Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements
Identifieur interne : 001585 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001584; suivant : 001586Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements
Auteurs : Chuanfeng Zhao ; Shaocheng Xie ; Stephen A. Klein ; Alain Protat ; Matthew D. Shupe ; Sally A. Mcfarlane ; Jennifer M. Comstock ; Julien Delanoë ; Min Deng ; Maureen Dunn ; Robin J. Hogan ; Dong Huang ; Michael P. Jensen ; Gerald G. Mace ; Renata Mccoy ; Ewan J. O'Connor ; David D. Turner ; Zhien WangSource :
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres [ 0148-0227 ] ; 2012-05-27.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Ackerman, Adiabatic gradient, Aircraft data, Algorithm, Appl, Arctic cloud experiment, Arctic clouds, Atmos, Basic inputs, Best estimate, Boundary layer, Boundary layer clouds, Boundary layer overcast clouds, Boundary stratus, Bulk density, Cirrus, Cirrus clouds, Clear differences, Climate change, Climate models, Cloud, Cloud bases, Cloud microphysical properties, Cloud products, Cloud properties, Cloud retrieval algorithms, Cloud retrieval differences, Cloud retrieval products, Cloud retrievals, Cloud samples, Cloud temperature, Cloudnet, Combret, Comstock, Constraint, Constraint parameters, Crystal habit, Crystal habit assumptions, Crystal habits, Current cloud retrievals, Delano, Deng, Different assumptions, Different cloud regimes, Different cloud retrieval products, Different retrieval products, Different retrievals, Dong, Doppler, Droplet, Empirical parameterization method, Geophys, Heymsfield, High level, Illingworth, Large differences, Lawrence livermore, Lidar, Liquid clouds, Liquid part, Lognormal, Mace, Mcfarquhar, Meteorol, Microbase, Microphysical, Microphysical properties, Microwave radiometer, Notation section, November, Oceanic technol, Optical depth, Optimal estimation method, Parameterization, Parameterization method, Particle size distribution, Power relationship, Protat, Radiative, Radiometer, Radon, Reflectivity, Remote sensors, Retrieval, Retrieval algorithms, Retrieval basis, Retrieval methods, Retrieval products, Retrieval techniques, Sassen, Science team meeting, Sext, Shupe, Shupe_, Shupe_ turner, Shupe_turner, Specific cloud product, Statistical analysis, Stratus, Thick clouds, Total cloud samples, Twpc3, Understanding cloud retrieval difference, Varcloud, Various retrieval algorithms, Vertical distributions, Vertical structure, Wang, Water content, Water equivalent radar reflectivity, Zhao.
- Teeft :
- Ackerman, Adiabatic gradient, Aircraft data, Algorithm, Appl, Arctic cloud experiment, Arctic clouds, Atmos, Basic inputs, Best estimate, Boundary layer, Boundary layer clouds, Boundary layer overcast clouds, Boundary stratus, Bulk density, Cirrus, Cirrus clouds, Clear differences, Climate change, Climate models, Cloud, Cloud bases, Cloud microphysical properties, Cloud products, Cloud properties, Cloud retrieval algorithms, Cloud retrieval differences, Cloud retrieval products, Cloud retrievals, Cloud samples, Cloud temperature, Cloudnet, Combret, Comstock, Constraint, Constraint parameters, Crystal habit, Crystal habit assumptions, Crystal habits, Current cloud retrievals, Delano, Deng, Different assumptions, Different cloud regimes, Different cloud retrieval products, Different retrieval products, Different retrievals, Dong, Doppler, Droplet, Empirical parameterization method, Geophys, Heymsfield, High level, Illingworth, Large differences, Lawrence livermore, Lidar, Liquid clouds, Liquid part, Lognormal, Mace, Mcfarquhar, Meteorol, Microbase, Microphysical, Microphysical properties, Microwave radiometer, Notation section, November, Oceanic technol, Optical depth, Optimal estimation method, Parameterization, Parameterization method, Particle size distribution, Power relationship, Protat, Radiative, Radiometer, Radon, Reflectivity, Remote sensors, Retrieval, Retrieval algorithms, Retrieval basis, Retrieval methods, Retrieval products, Retrieval techniques, Sassen, Science team meeting, Sext, Shupe, Shupe_, Shupe_ turner, Shupe_turner, Specific cloud product, Statistical analysis, Stratus, Thick clouds, Total cloud samples, Twpc3, Understanding cloud retrieval difference, Varcloud, Various retrieval algorithms, Vertical distributions, Vertical structure, Wang, Water content, Water equivalent radar reflectivity, Zhao.
