 per cent complete within ∼8 kpc3) are devoid of any vertically coherent streams containing hundreds of stars. This is sufficiently sensitive to allow our RAVE sample to rule out the passing of the tidal stream of the disrupting Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy through the solar neighbourhood. This agrees with the most-recent determinations of its orbit and dissociates it from the Helmi et al. halo stream. Our constraints on the absence of the Sgr stream near the Sun could prove a useful tool for discriminating between Galactic potential models. The lack of a net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples argues against the Virgo overdensity crossing the disc near the Sun. There are no vertical streams in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples with stellar densities ≳1.6 × 104 and 1.5 × 103 stars kpc−3, respectively, and therefore no evidence for locally enhanced dark matter.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>Galaxy: disc</term></item><item><term>Galaxy: formation</term></item><item><term>Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics</term></item><item><term>solar neighbourhood</term></item><item><term>Galaxy: structure</term></item><item><term>dark matter</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head></head><item><term>Papers</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2008-01-16">Created</change><change when="2008-02-11">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/909E9AD3B9A8C7C8E5BD952DD0B3392709D6A153/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus oup, element #text not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article">
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<article-title>Is the sky falling? Searching for stellar streams in the local Milky Way disc in the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Seabroke</surname>
<given-names>G. M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gilmore</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Siebert</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bienaymé</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Binney</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bland-Hawthorn</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Campbell</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Freeman</surname>
<given-names>K. C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gibson</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Grebel</surname>
<given-names>E. K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a10">10</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a11">11</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Helmi</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a12">12</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Munari</surname>
<given-names>U.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a13">13</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Navarro</surname>
<given-names>J. F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a14">14</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Parker</surname>
<given-names>Q. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="a7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Siviero</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a13">13</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Steinmetz</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Watson</surname>
<given-names>F. G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Wyse</surname>
<given-names>R. F. G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a15">15</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zwitter</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a16">16</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Peñarrubia</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a14">14</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Smith</surname>
<given-names>M. C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a8">8</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="a1"><label>1</label>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</aff>
<aff id="a2"><label>2</label>e2v Centre for Electronic Imaging, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH</aff>
<aff id="a3"><label>3</label>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</aff>
<aff id="a4"><label>4</label>Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de L'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France</aff>
<aff id="a5"><label>5</label>Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP</aff>
<aff id="a6"><label>6</label>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</aff>
<aff id="a7"><label>7</label>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</aff>
<aff id="a8"><label>8</label>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</aff>
<aff id="a9"><label>9</label>University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE</aff>
<aff id="a10"><label>10</label>Astronomisches Institut, Universität Basel, Venusstrasse 7, Binningen CH-4102, Switzerland</aff>
<aff id="a11"><label>11</label>Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</aff>
<aff id="a12"><label>12</label>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands</aff>
<aff id="a13"><label>13</label>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</aff>
<aff id="a14"><label>14</label>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</aff>
<aff id="a15"><label>15</label>Johns Hopkins University, 366 Bloomberg Centre, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA</aff>
<aff id="a16"><label>16</label>Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1">*E-mail: <email>gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</email></corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>11</day>
<month>02</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>16</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>384</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2007</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2007</year></date>
</history>
<copyright-statement>© 2008 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2008 RAS</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2008</copyright-year>
<abstract><p>We have searched for in-falling stellar streams on to the local Milky Way disc in the CORrelation RAdial VELocities (CORAVEL) and RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) surveys. The CORAVEL survey consists of local dwarf stars (Nördstrom et al. Geneva–Copenhagen survey) and local Famaey et al. giant stars. We select RAVE stars with radial velocities that are sensitive to the Galactic vertical space velocity (Galactic latitude <italic>b</italic> < −45°). Kuiper statistics have been employed to test the symmetry of the Galactic vertical velocity distribution functions in these samples for evidence of a net vertical flow that could be associated with a (tidal?) stream of stars with vertically coherent kinematics. In contrast to the ‘Field of Streams’ found in the outer halo, we find that the local volumes of the solar neighbourhood sampled by the CORAVEL dwarfs (complete within ∼3 × 10<sup>−4</sup>kpc<sup>3</sup>), CORAVEL giants (complete within ∼5 × 10<sup>−2</sup>kpc<sup>3</sup>) and RAVE (5–15 per cent complete within ∼8 kpc<sup>3</sup>) are devoid of any vertically coherent streams containing hundreds of stars. This is sufficiently sensitive to allow our RAVE sample to rule out the passing of the tidal stream of the disrupting Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy through the solar neighbourhood. This agrees with the most-recent determinations of its orbit and dissociates it from the Helmi et al. halo stream. Our constraints on the absence of the Sgr stream near the Sun could prove a useful tool for discriminating between Galactic potential models. The lack of a net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples argues against the Virgo overdensity crossing the disc near the Sun. There are no vertical streams in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples with stellar densities ≳1.6 × 10<sup>4</sup> and 1.5 × 10<sup>3</sup> stars kpc<sup>−3</sup>, respectively, and therefore no evidence for locally enhanced dark matter.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>Galaxy: disc</kwd>
<kwd>Galaxy: formation</kwd>
<kwd>Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics</kwd>
<kwd>solar neighbourhood</kwd>
<kwd>Galaxy: structure</kwd>
<kwd>dark matter</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="ss1">
<title>1 INTRODUCTION</title>
<p>Tidal streams are filaments of debris, containing stars, gas and possibly dark matter (DM), that have become stripped from a disrupting satellite dwarf galaxy (or star cluster) along its orbit with respect to the centre-of-mass of a more massive galaxy. The instantaneous position and velocity of a star and the Galactic gravitational potential determine its past orbit. For stars in tidal streams, one can most reliably know their positions and velocities in the past. This is because stars in tidal streams all originate, at one time in the past, from a single progenitor on a specific orbit. It is this property of tidal streams that makes them excellent tracers of the Galactic potential (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">Johnston et al. 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b64">Murali & Dubinski 1999</xref>) while the degree of tidal-stream coherence provides a powerful constraint on the lumpiness of the Galactic potential (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">Johnston, Spergel & Haydn 2002</xref>).</p>
<p>The disruption time-scales of merging galaxies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35">Helmi & White 1999</xref>, hereafter H99a) means that the discovery of new tidal streams, for example, the Orphan stream (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Belokurov et al. 2006</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9">2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">Grillmair 2006</xref>), can also lead to the discovery of new satellites, for example, Ursa Major II (UMa II, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b90">Zucker et al. 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">Fellhauer et al. 2007</xref>), which are of relevance to the ‘missing satellite problem’ (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49">Klypin et al. 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62">Moore et al. 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10">Benson et al. 2002</xref>). These discoveries offer more evidence of the hierarchical structure formation of the Milky Way Galaxy and provide accretion history constraints for simulations of this process (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">Abadi et al. 2003</xref>). If a tidal stream containing DM is passing through the solar neighbourhood, it would provide a ‘cold’ flow of DM particles through the numerous direct detection experiments on the Earth, increasing the possibility of a positive direct detection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">Freese et al. 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>The first evidence that there may be tidal streams in the solar neighbourhood was the discovery of two streams (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">Helmi et al. 1999</xref>, hereafter H99b) in kinematic surveys of the local stellar halo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Beers & Sommer-Larsen 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Chiba & Yoshii 1998</xref>). This discovery was subsequently confirmed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">Chiba & Beers (2000)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">Kepley et al. (2007)</xref>.</p>
<p>The most spectacular example of tidal streams is from the disruption of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy, originally discovered by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">Ibata, Gilmore & Irwin (1994)</xref>. Estimates of the central mass-to-light ratios of dwarf galaxies are high, suggesting that they and plausibly their tidal streams are all DM-dominated. The most extensive sky panorama of the Sgr stream is traced by M giants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57">Majewski et al. 2003</xref>) from the Two-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS). The stream is seen very clearly in the Southern Galactic hemisphere, as well as heading towards the North Galactic Pole (NGP). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57">Majewski et al. (2003)</xref> found that the stream lies along a well-defined orbital plane about the Galactic Centre and speculated that the foreshortening of the stream towards the NGP means that it heads back towards the Galactic plane. The Sun lies within ∼1 kpc of that plane, which is within the width of the stream, leading <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57">Majewski et al. (2003)</xref> to propose the possibility that the stream crosses the Galactic plane near or in the solar neighbourhood. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">Freese et al. (2004)</xref> postulated that one of the H99b streams is part of the Sgr stream passing through the solar neighbourhood and that its DM density should be measurable in direct detection experiments.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">Juric et al. (2005)</xref> used Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) photometry to identify the Virgo overdensity (VOD) – the largest clump of tidal debris so far detected in the outer halo. It covers ∼1000 deg<sup>2</sup> above the Galactic plane (5 < <italic>Z</italic> < 15 kpc), over the solar position in the Galaxy (<italic>R</italic>∼ 7 kpc). They interpreted it as a tidal stream or an invading dwarf galaxy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">Juric et al. (2005)</xref> did not detect any downturn in the star counts towards lower Galactic latitudes (<italic>b</italic>), indicating that the VOD could extend closer to the Galactic plane than the observations probe (<italic>b</italic> > 60°).</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">Law, Johnston & Majewski (2005)</xref> modelled the Sgr stream and found that its two arms pass through a similar position in the plane of the sky, near the VOD. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">Martínez-Delgado et al. (2007)</xref> suggest that the VOD is part of the Sgr stream, which crosses the Milky Way plane in the solar neighbourhood, and show that the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">Law et al. (2005)</xref> model passes through the observed location of the VOD and the VOD stellar density is similar to the model predictions.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Belokurov et al. (2006)</xref> used SDSS imaging to produce the most detailed three-dimensional panorama of the Sgr stream to date. They discovered the Sgr stream passes through the NGP and into the Galactic disc. However, they found no evidence for any part of the Sgr stream passing close to the solar neighbourhood. Instead, they found that it missed the sun by 15 kpc, passing through the plane well outside the solar circle. This clearly showed, for the first time, that Sgr ad the VOD are two different entities. More recently, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b66">Newberg et al. (2007)</xref> used SDSS imaging and Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE) spectroscopic observations of F turnoff and blue horizontal branch (BHP) stars to confirm the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Belokurov et al. (2006)</xref> results, that the Sgr stream is neither coincident with the VOD nor passes through the solar neighbourhood.</p>
<p>With the advent of SDSS Data Release 5 and the discoveries of the VOD and Orphan stream, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">Fuchs, Phleps & Meisenheimer (2006)</xref> re-analysed star-counts from their Calar Alto Deep Imaging Survey (CADIS) data. In retrospect, they find that overdensities in the vertical-density distribution of stars can be associated with the VOD in the 13-h CADIS field and possibly the Monoceros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b65">Newberg et al. 2002</xref>) and Orphan streams in the 9-h CADIS field. Simulations by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">Fellhauer et al. (2007)</xref> show that the 9-h field falls on the second wrap of the backward orbit of UMa II before it passes along the Orphan stream. In this direction, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">Fellhauer et al. (2007)</xref> demonstrated that the Orphan stream is >30 kpc from the Sun and its orbit does not bring it much closer to the solar neighbourhood (see their <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>).</p>
<fig position="float" id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: <italic>W</italic> distribution of the CORAVEL dwarfs: all the 13 240 stars (solid histogram) and the 8589 single stars (dotted histogram). The 3 km s<sup>−1</sup> velocity bin sizes are chosen to be twice the average space velocity error. Bottom panel: normalized CDF of all the 13 240 CORAVEL giants (solid line) and the 8589 single stars (dotted line) as a function of <italic>W</italic>, where the maximum differences between them are indicated by the vertical lines: <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> (dot–dashed line) and <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> (dashed line).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f2.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>The Monoceros stream is seen in the data of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">Juric et al. (2005)</xref> at 3 ≲<italic>Z</italic>≲ 5 kpc and <italic>R</italic>∼ 16 kpc. Two other overdensities are also visible in the top right-hand plot of fig. 20 in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">Juric et al. (2005)</xref> at (<italic>R</italic>, <italic>Z</italic>) ∼ (1.5, 6.5) and (9, 0.8) kpc (the latter is seen most clearly in the second row, right-hand plot). None of these four overdensities is seen to exist in the solar neighbourhood. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b73">Peñarrubia et al. (2005)</xref> have modelled the Monoceros stream and their simulations show that part of it may be seen in the direction of the 9-h field at heliocentric distances of the overdensity in the 9-h field (3–21 kpc), again far from the solar neighbourhood.</p>
<p>Unlike in the Galactic disc, tidal streams in the outer halo are not phase-mixed quickly due to its dynamical time-scale of >1 Gyr and so remain coherent in configuration space for longer than in the disc. The low stellar density in the outer halo enables large tidal streams to be identified as stellar overdensities in photometric surveys like the SDSS. The shorter dynamical time-scales and much higher stellar densities cause tidal streams in the inner Galaxy to quickly lose their coherence in configuration space but they remain coherent in velocity space (H99a).</p>
<p>Until recently, the full six-dimensional phase space of the solar neighbourhood had not been systematically surveyed. This was because, although the <italic>Hipparcos</italic> satellite mission (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21">ESA 1997</xref>) provided accurate parallaxes and proper motions for ∼118 000 stars, these stars generally lacked radial velocities (RVs). Therefore, a large European consortium obtained kinematically unbiased RVs of <italic>Hipparcos</italic> stars of spectral type later than about F5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84">Udry et al. 1997</xref>). Multi-epoch RVs of ∼45 000 stars were measured with the two CORrelation RAdial VELocities (CORAVEL) photoelectric cross-correlation spectrometers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3">Baranne, Mayor & Poncet 1979</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b60">Mayor 1985</xref>). There have been two public data releases and three published analyses of stars in the CORAVEL data base: the Geneva–Copenhagen survey of 16 682 nearby CORAVEL F-G dwarfs, available via VizieR, is described and analysed in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b67">Nordström et al. (2004)</xref>, hereafter N04, and recently re-analysed in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">Holmberg, Nordstrom & Andersen (2007)</xref>; and a catalogue of the local kinematics of 6691 CORAVEL K-M giants, also available via VizieR, is described and analysed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22">Famaey et al. (2005)</xref>, hereafter F05.</p>
<p>The RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82">Steinmetz et al. 2006</xref>) is a spectroscopic survey measuring the RVs and stellar atmosphere parameters (temperature, metallicity and surface gravity) of up to one million stars in the range of magnitudes probing Galactic scales between the very local CORAVEL RV surveys and the more distant SEGUE RV survey. RAVE started in 2003, using the Six-Degree Field (6dF) multi-object spectrograph on the 1.2-m UK Schmidt Telescope of the Anglo-Australian Observatory in Australia.</p>
<p>The recent, timely availability of the CORAVEL and RAVE data sets permit direct searches for the presence of tidal streams in the solar neighbourhood. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">Helmi et al. (2006)</xref> have already searched the N04 CORAVEL dwarf data set for signatures of past accretion on to the local disc. They find that stars with a common progenitor should show distinct correlations between orbital apocentre (<italic>A</italic>), pericentre (<italic>P</italic>) and <italic>Z</italic> angular momentum (<italic>J</italic><sub><italic>Z</italic></sub>). In <italic>APJ</italic>-space, their analysis reveals a statistically significant excess of stars on orbits of common eccentricity, analogous to the pattern expected for merger debris. They identify three coherent groups with distinct metallicity and age distributions that they assert correspond to the remains of disrupted satellites.</p>
