Computer‐based detection of neonatal changes to branching morphogenesis reveals different mechanisms of and predicts prostate enlargement in mice haplo‐insufficient for bone morphogenetic protein 4
Identifieur interne : 001B07 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001B06; suivant : 001B08Computer‐based detection of neonatal changes to branching morphogenesis reveals different mechanisms of and predicts prostate enlargement in mice haplo‐insufficient for bone morphogenetic protein 4
Auteurs : Ghanim Almahbobi ; Shelley Hedwards ; Gabriel Fricout ; Dominique Jeulin ; John F. Bertram ; Gail P. RisbridgerSource :
- The Journal of Pathology [ 0022-3417 ] ; 2005-05.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Anterior prostate, Asymmetry, Binary images, Biol, Bmp4, Bmp4 mice, Branch points, Centre, Confocal, Confocal microscopy, Cunha, Current method, Different mechanisms, Duct, Ductal, Enlargement, Epithelial, Epithelial cells, Epithelial ducts, Individual lobes, Lateral, Lateral ducts, Lobe, Main ducts, Main epithelial ducts, Medial, Medial ducts, Monash, Monash university, Morphogenesis, Mouse, Mouse prostate, Neonatal, Neonatal period, Open bars, Optical frames, Pathol, Phenotype, Postnatal days, Prostate, Prostate enlargement, Prostate gland, Prostatic, Prostatic lobes, Reproducibility, Right lobes, Single lobes, Skeleton, Skeletonization, Software, Solid bars, Terminal tips, Total branch length, Total ductal length, Total length, Total volume, Ventral prostate.
- Teeft :
- Anterior prostate, Asymmetry, Binary images, Biol, Bmp4, Bmp4 mice, Branch points, Centre, Confocal, Confocal microscopy, Cunha, Current method, Different mechanisms, Duct, Ductal, Enlargement, Epithelial, Epithelial cells, Epithelial ducts, Individual lobes, Lateral, Lateral ducts, Lobe, Main ducts, Main epithelial ducts, Medial, Medial ducts, Monash, Monash university, Morphogenesis, Mouse, Mouse prostate, Neonatal, Neonatal period, Open bars, Optical frames, Pathol, Phenotype, Postnatal days, Prostate, Prostate enlargement, Prostate gland, Prostatic, Prostatic lobes, Reproducibility, Right lobes, Single lobes, Skeleton, Skeletonization, Software, Solid bars, Terminal tips, Total branch length, Total ductal length, Total length, Total volume, Ventral prostate.
Abstract
Early changes to branching morphogenesis of the prostate are believed to lead to enlargement of the gland in adult life. However, it has not been possible to demonstrate directly that alterations to branching during the developmental period have a permanent effect on adult prostate size. In order to examine branching morphogenesis in a quantitative manner in neonatal mice, a combination of imaging and computational technology was used to detect and quantify branching using bone morphogenetic protein 4 haplo‐insufficient mice that develop enlarged prostate glands in adulthood. Accurate estimates were made of six parameters of branching, including prostate ductal length and volume and number of main ducts, branches, branch points, and tips. The results show that the prostate is significantly larger on day 3, well before the emergence of the phenotype in older animals. The ventral prostate is enlarged because the number of main epithelial ducts is increased; enlargement of the anterior prostate in mutant animals occurs because there are more branches. These lobe‐specific mechanisms underlying prostate enlargement indicate the complex nature of gland pathology in mice, rather than a simple increase in weight or volume. This method provides a powerful means to investigate the aetiology of prostate disease in animal models prior to emergence of a phenotype in later life. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/path.1753
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:8F75A80403C31FE060FA8BF46918F85DA70A498CLe document en format XML
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However, it has not been possible to demonstrate directly that alterations to branching during the developmental period have a permanent effect on adult prostate size. In order to examine branching morphogenesis in a quantitative manner in neonatal mice, a combination of imaging and computational technology was used to detect and quantify branching using bone morphogenetic protein 4 haplo‐insufficient mice that develop enlarged prostate glands in adulthood. Accurate estimates were made of six parameters of branching, including prostate ductal length and volume and number of main ducts, branches, branch points, and tips. The results show that the prostate is significantly larger on day 3, well before the emergence of the phenotype in older animals. The ventral prostate is enlarged because the number of main epithelial ducts is increased; enlargement of the anterior prostate in mutant animals occurs because there are more branches. These lobe‐specific mechanisms underlying prostate enlargement indicate the complex nature of gland pathology in mice, rather than a simple increase in weight or volume. This method provides a powerful means to investigate the aetiology of prostate disease in animal models prior to emergence of a phenotype in later life. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>duct</json:string><json:string>morphogenesis</json:string><json:string>bmp4</json:string><json:string>epithelial</json:string><json:string>main ducts</json:string><json:string>ductal</json:string><json:string>prostatic</json:string><json:string>software</json:string><json:string>prostate enlargement</json:string><json:string>prostate</json:string><json:string>epithelial ducts</json:string><json:string>skeletonization</json:string><json:string>branch points</json:string><json:string>pathol</json:string><json:string>neonatal</json:string><json:string>cunha</json:string><json:string>biol</json:string><json:string>total volume</json:string><json:string>medial</json:string><json:string>confocal</json:string><json:string>phenotype</json:string><json:string>monash</json:string><json:string>lobe</json:string><json:string>neonatal period</json:string><json:string>terminal tips</json:string><json:string>lateral ducts</json:string><json:string>total length</json:string><json:string>bmp4 mice</json:string><json:string>right lobes</json:string><json:string>asymmetry</json:string><json:string>lateral</json:string><json:string>current method</json:string><json:string>total ductal length</json:string><json:string>individual lobes</json:string><json:string>binary images</json:string><json:string>prostate gland</json:string><json:string>mouse prostate</json:string><json:string>open bars</json:string><json:string>prostatic lobes</json:string><json:string>solid bars</json:string><json:string>reproducibility</json:string><json:string>epithelial cells</json:string><json:string>total branch length</json:string><json:string>ventral prostate</json:string><json:string>anterior prostate</json:string><json:string>confocal microscopy</json:string><json:string>optical frames</json:string><json:string>medial ducts</json:string><json:string>main epithelial ducts</json:string><json:string>postnatal days</json:string><json:string>monash university</json:string><json:string>different mechanisms</json:string><json:string>single lobes</json:string><json:string>enlargement</json:string><json:string>centre</json:string><json:string>mouse</json:string><json:string>skeleton</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Ghanim Almahbobi</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Shelley Hedwards</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Gabriel Fricout</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre de Morphologie Mathématique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, 77303 Fontainebleau Cedex, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Dominique Jeulin</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre de Morphologie Mathématique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, 77303 Fontainebleau Cedex, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>John F Bertram</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Gail P Risbridger</name><affiliations><json:string>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia</json:string><json:string>E-mail: gail.risbridger@med.monash.edu.au</json:string><json:string>Correspondence address: Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, 27‐31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>prostate enlargement</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>branching morphogenesis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>computer‐based analysis</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>BMP4</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>mouse model</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>PATH1753</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-CVNCSFJ5-C</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Early changes to branching morphogenesis of the prostate are believed to lead to enlargement of the gland in adult life. However, it has not been possible to demonstrate directly that alterations to branching during the developmental period have a permanent effect on adult prostate size. In order to examine branching morphogenesis in a quantitative manner in neonatal mice, a combination of imaging and computational technology was used to detect and quantify branching using bone morphogenetic protein 4 haplo‐insufficient mice that develop enlarged prostate glands in adulthood. Accurate estimates were made of six parameters of branching, including prostate ductal length and volume and number of main ducts, branches, branch points, and tips. The results show that the prostate is significantly larger on day 3, well before the emergence of the phenotype in older animals. The ventral prostate is enlarged because the number of main epithelial ducts is increased; enlargement of the anterior prostate in mutant animals occurs because there are more branches. These lobe‐specific mechanisms underlying prostate enlargement indicate the complex nature of gland pathology in mice, rather than a simple increase in weight or volume. This method provides a powerful means to investigate the aetiology of prostate disease in animal models prior to emergence of a phenotype in later life. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>9.724</score><pdfWordCount>5429</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>32838</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>10</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>595 x 842 pts (A4)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>227</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1492</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>5</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Computer‐based detection of neonatal changes to branching morphogenesis reveals different mechanisms of and predicts prostate enlargement in mice haplo‐insufficient for bone morphogenetic protein 4</title><pmid><json:string>15772937</json:string></pmid><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>The Journal of Pathology</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9896</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0022-3417</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1096-9896</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>PATH</json:string></publisherId><volume>206</volume><issue>1</issue><pages><first>52</first><last>61</last><total>10</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Original Paper</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2005</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>Monash University</json:string><json:string>Vanderbilt University</json:string><json:string>Standing Committee of Ethics</json:string><json:string>GraphPad Software, Inc, San Diego</json:string><json:string>Laboratory Animals</json:string><json:string>Australia Abstract Early</json:string><json:string>Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology</json:string><json:string>Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development</json:string><json:string>Sons, Ltd</json:string><json:string>National Health and Medical Research</json:string><json:string>Monash Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology</json:string><json:string>Dako Corporation</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Hogan</json:string><json:string>Gabriel Fricout</json:string><json:string>John Wiley</json:string><json:string>Luise CullenMcEwen</json:string><json:string>D. Asterisks</json:string><json:string>Dominique Jeulin</json:string><json:string>Lung</json:string><json:string>Data</json:string><json:string>D. 