Abstract
Accurate observations of cloud microphysical properties are needed for evaluating and improving the representation of cloud processes in climate models and better estimate of the Earth radiative budget. However, large differences are found in current cloud products retrieved from ground‐based remote sensing measurements using various retrieval algorithms. Understanding the differences is an important step to address uncertainties in the cloud retrievals. In this study, an in‐depth analysis of nine existing ground‐based cloud retrievals using ARM remote sensing measurements is carried out. We place emphasis on boundary layer overcast clouds and high level ice clouds, which are the focus of many current retrieval development efforts due to their radiative importance and relatively simple structure. Large systematic discrepancies in cloud microphysical properties are found in these two types of clouds among the nine cloud retrieval products, particularly for the cloud liquid and ice particle effective radius. Note that the differences among some retrieval products are even larger than the prescribed uncertainties reported by the retrieval algorithm developers. It is shown that most of these large differences have their roots in the retrieval theoretical bases, assumptions, as well as input and constraint parameters. This study suggests the need to further validate current retrieval theories and assumptions and even the development of new retrieval algorithms with more observations under different cloud regimes.
Url:
DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016792
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:73F4A0165A4ED262F3B63F601EAD8E0B98542726Le document en format XML
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Turner</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, Oklahoma, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhien" sort="Wang, Zhien" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhien" last="Wang">Zhien Wang</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:73F4A0165A4ED262F3B63F601EAD8E0B98542726</idno><date when="2012" year="2012">2012</date><idno type="doi">10.1029/2011JD016792</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/73F4A0165A4ED262F3B63F601EAD8E0B98542726/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001585</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001585</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements</title><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Chuanfeng" sort="Zhao, Chuanfeng" uniqKey="Zhao C" first="Chuanfeng" last="Zhao">Chuanfeng Zhao</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: zhao6@llnl.gov</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: zhao6@llnl.gov</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Shaocheng" sort="Xie, Shaocheng" uniqKey="Xie S" first="Shaocheng" last="Xie">Shaocheng Xie</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Stephen A" sort="Klein, Stephen A" uniqKey="Klein S" first="Stephen A." last="Klein">Stephen A. Klein</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Protat, Alain" sort="Protat, Alain" uniqKey="Protat A" first="Alain" last="Protat">Alain Protat</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shupe, Matthew D" sort="Shupe, Matthew D" uniqKey="Shupe M" first="Matthew D." last="Shupe">Matthew D. Shupe</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcfarlane, Sally A" sort="Mcfarlane, Sally A" uniqKey="Mcfarlane S" first="Sally A." last="Mcfarlane">Sally A. Mcfarlane</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Comstock, Jennifer M" sort="Comstock, Jennifer M" uniqKey="Comstock J" first="Jennifer M." last="Comstock">Jennifer M. Comstock</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delanoe, Julien" sort="Delanoe, Julien" uniqKey="Delanoe J" first="Julien" last="Delanoë">Julien Delanoë</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Min" sort="Deng, Min" uniqKey="Deng M" first="Min" last="Deng">Min Deng</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dunn, Maureen" sort="Dunn, Maureen" uniqKey="Dunn M" first="Maureen" last="Dunn">Maureen Dunn</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hogan, Robin J" sort="Hogan, Robin J" uniqKey="Hogan R" first="Robin J." last="Hogan">Robin J. Hogan</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Dong" sort="Huang, Dong" uniqKey="Huang D" first="Dong" last="Huang">Dong Huang</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, Michael P" sort="Jensen, Michael P" uniqKey="Jensen M" first="Michael P." last="Jensen">Michael P. Jensen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mace, Gerald G" sort="Mace, Gerald G" uniqKey="Mace G" first="Gerald G." last="Mace">Gerald G. Mace</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccoy, Renata" sort="Mccoy, Renata" uniqKey="Mccoy R" first="Renata" last="Mccoy">Renata Mccoy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Connor, Ewan J" sort="O Connor, Ewan J" uniqKey="O Connor E" first="Ewan J." last="O'Connor">Ewan J. O'Connor</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, David D" sort="Turner, David D" uniqKey="Turner D" first="David D." last="Turner">David D. Turner</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, Oklahoma, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Zhien" sort="Wang, Zhien" uniqKey="Wang Z" first="Zhien" last="Wang">Zhien Wang</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES</title><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">117</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D10</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">21</biblScope><date type="published" when="2012-05-27">2012-05-27</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0148-0227</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Ackerman</term><term>Adiabatic gradient</term><term>Aircraft data</term><term>Algorithm</term><term>Appl</term><term>Arctic cloud experiment</term><term>Arctic clouds</term><term>Atmos</term><term>Basic inputs</term><term>Best estimate</term><term>Boundary layer</term><term>Boundary layer clouds</term><term>Boundary layer overcast clouds</term><term>Boundary stratus</term><term>Bulk density</term><term>Cirrus</term><term>Cirrus clouds</term><term>Clear differences</term><term>Climate change</term><term>Climate models</term><term>Cloud</term><term>Cloud bases</term><term>Cloud microphysical properties</term><term>Cloud products</term><term>Cloud properties</term><term>Cloud retrieval algorithms</term><term>Cloud retrieval differences</term><term>Cloud retrieval products</term><term>Cloud retrievals</term><term>Cloud samples</term><term>Cloud temperature</term><term>Cloudnet</term><term>Combret</term><term>Comstock</term><term>Constraint</term><term>Constraint parameters</term><term>Crystal habit</term><term>Crystal habit assumptions</term><term>Crystal habits</term><term>Current cloud retrievals</term><term>Delano</term><term>Deng</term><term>Different