<p>In this paper, we (quite literally) take an orthogonal approach by simply posing the question: is there any net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood? This is a different question from that explored by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31">Gould (2003)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7">Bell et al. (2007)</xref>: we are not attempting to constrain the amount of phase-space substructure. The well-established Galactic stellar components in the solar neighbourhood (thin and thick discs and inner halo) are kinematically symmetric about the Galactic plane. Therefore, any net vertical flow could reasonably be associated with a tidal stream of stars with vertically coherent kinematics. Hence, within the sample volumes of the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys, we can directly test whether the Sgr stream and VOD pass near the Sun and consequently whether direct DM detection experiments should expect enhanced modulated signals from these or any other streams.</p>
<p>We organize this paper by analysing the data sets in order of increasing sampled volume. Ergo, we begin with the CORAVEL dwarfs in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2">Section 2</xref>. In <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2-3">Section 2.3</xref>, we use this sample to show that the effect of binarity is negligible in the analysis of velocity distribution functions, which is important for our purpose here as well as many future science applications of RAVE and SEGUE data. We introduce our statistical test to identify streams in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2-4">Section 2.4</xref>. This test is applied to the CORAVEL giants in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss3">Section 3</xref> and all the RAVE stars in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss4">Section 4</xref>.</p>
<p>This is not the first science paper to make use of the RAVE data set. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b81">Smith et al. (2007)</xref> used high-velocity RAVE stars to constrain the local Galactic escape speed. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b85">Veltz et al. (2007)</xref> used 2MASS to select RAVE stars with 0.5 ≤<italic>J</italic>−<italic>K</italic><sub>S</sub>≤ 0.7 mag, which corresponds to K3-K7 dwarfs and G3-K1 (red clump) giants, to identify kinematic and density discontinuities between the thin disc, thick disc and inner halo towards the South Galactic Pole (SGP). We introduce the RAVE stellar populations in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss4-1">Section 4.1</xref>. We discuss our results in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss5">Section 5</xref> before ending on an historical aside in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss8">Appendix A</xref>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss2">
<title>2 CORAVEL dwarfs</title>
<sec id="ss2-1">
<title>2.1 Derivation of the space velocities of the CORAVEL dwarfs</title>
<p>The Geneva–Copenhagen survey is complete, all-sky, magnitude-limited and kinematically unbiased. Its observational input catalogue was selected from a compilation of catalogues available in the literature with Strömgren <italic>uvby</italic>β photometry of nearby F and G stars, mainly from the surveys by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b68">Olsen (1983</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b70">1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b71">1994a)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b72">Olsen (1994b)</xref>. The input catalogue was observed using both CORAVELs. Their fixed, late-type cross-correlation template spectra match the spectra of the majority of the input catalogue stars. The multi-epoch RVs (generally two or more) have a modal mean error of the mean RVs of 0.25 km s<sup>−1</sup> (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref> in N04).</p>
<fig position="float" id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<p>Three-dimensional sky distribution of all the 13 240 CORAVEL dwarfs with <italic>W</italic> velocities (red dots) and the 8589 single-star CORAVEL dwarfs (blue dots). The spherical polar axes have a radius of 370 pc, centred on the Sun, chosen to include the most-distant CORAVEL dwarf with a <italic>W</italic> velocity (363 pc, marked by the black cursor). The viewer is in the Galactic plane, inside the solar circle at <italic>l</italic>∼ 30° (the Galactic Centre is over the viewer's left-hand shoulder). The nearest line of constant <italic>l</italic> is <italic>l</italic>= 30° (with the majority of the stars behind it). <italic>l</italic> increases to the right-hand side (anticlockwise) with lines of constant <italic>l</italic> every 30°. All the lines of constant <italic>l</italic> converge at the NGP (<italic>b</italic>=+90°, top) and at the SGP (<italic>b</italic>=−90°, bottom), with lines of constant <italic>b</italic> every 30°.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f3.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>The vast majority of these stars have proper motions in the <italic>Tycho-2</italic> catalogue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b38">Høg et al. 2000</xref>). This catalogue was constructed by combining the <italic>Tycho</italic> star-mapper measurements of the <italic>Hipparcos</italic> satellite with the Astrographic Catalogue based on measurements in the Carte du Ciel and other ground-based catalogues. The typical mean error in the total proper motion vector is 1.8 mas yr<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p>The primary source of distance for these stars is <italic>Hipparcos</italic> trigonometric parallax. This is adopted if its relative error (σ<sub>π</sub>/π) is accurate to 13 per cent or better, otherwise the photometric distance calibrations for F and G dwarfs by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15">Crawford (1975)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b69">Olsen (1984)</xref> are used, with an uncertainty of only 13 per cent. Distances are not provided for stars with unreliable <italic>Hipparcos</italic> parallax (σ<sub>π</sub>/π > 13 per cent) and when photometric distances cannot be calculated. This occurs when the star is missing the necessary photometry and/or it falls outside the photometric calibrations. The absence of a distance estimate or RV measurement reduces the size of the sample with all full six-dimensional phase-space information to 13 240 stars. The space velocity components in the Galactic cardinal directions, <italic>U</italic> (towards the Galactic Centre), <italic>V</italic> (in the direction of Galactic rotation) and <italic>W</italic> (towards the NGP), are computed for all the stars with (mean) RVs, proper motions and distances.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss2-2">
<title>2.2 Orbital angular momenta of the CORAVEL dwarfs</title>
<p>The availability of distances to each CORAVEL dwarf allows their Galactic-centred cartesian coordinates (<italic>X</italic>, <italic>Y</italic>, <italic>Z</italic>) to be calculated, where (<italic>X</italic><sub>⊙</sub>, <italic>Y</italic><sub>⊙</sub>, <italic>Z</italic><sub>⊙</sub>) = (8, 0, 0) kpc, which in combination with their (<italic>U</italic>, <italic>V</italic>, <italic>W</italic>) Galactic space velocities relative to the Galactic standard of rest (GSR) permits their components of orbital angular momentum (<italic>J</italic>) to be resolved into
<disp-formula id="m1">
<label>1</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m1.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
<disp-formula id="m2">
<label>2</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m2.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
<disp-formula id="m3">
<label>3</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m3.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
where
<disp-formula id="m4">
<label>4</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m4.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
<disp-formula id="m5">
<label>5</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m5.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
<disp-formula id="m6">
<label>6</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m6.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
where (<italic>U</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>, <italic>V</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>, <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>) = (10.00, 5.25, 7.17) km s<sup>−1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Dehnen & Binney 1998</xref>) is the solar motion, decomposed into its cardinal directions, relative to the local standard of rest (LSR), and <italic>V</italic><sub>rot</sub>= 220 km s<sup>−1</sup> is the amplitude of Galactic rotation towards <italic>l</italic>= 90° and <italic>b</italic>= 0° (IAU 1985 convention; see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b47">Kerr & Lynden-Bell 1986</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref> shows that the CORAVEL dwarf sample is dominated by high angular momentum disc stars with only ∼100 low angular momentum halo stars.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Distribution of CORAVEL dwarfs in the plane of orbital angular momentum components, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu48.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. Top panel: the triangle is star HD 175305 and the square is CD −80328. Bottom panel: the red dots are stars in an apparent linear structure.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f1.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>Two stars on prograde high-inclination orbits (the triangle and square in the top plot of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>) share similar angular momenta to the H99b streams (cf. their fig. 2). The triangle in the top plot of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref> is HD 175305 and has a photometric metallicity of −1.39 dex. It is also in the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Beers & Sommer-Larsen (1995)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Chiba & Yoshii (1998)</xref> catalogues with spectroscopic metallicities of −1.42 and −1.54 dex, respectively. Its kinematics, (<italic>U</italic>, <italic>V</italic>, <italic>W</italic>)<sub>GSR</sub>= (−58, 142, −286) km s<sup>−1</sup>, means that it is one of the stars in the H99b stream moving towards the SGP. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Beers et al. (2000)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">Kepley et al. (2007)</xref> explicitly cite this star as a member of one of the H99b streams.</p>
<p>The square in the top plot of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref> is CD −80 328 and has a photometric metallicity of −1.98 dex. It is neither in the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4">Beers & Sommer-Larsen (1995)</xref> nor in the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Chiba & Yoshii (1998)</xref> catalogues. Its very low metallicity is spectroscopically confirmed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">Beers et al. (1999)</xref> to be −2.09 dex. Its kinematics, (<italic>U</italic>, <italic>V</italic>, <italic>W</italic>)<sub>GSR</sub>= (−193, 117, 303) km s<sup>−1</sup>, and metallicity suggest that it could be a member of the H99b stream moving towards the NGP. However, its kinetic energy is too large to be consistent with the energies of the other members of the stream (listed in table 7 of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13">Chiba & Beers 2000</xref> and the energies were calculated using table 4 of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6">Beers et al. 2000</xref>). Therefore, we consider this star to be a possible outlier, like the different outlier found by H99b. The red dots in the bottom plot of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref> apparently align in a linear structure. The mode of their photometric metallicities (−0.6 dex) agrees with the second group of tidal debris found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">Helmi et al. (2006)</xref>. However, the younger and wider age distribution of the linear structure argues against a tidal origin, suggesting that a chance alignment is more probable.</p>
<p>The lack of strong clumping and apparent smoothness of the distribution in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref> suggests that there are not any significant, coherent tidal streams in the sample (the tidal debris identified by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">Helmi et al. 2006</xref> does not manifest itself in coherent tidal streams). The <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b37">Helmi et al. (2006)</xref><italic>APJ</italic>-space analysis of the CORAVEL dwarfs is similar to the H99a entropy technique (also used in H99b), since it partitions the parameter space and counts the number of stars in each cell. Therefore, we do not re-apply these techniques to the CORAVEL dwarfs in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>. In addition, these techniques cannot be applied to RAVE data as so far we have not derived accurate distances to RAVE stars (see <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss4">Section 4</xref>). Instead, we apply the RAVE data-analysis technique employed in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss4">Section 4</xref> to the CORAVEL samples, in order to characterize the solar neighbourhood <italic>W</italic> distribution and to allow comparison between the CORAVEL and RAVE results. First, the next section demonstrates that RAVE data can be used on an equal footing with the CORAVEL data.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss2-3">
<title>2.3 Effect of binarity on <italic>W</italic> velocity distribution</title>
<p>A double correlation peak may identify a spectroscopic binary from a single RV measurement but an average of more than four Geneva–Copenhagen observations are available per CORAVEL dwarf, allowing N04 to identify 3223 stars (out of 16 682, 19 per cent) as spectroscopic binaries of all kinds. If the velocities can be properly assigned to the two binary components, the centre-of-mass velocities of double-lined spectroscopic binaries can be computed by the method of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b87">Wilson (1941)</xref> without a full orbital solution. N04 provide systemic velocities of double-lined spectroscopic binaries where possible, otherwise the raw average RV is given for CORAVEL dwarfs, including single-lined spectroscopic binaries.</p>
<p>The average scatter of individual RVs of single-lined spectroscopic binaries, which have orbital periods of years or less, is ∼15 km s<sup>−1</sup>. This scatter is an order of magnitude larger than the average error in each space velocity component of 1.5 km s<sup>−1</sup>. Therefore, the mean RV of a single-lined spectroscopic binary may be more representative of the instantaneous radial component of the orbital motion in the binary system than its systemic line-of-sight motion in the Galaxy, resulting in inaccurate and even potentially misleading space velocities.</p>
<p>Although any individual space velocity could be unreliable due to binarity, the statistical effect of binarity on the velocity distribution function of a large number of stars has not been empirically constrained before. This is due to the sparsity of RV data available with sufficient temporal coverage to generate good binarity detection statistics. The Geneva–Copenhagen survey is the largest, homogeneous RV survey with repeat measurements: 62 993 new RV observations of 13 464 programme stars, representing ∼1000 nights of data. Observations typically cover a time-span of 1–3 yr but some extend over a decade or more, allowing the majority of binaries to be identified.</p>
<p>The statistical effect of binarity on the velocity distribution function is investigated for the first time here because it has fundamental implications for our aims in this paper, as well as the observational strategies and science of ongoing RV surveys. The vast majority of RAVE (and SEGUE) stars have never been spectroscopically observed before and RAVE (and SEGUE) observes most of them only once. Ideally, kinematic studies should use centre-of-mass velocities but when these are not available, it is important to know how sensitive the analysis is to the kinematic affects of binarity.</p>
<p>We investigate the kinematic effect of binarity by comparing the <italic>W</italic> velocity distribution function of all the CORAVEL dwarfs, including binaries, to the corresponding distribution function of single stars (see the top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>). N04 provide a catalogue flag (<italic>f</italic><sub><italic>b</italic></sub>) that identifies confirmed or suspected binaries, where the information can come from one or several sources such as photometry, RV or astrometry. They identified 3537 visual binaries (out of 16 682 stars, 21 per cent) and the majority of systems with periods below 1000 d should be flagged. Single stars, for which the derived space velocities are more reliable, are defined by N04 as having a null <italic>f</italic><sub><italic>b</italic></sub> catalogue entry (8589 stars out of 13 240 with space velocities, 65 per cent). Some CORAVEL dwarfs only have two observations. Accordingly, some long-period and/or low-amplitude binary stars will not be identified by the <italic>f</italic><sub><italic>b</italic></sub> flag and will thus be present in the sample of single stars. Their effect should be negligible compared to a bona fide sample of single stars due to the small amplitude of their orbital velocities.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">Kepley et al. (2007)</xref> were able to use a parametric test (the Shapiro–Wilk test for deviations from normality) to search for streams in their stellar halo sample because the halo velocity distribution is approximated by a Gaussian. Both <italic>W</italic> velocity distribution functions in the top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref> approximately consist of the sum of three Gaussians. These represent the young thin disc, where σ<sub><italic>W</italic></sub>∼ 10–15 km s<sup>−1</sup>, the old thin disc, where σ<sub><italic>W</italic></sub>∼ 15–20 km s<sup>−1</sup>, and the thick disc, where σ<sub><italic>W</italic></sub> > 30 km s<sup>−1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79">Seabroke & Gilmore 2007</xref>). The shape of the resulting distribution is a Gaussian with positive kurtosis (leptokurtic): it is more peaked and has heavier tails than a single Gaussian. This means that a non-parametric statistical comparison test is required.</p>
<p>A standard distribution-free test is the Kolmogorov–Smirov (K–S) test. The K–S statistic is the maximum difference over all values of a single, independent variable <italic>x</italic> of two cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). However, the sensitivity of the K–S test is not independent of <italic>x</italic>: it tends to be most sensitive around the median value and less sensitive at the extreme ends of the distribution. Identifying the points at ±∞ (wrapping the <italic>x</italic>-axis around a circle) guarantees equal sensitivities at all values of <italic>x</italic>. This is an invariant K–S test called the Kuiper test (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b74">Press et al. 1992</xref>). For comparing two different CDFs, the Kuiper statistic, defined as
<disp-formula id="m7">
<label>7</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m7.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
is the sum of the differences between the CDFs, where
<disp-formula id="m8">
<label>8</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m8.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
and
<disp-formula id="m9">
<label>9</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m9.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu1.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> is the function giving the fraction of data points ≤<italic>x</italic>. The statistical significance of <italic>D</italic>, <italic>P</italic>(<italic>D</italic> > observed) =<italic>Q</italic>(λ) is given by
<disp-formula id="m10">
<label>10</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m10.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
where <italic>Q</italic> is a monotonic formula with variable <italic>j</italic> for the asymptotic behaviour of the statistic <italic>D</italic>, satisfying <italic>Q</italic>(0) = 1 and <italic>Q</italic>(∞) = 0, where
<disp-formula id="m11">
<label>11</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m11.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
and
<disp-formula id="m12">
<label>12</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m12.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula></p>