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Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2005-05"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Computer‐based detection of neonatal changes to branching morphogenesis reveals different mechanisms of and predicts prostate enlargement in mice haplo‐insufficient for bone morphogenetic protein 4</title><title level="a" type="short" xml:lang="en">Computer‐based analysis of prostate enlargement</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Ghanim</forename><surname>Almahbobi</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia<address><country key="AU"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Shelley</forename><surname>Hedwards</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia<address><country key="AU"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Gabriel</forename><surname>Fricout</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre de Morphologie Mathématique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, 77303 Fontainebleau Cedex, France<address><country key="FR"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Dominique</forename><surname>Jeulin</surname></persName><affiliation>Centre de Morphologie Mathématique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, 77303 Fontainebleau Cedex, France<address><country key="FR"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">John F</forename><surname>Bertram</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia<address><country key="AU"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">Gail P</forename><surname>Risbridger</surname></persName><email>gail.risbridger@med.monash.edu.au</email><affiliation>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia<address><country key="AU"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, 27‐31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.</affiliation></author><idno type="istex">8F75A80403C31FE060FA8BF46918F85DA70A498C</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-CVNCSFJ5-C</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/path.1753</idno><idno type="unit">PATH1753</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:PATH.PATH1753.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">The Journal of Pathology</title><title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, THE</title><idno type="pISSN">0022-3417</idno><idno type="eISSN">1096-9896</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9896</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/path.v206:1</idno><idno type="product">PATH</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">206</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="52">52</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="61">61</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">10</biblScope><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisher><pubPlace>Chichester, UK</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2005-05"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><head>Abstract</head><p>Early changes to branching morphogenesis of the prostate are believed to lead to enlargement of the gland in adult life. However, it has not been possible to demonstrate directly that alterations to branching during the developmental period have a permanent effect on adult prostate size. In order to examine branching morphogenesis in a quantitative manner in neonatal mice, a combination of imaging and computational technology was used to detect and quantify branching using bone morphogenetic protein 4 haplo‐insufficient mice that develop enlarged prostate glands in adulthood. Accurate estimates were made of six parameters of branching, including prostate ductal length and volume and number of main ducts, branches, branch points, and tips. The results show that the prostate is significantly larger on day 3, well before the emergence of the phenotype in older animals. The ventral prostate is enlarged because the number of main epithelial ducts is increased; enlargement of the anterior prostate in mutant animals occurs because there are more branches. These lobe‐specific mechanisms underlying prostate enlargement indicate the complex nature of gland pathology in mice, rather than a simple increase in weight or volume. This method provides a powerful means to investigate the aetiology of prostate disease in animal models prior to emergence of a phenotype in later life. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords xml:lang="en"><term xml:id="kwd1">prostate enlargement</term><term xml:id="kwd2">branching morphogenesis</term><term xml:id="kwd3">computer‐based analysis</term><term xml:id="kwd4">BMP4</term><term xml:id="kwd5">mouse model</term></keywords><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Original Paper</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Original Papers</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8F75A80403C31FE060FA8BF46918F85DA70A498C/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisherName><publisherLoc>Chichester, UK</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9896</doi><issn type="print">0022-3417</issn><issn type="electronic">1096-9896</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="PATH"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, THE">The Journal of Pathology</title><title type="subtitle">A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland</title><title type="short">J. 