assumptions</term><term>Different cloud regimes</term><term>Different cloud retrieval products</term><term>Different retrieval products</term><term>Different retrievals</term><term>Dong</term><term>Doppler</term><term>Droplet</term><term>Empirical parameterization method</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Heymsfield</term><term>High level</term><term>Illingworth</term><term>Large differences</term><term>Lawrence livermore</term><term>Lidar</term><term>Liquid clouds</term><term>Liquid part</term><term>Lognormal</term><term>Mace</term><term>Mcfarquhar</term><term>Meteorol</term><term>Microbase</term><term>Microphysical</term><term>Microphysical properties</term><term>Microwave radiometer</term><term>Notation section</term><term>November</term><term>Oceanic technol</term><term>Optical depth</term><term>Optimal estimation method</term><term>Parameterization</term><term>Parameterization method</term><term>Particle size distribution</term><term>Power relationship</term><term>Protat</term><term>Radiative</term><term>Radiometer</term><term>Radon</term><term>Reflectivity</term><term>Remote sensors</term><term>Retrieval</term><term>Retrieval algorithms</term><term>Retrieval basis</term><term>Retrieval methods</term><term>Retrieval products</term><term>Retrieval techniques</term><term>Sassen</term><term>Science team meeting</term><term>Sext</term><term>Shupe</term><term>Shupe_</term><term>Shupe_ turner</term><term>Shupe_turner</term><term>Specific cloud product</term><term>Statistical analysis</term><term>Stratus</term><term>Thick clouds</term><term>Total cloud samples</term><term>Twpc3</term><term>Understanding cloud retrieval difference</term><term>Varcloud</term><term>Various retrieval algorithms</term><term>Vertical distributions</term><term>Vertical structure</term><term>Wang</term><term>Water content</term><term>Water equivalent radar reflectivity</term><term>Zhao</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Ackerman</term><term>Adiabatic gradient</term><term>Aircraft data</term><term>Algorithm</term><term>Appl</term><term>Arctic cloud experiment</term><term>Arctic clouds</term><term>Atmos</term><term>Basic inputs</term><term>Best estimate</term><term>Boundary layer</term><term>Boundary layer clouds</term><term>Boundary layer overcast clouds</term><term>Boundary stratus</term><term>Bulk density</term><term>Cirrus</term><term>Cirrus clouds</term><term>Clear differences</term><term>Climate change</term><term>Climate models</term><term>Cloud</term><term>Cloud bases</term><term>Cloud microphysical properties</term><term>Cloud products</term><term>Cloud properties</term><term>Cloud retrieval algorithms</term><term>Cloud retrieval differences</term><term>Cloud retrieval products</term><term>Cloud retrievals</term><term>Cloud samples</term><term>Cloud temperature</term><term>Cloudnet</term><term>Combret</term><term>Comstock</term><term>Constraint</term><term>Constraint parameters</term><term>Crystal habit</term><term>Crystal habit assumptions</term><term>Crystal habits</term><term>Current cloud retrievals</term><term>Delano</term><term>Deng</term><term>Different assumptions</term><term>Different cloud regimes</term><term>Different cloud retrieval products</term><term>Different retrieval products</term><term>Different retrievals</term><term>Dong</term><term>Doppler</term><term>Droplet</term><term>Empirical parameterization method</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Heymsfield</term><term>High level</term><term>Illingworth</term><term>Large differences</term><term>Lawrence livermore</term><term>Lidar</term><term>Liquid clouds</term><term>Liquid part</term><term>Lognormal</term><term>Mace</term><term>Mcfarquhar</term><term>Meteorol</term><term>Microbase</term><term>Microphysical</term><term>Microphysical properties</term><term>Microwave radiometer</term><term>Notation section</term><term>November</term><term>Oceanic technol</term><term>Optical depth</term><term>Optimal estimation method</term><term>Parameterization</term><term>Parameterization method</term><term>Particle size distribution</term><term>Power relationship</term><term>Protat</term><term>Radiative</term><term>Radiometer</term><term>Radon</term><term>Reflectivity</term><term>Remote sensors</term><term>Retrieval</term><term>Retrieval algorithms</term><term>Retrieval basis</term><term>Retrieval methods</term><term>Retrieval products</term><term>Retrieval techniques</term><term>Sassen</term><term>Science team meeting</term><term>Sext</term><term>Shupe</term><term>Shupe_</term><term>Shupe_ turner</term><term>Shupe_turner</term><term>Specific cloud product</term><term>Statistical analysis</term><term>Stratus</term><term>Thick clouds</term><term>Total cloud samples</term><term>Twpc3</term><term>Understanding cloud retrieval difference</term><term>Varcloud</term><term>Various retrieval algorithms</term><term>Vertical distributions</term><term>Vertical structure</term><term>Wang</term><term>Water content</term><term>Water equivalent radar reflectivity</term><term>Zhao</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Accurate observations of cloud microphysical properties are needed for evaluating and improving the representation of cloud processes in climate models and better estimate of the Earth radiative budget. However, large differences are found in current cloud products retrieved from ground‐based remote sensing measurements using various retrieval algorithms. Understanding the differences is an important step to address uncertainties in the cloud retrievals. In this study, an in‐depth analysis of nine existing ground‐based cloud retrievals using ARM remote sensing measurements is carried out. We place emphasis on boundary layer overcast clouds and high level ice clouds, which are the focus of many current retrieval development efforts due to their radiative importance and relatively simple structure. Large systematic discrepancies in cloud microphysical properties are found in these two types of clouds among the nine cloud retrieval products, particularly for the cloud liquid and ice particle effective radius. Note that the differences among some retrieval products are even larger than the prescribed uncertainties reported by the retrieval algorithm developers. It is shown that most of these large differences have their roots in the retrieval theoretical bases, assumptions, as well as input and constraint parameters. This study suggests the need to further validate current retrieval theories and assumptions and even the development of new retrieval algorithms with more observations under different cloud regimes.