<p>To compare all the CORAVEL dwarfs (<italic>N</italic><sub>1</sub>= 13 240) with the single-star CORAVEL dwarfs (<italic>N</italic><sub>2</sub>= 8589), <italic>x</italic>=<italic>W</italic> in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m8">equations (8)</xref> and <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m9">(9)</xref>, giving <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub>= 0.004, <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub>= 0.009 (see the bottom panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>) and <italic>D</italic>= 0.013. The sample size is sufficiently large (<italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub>= 5209.51) to give the test enough power to detect significant differences and reject the null hypothesis (that all the stars and the single stars are drawn from the same parent population) if it is false. <italic>Q</italic>= 0.887, signifying that the data fail to reject the null hypothesis. This means that, statistically, stellar binarity does not affect the <italic>W</italic> distribution of the CORAVEL dwarfs significantly.</p>
<p>Because binaries are, on average, apparently brighter than single stars, binaries are abundant in apparent magnitude-limited samples like the Geneva–Copenhagen survey. The Kuiper test suggests that we can safely include binaries, nearly doubling the sample size of the CORAVEL dwarfs and increasing the power of the test. This means that the RAVE RVs, which include binaries, can be used on an equal footing with the CORAVEL data. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref> shows that including binaries does not increase the local volume of the solar neighbourhood sampled by the CORAVEL dwarfs.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss2-4">
<title>2.4 Determining <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> for the CORAVEL dwarfs</title>
<p>To search for streams, a Kuiper test could be used to compare the <italic>W</italic> distribution of the CORAVEL dwarfs with a Cauchy–Lorentz distribution (heavy-tailed Gaussian). Its peak location (<italic>x</italic><sub>0</sub>) and half width at half-maximum scale (γ) parameters could be theoretically determined according to the Galactic volume sampled and the age–velocity dispersion relation of the thin and thick discs. However, the functional form of these relations remains uncertain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79">Seabroke & Gilmore 2007</xref>). In addition, the test hypothesis would be whether the data are exactly a Cauchy–Lorentz distribution with the specified <italic>x</italic><sub>0</sub> and γ. The hypothesis could be rejected due to the data having a slightly different <italic>x</italic><sub>0</sub> and γ from those specified. Thus, the test may not be very sensitive to the presence of streams.</p>
<p>A more straightforward approach is to test the symmetry between the two halves of the <italic>W</italic> distribution. In-falling streams on to the Milky Way disc will reveal themselves as overdensities in the distribution of <italic>W</italic> with respect to the Galactic plane. <italic>W</italic> is positive towards the NGP and negative towards the SGP (symbolically denoted by +<italic>W</italic> and −<italic>W</italic>, respectively, for brevity), so a stream falling on to the Galactic disc from the NGP (‘above’ the Galactic plane) would have −<italic>W</italic> and a stream falling on to the Galactic disc from the SGP (‘below’ the plane) would have +<italic>W</italic>. A stream falling through the disc from the NGP to SGP would exhibit −<italic>W</italic> both above and below the plane and +<italic>W</italic> both above and below the plane falling from the SGP to the NGP. A symmetry test between the two sides of the <italic>W</italic> distribution, if sensitive enough to the number of stream stars, will find the asymmetry caused by a single stream.</p>
<p><italic>W</italic> is measured relative to the Sun. The top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref> shows that the <italic>W</italic> distribution is not centred on zero velocity. The Kuiper test is sensitive to the sign of the <italic>W</italic> velocities (see the bottom panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>), so the absolute values of −<italic>W</italic> velocities are required to compare them to +<italic>W</italic> to test the symmetry of the distribution. The easiest method to implement this Kuiper symmetry test is to transform the heliocentric reference frame to one centred on zero velocity – the LSR reference frame, where <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m6">equation (6)</xref> is the centre of the <italic>W</italic> distribution in the top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Fig. 2</xref>. <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> needs to be determined to apply its correction to the <italic>W</italic> distribution to convert it to a <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution.</p>
<p>We determine <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> by varying its value in the Kuiper symmetry test to find the best agreement between the two halves of the resulting <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution (minimum value of <italic>D</italic>). <italic>D</italic> is calculated using <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m8">equations (8)</xref> and <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m9">(9)</xref> but now <italic>x</italic>= |±<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>|. The maximum differences between <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu2.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu3.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> are calculated over the range 0 < |±<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>| < ∞. The top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref> shows the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution for the minimum value of <italic>D</italic>, where <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>= 7.0 km s<sup>−1</sup> to the nearest 0.1 km s<sup>−1</sup>. Our value of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> also agrees within the errors with the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Dehnen & Binney (1998)</xref> measurement: <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>= 7.17 ± 0.38 km s<sup>−1</sup> (see <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss8">Appendix A</xref> for further discussion on the determination of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> and historical parallels).</p>
<fig position="float" id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution of the CORAVEL dwarfs (solid histogram) either side of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>= 0 dividing line (dashed line). Bottom panel: normalized CDF of <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> < 0 (solid line) and <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> > 0 (dotted line), showing <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> (dashed line) and <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> (dot–dashed line).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f4.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>Having determined <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>, we continue to vary its value until a 4σ statistically significant difference (<italic>Q</italic> < 6 × 10<sup>−5</sup>) is generated between the two halves of the resulting <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution to gauge how sensitive the Kuiper symmetry test is to the measured value of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows that <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> can be placed −1.4 km s<sup>−1</sup> from our measured value of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> in the −<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution, whereas it can only be placed less than half that speed (+0.6 km s<sup>−1</sup>) from our measured value of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> into the +<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution. This is because the position of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> is sensitive to the slight asymmetry due to <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> in the bottom panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref> at |<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>| = 13 km s<sup>−1</sup>. Although it may not appear so in the top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref> because of the binning, there are more stars with 0 < <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>≤ 13 than with −13 < <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>≤ 0 km s<sup>−1</sup>. However, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu4.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>, allowing the line of symmetry (<italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>) to be placed farther into the −<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution than the +<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution. If the position of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> was sensitive to the larger asymmetry due to <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> in the bottom panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref> at |<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> | = 25 km s<sup>−1</sup>, the reverse would be true, that is, even though there are more stars with 0 < <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>≤ 25 than <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu5.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>, which would allow the line of symmetry (<italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>) to be placed farther into the +<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution than the −<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution. This demonstrates that <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> is only sensitive to asymmetries at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu6.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> (in this case <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> rather than <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub>), despite <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> << <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t1">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Results of the Kuiper symmetry test, applied to the CORAVEL dwarfs, to determine <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> to the nearest 0.1 km s<sup>−1</sup>, where Δ<italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>=<italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>− 7.0 km s<sup>−1</sup>.</p></caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td><italic>W</italic> <sup>⊙</sup> <sub>LSR</sub></td>
<td>Δ<italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu57.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu58.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic></td>
<td><italic>Q</italic></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>5.6</td>
<td>−1.4</td>
<td>7176</td>
<td>6064</td>
<td>3287</td>
<td>0.0484</td>
<td>0.0021</td>
<td>0.0505</td>
<td>3 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>6583</td>
<td>6657</td>
<td>3310</td>
<td>0.0250</td>
<td>0.0064</td>
<td>0.0314</td>
<td>0.0341</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7.6</td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>6334</td>
<td>6906</td>
<td>3304</td>
<td>0.0242</td>
<td>0.0212</td>
<td>0.0454</td>
<td>6 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p><italic>W</italic> <sup>⊙</sup> <sub>LSR</sub> of the full sample of CORAVEL dwarfs coincides with the mode of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution in the top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref>. This suggests that there cannot be many CORAVEL dwarfs with <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu7.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> belonging to vertically coherent streams with systemic <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> velocities. If there were, they would have biased the measurement of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> away from the mode.</p>
<p>A coherent stream with a systemic space velocity would be visible as an overdensity in the CORAVEL dwarf <italic>U</italic>−<italic>W</italic> and <italic>V</italic>−<italic>W</italic> space diagrams. These diagrams in fig. 20 of N04 do not exhibit any such vertical substructure. In fact, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79">Seabroke & Gilmore (2007)</xref> show that the CORAVEL dwarfs are well phase-mixed vertically because of the sample's low scaleheight (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref>). This suggests that there are no vertically coherent streams currently passing through the solar neighbourhood, in agreement with the lack of strong clumping in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss2-5">
<title>2.5 Sensitivity of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> symmetry of the CORAVEL dwarfs to tidal streams</title>
<p>In this section, we investigate the sensitivity of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> symmetry of the CORAVEL dwarfs to tidal streams at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu8.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. The previous section suggests that the sample of CORAVEL dwarfs is free from vertically coherent streams. This means that its distribution can be used as a smooth background against which we can investigate the effect of a tidal stream passing vertically through the solar neighbourhood. We do this by simulating a stream, pseudo-randomly generating a Gaussian with σ<sub>s</sub>= 10 km s<sup>−1</sup>, and adding it to the sample. This dispersion was chosen because the best-studied tidal stream in the literature, the Sgr stream, is found to be dynamically cold by two different groups: <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b58">Majewski et al. (2004)</xref> used medium-resolution spectroscopy to find an intrinsic dispersion of σ= 10.4 ± 1.3 km s<sup>−1</sup> (after removing random errors of ∼5.3 km s<sup>−1</sup>); and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b61">Monaco et al. (2007)</xref> fitted a Gaussian of σ= 8.3 ± 0.9 km s<sup>−1</sup> to their sample of high-resolution spectroscopically derived RVs.</p>
<p>To investigate how sensitive the Kuiper symmetry test is to the choice of σ<sub>s</sub>, we repeated the above experiment with σ<sub>s</sub>= 3 and 17.3 km s<sup>−1</sup>. These dispersions are physically motivated: H99a state that the intrinsic dispersion for a tidal stream from a Large Magellanic Cloud-type progenitor is ∼3–5 km s<sup>−1</sup> after a Hubble time, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19">Duffau et al. (2006)</xref> discovered the Virgo stellar stream with σ= 17.3 km s<sup>−1</sup>. We find that the number of stars required to generate a 4σ tidal stream detection is relatively insensitive to σ<sub>s</sub>. The conservation of phase-space density results in σ decreasing as 1/time at each point along a stream (H99a). Hence, the ability of the test to detect a stream is not biased by the dynamical age of the stream.</p>
<p>The simulated tidal stream is added to the sample of CORAVEL dwarfs at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu9.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>, where <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu10.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>, to test the sensitivity of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> symmetry to the presence of each stream. Approximately, <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu11.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> corresponds to <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>≈−242 km s<sup>−1</sup> calculated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">Freese et al. (2004)</xref> using the eight clump stars from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14">Chiba & Yoshii (1998)</xref> in the H99b stream (the CORAVEL dwarfs with <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> nearest to this value are at −286 and −179 km s<sup>−1</sup>).</p>
<p>At each position, the random population of the simulated tidal stream is increased until it causes the Kuiper symmetry test to reject the null hypothesis (that <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> < 0 and <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> > 0 are drawn from the same parent population) at the 4σ statistical significance level. The test results in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> are indicative because they represent a single realization of a pseudo-random Gaussian added to the sample and we have not conducted a full Monte Carlo simulation. Nevertheless, the indication that more tidal stream stars are required to generate a 4σ tidal stream detection at 2 and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu12.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> than at −2 and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu13.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> seems plausible due to the asymmetry already in the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution: <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> in the bottom panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Fig. 4</xref> at |<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>| = 25 km s<sup>−1</sup>. Placing streams in the −<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution, further increases <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> and decreases <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub>. The reverse is true for placing streams in the +<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution but even more stream stars are required to cancel out the intrinsic <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> and increase <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> to the 4σ statistical significance level (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Fig. 5</xref>).</p>
<table-wrap id="t2">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Results of the Kuiper symmetry test, applied to the CORAVEL dwarfs, to determine the approximate number of tidal stream stars (<italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub>) required, in pseudo-randomly generated σ<sub>s</sub>= 10 km s<sup>−1</sup> Gaussians, placed at ±(1, 2, 3, ∼13)<inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu59.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> in the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution, to cause the test to reject the null hypothesis at 4σ (<italic>Q</italic> < 6 × 10<sup>−5</sup>). Per cent =<italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub>/(<italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub>+<italic>N</italic><sub>total</sub>), where <italic>N</italic><sub>total</sub>= 13 240. ρ<sub>s</sub> is the stellar density of each stream, in <italic>N</italic>× 10<sup>6</sup> stars kpc<sup>−3</sup>, calculated by dividing <italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub> of each stream by the volume within which the CORAVEL dwarfs are complete, approximated by a sphere of radius ∼40 pc (∼3 × 10<sup>−4</sup>kpc<sup>−3</sup>).</p></caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu60.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub> <italic>s</italic></sub></td>
<td>Per cent</td>
<td>ρ<sub>s</sub></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu61.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu62.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic></td>
<td><italic>Q</italic></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>−1</td>
<td>600</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>7165</td>
<td>6675</td>
<td>3456</td>
<td>0.0414</td>
<td>0.0033</td>
<td>0.0447</td>
<td>5 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>500</td>
<td>3.6</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td>6601</td>
<td>7139</td>
<td>3430</td>
<td>0.0163</td>
<td>0.0339</td>
<td>0.0502</td>
<td>2 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−2</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.7</td>
<td>6783</td>
<td>6657</td>
<td>3360</td>
<td>0.0469</td>
<td>0.0010</td>
<td>0.0479</td>
<td>1 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>400</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>6583</td>
<td>7057</td>
<td>3406</td>
<td>0.0026</td>
<td>0.0458</td>
<td>0.0484</td>
<td>7 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−3</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.7</td>
<td>6783</td>
<td>6657</td>
<td>3360</td>
<td>0.0508</td>
<td>0.0004</td>
<td>0.0512</td>
<td>1 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>400</td>
<td>2.9</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>6583</td>
<td>7057</td>
<td>3406</td>
<td>0.0026</td>
<td>0.0504</td>
<td>0.0530</td>
<td>3 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>∼−13</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>1.5</td>
<td>0.7</td>
<td>6783</td>
<td>6657</td>
<td>3360</td>
<td>0.0508</td>
<td>0.0004</td>
<td>0.0512</td>
<td>1 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>∼13</td>
<td>300</td>
<td>2.2</td>
<td>1.1</td>
<td>6583</td>
<td>6957</td>
<td>3382</td>
<td>0.0036</td>
<td>0.0445</td>
<td>0.0481</td>
<td>9 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<fig position="float" id="f5">