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However, it has not been possible to demonstrate directly that alterations to branching during the developmental period have a permanent effect on adult prostate size. In order to examine branching morphogenesis in a quantitative manner in neonatal mice, a combination of imaging and computational technology was used to detect and quantify branching using bone morphogenetic protein 4 haplo‐insufficient mice that develop enlarged prostate glands in adulthood. Accurate estimates were made of six parameters of branching, including prostate ductal length and volume and number of main ducts, branches, branch points, and tips. The results show that the prostate is significantly larger on day 3, well before the emergence of the phenotype in older animals. The ventral prostate is enlarged because the number of main epithelial ducts is increased; enlargement of the anterior prostate in mutant animals occurs because there are more branches. These lobe‐specific mechanisms underlying prostate enlargement indicate the complex nature of gland pathology in mice, rather than a simple increase in weight or volume. This method provides a powerful means to investigate the aetiology of prostate disease in animal models prior to emergence of a phenotype in later life. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Computer‐based detection of neonatal changes to branching morphogenesis reveals different mechanisms of and predicts prostate enlargement in mice haplo‐insufficient for bone morphogenetic protein 4</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Computer‐based analysis of prostate enlargement</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Computer‐based detection of neonatal changes to branching morphogenesis reveals different mechanisms of and predicts prostate enlargement in mice haplo‐insufficient for bone morphogenetic protein 4</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ghanim</namePart><namePart type="family">Almahbobi</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Shelley</namePart><namePart type="family">Hedwards</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gabriel</namePart><namePart type="family">Fricout</namePart><affiliation>Centre de Morphologie Mathématique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, 77303 Fontainebleau Cedex, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dominique</namePart><namePart type="family">Jeulin</namePart><affiliation>Centre de Morphologie Mathématique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, 77303 Fontainebleau Cedex, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">John F</namePart><namePart type="family">Bertram</namePart><affiliation>Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gail P</namePart><namePart type="family">Risbridger</namePart><affiliation>Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3168, Australia</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: gail.risbridger@med.monash.edu.au</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence address: Centre for Urology Research, Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, 27‐31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Chichester, UK</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2005-05</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2004-10-18</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2004-12-21</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2005</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">7</extent><extent unit="tables">2</extent><extent unit="references">27</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Early changes to branching morphogenesis of the prostate are believed to lead to enlargement of the gland in adult life. However, it has not been possible to demonstrate directly that alterations to branching during the developmental period have a permanent effect on adult prostate size. In order to examine branching morphogenesis in a quantitative manner in neonatal mice, a combination of imaging and computational technology was used to detect and quantify branching using bone morphogenetic protein 4 haplo‐insufficient mice that develop enlarged prostate glands in adulthood. Accurate estimates were made of six parameters of branching, including prostate ductal length and volume and number of main ducts, branches, branch points, and tips. The results show that the prostate is significantly larger on day 3, well before the emergence of the phenotype in older animals. The ventral prostate is enlarged because the number of main epithelial ducts is increased; enlargement of the anterior prostate in mutant animals occurs because there are more branches. These lobe‐specific mechanisms underlying prostate enlargement indicate the complex nature of gland pathology in mice, rather than a simple increase in weight or volume. This method provides a powerful means to investigate the aetiology of prostate disease in animal models prior to emergence of a phenotype in later life. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</abstract><note type="funding">NHG MRC Program - No. 973218; </note><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>prostate enlargement</topic><topic>branching morphogenesis</topic><topic>computer‐based analysis</topic><topic>BMP4</topic><topic>mouse model</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>The Journal of Pathology</title><subTitle>A Journal of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. 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