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>microbase</json:string><json:string>retrieval</json:string><json:string>mace</json:string><json:string>shupe_turner</json:string><json:string>cloud properties</json:string><json:string>combret</json:string><json:string>wang</json:string><json:string>microphysical</json:string><json:string>zhao</json:string><json:string>cirrus</json:string><json:string>geophys</json:string><json:string>algorithm</json:string><json:string>cloudnet</json:string><json:string>deng</json:string><json:string>atmos</json:string><json:string>twpc3</json:string><json:string>meteorol</json:string><json:string>lidar</json:string><json:string>cloud retrievals</json:string><json:string>cloud retrieval 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Klein</name><affiliations><json:string>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Alain Protat</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France</json:string><json:string>Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Matthew D. Shupe</name><affiliations><json:string>Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</json:string><json:string>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Sally A. McFarlane</name><affiliations><json:string>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Jennifer M. Comstock</name><affiliations><json:string>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Julien Delanoë</name><affiliations><json:string>Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Min Deng</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Maureen Dunn</name><affiliations><json:string>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Robin J. Hogan</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Dong Huang</name><affiliations><json:string>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Michael P. Jensen</name><affiliations><json:string>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Gerald G. Mace</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Renata McCoy</name><affiliations><json:string>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Ewan J. O'Connor</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK</json:string><json:string>Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>David D. Turner</name><affiliations><json:string>National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, Oklahoma, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Zhien Wang</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>cloud retrievals</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>effective radius</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ice water content</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>liquid water content</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>uncertainties</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>2011JD016792</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-14DN652M-M</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Accurate observations of cloud microphysical properties are needed for evaluating and improving the representation of cloud processes in climate models and better estimate of the Earth radiative budget. However, large differences are found in current cloud products retrieved from ground‐based remote sensing measurements using various retrieval algorithms. Understanding the differences is an important step to address uncertainties in the cloud retrievals. In this study, an in‐depth analysis of nine existing ground‐based cloud retrievals using ARM remote sensing measurements is carried out. We place emphasis on boundary layer overcast clouds and high level ice clouds, which are the focus of many current retrieval development efforts due to their radiative importance and relatively simple structure. Large systematic discrepancies in cloud microphysical properties are found in these two types of clouds among the nine cloud retrieval products, particularly for the cloud liquid and ice particle effective radius. Note that the differences among some retrieval products are even larger than the prescribed uncertainties reported by the retrieval algorithm developers. It is shown that most of these large differences have their roots in the retrieval theoretical bases, assumptions, as well as input and constraint parameters. This study suggests the need to further validate current retrieval theories and assumptions and even the development of new retrieval algorithms with more observations under different cloud regimes.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>9.616</score><pdfWordCount>11391</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>73221</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>21</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>218</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1533</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>5</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>0148-0227</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>2156-2202</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>JGRD</json:string></publisherId><volume>117</volume><issue>D10</issue><pages><first>n/a</first><last>n/a</last><total>21</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Aerosol and Clouds</value></json:item><json:item><value>ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Cloud physics and chemistry</value></json:item><json:item><value>Aerosol and Clouds</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2012</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>University of Wyoming</json:string><json:string>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA</json:string><json:string>Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</json:string><json:string>Climate Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</json:string><json:string>Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</json:string><json:string>Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA</json:string><json:string>TWP Nauru Island</json:string><json:string>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail Code</json:string><json:string>NOAA National Severe Storms Lab University of Reading University of Utah Gerald Mace Robin Hogan</json:string><json:string>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK</json:string><json:string>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA</json:string><json:string>University of Wyoming Pacific Northwest National Lab CAWCR, LATMOS CAWCR, LATMOS Zhien Wang Jenifer Comstock Alain Protat</json:string><json:string>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</json:string><json:string>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</json:string><json:string>National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, Oklahoma, USA</json:string><json:string>Department of Energy</json:string><json:string>DOE</json:string><json:string>Cooperative Institute for Research</json:string><json:string>David Turner Brookhaven National Lab Affiliations Mike Jensen</json:string><json:string>American Geophysical Union</json:string><json:string>Julien Delanoë University</json:string><json:string>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Sally A. McFarlane</json:string><json:string>J. Geophys</json:string><json:string>Min Deng</json:string><json:string>Jennifer