<label>Figure 5</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution of the CORAVEL dwarfs (solid histogram) either side of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>= 0 dividing line (dashed line). The pseudo-randomly generated Gaussian (representing a σ= 10 km s<sup>−1</sup> tidal stream) included in the data set (dotted histogram) that caused the Kuiper symmetry test to reject the null hypothesis at 4σ when placed at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu49.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> is also plotted separately (dot–dashed line). Bottom panel: normalized CDF of <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> < 0 (solid line) and <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> > 0 (dotted line), showing <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> (dot–dashed line). <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> is not visible in this plot at |<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>| ≈ 0.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f5.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>The test becomes more sensitive (less stream stars required to generate a 4σ detection), the farther a stream is from the centre of the distribution. However, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows that the number of stream stars required for a 4σ detection stays approximately constant (saturates) at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu14.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. This is because the positions of <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> and <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> have become fixed and their values saturated, whereas <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> is still sensitive to perturbation at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu15.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> by hundreds of stream stars.</p>
<p>H99a demonstrate that phase-mixing allows different tidal streams from a single disrupted object to be observed with opposite motion in the vertical direction (e.g. the two H99b streams). If two such streams contain similar numbers of stars, the Kuiper symmetry test may not find them because their presence may not create enough of an asymmetry between the two sides of the <italic>W</italic> distribution. H99a predict inside a 1 kpc<sup>3</sup> volume centred on the Sun, there should be 300–500 tidal streams containing a few hundred stars each if the whole stellar halo was built up by disrupting satellites. However, neither the CORAVEL nor the RAVE surveys provide complete coverage of this volume and so are very incomplete with respect to halo stars. Thus, if these streams exist in our samples, they will most likely contain fewer stars than the detection thresholds of the Kuiper symmetry test in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. This means that the test is not sensitive to these streams, regardless of their possible symmetries. The number of stars required for a detection suggests that the test is better suited to detect less phase-mixed, more coherent streams in configuration space, like the Sgr streams that contain hundreds of stars.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79">Seabroke & Gilmore (2007)</xref> estimated that are ∼1300 CORAVEL dwarfs in the Hercules dynamical stream. This substructure corresponds to 10 per cent of the sample and is easily visible in the N04 <italic>U</italic>−<italic>V</italic> space diagram (their fig. 20). F05 show in their sample of CORAVEL giants that the Hercules stream has σ<sub><italic>U</italic></sub>= 28.35 ± 1.68 and σ<sub><italic>V</italic></sub>= 9.31 ± 1.22 km s<sup>−1</sup>. More than halving σ<sub><italic>U</italic></sub> would also more than halve the number of Hercules stars, bringing them into agreement with the numbers in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> but its nucleus would still be discernible as an overdensity in the N04 <italic>U</italic>−<italic>V</italic> space diagram.</p>
<p>The high number of stream stars needed to cause a statistically significant asymmetry would most likely be visible as substructure in the N04 <italic>U</italic>−<italic>W</italic> and <italic>V</italic>−<italic>W</italic> space diagrams and strong clumping in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>. Given this and the symmetry of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution, we conclude that it is unlikely that the sample of CORAVEL dwarfs contains any vertically coherent streams consisting of ≳200 stars. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b85">Veltz et al. (2007)</xref> find that the scaleheight of the thin disc is ∼225 pc, so the CORAVEL dwarfs only sample a very local volume of the thin disc (N04 showed that the local thick disc consists of <10 per cent of the sample).</p>
<p>F-G turn-off stars are a good indicator of stellar number density. The only part of the Sgr stream close enough to the Sun where this quantity can be reliably measured is 50 kpc from the Sgr dSph (SDSS Stripe 82). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Freese, Gondolo & Newberg (2005)</xref> estimate that the full width at half-maximum of the Sgr stream in Stripe 82 is 4–8 kpc, which is consistent with σ≈ 2 kpc, derived from 2MASS M giants in the stream (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b57">Majewski et al. 2003</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Freese et al. (2005)</xref> use this stream-width to estimate its stellar density: 210–740 stars kpc<sup>−3</sup>. They use BHB stars in Stripe 82 and in another part of the stream, also 50 kpc from the Sgr dSph (Stripe 10), to estimate how stellar density varies as a function of position along the stream and find that the variation is a factor of 1–2, implying that the stellar density of the Sgr stream in the solar neighbourhood is in the range of 210–1480 stars kpc<sup>−3</sup>. An upper limit on the stream density of 1.6 × 10<sup>4</sup>M<sub>⊙</sub> kpc<sup>−3</sup> is derived from the models shown in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">Martínez-Delgado et al. (2007)</xref>, assuming that all the mass in the Sgr dSph is in the form of stars.</p>
<p>The CORAVEL dwarfs are volume-complete out to ∼40 pc, which corresponds to a spherical volume of ∼3 × 10<sup>−4</sup>kpc<sup>3</sup>. Therefore, even the upper bound on the number of Sgr stream stars expected to be passing through this volume is <1. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref> illustrates that there are a significant number of stars out to ∼100–200 pc, so if the Sgr stream is passing through the spherical CORAVEL dwarf volume (radius ∼200 pc), only of the order of unity CORAVEL dwarfs are likely to be Sgr stars. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows that the Kuiper symmetry test is not sensitive to such a small number of stream stars, so if there is subtle clumping in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref> the test would not find such weak streams.</p>
<p>From fig. 1 of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">Fuchs et al. (2006)</xref>, we estimate that at <italic>Z</italic>∼ 2 kpc, the VOD minus the vertical density profile at the position of the Sun of a smooth Galaxy model is 1.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> stars kpc<sup>−3</sup> in the 13-h CADIS field. Therefore, if this structure exists in the solar neighbourhood with this density, there will not be many more than 30–40 CORAVEL dwarfs belonging to it. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows that the Kuiper symmetry test is not sensitive to such a small number of stars. The table illustrates that even the smallest number of stars required for a stream detection in this sample only puts a very weak constraint on the stellar density of a coherent structure in the solar neighbourhood with vertically coherent kinematics.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="ss3">
<title>3 CORAVEL GIANTS</title>
<sec id="ss3-1">
<title>3.1 Derivation of the space velocities of the CORAVEL giants</title>
<p>The F05 sample of CORAVEL giants is the intersection of several data sets: (i) spectral types K and M in the <italic>Hipparcos</italic> catalogue; (ii) proper motions from the <italic>Tycho-2</italic> catalogue; (iii) CORAVEL RVs for stars in item (i) in the Northern hemisphere (δ > 0°), observed with the Swiss 1-m telescope at Observatoire de Haute-Provence, France. The <italic>Hipparcos</italic> parallaxes were used to construct a crude Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram from which dwarfs were identified and removed from the sample. Stars with peculiar spectra, such as T Tau stars, Mira variables and S stars were eliminated using diagnostics based on RV variability and CORAVEL cross-correlation profiles, combined with literature searches. Binaries for which no centre-of-mass RV could be estimated were removed using the F05 binarity flag (<italic>B</italic>). A star was excluded from their (and our) kinematic analysis if it is a spectroscopic binary (<italic>B</italic>= 0) or a visual binary with no orbit available (<italic>B</italic>= 5) or an uncertain case, either a spectroscopic binary or supergiant (<italic>B</italic>= 3) or for a visual binary (<italic>B</italic>= 8), leaving 6030 stars (5311 K and 719 M giants).</p>
<p>Because the CORAVEL giants are at distances approximately an order of magnitude greater than the CORAVEL dwarfs, the σ<sub>π</sub>/π distribution for the giants is correspondingly less accurate than that for the dwarfs. This means that, unlike for the dwarfs, simple inversion of the parallaxes of the giants results in biased estimates of their distances for the >3000 giants with σ<sub>π</sub>/π > 20 per cent (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12">Brown et al. 1997</xref>). To derive bias-free distances for all the CORAVEL giants, F05 used the Bayesian Luri–Mennessier maximum-likelihood method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52">Luri et al. 1996</xref>) to model the sample in order to assign each star to a kinematic ‘base’ group. Given the maximum-likelihood estimator of its assigned group parameters and its observed values, F05 obtain the marginal probability density law for the distance of each star from the global probability density function. These distances were used with the CORAVEL RVs and <italic>Tycho-2</italic> proper motions to derive the space velocities.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss3-2">
<title>3.2 Orbital angular momenta of the CORAVEL giants</title>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 6</xref> shows that, despite probing a larger volume than the CORAVEL dwarfs, the giants, unlike the dwarfs, do not include a symmetric (no net rotation) halo sample. The top panel of this figure includes all the sample and thus none of the CORAVEL giants is a member of the H99b streams. The F05 dynamical streams are part of the smooth distribution in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 6</xref> because all the stars exhibit a similar range of thin disc <italic>J</italic><sub><italic>Z</italic></sub> values. The lack of strong clumping again suggests that there are not any coherent tidal streams in the sample.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f6">
<label>Figure 6</label>
<caption>
<p>Distribution of CORAVEL giants in the plane of orbital angular momentum components, colour-coded according to the F05 maximum-likelihood base group assignment to known kinematic features of the solar neighbourhood: smooth background (black dots), Sirius moving group (magenta dots), young kinematics (yellow dots), Hyades–Pleiades supercluster (red dots), Hercules stream (green dots) and high-velocity stars (blue dots). Note the different scale between the top plot above and in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f6.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
</sec>
<sec id="ss3-3">
<title>3.3 Determining <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> for the CORAVEL giants</title>
<p>This section repeats the technique applied to the CORAVEL dwarfs in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2-4">Section 2.4</xref> to the CORAVEL giants. The top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Fig. 7</xref> shows the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution for the minimum value of <italic>D</italic>, where <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>= 7.0 km s<sup>−1</sup> to the nearest 0.1 km s<sup>−1</sup>. This is the same value as found for the CORAVEL dwarfs. In the reverse situation to the dwarfs, <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> for the giants can be placed farther in the +<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution than in the −<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution. The placement is twice as far as the maximum <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> position for the dwarfs. This shows that the position of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> for the giants is now sensitive to the slight asymmetry due to <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> in the bottom panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Fig. 7</xref> at |<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>| = 24 km s<sup>−1</sup> because <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> is at the centre of the distribution.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f7">
<label>Figure 7</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution of the CORAVEL giants (solid histogram) either side of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>= 0 dividing line (dashed line). The 5 km s<sup>−1</sup> velocity bin sizes are chosen to be twice the average space velocity error. Bottom panel: normalized CDF of <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> < 0 (solid line) and <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> > 0 (dotted line), showing <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> (dashed line) and <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> (dot–dashed line, just visible at |<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>| ≈ 0).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f7.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p><italic>W</italic> <sup>⊙</sup> <sub>LSR</sub> is in agreement with the mode of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Fig. 7</xref>. Again, this suggests that there cannot be many stars belonging to vertically coherent streams with systemic <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> velocities. If there were, they would have biased the measurement of <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> away from the mode. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows that the value of <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> for the giants is greater than that for the dwarfs and so the value of <italic>D</italic> is also larger for the giants than for the dwarfs. In spite of this, the <italic>Q</italic> value for the giants is less significant than for the dwarfs because the <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> value for the giants is half the value for the dwarfs. Hence, the <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> asymmetry does not bias the <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> value for the giants.</p>
<table-wrap id="t3">
<label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Results of the Kuiper symmetry test, applied to the CORAVEL giants, to determine <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> to the nearest 0.1 km s<sup>−1</sup>, where Δ<italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>=<italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>− 7.0 km s<sup>−1</sup>.</p></caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td><italic>W</italic> <sup>⊙</sup> <sub>LSR</sub></td>
<td>Δ<italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu63.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu64.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic></td>
<td><italic>Q</italic></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>5.4</td>
<td>−1.6</td>
<td>3397</td>
<td>2633</td>
<td>1483</td>
<td>0.0609</td>
<td>0.0082</td>
<td>0.0691</td>
<td>3 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7.0</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>3127</td>
<td>2903</td>
<td>1505</td>
<td>0.0316</td>
<td>0.0081</td>
<td>0.0397</td>
<td>0.1415</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10.4</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td>2589</td>
<td>3441</td>
<td>1477</td>
<td>0.0016</td>
<td>0.0677</td>
<td>0.0693</td>
<td>3 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="ss3-4">
<title>3.4 Sensitivity of <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> symmetry of the CORAVEL giants to tidal streams</title>
<p>This section repeats the technique applied to the CORAVEL dwarfs in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2-5">Section 2.5</xref> to the CORAVEL giants, except that the dispersion of the giants is slightly larger: <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu16.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows that, because <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> is at the centre of the distribution, many more stream stars are required to cause <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> to generate a 4σ stream detection at <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> = <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu17.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> than at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu18.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. As before, the test becomes more sensitive (less stream stars required to generate a 4σ detection), the farther a stream is from the centre of the distribution. However, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows that, again, the number of stream stars required for a 4σ detection stays approximately constant (saturates) at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu19.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> for the same reason as before.</p>
<table-wrap id="t4">
<label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Results of the Kuiper symmetry test, applied to the CORAVEL giants, to determine the approximate number of tidal stream stars (<italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub>), required in pseudo-randomly generated σ<sub>s</sub>= 10 km s<sup>−1</sup> Gaussians, placed at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu65.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> in the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution, to cause the test to reject the null hypothesis at 4σ (<italic>Q</italic> < 6 × 10<sup>−5</sup>). Per cent = <italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub>/(<italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub>+<italic>N</italic><sub>total</sub>), where <italic>N</italic><sub>total</sub>= 6030. ρ<sub>s</sub> is the stellar density of each stream, in <italic>N</italic> stars kpc<sup>−3</sup>, calculated by dividing <italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub> of each stream by the volume within which the CORAVEL giants are complete, approximated by a hemisphere with radius ∼0.29 kpc (∼0.05 kpc<sup>−3</sup>).</p></caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu66.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub> <italic>s</italic></sub></td>
<td>Per cent</td>
<td>ρ<sub><italic>s</italic></sub></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu67.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu68.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic></td>
<td><italic>Q</italic></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>−1</td>
<td>300</td>
<td>4.7</td>
<td>6000</td>
<td>3417</td>
<td>2913</td>
<td>1572</td>
<td>0.0604</td>
<td>0.0084</td>
<td>0.0688</td>
<td>1 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>800</td>
<td>11.7</td>
<td>16 000</td>
<td>3153</td>
<td>3677</td>
<td>1697</td>
<td>0.0039</td>
<td>0.0665</td>
<td>0.0704</td>
<td>2 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−2</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>4000</td>
<td>3327</td>
<td>2903</td>
<td>1550</td>
<td>0.0772</td>
<td>0.0064</td>
<td>0.0836</td>
<td>3 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>300</td>
<td>4.7</td>
<td>6000</td>
<td>3127</td>
<td>3203</td>
<td>1582</td>
<td>0.0052</td>
<td>0.0687</td>
<td>0.0739</td>
<td>2 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−3</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>4000</td>
<td>3327</td>
<td>2903</td>
<td>1550</td>
<td>0.0804</td>
<td>0.0064</td>
<td>0.0868</td>
<td>5 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>4000</td>
<td>3127</td>
<td>3103</td>
<td>1557</td>
<td>0.0119</td>
<td>0.0678</td>
<td>0.0797</td>
<td>2 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>∼−13</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>4000</td>
<td>3327</td>
<td>2903</td>
<td>1550</td>
<td>0.0804</td>
<td>0.0064</td>
<td>0.0868</td>
<td>5 × 10<sup>−9</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>∼13</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>3.2</td>
<td>4000</td>
<td>3127</td>
<td>3103</td>
<td>1557</td>
<td>0.0119</td>
<td>0.0697</td>
<td>0.0816</td>
<td>7 × 10<sup>−8</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>The number of stream stars required in the dwarf sample are also needed in the giant sample at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu20.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> to generate a 4σ detection (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Fig. 8</xref>). This is because the top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Fig. 9</xref> shows that both samples include similar numbers of stars at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu21.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>, even though the dwarf sample is twice as large as the giant one. The larger volume sampled by the giants (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Fig. 10</xref>) increases the numbers of giants in the tails of its <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution. It is this greater volume, and correspondingly different stellar population mix, that makes the giant distribution differ from the dwarf one as seen in the bottom panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Fig. 9</xref>.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f8">
<label>Figure 8</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution of the CORAVEL giants (solid histogram) either side of the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>= 0 dividing line (dashed line). The pseudo-randomly generated Gaussian (representing a σ= 10 km s<sup>−1</sup> tidal stream) included in the data set (dotted histogram) that caused the Kuiper symmetry test to reject the null hypothesis at 4σ when placed at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu50.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> is also plotted separately (dot–dashed line). Bottom panel: normalized CDF of <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> < 0 (solid line) and <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> > 0 (dotted line), showing <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> (dashed line) and <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> (dot–dashed line).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f8.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig position="float" id="f9">
<label>Figure 9</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distribution of the CORAVEL survey: 6030 giants (solid histogram) and 13 240 dwarfs (dotted histogram). Bottom panel: normalized CDF of the giants (<italic>N</italic><sub>1</sub>, solid line) and the dwarfs (<italic>N</italic><sub>2</sub>, dotted line) as a function of <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>, where the maximum differences between them are indicated by the vertical lines: <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub>(= 0.0509, dot–dashed line) and <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub>(= 0.0257, dashed line), where <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub>= 4143.08, <italic>D</italic>= 0.0766 and <italic>Q</italic>= 1 × 10<sup>−19</sup>.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f9.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig position="float" id="f10">
<label>Figure 10</label>
<caption>
<p>Three-dimensional Galactic sky distribution of all the 13 240 CORAVEL dwarfs with <italic>W</italic>-space velocities (grey dots) and the 6030 CORAVEL giants with <italic>W</italic>-space velocities, including spectroscopic binaries with centre-of-mass RVs, colour-coded the same as in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 6</xref>. The spherical polar axes have a radius of 900 pc, centred on the Sun. The viewer's angle is the same as in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref>: chosen to illustrate the 63° between the Earth's equator and the Galactic plane (longest horizontal line), emphasizing that the CORAVEL giants are only visible from the Earth's Northern hemisphere.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f10.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Fig. 10</xref> shows that the nine stars at ∼4.55 kpc towards the NGP, proposed as a candidate halo stream by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54">Majewski (1992)</xref>, are not in the sample of CORAVEL giants. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b55">Majewski, Munn & Hawley (1994)</xref> measured the RVs of six out of the nine stars and H99a calculated their mean vertical velocity to be 〈<italic>W</italic>〉=−76 ± 18 km s<sup>−1</sup> and σ<sub><italic>W</italic></sub>= 35 ± 24 km s<sup>−1</sup>. There are giants in the sample with these velocities but they do not share the angular momenta of these stars computed by H99a as <italic>J</italic><sub><italic>Z</italic></sub>≪ 0. This is far from the range in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 6</xref>, suggesting that none of the CORAVEL giants is a member of this stream. We do not see any evidence of the more general halo streaming from the NGP towards the Galactic plane reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b56">Majewski, Munn & Hawley (1996)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">Kinman et al. (2007)</xref>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b48">Kinman et al. (2007)</xref> speculated that their streaming could be connected with the VOD.</p>
<p>The method briefly described in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss3-1">Section 3.1</xref> allowed F05 to search for and characterize kinematic substructure in their sample. Their method identified three kinematic base groups: the Sirius moving group, giants with young kinematics and the Hyades–Pleiades supercluster. F05 found that these groups have dispersions similar to cold streams (σ<sub><italic>U</italic>,<italic>V</italic>,<italic>W</italic></sub>∼ 5–10 km s<sup>−1</sup>). The smooth background contains more than an order of magnitude more stars than in each group. The groups are barely visible as overdensities against the background (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79">Seabroke & Gilmore 2007</xref>, fig. 3). Each contains similar numbers of stars (see table 2 in F05) to the numbers in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> required for our Kuiper symmetry test to detect vertically coherent streams. F05 did not report any vertical substructure. This agrees with our Kuiper symmetry test results and the CORAVEL giants being well phase-mixed vertically (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b79">Seabroke & Gilmore 2007</xref>, figs 4 and 5). This suggests that the <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> asymmetry in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Fig. 7</xref> is not caused by a vertically coherent stream.</p>
<p>Approximately 80 per cent of the CORAVEL giants are <italic>Hipparcos</italic>‘survey’ stars. Therefore, the sample is complete for the K and M giants brighter than <italic>V</italic>= 7.3 + 1.1|sin <italic>b</italic>| (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b84">Udry et al. 1997</xref>). This magnitude threshold translates into distances of 290 pc in the Galactic plane and 480 pc in the direction of the Galactic pole for a typical <italic>M</italic><sub><italic>V</italic></sub>= 0 giant. These values are, however, very sensitive to the adopted absolute magnitude. They become 45 pc for a subgiant with <italic>M</italic><sub><italic>V</italic></sub>=+4 in the Galactic plane, and 2.9 kpc for a supergiant with <italic>M</italic><sub><italic>V</italic></sub>=−5 (e.g. the most-luminous giants and supergiants colour-coded yellow in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Fig. 10</xref>). We consider the volume within which the CORAVEL giants are complete to be approximated by a hemisphere with radius ∼0.29 kpc (∼0.05 kpc<sup>−3</sup>).</p>
<p>From the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Freese et al. (2005)</xref> arguments, we estimate that 10–80 Sgr stream stars could be within the volume where the CORAVEL giants are complete. A caveat against interpreting the <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> asymmetry as not due to a stream is that the numbers of stars found by F05 to be part of substructure is much larger than the expected number of Sgr and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54">Majewski (1992)</xref> halo stream stars. This implies that both the F05 method and the Kuiper symmetry test cannot rule out the presence of these streams in the volume sampled by CORAVEL giants.</p>
<p>The larger volume sampled by the giants than by the dwarfs can, however, rule out the presence of the VOD, if their stellar densities estimated from the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29">Fuchs et al. (2006)</xref> CADIS fields are realistic. If this is the case, they would consist of 6000–8000 CORAVEL giants, which the Kuiper test can strongly rule out. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows that the test can rule out these streams down to a density of ∼4000 stars kpc<sup>−3</sup> (depending on kinematics).</p>
<p>Thick disc and halo stars make up <10 per cent of the sample (high-velocity stars, colour-coded blue in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Fig. 10</xref>). Therefore, although the CORAVEL giants have extended our search volume to greater vertical distances than the thin disc scaleheight (∼220 pc), it is still dominated by the thin disc. RAVE is the only RV survey that vertically samples significant numbers of thick disc stars (as well as old thin disc stars) at the solar position.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="ss4">
<title>4 RAVE</title>
<sec id="ss4-1">
<title>4.1 RAVE stellar populations</title>
<p>To date (2007 June 26), 220 070 RAVE spectra have been amassed from 196 131 stars. This paper utilizes an internal RAVE data release containing 151 856 RVs, which includes 24 748 RVs from the first public data release (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82">Steinmetz et al. 2006</xref>),<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">1</xref> a similar number of currently unpublished RVs from the forthcoming second public data release (Zwitter et al., in preparation) and future data releases (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Fig. 11</xref>).</p>
<fig position="float" id="f11">
<label>Figure 11</label>
<caption>
<p>Aitoff projection of the Galactic coordinates (in degrees) of the 151 856 RVs in the internal RAVE data release (black dots) and the 24 748 publicly available RVs from the first data release (red dots). The vast majority of RAVE data is below the plotted celestial equatorial plane (δ= 0°). The pattern is due to the survey field centres of the first and second input catalogues being defined on <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu51.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu52.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> grid spacing, respectively (the field of view of the 6dF field plates is <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu53.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f11.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>Unlike the CORAVEL surveys that targeted specific stellar populations (F-G dwarfs and K-M giants), RAVE does not employ any colour selection or spectral-type cuts. This means that RAVE observes all the stellar populations within the apparent <italic>I</italic> magnitude-limited selection functions of its input catalogues (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Fig. 12</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Fig. 5</xref> in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82">Steinmetz et al. (2006)</xref> shows that this selection function is much fainter than the CORAVEL (and <italic>Hipparcos</italic>) surveys. Therefore, there is only a few per cent serendipitous overlap of RAVE stars with <italic>Hipparcos</italic> parallaxes (with large errors) and/or Strömgren photometry at the bright end of RAVE. Hence, the distance-determination methods described in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2-1">Section 2.1</xref> are not available to RAVE stars and the method described in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss3-1">Section 3.1</xref> is beyond the scope of this study. RAVE stars cannot be placed in an H–R diagram because sufficiently accurate photometrically derived distances are not yet available (discussed in more detail below).</p>
<fig position="float" id="f12">
<label>Figure 12</label>
<caption>
<p>Deep Near-Infrared Survey (DENIS) <italic>I</italic>-band selection functions of 131 632 RAVE RVs, observed with the two RAVE input catalogues. <italic>Tycho-2</italic> and the SuperCOSMOS Sky Survey (SSS, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33">Hambly et al. 2001</xref>) were used to generate the first and second RAVE data releases (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82">Steinmetz et al. 2006</xref>, for details) and contribute 64 581 RVs to the plot (49 per cent). DENIS was used to define the current input catalogue, which is still being observed and will generate all future data releases and contributes 67 051 RVs to the plot (51 per cent). (20 224 RAVE RVs are not included in the plot because of incomplete DENIS sky coverage.)</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f12.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>Instead, we illustrate RAVE's different stellar populations using a reduced proper motion diagram. The concept of reduced proper motion (<italic>H</italic>) was first used by E. Hertzsprung (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b53">Luyten 1968</xref>) in the absence of an absolute magnitude. Just as parallax fixes the absolute magnitude exactly, <italic>H</italic> determines the absolute magnitude approximately. When this is plotted against colour, it produces a statistical H–R diagram (kinematic colour–apparent magnitude diagram). <italic>H</italic> combines the observable properties of proper motion (μ, in arcsec yr<sup>−1</sup>) and apparent magnitude (the most-comprehensive photometric coverage of observed RAVE stars is the 2MASS Point Source Catalogue, so here we choose 2MASS <italic>K</italic><sub><italic>S</italic></sub>) in the equation
<disp-formula id="m13">
<label>13</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m13.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
which also expresses <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu22.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> in terms of the more fundamental properties of absolute magnitude <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu23.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> and tangential velocity (<italic>v</italic><sub>T</sub> in km s<sup>−1</sup>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Fig. 13</xref> shows that the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu24.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>–(<italic>J</italic>−<italic>K</italic><sub>S</sub>) plane can divide the observed RAVE stars into three distinct stellar populations.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f13">
<label>Figure 13</label>
<caption>
<p>Reduced proper motion diagram of 149 660 RAVE RVs (2196 either do not have 2MASS photometry or measured proper motions). The solar-scaled Padova 2MASS isochrone (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11">Bonatto, Bica & Girardi 2004</xref>, red line), chosen to be representative of thin disc stellar populations (2.5 Gyr old, initial metal fraction = 0.019, [Fe/H]≈−0.02 dex), has been given thin disc kinematics (<italic>v</italic><sub>T</sub>≈ 30 km s<sup>−1</sup> in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m13">equation 13</xref>) in order to interpret RAVE's stellar populations (approximately partitioned by the dashed lines).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f13.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>The largest stellar population in the RAVE sample has <italic>J</italic>−<italic>K</italic><sub>S</sub> < 0.5 mag (∼51 per cent). These stars are mainly thin disc F-G dwarfs [represented on the isochrone by the main sequence (MS) at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu25.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> mag]. Although the subgiant branch (represented on the isochrone by the horizontal branch along <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu26.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> mag) is a short phase of stellar evolution (see the Hertzsprung Gap at <italic>J</italic>−<italic>K</italic><sub>S</sub>= 0.5 mag in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Fig. 13</xref>), there will be a non-negligible number of subgiants in the RAVE sample. <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu27.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> is unable to kinematically separate the subgiants from the F-G dwarfs because their values of absolute magnitude are too similar for their proper motions to resolve the overlapping kinematics. This results from the overlapping distance ranges of the two populations, due to the large spread in apparent magnitude in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Fig. 12</xref>.</p>
<p>The two populations with <italic>J</italic>−<italic>K</italic><sub>S</sub> > 0.5 mag have sufficiently different absolute magnitudes for their proper motions to resolve the very different kinematics resulting from the very different distance ranges of the two populations. The fainter population (∼5 per cent) are thin disc K-M dwarfs (represented on the isochrone by the MS at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu28.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> mag). The brighter population (∼44 per cent) are K-M giants (represented on the isochrone by the red giant branch at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu29.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> mag). Although the RAVE giant sample is still dominated by the thin disc, their intrinsic brightnesses probe distances that sample a statistically significant number of thick disc stars and a non-negligible number of inner halo stars.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss4-2">
<title>4.2 Distances to RAVE stars</title>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Fig. 13</xref> shows that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu30.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> bifurcation can be used to kinematically select K-M dwarfs, without spectroscopically derived log <italic>g</italic>, to derive photometric distances. Their atmospheres are dominated by saturated molecular bands, so their luminosity is not very sensitive to metallicity. This means that isochrones for this population are very similar for different metallicities and ages, leading to small photometric distance errors. RAVE K0 dwarfs probe ∼50–250 pc from the Sun. This volume has already been sampled by the CORAVEL dwarfs (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Fig. 3</xref>) and shown to be devoid of tidal streams in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2">Section 2</xref>. Therefore, there is no advantage to searching this volume again with RAVE's less-accurate <italic>W</italic>-space velocities.</p>
<p>The largest uncertainty in deriving photometric distances to the RAVE F-G dwarfs is the stellar age. An absolute magnitude is most sensitive to age close to the MS turn-off. Unlike the CORAVEL dwarfs, RAVE does not have an independent source of trigonometric parallaxes from which distances can be inferred. This enables stars to be placed in the H–R diagram and allows age to be estimated from a star's evolution away from the zero-age MS. In principle, a chromospheric activity indicator is present in RAVE spectra in the form of Ca <sc>ii</sc> emission. This feature declines with time (as stellar rotation decreases with age) but decays into invisibility at about the age of the Sun. Ranking age using this diagnostic is fraught with systematic errors. RAVE F-G dwarfs probe similar distances (∼200–400 pc) to the CORAVEL giants but are complementary in their non-overlapping sampled volumes (CORAVEL giants are Northern celestial hemisphere only and RAVE is Southern celestial hemisphere only – see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Fig. 10</xref>). Therefore, there is a potential advantage of deriving RAVE F-G dwarf space velocities. However, the associated errors will not yield a reliable <italic>W</italic> distribution to search for asymmetries.</p>
<p>An absolute magnitude is sensitive to [α/Fe] as well as [Fe/H]. RAVE K-M giants include thick disc and halo stars, which have, compared to the thin disc, enhanced [α/Fe]. Metallicity uncertainty dominates the uncertainty in deriving photometric distances to the RAVE K-M giants.</p>
<p>Stars in the first RAVE data release were observed without a blue light blocking filter (OG531). Their spectra were contaminated with second-order light, which means that stellar parameters are not currently available for these stars (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82">Steinmetz et al. 2006</xref>, for details). Stars in all future RAVE data releases have all been observed with an OG531 filter, so their spectra only contain first-order light. Stellar parameters can be derived for these spectra from the best-matching synthetic spectrum. At the time of writing, the accuracy of these parameters is being finalized ready for the second data release (Zwitter et al., in preparation). log <italic>g</italic> is likely to be sufficiently accurate to resolve the <italic>J</italic>−<italic>K</italic><sub>S</sub> > 0.5 mag sample into dwarfs and giants. However, the log <italic>g</italic> errors may not be small enough to resolve the <italic>J</italic>−<italic>K</italic><sub>S</sub> < 0.5 mag sample into dwarfs and subgiants.</p>