M. Comstock</json:string><json:string>Pacific Sites</json:string><json:string>David D. Turner</json:string><json:string>Julien Delanoë</json:string><json:string>Matthew Shupe</json:string><json:string>Renata McCoy</json:string><json:string>Matthew D. Shupe</json:string><json:string>Connor Min</json:string><json:string>G. Mace</json:string><json:string>C. Zhao</json:string><json:string>Michael P. Jensen</json:string><json:string>Robin J. Hogan</json:string><json:string>Maureen Dunn</json:string><json:string>Alain Protat</json:string><json:string>Ewan J. O’Connor</json:string></persName><placeName></placeName><ref_url></ref_url><ref_bibl><json:string>Mace et al., 1998, 2002, 2006</json:string><json:string>Huang et al., 2009</json:string><json:string>Xie et al. [2005]</json:string><json:string>[6]</json:string><json:string>Comstock et al., 2007</json:string><json:string>Bouniol et al. [2010]</json:string><json:string>Dong et al. [2008]</json:string><json:string>Delanoë et al., 2007</json:string><json:string>Shupe et al., 2005</json:string><json:string>Hogan et al., 2006a</json:string><json:string>Klein et al. [2009]</json:string><json:string>Illingworth et al. [2007]</json:string><json:string>Wang et al., 2004</json:string><json:string>Xu et al. [2005]</json:string><json:string>Dunn et al., 2011</json:string><json:string>Turner et al.</json:string><json:string>Deng and Mace, 2006</json:string><json:string>Shupe et al. [2008]</json:string><json:string>Turner et al., 2007a</json:string><json:string>Delanoë and Hogan, 2008</json:string><json:string>[2]</json:string><json:string>Protat et al., 2007</json:string><json:string>Comstock et al. [2007]</json:string></ref_bibl><bibl></bibl></unitex></namedEntities><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/WNG-14DN652M-M</json:string></ark><categories><wos><json:string>1 - science</json:string><json:string>2 - geosciences, multidisciplinary</json:string></wos><scienceMetrix><json:string>1 - natural sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - earth & environmental sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - meteorology & atmospheric sciences</json:string></scienceMetrix><scopus><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Palaeontology</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Space and Planetary Science</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Atmospheric Science</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Earth-Surface Processes</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Geochemistry and Petrology</json:string><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Agricultural and Biological Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Soil Science</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Environmental Science</json:string><json:string>3 - Water Science and Technology</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Environmental Science</json:string><json:string>3 - Ecology</json:string><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Agricultural and Biological Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Aquatic Science</json:string><json:string>1 - Life Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Agricultural and Biological Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Forestry</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Oceanography</json:string><json:string>1 - Physical Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Earth and Planetary Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - Geophysics</json:string></scopus></categories><publicationDate>2012</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2012</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1029/2011JD016792</json:string></doi><id>73F4A0165A4ED262F3B63F601EAD8E0B98542726</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/73F4A0165A4ED262F3B63F601EAD8E0B98542726/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/73F4A0165A4ED262F3B63F601EAD8E0B98542726/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/73F4A0165A4ED262F3B63F601EAD8E0B98542726/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main">Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Wiley Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><licence>Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2012-05-27"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements</title><title level="a" type="short">UNDERSTANDING CLOUD RETRIEVAL DIFFERENCE</title><author xml:id="author-0000" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">Chuanfeng</forename><surname>Zhao</surname></persName><email>zhao6@llnl.gov</email><affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Corresponding author: C. Zhao, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail Code L‐103, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. (zhao6@llnl.gov)</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Shaocheng</forename><surname>Xie</surname></persName><affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Stephen A.</forename><surname>Klein</surname></persName><affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Alain</forename><surname>Protat</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France<address><country key="FR"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia<address><country key="AU"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Matthew D.</forename><surname>Shupe</surname></persName><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">Sally A.</forename><surname>McFarlane</surname></persName><affiliation>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">Jennifer M.</forename><surname>Comstock</surname></persName><affiliation>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">Julien</forename><surname>Delanoë</surname></persName><affiliation>Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France<address><country key="FR"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">Min</forename><surname>Deng</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0009"><persName><forename type="first">Maureen</forename><surname>Dunn</surname></persName><affiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0010"><persName><forename type="first">Robin J.</forename><surname>Hogan</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK<address><country key="GB"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0011"><persName><forename type="first">Dong</forename><surname>Huang</surname></persName><affiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0012"><persName><forename type="first">Michael P.</forename><surname>Jensen</surname></persName><affiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0013"><persName><forename type="first">Gerald G.</forename><surname>Mace</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0014"><persName><forename type="first">Renata</forename><surname>McCoy</surname></persName><affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0015"><persName><forename type="first">Ewan J.