<p>RAVE K-M giants probe greater distances (∼0.7–3 kpc) than the CORAVEL giants. Therefore, there is a great advantage of deriving the space velocities of RAVE K-M giants, because it is unexplored phase space on Galactic scales in between the very local thin disc and inner halo at the solar position. However, tangential velocity errors scale with distance from the Sun. The absolute magnitudes of nearby <italic>Hipparcos</italic> red clump giants show no correlation with [Fe/H]. They have a mean <italic>M</italic><sub><italic>K</italic></sub>=−1.61 ± 0.03 and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu31.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> mag (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">Alves 2000</xref>), which translates to a distance error of ∼11 per cent. At 1 kpc, this distance error converts Δμ = 2 mas yr<sup>−1</sup> to Δ<italic>v</italic><sub>T</sub>= 10 km s<sup>−1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b85">Veltz et al. 2007</xref>) and ergo Δ<italic>W</italic> > 10 km s<sup>−1</sup>. The red clump RAVE giants have the smallest distance error of all the RAVE giants but their values of Δ<italic>W</italic> are still too large to resolve any dynamically cold, vertical tidal streams falling through the sample. The availability of RAVE giant metallicities would therefore not improve the situation. Outside the red clump, a RAVE K giant at a distance of 1 kpc with proper motion errors at a more typical level of 3.5 mas yr<sup>−1</sup> and a distance error >15 per cent, due to the uncertainty in [Fe/H], results in Δ<italic>v</italic><sub>T</sub> > 20 km s<sup>−1</sup> and ergo Δ<italic>W</italic> > 20 km s<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss4-3">
<title>4.3 RAVE RV determination and accuracy</title>
<p>The RAVE RV pipeline matches each RAVE spectrum with a theoretical spectrum from the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b91">Zwitter, Castelli & Munari (2004)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b63">Munari et al. (2005)</xref> libraries. These libraries contain thousands of stellar templates, whereas CORAVEL uses only one template. The RAVE RV pipeline uses the standard cross-correlation procedure (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b83">Tonry & Davis 1979</xref>), implemented in the <sc>iraf</sc> package <sc>xcsao</sc> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b50">Kurtz et al. 1992</xref>), to derive RVs and internal RV errors. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Fig. 14</xref> shows the mode of the internal RV error distribution is ∼1 km s<sup>−1</sup>. An RV zero-point error of ∼1 km s<sup>−1</sup> makes the mode of the external RV error distribution ∼2 km s<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f14">
<label>Figure 14</label>
<caption>
<p>Distribution of internal RV errors for all 151 856 RAVE RVs (all values of <italic>r</italic>, solid line) and the 140 228 RVs with <italic>r</italic> > 15 (dashed line).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f14.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>We use the Tonry–Davis cross-correlation coefficient (<italic>r</italic>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b83">Tonry & Davis 1979</xref>) to impose a quality cut. <italic>r</italic> is a measure of template match to spectra. Excluding RVs with <italic>r</italic> < 15, removes poor-quality spectra and a small number of hot dwarfs due to template-mismatches. This is seen in the proportion of RAVE RVs with <italic>J</italic>−<italic>K</italic><sub>S</sub> < 0.5 mag and <italic>r</italic> > 15 decreasing from ∼51 to 50 per cent. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Fig. 14</xref> shows that this cut decreases the amplitude of the tail of the internal RV error distribution, which has sufficient accuracy to resolve dynamically cold streams.</p>
<p>RAVE RV accuracy compares favourably with the CORAVEL accuracy because the two strongest Ca <sc>iii</sc> absorption lines in the RAVE spectroscopic region (8410–8795 Å) are powerful RV diagnostics at RAVE's medium resolution (<italic>R</italic>∼ 7500). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82">Steinmetz et al. (2006)</xref> cross-matched RAVE first data release targets with the CORAVEL dwarfs. Thirteen matches were found but two of them were classified by N04 as binaries. The remaining 11 single targets show good agreement, with a mean difference of 1.4 ± 0.4 km s<sup>−1</sup> and σ= 1.4 km s<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss4-4">
<title>4.4 RAVE pseudo-<italic>W</italic> without distances</title>
<p>A star's heliocentric RV cannot be decomposed into the star's constituent <italic>U</italic>, <italic>V</italic> and <italic>W</italic> space velocities because, by definition, RV does not include any tangential contribution. However, a star's RV can be resolved into its line-of-sight (los) components of these space velocities:
<disp-formula id="m14">
<label>14</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m14.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
We remove the dependence of Galactic latitude on RV by only resolving the components in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m14">equation (14)</xref> in a single dimension in the Galactic plane,
<disp-formula id="m15">
<label>15</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m15.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
and the dimension perpendicular to the Galactic plane,
<disp-formula id="m16">
<label>16</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m16.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
The above equations show that for a stellar line-of-sight along <italic>b</italic>=−45°, RV consists of equal contributions from <italic>UV</italic><sup>los</sup> and <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> but for stars with <italic>b</italic> < −45°, as <italic>b</italic> decreases the contribution of <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> to RV increases and RV becomes less and less sensitive to <italic>UV</italic><sup>los</sup>. If a star's line-of-sight is exactly towards the SGP (<italic>b</italic>=−90°), <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup>=<italic>W</italic>, because there is no tangential component of <italic>W</italic>. For lines-of-sight with −90° < <italic>b</italic> < −45°, <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> < <italic>W</italic> but <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> is a useful proxy for <italic>W</italic>. Therefore, the issues discussed in the previous section can be circumvented by using the accuracy of the RAVE RVs towards the SGP with <italic>b</italic> < −45°.</p>
<p>The top two plots in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref> show that for differing lines-of-sight, RV in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m16">equation (16)</xref> is sensitive to differing amounts of solar motion with respect to the LSR. In order to compare <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> along different lines-of-sight in the same reference frame, RV in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m16">equation (16)</xref> is replaced by RV<sub>LSR</sub>, which is RV corrected for the solar motion, decomposed into its cardinal directions along the line-of-sight relative to the LSR:
<disp-formula id="m17">
<label>17</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m17.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
The middle left-hand plot in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref> shows that the LSR reference frame removes the peculiar components of the solar RV (top right-hand plot) from the RV line-of-sight (top left-hand plot). However, like RV, RV<sub>LSR</sub> is still dependent on the line-of-sight. The middle right-hand plot in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref> shows that RV<sub>LSR</sub> is sensitive to differing amounts of the peculiar RV of the LSR relative to the GSR,
<disp-formula id="m18">
<label>18</label>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-m18.gif"></graphic>
</disp-formula>
The net Galactic rotation from <italic>l</italic>= 270° to <italic>l</italic>= 90° is just visible in the middle left-hand plot of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref> towards (<italic>l</italic>= 90°) and against (<italic>l</italic>= 270°) the Galactic rotation directions: the 0° < <italic>l</italic> < 180° CORAVEL dwarfs have slightly more stars with RV<sub>LSR</sub> < 0 than RV<sub>LSR</sub> > 0 and vice versa for 180° < <italic>l</italic> < 360° (RV<sub>LSR</sub> exhibits the pattern in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m18">equation 18</xref> and the middle right-hand plot in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref> because it mirrors RV<sub>GSR</sub>). Although F05 showed that the presence of dynamical streams causes there to be a net radial motion in the solar neighbourhood (see <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss8">Appendix A</xref>), this is in phase space and independent of <italic>l</italic>. Thus, the <italic>U</italic><sup>los</sup> contribution to RV<sub>LSR</sub> is isotropic as illustrated by the symmetry in RV<sub>LSR</sub> between the regions near the cardinal <italic>U</italic> directions (<italic>l</italic>= 0° and <italic>l</italic>= 180°) in the middle left-hand plot in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref>.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f15">
<label>Figure 15</label>
<caption>
<p>Lambert polar (equal area corresponds to equal solid angle on the sky) projections of the Southern Galactic hemisphere, where the SGP (<italic>b</italic>=−90°) is at the centre and concentric circles correspond to constant <italic>b</italic> at −60°, −30° and 0° (Galactic equator), around which the radial lines of constant <italic>l</italic> are labelled. CORAVEL dwarfs are plotted with their RVs in km s<sup>−1</sup> colour-coded in different reference frames according to the legend of each plot: heliocentric RV (top left-hand panel); peculiar RV of the Sun relative to the LSR (solar motion, RV<sub>pec</sub>, top right-hand panel, see <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss8">Appendix A</xref> for more details); RV with respect to the LSR (RV<sub>LSR</sub>, middle left-hand panel); peculiar RV of the LSR relative to the GSR (RV<sub>pec,GSR</sub>, middle right-hand panel); <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> (RV<sub>LSR</sub> sin <italic>b</italic>, bottom left-hand panel). The overdensity at <italic>l</italic>∼ 180°, <italic>b</italic>∼−20° is the Hyades open cluster. Bottom right-hand panel: RAVE stars colour-coded according to RAVE field symmetry about <italic>l</italic>= 180°. The magenta curve traces the celestial equatorial plane (δ= 0°).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f15.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>It is not appropriate to correct RV<sub>LSR</sub> for Galactic rotation because we are resolving RV<sub>LSR</sub> perpendicular to the Galactic plane and the correction does not affect <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> because <italic>W</italic>= 0 in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m18">equation (18)</xref>. However, because this correction is not applied to RAVE stars towards the SGP (<italic>b</italic> < −45°), the small component of RV<sub>LSR</sub> sensitive to Galactic rotation (<italic>V</italic><sup>los</sup>) propagates through <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="m16">equation (16)</xref>. The effect of <italic>V</italic><sup>los</sup> is just visible in the bottom left-hand plot in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref>, where sin (<italic>b</italic> < 0°) reverses the sign of the effect, that is, the 0° < <italic>l</italic> < 180° CORAVEL dwarfs have slightly more stars with <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> > 0 than with <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> < 0 and vice versa for 180° < <italic>l</italic> < 360°. A Kuiper symmetry test on the <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> distribution of <italic>b</italic> < −45° CORAVEL dwarfs is similar to the results in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2-4">Section 2.4</xref> because the <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup> sample is symmetric about <italic>l</italic>= 180°, so that the positive and negative <italic>V</italic><sup>los</sup> contributions cancel out.</p>
<p>A Kuiper symmetry test on the <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution of RAVE stars with <italic>b</italic> < −45° and <italic>r</italic> > 15 strongly rejects the null hypothesis (that <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> > 0 and <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> < 0 are drawn from the same parent population) at <italic>Q</italic>∼ 1 × 10<sup>−9</sup>, where <italic>W</italic><sup>los,⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>= 4.1 km s<sup>−1</sup> to the nearest 0.1 km s<sup>−1</sup>. The bottom right-hand plot in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref> shows that, because the RAVE sample is in the Southern celestial hemisphere only, it does not symmetrically sample the SGP out to <italic>b</italic>=−45°. This plot reveals that the largest part of the <italic>b</italic> < −45° asymmetry at <italic>l</italic> > 180° (colour-coded green) is not observed by RAVE at <italic>l</italic> < 180°, because it is in the Northern hemisphere. The contribution of <italic>V</italic><sup>los</sup> to RV<sub>LSR</sub> in this region of <italic>l</italic> > 180° cannot cancel with its <italic>l</italic> < 180° mirrored region, so the Kuiper symmetry test finds the difference in the <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution.</p>
<p>To rectify this, we only sample <italic>b</italic> < −45° RAVE fields that are symmetrically positioned either side of <italic>l</italic>= 180° (28868 RVs colour-coded red in the bottom right-hand plot of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref>). Because RAVE observes some fields more than once (normally different stars in each visit), differing stellar densities are visible in this plot. In the Galactic sky-symmetric sample, there are more <italic>r</italic> > 15 RVs with <italic>l</italic> > 180° (16 235) than with <italic>l</italic> < 180° (12 633). Nevertheless, the next section shows that the Kuiper symmetry test fails to reject the null hypothesis, showing that our Galactic sky-symmetric sample can be used to search for streams without any further processing. Its selection function is almost identical to that of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Fig. 12</xref>, apart from the fact that nearly all the 9 < <italic>I</italic> < 10 mag stars come from the first input catalogue rather than the second. The stellar population proportions of the subsample are different from that of the whole RAVE sample. F-G dwarfs have increased most to ∼61 per cent, K-M dwarfs have increased to ∼7 per cent and K-M giants have decreased to ∼32 per cent. The internal RV error distribution of the subsample is the same as the whole sample with <italic>r</italic> > 15.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss4-5">
<title>4.5 Determining RAVE <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub></title>
<p>We repeated the Kuiper test in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2-3">Section 2.3</xref>, comparing the <italic>b</italic> < −45° RV<sub>LSR</sub> sin <italic>b</italic> distribution of all the CORAVEL dwarfs with that of the single dwarfs and found them to be more similar than the <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> test (<italic>Q</italic>= 0.9998 but <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> is only 779). This demonstrates that all the RAVE (and SEGUE) RVs can also be used to look for tidal streams without worrying about the effects of binarity. This section repeats the technique applied to the CORAVEL stars in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2-4">Sections 2.4</xref> and <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss3-3">3.3</xref> to RAVE stars.</p>
<p>The top panel of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Fig. 16</xref> shows the <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution for the minimum value of <italic>D</italic>, where <italic>W</italic><sup>los,⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>= 1.7 km s<sup>−1</sup> to the nearest 0.1 km s<sup>−1</sup>. The difference between this value and the <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>= 7.0 km s<sup>−1</sup> values derived from the CORAVEL dwarfs and giants highlights that <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu32.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> but merely a proxy. The <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> and <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> positions in the bottom plot of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Fig. 16</xref> are similar to the CORAVEL positions in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figs 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">7</xref>, suggesting that <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> does approximate <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>. <italic>W</italic><sup>los,⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> is nearly in agreement with the mode of the <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Fig. 16</xref>. Again, this suggests that there cannot be many stars belonging to vertically coherent streams with systemic <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> velocities. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows that the RAVE <italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub> value is more than double the value for the CORAVEL samples. The RAVE <italic>Q</italic> value is double the value for the CORAVEL dwarfs but less than the value for the CORAVEL giants. The RAVE Δ<italic>W</italic><sup>los,⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> values are more symmetric than the CORAVEL values.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f16">
<label>Figure 16</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution of RAVE stars with <italic>b</italic> < −45° (solid histogram) either side of the <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub>= 0 dividing line (dashed lines). The 5 km s<sup>−1</sup> velocity bin sizes are chosen to be more than twice the mode of the RAVE external RV error (∼2 km s<sup>−1</sup>). Bottom panel: normalized CDF of <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> < 0 (solid lines) and <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> > 0 (dotted lines), showing <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> (dashed lines) and <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> (dot–dashed lines).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f16.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t5">
<label>Table 5</label>
<caption><p>Results of the Kuiper symmetry test, applied to our RAVE sample, to determine <italic>W</italic><sup>los,⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> to the nearest 0.1 km s<sup>−1</sup>, where Δ<italic>W</italic><sup>los,⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>=<italic>W</italic><sup>los,⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>− 1.7 km s<sup>−1</sup>.</p></caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td><italic>W</italic> <sup>los,⊙</sup> <sub>LSR</sub></td>
<td>Δ<italic>W</italic><sup>los,⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu69.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu70.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic></td>
<td><italic>Q</italic></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0.4</td>
<td>−1.3</td>
<td>14 742</td>
<td>14 126</td>
<td>7214</td>
<td>0.0318</td>
<td>0.0005</td>
<td>0.0323</td>
<td>1 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>14 026</td>
<td>14 842</td>
<td>7211</td>
<td>0.0146</td>
<td>0.0053</td>
<td>0.0199</td>
<td>0.0658</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2.7</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>13 455</td>
<td>15 413</td>
<td>7184</td>
<td>0.0119</td>
<td>0.0196</td>
<td>0.0315</td>
<td>3 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="ss4-6">
<title>4.6 Sensitivity of RAVE <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> symmetry to tidal streams</title>
<p>To estimate the volume probed by our RAVE sample, we consider that RAVE stars fainter than <italic>I</italic>= 12 mag contribute a negligible number of stars to the sample (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Fig. 12</xref>). This sets a distance limit for a typical RAVE giant (<italic>M</italic><sub><italic>I</italic></sub>=−0.25 mag) at ∼3 kpc. We approximate the volume of each RAVE field as a cone of height 3 kpc subtending the RAVE field diameter of <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu33.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. Our sample is complicated by the inclusion of stars from two input catalogues with the coordinates of its field centres based on grids offset from each other. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Fig. 17</xref> shows that the first RAVE input catalogue (colour-coded red) consists of contiguous fields on a <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu34.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> grid. The second RAVE input catalogue (colour-coded black) is based on a <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu35.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> grid and so the <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu36.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> field-of-view 6dF fields overlap each other, as well as overlapping the fields of the first input catalogue. We have counted the number of contiguous (red) fields in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Fig. 17</xref> and estimated, to the nearest half field, the additional sky covered by the non-overlapping parts of the other fields (black). The sample consists of ∼113 fields, giving a volume of ∼8 kpc<sup>3</sup>.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f17">
<label>Figure 17</label>
<caption>