</forename><surname>O'Connor</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK<address><country key="GB"></country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland<address><country key="FI"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0016"><persName><forename type="first">David D.</forename><surname>Turner</surname></persName><affiliation>National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, Oklahoma, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0017"><persName><forename type="first">Zhien</forename><surname>Wang</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA<address><country key="US"></country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">73F4A0165A4ED262F3B63F601EAD8E0B98542726</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-14DN652M-M</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1029/2011JD016792</idno><idno type="editorialOffice">2011JD016792</idno><idno type="society">D10206</idno><idno type="unit">JGRD17659</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:JGRD.JGRD17659.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES</title><idno type="pISSN">0148-0227</idno><idno type="eISSN">2156-2202</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/jgrd.v117.D10</idno><idno type="product">JGRD</idno><idno type="coden">JGREA2</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">117</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">D10</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">21</biblScope><date type="published" when="2012-05-27"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract style="main"><p xml:id="jgrd17659-para-0001">Accurate observations of cloud microphysical properties are needed for evaluating and improving the representation of cloud processes in climate models and better estimate of the Earth radiative budget. However, large differences are found in current cloud products retrieved from ground‐based remote sensing measurements using various retrieval algorithms. Understanding the differences is an important step to address uncertainties in the cloud retrievals. In this study, an in‐depth analysis of nine existing ground‐based cloud retrievals using ARM remote sensing measurements is carried out. We place emphasis on boundary layer overcast clouds and high level ice clouds, which are the focus of many current retrieval development efforts due to their radiative importance and relatively simple structure. Large systematic discrepancies in cloud microphysical properties are found in these two types of clouds among the nine cloud retrieval products, particularly for the cloud liquid and ice particle effective radius. Note that the differences among some retrieval products are even larger than the prescribed uncertainties reported by the retrieval algorithm developers. It is shown that most of these large differences have their roots in the retrieval theoretical bases, assumptions, as well as input and constraint parameters. This study suggests the need to further validate current retrieval theories and assumptions and even the development of new retrieval algorithms with more observations under different cloud regimes.</p></abstract><abstract style="short"><head>Key Points</head><p xml:id="jgrd17659-para-0002"><list style="bulleted"><item>Large differences exist for cloud properties retrieved from various techniques</item><item>These differences are highly related to the algorithm details and inputs</item><item>Cloud retrieval uncertainties need to be further understood and quantified</item></list></p></abstract><textClass><keywords><term xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0001">cloud retrievals</term><term xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0002">effective radius</term><term xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0003">ice water content</term><term xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0004">liquid water content</term><term xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0005">uncertainties</term></keywords><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/subset/AAC">Aerosol and Clouds</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0300">ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</classCode><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Aerosol and Clouds</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Aerosol and Clouds</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/73F4A0165A4ED262F3B63F601EAD8E0B98542726/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="jgrd17659"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)2156-2202d</doi><issn type="print">0148-0227</issn><issn type="electronic">2156-2202</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JGRD"></id><id type="coden" value="JGREA2"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: ATMOSPHERES">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title><title type="short">J. Geophys. Res.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="100"><doi>10.1002/jgrd.v117.D10</doi><idGroup><id type="focusSection" value="4"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="focusSection" xml:lang="en">Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title></titleGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="117">117</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">D10</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2012-05-27">27 May 2012</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="10" status="forIssue"><doi>10.1029/2011JD016792</doi><idGroup><id type="editorialOffice" value="2011JD016792"></id><id type="society" value="D10206"></id><id type="unit" value="JGRD17659"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="21"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Aerosol and Clouds</title><title type="tocHeading1">Aerosol and Clouds</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2011-08-26"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2012-04-16"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2012-04-17"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2012-05-30"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2012-05-30"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="SPi Global Converter:AGUv5.2_TO_WileyML3Gv1.0.3 version:1.2; AGU2WileyML3G Final Clean Up v1.0; WileyML 3G Packaging Tool v1.0" date="2012-12-13"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-01-30"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.3.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-02-25"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">n/a</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">n/a</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Corresponding author: C. Zhao, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail Code L‐103, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. (<email>zhao6@llnl.gov</email>)</correspondenceTo><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/subset/AAC">Aerosol and Clouds</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0300">ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/0320">Cloud physics and chemistry</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation xml:id="jgrd17659-cit-0000" type="self"><author><familyName>Zhao</familyName>, <givenNames>C.</givenNames></author>, et al. (<pubYear year="2012">2012</pubYear>), <articleTitle>Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>J. Geophys. Res.</journalTitle>, <vol>117</vol>, D10206, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1029/2011JD016792">10.1029/2011JD016792</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JGRD.JGRD17659.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="wordTotal" number="13000"></count><count type="figureTotal" number="12"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="3"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements</title><title type="shortAuthors">ZHAO ET AL.</title><title type="short">UNDERSTANDING CLOUD RETRIEVAL DIFFERENCE</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0001" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0001" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Chuanfeng</givenNames><familyName>Zhao</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email>zhao6@llnl.gov</email></contactDetails></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0002" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>Shaocheng</givenNames><familyName>Xie</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0003" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>Stephen A.</givenNames><familyName>Klein</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0004" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0002 #jgrd17659-aff-0003"><personName><givenNames>Alain</givenNames><familyName>Protat</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0005" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0004 #jgrd17659-aff-0005"><personName><givenNames>Matthew D.</givenNames><familyName>Shupe</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0006" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0006"><personName><givenNames>Sally A.</givenNames><familyName>McFarlane</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0007" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0006"><personName><givenNames>Jennifer M.</givenNames><familyName>Comstock</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0008" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0002"><personName><givenNames>Julien</givenNames><familyName>Delanoë</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0009" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0007"><personName><givenNames>Min</givenNames><familyName>Deng</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0010" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0008"><personName><givenNames>Maureen</givenNames><familyName>Dunn</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0011" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0009"><personName><givenNames>Robin J.</givenNames><familyName>Hogan</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0012" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0008"><personName><givenNames>Dong</givenNames><familyName>Huang</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0013" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0008"><personName><givenNames>Michael P.</givenNames><familyName>Jensen</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0014" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0010"><personName><givenNames>Gerald G.</givenNames><familyName>Mace</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0015" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0001"><personName><givenNames>Renata</givenNames><familyName>McCoy</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0016" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0009 #jgrd17659-aff-0011"><personName><givenNames>Ewan J.</givenNames><familyName>O'Connor</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0017" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0012"><personName><givenNames>David D.</givenNames><familyName>Turner</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="jgrd17659-cr-0018" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#jgrd17659-aff-0007"><personName><givenNames>Zhien</givenNames><familyName>Wang</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0001" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0002" countryCode="FR" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0003" countryCode="AU" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0004" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0005" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0006" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0007" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0008" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0009" countryCode="GB" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0010" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0011" countryCode="FI" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="jgrd17659-aff-0012" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, Oklahoma, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0001">cloud retrievals</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0002">effective radius</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0003">ice water content</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0004">liquid water content</keyword><keyword xml:id="jgrd17659-kwd-0005">uncertainties</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17659:jgrd17659-sup-0001-t01"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 1.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17659:jgrd17659-sup-0002-t02"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 2.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supplementary data" mimeType="text/plain" href="urn-x:wiley:01480227:media:jgrd17659:jgrd17659-sup-0003-t03"></mediaResource><caption>Tab‐delimited Table 3.