<p>Same as the bottom right-hand plot of <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Fig. 15</xref> except only that the Galactic sky-symmetric RAVE sample is plotted and is colour-coded according to input catalogue: <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu54.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> grid spacing (red dots) and <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu55.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> grid spacing (black dots). The blank strips (aligned with the declination axis) in between the black dots are due to the incomplete sky coverage of DENIS data.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f17.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b82">Steinmetz et al. (2006)</xref> estimated the RAVE completeness of the old <italic>Tycho-2</italic> and SSS input catalogue in their fig. 4 to be ∼15 per cent compared to the Deep Near-Infra Red Survey (DENIS) at the bright end of the selection function (<italic>I</italic>∼ 10 mag). This drops to ∼5 per cent at the faint end (<italic>I</italic>∼ 12 mag). Subtle colour biases exist in the old input catalogue but more than half our sample come from the unbiased DENIS input catalogue. This should reduce the effect of the biases and increase the completeness levels but we use the old input catalogue levels as a conservative estimate.</p>
<p>This section repeats the technique applied to the CORAVEL stars in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss2-5">Sections 2.5</xref> and <xref ref-type="sec" rid="ss3-4">3.4</xref> to the RAVE stars, except that the RAVE dispersion is much larger: <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu37.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> and thus now <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu38.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> approximately corresponds to the ±<italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> values of the H99b streams.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref> shows that the positions of <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> and <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> appear to cause the +<italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution to be insensitive to the position of the stream and the number of its members. As before, the test becomes more sensitive (less stream stars required to generate a 4σ detection), the farther a stream is from the centre of the distribution in the −<italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution. However, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref> shows that, again, the number of stream stars required for a 4σ detection stays approximately constant (saturates) at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu39.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>.</p>
<table-wrap id="t6">
<label>Table 6</label>
<caption><p>Results of the Kuiper symmetry test, applied to our RAVE sample, to determine the approximate number of tidal stream stars (<italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub>), required in pseudo-randomly generated σ<sub>s</sub>= 10 km s<sup>−1</sup> Gaussians, placed at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu71.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> in the <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution, to cause the test to reject the null hypothesis at 4σ (<italic>Q</italic> < 6 × 10<sup>−5</sup>). Per cent = <italic>N</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub>/(<italic>N</italic><sub><italic>s</italic></sub>+<italic>N</italic><sub>total</sub>), where <italic>N</italic><sub>total</sub>= 28 868. ρ<sub>s</sub> is the range of stellar density of each stream, in <italic>N</italic> stars kpc<sup>−3</sup>, calculated by dividing <italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub> of each stream by our RAVE sample volume (∼8 kpc<sup>−3</sup>, see the text for details), modulated by the 5–15 per cent RAVE completeness, which increases ρ<sub>s</sub> by a factor of between 20 and 6.7, respectively.</p></caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu72.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub></td>
<td>Per cent</td>
<td>ρ<sub>s</sub></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu73.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu74.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula></td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic></td>
<td><italic>Q</italic></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>−1</td>
<td>500</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>400–1300</td>
<td>14 525</td>
<td>14 843</td>
<td>7341</td>
<td>0.0303</td>
<td>0.0031</td>
<td>0.0334</td>
<td>5 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>600</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>500–1500</td>
<td>14 027</td>
<td>15 441</td>
<td>7350</td>
<td>0.0135</td>
<td>0.0185</td>
<td>0.0320</td>
<td>2 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−2</td>
<td>300</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>250–750</td>
<td>14 326</td>
<td>14 842</td>
<td>7290</td>
<td>0.0296</td>
<td>0.0039</td>
<td>0.0335</td>
<td>5 × 10<sup>−6</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>500</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>400–1300</td>
<td>14 026</td>
<td>15 342</td>
<td>7327</td>
<td>0.0074</td>
<td>0.0235</td>
<td>0.0309</td>
<td>4 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>−3</td>
<td>300</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>250–750</td>
<td>14 326</td>
<td>14 842</td>
<td>7290</td>
<td>0.0318</td>
<td>0.0039</td>
<td>0.0357</td>
<td>6 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>600</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>500–1500</td>
<td>14 026</td>
<td>15 442</td>
<td>7350</td>
<td>0.0041</td>
<td>0.0310</td>
<td>0.0351</td>
<td>9 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>∼−8</td>
<td>300</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>250–750</td>
<td>14 326</td>
<td>14 842</td>
<td>7289</td>
<td>0.0319</td>
<td>0.0039</td>
<td>0.0358</td>
<td>5 × 10<sup>−7</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>∼8</td>
<td>500</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>400–1300</td>
<td>14 026</td>
<td>15 342</td>
<td>7327</td>
<td>0.0002</td>
<td>0.0321</td>
<td>0.0323</td>
<td>1 × 10<sup>−5</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Fig. 18</xref> shows that there are a few RAVE stars with similar <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> to both the +<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>(250 < <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> < 350 km s<sup>−1</sup>) and the −<italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub>(−250 < <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> < −200 km s<sup>−1</sup>) H99b streams. Without distances to these stars to check their orbital angular momenta, they cannot be confirmed as members of the H99b streams. Regardless of the symmetry between the two streams, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref> shows that there are far too few of these stars for the Kuiper symmetry test to detect them as a stream.</p>
<fig position="float" id="f18">
<label>Figure 18</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: RAVE <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution (solid histogram) either side of the <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub>= 0 dividing line (dashed line). The randomly generated Gaussian (representing a σ= 10 km s<sup>−1</sup> tidal stream) included in the data set (dotted histogram) that causes the Kuiper symmetry test to reject the null hypothesis at 4σ when placed at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu56.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> is also plotted separately (dot–dashed line). Bottom panel: normalized CDF of <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> < 0 (solid line) and <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> > 0 (dotted line), showing <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> (dashed line) and <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> (dot–dashed line, just visible at |<italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub>| ≈ 0).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f18.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>Assuming 5 per cent RAVE completeness, the lower bound of the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27">Freese et al. (2005)</xref> estimates of the Sgr stream stellar density predicts that ∼80 RAVE stars could be Sgr stream stars. This increases to ∼590 stars using the upper bound. Assuming a less-conservative RAVE completeness level of 15 per cent predicts between ∼250 and 1780 Sgr stars. The number of VOD stars that could be in RAVE is ≳48 000. Therefore, the superior volume of RAVE rules out the possibilities that the Sgr stream and VOD cross the Galactic disc through the solar neighbourhood. It also puts much tighter constraints than the CORAVEL surveys on the density of any stream that could be passing through the solar neighbourhood, ruling out any streams with similar densities to the Sgr stream.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="ss4-7">
<title>4.7 Comparing RAVE and CORAVEL <italic>W</italic><sup>(los)</sup><sub>LSR</sub> and sampled volumes</title>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 7</xref> presents the Kuiper test results from comparing the entire RAVE <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution with the entire CORAVEL dwarfs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Fig. 19</xref>) and giant <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distributions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Fig. 20</xref>). The test finds the largest differences at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu40.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> in the CORAVEL distributions because of the greater RAVE <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu41.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>, due to the larger volume it samples. A comparison of the respective volumes sampled by the surveys is depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Fig. 21</xref>. It shows that only the ∼2000 RAVE K-M dwarfs probe the same volume as the CORAVEL F-G dwarfs. The ∼17600 RAVE F-G dwarfs fill in the SGP at <italic>b</italic> < −45° not probed by the CORAVEL giants. It is the ∼9200 RAVE giants that really extend our tidal stream search into the thick disc, its scaleheight being ∼1 kpc (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b85">Veltz et al. 2007</xref>). Because of the differing distance ranges covered by the different RAVE stellar populations, we have repeated our search procedure on each population separately (as defined in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Fig. 13</xref>). This has been investigated in case, for example, the asymmetry of a thick disc or halo stream of giants is smeared out by the more numerous sample of dwarfs. However, a Kuiper symmetry test on each component fails to reject the null hypothesis. F-G dwarfs are found to be the most symmetric, while K-M dwarfs with the K-M giants the least symmetric.</p>
<table-wrap id="t7">
<label>Table 7</label>
<caption><p>Kuiper test results comparing the RAVE <italic>W</italic><sup>los</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution to the CORAVEL dwarf and giant <italic>W</italic><sub>LSR</sub> distributions.</p></caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td>CORAVEL</td>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>e</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub></td>
<td><italic>D</italic></td>
<td><italic>Q</italic></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Dwarfs</td>
<td>9077</td>
<td>0.1060</td>
<td>0.0974</td>
<td>0.2034</td>
<td><10<sup>−37</sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Giants</td>
<td>4988</td>
<td>0.0863</td>
<td>0.0538</td>
<td>0.1401</td>
<td><10<sup>−37</sup></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<fig position="float" id="f19">
<label>Figure 19</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: <italic>W</italic><sup>(los)</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution of the 28868 RAVE stars (solid histogram) and the 13 240 CORAVEL dwarfs (dotted histogram). Bottom panel: normalized CDF of RAVE (solid line) and CORAVEL dwarfs (dotted line) as a function of <italic>W</italic><sup>(los)</sup><sub>LSR</sub>, where the maximum differences between them are indicated by the vertical lines: <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> (dot–dashed line) and <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> (dashed line).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f19.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig position="float" id="f20">
<label>Figure 20</label>
<caption>
<p>Top panel: <italic>W</italic><sup>(los)</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution of the 28868 RAVE stars (solid histogram) and the 6030 CORAVEL giants (dotted histogram). Bottom panel: normalized CDF of RAVE (solid line) and CORAVEL giants (dotted line) as a function of <italic>W</italic><sup>(los)</sup><sub>LSR</sub>, where the maximum differences between them are indicated by the vertical lines: <italic>D</italic><sub>+</sub> (dot–dashed line) and <italic>D</italic><sub>−</sub> (dashed line).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f20.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig position="float" id="f21">
<label>Figure 21</label>
<caption>
<p>Three-dimensional Galactic sky distribution of all the 13 092 CORAVEL giants with <italic>W</italic>-space velocities (grey dots), the 6030 CORAVEL giants with <italic>W</italic>-space velocities, including spectroscopic binaries with centre-of-mass RVs, colour-coded according to their maximum-likelihood base group assignment in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig. 6</xref>, and the South Galactic cap RAVE sample (orange dots), where each RAVE star has been assigned a distance of 300 pc, which partitions the maximum distance range of RAVE K-M dwarfs and the minimum distance range of RAVE F-G dwarfs, and a distance of 3 kpc to represent the maximum distance range of <italic>I</italic>= 12 mag RAVE K-M giants. The spherical polar axes have a radius of 3.7 kpc, centred on the Sun, chosen to include the most-distant CORAVEL giant with a <italic>W</italic> velocity (3.6 kpc, marked by the black cursor) with the same viewer's angle as in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Fig. 10</xref>.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f21.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="ss5">
<title>5 DISCUSSION</title>
<p>We have searched the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys for evidence of a net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood that could be associated with a tidal stream of stars with vertically coherent kinematics. Due to the current unavailability of accurate distances to RAVE stars, we have used the Kuiper statistic to test the symmetry of the vertical velocity distribution function of the samples. In particular, the test serves as a useful first search for the presence of prominent, kinematically coherent, vertical tidal streams in the RAVE data, which probes farther into thick disc and inner halo phase space than any other survey of the local Galactic volume. Using the Geneva–Copenhagen stellar binarity flag, we demonstrate that binarity has a statistically insignificant effect on the <italic>W</italic> and RV<sub>LSR</sub> sin <italic>b</italic> velocity distribution functions of the CORAVEL dwarfs, allowing us to use all the CORAVEL dwarfs and RAVE RVs in our search.</p>
<p>A tidal stream falling slowly through the solar neighbourhood volumes considered (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref>) needs to be very coherent for our Kuiper symmetry test to detect it against the background <italic>W</italic><sup>(los)</sup><sub>LSR</sub> distribution at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu42.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. As expected, there is a general trend that the test can detect smaller numbers of stars in a coherent stream, the farther from the centre of the distribution the stream is, out to <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu43.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. However, farther into the tails of the distribution the test becomes insensitive to the position of the stream and it is the number of stream members that causes the +<italic>W</italic><sup>(los)</sup><sub>LSR</sub> and −<italic>W</italic><sup>(los)</sup><sub>LSR</sub> CDFs to diverge sufficiently to generate a stream detection. This number appears to approximately saturate at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu44.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> and is set by the detection threshold at <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu45.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>. The required number of stars is ≳200. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Fig. 18</xref> shows that streams should be detectable by eye in the extreme tails of a distribution where more specialized statistical analysis could be applied to test their significance. We have not found any asymmetries in any of our samples that warrant such a treatment. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 8</xref> summarizes the limits we have been able to place on the properties of streams in the solar neighbourhood.</p>
<table-wrap id="t8">
<label>Table 8</label>
<caption><p>Summary of how many stream stars (<italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub>) and their density (ρ<sub>s</sub> in <italic>N</italic> stars kpc<sup>−3</sup>) are needed for the Kuiper symmetry test to detect them and how many stars (<italic>N</italic>) from the Sagittarius stream (Sgr) and Virgo overdensity (VOD) are expected in our sample volumes (<italic>V</italic>), where the CORAVEL values correspond to the volumes within which they are complete and the RAVE volume is its total approximate volume [its volume completeness (VC) is taken into account]. Whether the Kuiper symmetry test is sensitive to the presence of each stream, given their non-local stellar density estimates in the literature, is indicated: yes (y), no (n), maybe (?).</p></caption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" valign="top">Sample</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">CORAVEL</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">RAVE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dwarfs</td>
<td>Giants</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Section</td>
<td>2.5</td>
<td>3.4</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">4.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><italic>V</italic> (kpc<sup>3</sup>)</td>
<td>0.0003</td>
<td>0.0511</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">7.9052</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub> (low)</td>
<td>200</td>
<td>200</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><italic>N</italic><sub>s</sub> (high)</td>
<td>600</td>
<td>800</td>
<td colspan="2" align="center">600</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VC (per cent)</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>100</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ρ<sub>s</sub> (low)</td>
<td>0.7 × 10<sup>6</sup></td>
<td>4000</td>
<td>800</td>
<td>300</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ρ<sub>s</sub> (high)</td>
<td>2.2 × 10<sup>6</sup></td>
<td>16 000</td>
<td>1500</td>
<td>500</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><italic>N</italic> Sgr (low)</td>
<td>0.1 (n)</td>
<td>10 (n)</td>
<td>80 (n)</td>
<td>250 (?)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><italic>N</italic> Sgr (high)</td>
<td>0.4 (n)</td>
<td>80 (n)</td>
<td>590 (y)</td>
<td>1800 (y)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><italic>N</italic> VOD</td>
<td>30 (n)</td>
<td>6000 (y)</td>
<td>48 000 (y)</td>
<td>144 000 (y)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>In contrast to the ‘Field of Streams’ found in the outer halo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Belokurov et al. 2006</xref>), we find that the volume of the solar neighbourhood sampled by the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys is devoid of any tidal streams with coherent vertical kinematics containing hundreds of stars. This suggests that the Sagittarius (Sgr) tidal stream does not pass through the solar neighbourhood, which agrees with the latest empirical determinations of its orbit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8">Belokurov et al. 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b66">Newberg et al. 2007</xref>) and dissociates it from the H99b stream (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26">Freese et al. 2004</xref>).</p>
<p>The absence of the Sgr stream near the Sun is consistent with simulations of the disruption of Sgr in nearly spherical and prolate Galactic potentials (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34">Helmi 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">Law et al. 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23">Fellhauer et al. 2006</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">Martínez-Delgado et al. 2007</xref>) and seemingly inconsistent with oblate potentials (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b51">Law et al. 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b59">Martínez-Delgado et al. 2007</xref>). The constraints on the number of the Sgr stream stars in the solar neighbourhood volume searched in our samples could prove a useful tool for discriminating between Galactic potential models.</p>