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><p xml:id="jgrd17659-para-0001" label="1">Accurate observations of cloud microphysical properties are needed for evaluating and improving the representation of cloud processes in climate models and better estimate of the Earth radiative budget. However, large differences are found in current cloud products retrieved from ground‐based remote sensing measurements using various retrieval algorithms. Understanding the differences is an important step to address uncertainties in the cloud retrievals. In this study, an in‐depth analysis of nine existing ground‐based cloud retrievals using ARM remote sensing measurements is carried out. We place emphasis on boundary layer overcast clouds and high level ice clouds, which are the focus of many current retrieval development efforts due to their radiative importance and relatively simple structure. Large systematic discrepancies in cloud microphysical properties are found in these two types of clouds among the nine cloud retrieval products, particularly for the cloud liquid and ice particle effective radius. Note that the differences among some retrieval products are even larger than the prescribed uncertainties reported by the retrieval algorithm developers. It is shown that most of these large differences have their roots in the retrieval theoretical bases, assumptions, as well as input and constraint parameters. This study suggests the need to further validate current retrieval theories and assumptions and even the development of new retrieval algorithms with more observations under different cloud regimes.</p></abstract><abstract type="short"><title type="main">Key Points</title><p xml:id="jgrd17659-para-0002"><list style="bulleted"><listItem>Large differences exist for cloud properties retrieved from various techniques</listItem><listItem>These differences are highly related to the algorithm details and inputs</listItem><listItem>Cloud retrieval uncertainties need to be further understood and quantified</listItem></list></p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>UNDERSTANDING CLOUD RETRIEVAL DIFFERENCE</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Chuanfeng</namePart><namePart type="family">Zhao</namePart><affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: zhao6@llnl.gov</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: zhao6@llnl.gov</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Shaocheng</namePart><namePart type="family">Xie</namePart><affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stephen A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Klein</namePart><affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Alain</namePart><namePart type="family">Protat</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France</affiliation><affiliation>Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Matthew D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Shupe</namePart><affiliation>Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA</affiliation><affiliation>NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Sally A.</namePart><namePart type="family">McFarlane</namePart><affiliation>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jennifer M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Comstock</namePart><affiliation>Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Julien</namePart><namePart type="family">Delanoë</namePart><affiliation>Laboratoire Atmosphère, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Min</namePart><namePart type="family">Deng</namePart><affiliation>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Maureen</namePart><namePart type="family">Dunn</namePart><affiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Robin J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hogan</namePart><affiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Dong</namePart><namePart type="family">Huang</namePart><affiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Michael P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Jensen</namePart><affiliation>Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Gerald G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Mace</namePart><affiliation>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Renata</namePart><namePart type="family">McCoy</namePart><affiliation>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ewan J.</namePart><namePart type="family">O'Connor</namePart><affiliation>Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK</affiliation><affiliation>Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">David D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Turner</namePart><affiliation>National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOAA, Norman, Oklahoma, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Zhien</namePart><namePart type="family">Wang</namePart><affiliation>University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2012-05-27</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2011-08-26</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2012-04-17</dateValid><edition>Zhao, C., et al. (2012), Toward understanding of differences in current cloud retrievals of ARM ground‐based measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D10206, doi:10.1029/2011JD016792.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2012</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">12</extent><extent unit="tables">3</extent><extent unit="words">13000</extent></physicalDescription><abstract>Accurate observations of cloud microphysical properties are needed for evaluating and improving the representation of cloud processes in climate models and better estimate of the Earth radiative budget. However, large differences are found in current cloud products retrieved from ground‐based remote sensing measurements using various retrieval algorithms. Understanding the differences is an important step to address uncertainties in the cloud retrievals. In this study, an in‐depth analysis of nine existing ground‐based cloud retrievals using ARM remote sensing measurements is carried out. We place emphasis on boundary layer overcast clouds and high level ice clouds, which are the focus of many current retrieval development efforts due to their radiative importance and relatively simple structure. Large systematic discrepancies in cloud microphysical properties are found in these two types of clouds among the nine cloud retrieval products, particularly for the cloud liquid and ice particle effective radius. Note that the differences among some retrieval products are even larger than the prescribed uncertainties reported by the retrieval algorithm developers. It is shown that most of these large differences have their roots in the retrieval theoretical bases, assumptions, as well as input and constraint parameters. This study suggests the need to further validate current retrieval theories and assumptions and even the development of new retrieval algorithms with more observations under different cloud regimes.</abstract><abstract type="short">Large differences exist for cloud properties retrieved from various techniques These differences are highly related to the algorithm details and inputs Cloud retrieval uncertainties need to be further understood and quantified</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Tab‐delimited Table 1.Tab‐delimited Table 2.Tab‐delimited Table 3.</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>cloud retrievals</topic><topic>effective radius</topic><topic>ice water content</topic><topic>liquid water content</topic><topic>uncertainties</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Geophys. 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