<p>The CORAVEL Kuiper symmetry test results are supported by the lack of strong clumping in orbital angular momentum space. The limited range of the CORAVEL giants in angular momentum space shows that the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b54">Majewski (1992)</xref> and H99b streams are not present in this sample. One of the CORAVEL dwarfs is a member of one of the H99b streams. There is another CORAVEL dwarf with angular momenta and metallicity consistent with that of the H99b streams. However, we consider it to be a possible outlier because its kinetic energy is too large to be consistent with the energies of the other members of the H99b streams.</p>
<p>The lack of a net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood argues against the Virgo overdensity (VOD) crossing the disc near the Sun. This agrees with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">Juric et al. (2005)</xref> not finding it within a few kpc of the Sun. Their preliminary analysis of 2MASS M giants did not reveal a similarly large density enhancement to the VOD in the Southern Galactic hemisphere. All this evidence is in accord with DM being smoothly distributed in configuration space throughout the solar neighbourhood.</p>
<p>A comparison between the volume covered by SDSS photometry in the top right-hand plot of fig. 20 in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">Juric et al. (2005)</xref> and the local volume with measured phase space in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Fig. 21</xref> highlights the disparity between the two. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">Juric et al. (2005)</xref> extrapolate the four thin and thick disc overdensities seen in their survey volume to the full Galactic disc (|<italic>Z</italic>| < 3 kpc, R < 15 kpc) to imply that there are ∼20–40 substructures of this type in the Galaxy, which could be the ‘missing satellites’. It is not too surprising that none of these is within the small Galactic volumes searched in this paper.</p>
<p>Depending on the availability and accuracy of metallicities in the second RAVE data release (Zwitter et al., in preparation), distances to RAVE giants may be sufficiently accurate to allow action-angle space or integrals of motion space to be searched in the future for clustering indicative of tidal streams. Additional photometric data in the future (e.g. from SkyMapper, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45">Keller et al. 2007</xref>) will further reduce distance errors to RAVE stars. However, as in this study, accurate metallicity-derived distances are not required if using RAVE stars towards the cardinal Galactic directions. In the rotation direction (<italic>l</italic>∼ 270°), RVs are dominated by <italic>V</italic><sub>GSR</sub>, where the conversion between the two is only weakly dependent on distance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b88">Woolley 1978</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28">Frenk & White 1980</xref>). Since <italic>J</italic><sub><italic>Z</italic></sub> is conserved during phase-mixing, tidal streams should have similar <italic>V</italic><sub>GSR</sub>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30">Gilmore, Wyse & Norris (2002)</xref> found a tidal stream with coherent <italic>V</italic><sub>GSR</sub> in between canonical thick disc and inner halo values. The magnitude range of RAVE was chosen so that its giants probe the interface of the thin and thick discs and inner halo. Hence, RAVE giants can be also used to investigate the angular momenta of the Milky Way's stellar components and its intervening stream(s?) (Seabroke et al., in preparation).</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn1">
<label>1</label><p>The first public data release of the RAVE catalogue is available and can be retrieved or queried from the RAVE Collaboration website: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.rave-survey.org">http://www.rave-survey.org</ext-link>.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn2">
<label>2</label><p>A predecessor as the director of the Potsdam Observatory to MS, co-author of this paper and PI of the RAVE project.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn3">
<label>3</label><p>The great-great-grandfather of GMS, first author of this paper.</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
<ack>
<p>GMS gratefully acknowledges financial support from a Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council PhD Studentship, the Gordon Wigan Fund, Gonville and Caius College and the Cambridge Philosophical Society Research Studentship Fund.</p>
<p>Funding for RAVE has been provided by the Anglo-Australian Observatory, by the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam, by the Australian Research Council, by the German Research Foundation, by the National Institute for Astrophysics at Padova, by The Johns Hopkins University, by the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy, by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, by the Slovenian Research Agency, by the Swiss National Science Foundation, by the National Science Foundation of the USA, by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, by the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council of the UK, by Opticon, by Strasbourg Observatory, and by the Universities of Basel, Cambridge and Groningen. The RAVE website is at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.rave-survey.org">http://www.rave-survey.org</ext-link>.</p>
<p>This publication makes use of data products from 2MASS, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Centre/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation.</p>
<p>The DENIS project has been partly funded by the SCIENCE and the HCM plans of the European Commission under grants CT920791 and CT940627. It is supported by INSU, MEN and CNRS in France, by the State of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, by DGICYT in Spain, by CNR in Italy, by FFwFBWF in Austria, by FAPESP in Brazil, by OTKA grants F-4239 and F-013990 in Hungary, and by the ESO C&EE grant A-04-046. Jean Claude Renault from IAP was the Project manager. Observations were carried out, thanks to the contribution of numerous students and young scientists from all involved institutes, under the supervision of P. Fouqué, survey astronomer resident in Chile.</p>
</ack>
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<title>APPENDIX A: HISTORICAL PARALLELS</title>
<p>Soon after <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b86">Vogel (1873)</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">2</xref> measured the first reliable RVs of Sirus and Procyon, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b75">Seabroke (1879)</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">3</xref> performed one of the first RV surveys, measuring 68 RVs for 29 stars, followed by 699 RVs for 40 stars (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b76">Seabroke 1887a</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b77">b</xref>) and 866 RVs for 49 stars (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b78">Seabroke 1889</xref>). Although these visually determined RVs were individually inaccurate, when analysed statistically they showed that the Sun was moving relative to nearby stars at 24.5 ± 15.8 km s<sup>−1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Homann 1886</xref>). Within the (admittedly large) error, this measurement of solar speed with respect to the LSR agrees with the standard modern measurement of 13.38 ± 0.12 km s<sup>−1</sup> (calculated from the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Dehnen & Binney 1998</xref> solar space velocities in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl9">Table A1</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig22">Fig. A1</xref> shows that the direction of the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Homann (1886)</xref> solar apex towards <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu46.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula> is approximately the same direction as the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Dehnen & Binney (1998)</xref> values: <inline-formula><inline-graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-mu47.gif"></inline-graphic></inline-formula>.</p>
<table-wrap id="tbl9"><label>A1</label>
<caption><p>Comparison of the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Homann (1886)</xref> solar space velocity components compared to more modern estimates.</p></caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">Author(s)</th>
<th align="left">Data used</th>
<th align="left"><italic>U</italic>
<sup>⊙</sup>
<sub>LSR</sub> (km s<sup>−1</sup>)</th>
<th align="left"><italic>V</italic>
<sup>⊙</sup>
<sub>LSR</sub> (km s<sup>−1</sup>)</th>
<th align="left"><italic>W</italic>
<sup>⊙</sup>
<sub>LSR</sub> (km s<sup>−1</sup>)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Homann (1886)</xref></td>
<td align="left"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b75">Seabroke (1879)</xref> RVs</td>
<td align="left">17.4 ± 11.2</td>
<td align="left">16.9 ± 10.9</td>
<td align="left">3.6 ± 2.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Dehnen & Binney (1998)</xref></td>
<td align="left"><italic>Hipparcos</italic>π and μ</td>
<td align="left">10.00 ± 0.36</td>
<td align="left">5.25 ± 0.62</td>
<td align="left">7.17 ± 0.38</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">This paper</td>
<td align="left">CORAVEL dwarfs</td>
<td></td>
<td align="left">7.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">This paper</td>
<td align="left">CORAVEL giants</td>
<td></td>
<td align="left">7.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="2">F05</td>
<td align="left">CORAVEL giants</td>
<td align="left">10.25 ± 0.15</td>
<td></td>
<td align="left">7.98 ± 0.09</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">Excluding streams</td>
<td align="left">2.78 ± 1.07</td>
<td></td>
<td align="left">8.26 ± 0.38</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b85">Veltz et al. (2007)</xref></td>
<td align="left">RAVE RVs, UCAC2<sup>a</sup>μ</td>
<td align="left">8.5 ± 0.3</td>
<td></td>
<td align="left">11.1 ± 1.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="tf9-1"><label>a</label><p>UCAC2 is the Second US Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalogue (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b89">Zacharias et al. 2004</xref>)</p></fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<fig id="fig22" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Lambert polar (equal area corresponds to equal solid angle on the sky) projection of the entire Galactic sky, where the SGP (<italic>b</italic>=−90°) is at the centre and concentric circles correspond to constant <italic>b</italic> at every 30° to the outermost circle at +90° (NGP), around which the radial lines of constant <italic>l</italic> are labelled. The Galactic directions of estimated values of the solar apex (triangles) and antapex (squares) are plotted. The thick dashed line connects the solar motion direction calculated from the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Dehnen & Binney (1998)</xref> solar space velocities in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl9">Table A1</xref>. The thin dashed line connects the solar motion direction calculated by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Homann (1886)</xref>, calculated from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b75">Seabroke (1879)</xref> RVs.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="mnras0384-0011-f22.gif"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>We have resolved the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Homann (1886)</xref> solar motion into its Galactic cardinal direction vectors, <italic>U</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>, <italic>V</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> and <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>, assuming that the solar apex direction is error-free. It almost certainly is not but <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Homann (1886)</xref> does not quote a directional error, so the solar space velocity errors in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl9">Table A1</xref> should be considered a lower limit. The <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Homann (1886)</xref><italic>U</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> agrees with more modern estimates within the errors while <italic>V</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> and <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> are close to agreeing within the errors.</p>
<p>Over a century after the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">Homann (1886)</xref> derivation of the solar motion, the debate on this subject in the literature has been revived by the CORAVEL surveys. F05 interpreted the solar neighbourhood substructure in the <italic>U</italic>−<italic>V</italic> plane found in their sample of CORAVEL giants and in CORAVEL dwarfs by N04 (and in <italic>Hipparcos</italic>π, μ and RVs by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b80">Skuljan, Hearnshaw & Cottrell 1999</xref>) as dynamical streams. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl9">Table A1</xref> shows that when F05 excluded all the dynamical streams, they found a different <italic>U</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> from when they included all the CORAVEL giants, which agrees with the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17">Dehnen & Binney (1998)</xref> value. This discrepancy raises the question of how to derive the solar motion in the presence of dynamical perturbations altering the kinematics of the solar neighbourhood. They posed the question of whether a subset of stars exist in the solar neighbourhood that has no net radial motion, which can be used as a reference against which to measure the solar motion. The simulations of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18">De Simone, Wu & Tremaine (2004)</xref> demonstrate that transient spiral waves can excite a net radial motion through the solar neighbourhood of ∼10 km s<sup>−1</sup>.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="table" rid="tbl9">Table A1</xref> also shows that F05 found that the presence of dynamical streams in the solar neighbourhood has a negligible effect on <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub>. This suggests that the dynamical streams do not have a net vertical motion because they are well phase-mixed. In this paper, we have shown that there is no net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood, suggesting that <italic>W</italic><sup>⊙</sup><sub>LSR</sub> is an appropriate measure of the vertical solar motion, unbiased by the presence of in-falling tidal streams on to the Milky Way disc near the Sun.</p>
</app>
</app-group>
</back>
</article>
</istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo><title>Is the sky falling? Searching for stellar streams in the local Milky Way disc in the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA"><title>Is the sky falling? Searching for stellar streams in the local Milky Way disc in the CORAVEL and RAVE surveys</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Seabroke</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</affiliation><affiliation>e2v Centre for Electronic Imaging, School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</affiliation><affiliation></affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: gs310@ast.cam.ac.uk</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Gilmore</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Siebert</namePart><affiliation>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">O.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bienaymé</namePart><affiliation>Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 Rue de L'Université, 67000 Strasbourg, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Binney</namePart><affiliation>Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bland-Hawthorn</namePart><affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Campbell</namePart><affiliation>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K. C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Freeman</namePart><affiliation>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">B.</namePart><namePart type="family">Gibson</namePart><affiliation>University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">E. K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Grebel</namePart><affiliation>Astronomisches Institut, Universität Basel, Venusstrasse 7, Binningen CH-4102, Switzerland</affiliation><affiliation>Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Mönchhofstr. 12-14, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Helmi</namePart><affiliation>Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">U.</namePart><namePart type="family">Munari</namePart><affiliation>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. F.</namePart><namePart type="family">Navarro</namePart><affiliation>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Q. A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Parker</namePart><affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</affiliation><affiliation>Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Siviero</namePart><affiliation>INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 8, Asiago I-36012, Italy</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Steinmetz</namePart><affiliation>Astrophysikalisches Institut Potsdam, An der Sterwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F. G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Watson</namePart><affiliation>Anglo-Australian Observatory, PO Box 296, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">R. F. G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Wyse</namePart><affiliation>Johns Hopkins University, 366 Bloomberg Centre, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Zwitter</namePart><affiliation>Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Peñarrubia</namePart><affiliation>University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Station CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M. C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Smith</namePart><affiliation>Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Williams</namePart><affiliation>RSAA, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 72611, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="research-article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Oxford, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2008-02-11</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2008-01-16</dateCreated><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2008</copyrightDate></originInfo><abstract>We have searched for in-falling stellar streams on to the local Milky Way disc in the CORrelation RAdial VELocities (CORAVEL) and RAdial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) surveys. The CORAVEL survey consists of local dwarf stars (Nördstrom et al. Geneva–Copenhagen survey) and local Famaey et al. giant stars. We select RAVE stars with radial velocities that are sensitive to the Galactic vertical space velocity (Galactic latitude b < −45°). Kuiper statistics have been employed to test the symmetry of the Galactic vertical velocity distribution functions in these samples for evidence of a net vertical flow that could be associated with a (tidal?) stream of stars with vertically coherent kinematics. In contrast to the ‘Field of Streams’ found in the outer halo, we find that the local volumes of the solar neighbourhood sampled by the CORAVEL dwarfs (complete within ∼3 × 10−4kpc3), CORAVEL giants (complete within ∼5 × 10−2kpc3) and RAVE (5–15 per cent complete within ∼8 kpc3) are devoid of any vertically coherent streams containing hundreds of stars. This is sufficiently sensitive to allow our RAVE sample to rule out the passing of the tidal stream of the disrupting Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy through the solar neighbourhood. This agrees with the most-recent determinations of its orbit and dissociates it from the Helmi et al. halo stream. Our constraints on the absence of the Sgr stream near the Sun could prove a useful tool for discriminating between Galactic potential models. The lack of a net vertical flow through the solar neighbourhood in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples argues against the Virgo overdensity crossing the disc near the Sun. There are no vertical streams in the CORAVEL giants and RAVE samples with stellar densities ≳1.6 × 104 and 1.5 × 103 stars kpc−3, respectively, and therefore no evidence for locally enhanced dark matter.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Galaxy: disc</topic><topic>Galaxy: formation</topic><topic>Galaxy: kinematics and dynamics</topic><topic>solar neighbourhood</topic><topic>Galaxy: structure</topic><topic>dark matter</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><topic>Papers</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0035-8711</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1365-2966</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">mnras</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID-hwp">mnras</identifier><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>384</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>11</start><end>32</end></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">909E9AD3B9A8C7C8E5BD952DD0B3392709D6A153</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12513.x</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">© 2008 The Authors. 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