A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change
Identifieur interne : 001106 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001105; suivant : 001107A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change
Auteurs : J. P. Abraham ; M. Baringer ; N. L. Bindoff ; T. Boyer ; L. J. Cheng ; J. A. Church ; J. L. Conroy ; C. M. Domingues ; J. T. Fasullo ; J. Gilson ; G. Goni ; S. A. Good ; J. M. Gorman ; V. Gouretski ; M. Ishii ; G. C. Johnson ; S. Kizu ; J. M. Lyman ; A. M. Macdonald ; W. J. Minkowycz ; S. E. Moffitt ; M. D. Palmer ; A. R. Piola ; F. Reseghetti ; K. Schuckmann ; K. E. Trenberth ; I. Velicogna ; J. K. WillisSource :
- Reviews of Geophysics [ 8755-1209 ] ; 2013-09.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Abraham, Abyssal, Accuracy requirement, Altimetry, Anomaly, Antarctic, Antarctic bottom water, Anthropogenic, Antonov, Apparent temperature bias, Argo, Argo array, Argo data, Argo program, Atmos, Atmospheric research, Autonomous, Bathythermograph, Bias, Bias correction schemes, Bias values, Bindoff, Bottom waters, Boundary currents, Bourdon tube, Boyer, Cambridge univ, Clim, Climate change, Climate model simulations, Climate system, Climatological, Climatological reference, Correction, Corrections, Ctds, Data assembly centers, Data bias, Data center, Data sets, Database, Dbar, Decadal, Deep argo, Deep ocean, Deep ocean heat content, Deep xbts, Deployment, Depth biases, Depth corrections, Depth range, Different types, Domingues, Drop height, Druck, Dynamic model, Dynamic models, Energy imbalance, Enso, Error bars, Expendable, Expendable bathythermograph, Expendable bathythermographs, Fall rate, Fasullo, Fourth assessment report, Future directions, Geophys, Gilson, Gleckler, Glider, Global, Global energy, Global ocean, Global ocean heat content, Global temperature, Goni, Gouretski, Hamon, Hanawa, Heat content, Heat storage, Heat uptake, Hydrographic, Hydrographic observations, Imbalance, Instrumental biases, Interannual, Interannual variability, Intergovernmental panel, Ipcc, Ishii, Kimoto, Kizu, Lett, Level change, Level rise, Levitus, Linear trends, Lockheed martin sippican, Lyman, Marginal seas, Maximum depth, Mbts, Measure pressure, Mechanical bathythermograph, Median, Metadata, Modeling, Multidecadal, Multidecadal periods, Multidecadal timescales, Nansen, Nansen bottle, Noaa, Oat, Objective mapping, Observational estimates, Ocean, Ocean heat content, Ocean heat content estimates, Ocean heat uptake, Ocean observations, Ocean observations figure, Ocean surface, Ocean temperature, Ocean temperature measurements, Ocean temperatures, Ocean warming, Oceanic, Oceanic technol, Oceanogr, Oceanographic, Optimal interpolation, Phys, Physical oceanography, Physical science basis, Planetary energy imbalance, Planetary heat storage, Pressure bias, Pressure drift, Pressure sensor, Pressure values, Probe, Probe mass, Publication venice, Pure temperature, Purkey, Quality control, Reanalysis, Reference data, Reseghetti, Reverdin, Robust, Roemmich, Rossby, Salinity, Satellite altimeter, Satellite altimetry, Schuckmann, Sensor, Ship motion, Simple gridding, Solo whoi, Southern ocean, Spilhaus, Stammer, Standard errors, Strip chart recorders, Subsurface, Subsurface temperature, Surface temperature, Systematic errors, Technol, Technological advances, Temperature bias, Temperature drift, Temperature gradient, Temperature measurements, Temperature sensors, Thermal bias, Thermal energy, Thermal expansion, Thermistor, Thermosteric, Time period, Time series, Timescales, Tndp, Total bias, Total temperature bias, Transects, Traon, Trenberth, Unknown type, Upper ocean, Upper ocean warming, Variability, Vema channel, Warm bias, Warming, Warming rates, Water column, Water temperature, Water viscosity, Whoi, Wijffels, Woce, Wong, Woods hole, World ocean, World ocean circulation experiment, World ocean database, Xbts.
- Teeft :
- Abraham, Abyssal, Accuracy requirement, Altimetry, Anomaly, Antarctic, Antarctic bottom water, Anthropogenic, Antonov, Apparent temperature bias, Argo, Argo array, Argo data, Argo program, Atmos, Atmospheric research, Autonomous, Bathythermograph, Bias, Bias correction schemes, Bias values, Bindoff, Bottom waters, Boundary currents, Bourdon tube, Boyer, Cambridge univ, Clim, Climate change, Climate model simulations, Climate system, Climatological, Climatological reference, Correction, Corrections, Ctds, Data assembly centers, Data bias, Data center, Data sets, Database, Dbar, Decadal, Deep argo, Deep ocean, Deep ocean heat content, Deep xbts, Deployment, Depth biases, Depth corrections, Depth range, Different types, Domingues, Drop height, Druck, Dynamic model, Dynamic models, Energy imbalance, Enso, Error bars, Expendable, Expendable bathythermograph, Expendable bathythermographs, Fall rate, Fasullo, Fourth assessment report, Future directions, Geophys, Gilson, Gleckler, Glider, Global, Global energy, Global ocean, Global ocean heat content, Global temperature, Goni, Gouretski, Hamon, Hanawa, Heat content, Heat storage, Heat uptake, Hydrographic, Hydrographic observations, Imbalance, Instrumental biases, Interannual, Interannual variability, Intergovernmental panel, Ipcc, Ishii, Kimoto, Kizu, Lett, Level change, Level rise, Levitus, Linear trends, Lockheed martin sippican, Lyman, Marginal seas, Maximum depth, Mbts, Measure pressure, Mechanical bathythermograph, Median, Metadata, Modeling, Multidecadal, Multidecadal periods, Multidecadal timescales, Nansen, Nansen bottle, Noaa, Oat, Objective mapping, Observational estimates, Ocean, Ocean heat content, Ocean heat content estimates, Ocean heat uptake, Ocean observations, Ocean observations figure, Ocean surface, Ocean temperature, Ocean temperature measurements, Ocean temperatures, Ocean warming, Oceanic, Oceanic technol, Oceanogr, Oceanographic, Optimal interpolation, Phys, Physical oceanography, Physical science basis, Planetary energy imbalance, Planetary heat storage, Pressure bias, Pressure drift, Pressure sensor, Pressure values, Probe, Probe mass, Publication venice, Pure temperature, Purkey, Quality control, Reanalysis, Reference data, Reseghetti, Reverdin, Robust, Roemmich, Rossby, Salinity, Satellite altimeter, Satellite altimetry, Schuckmann, Sensor, Ship motion, Simple gridding, Solo whoi, Southern ocean, Spilhaus, Stammer, Standard errors, Strip chart recorders, Subsurface, Subsurface temperature, Surface temperature, Systematic errors, Technol, Technological advances, Temperature bias, Temperature drift, Temperature gradient, Temperature measurements, Temperature sensors, Thermal bias, Thermal energy, Thermal expansion, Thermistor, Thermosteric, Time period, Time series, Timescales, Tndp, Total bias, Total temperature bias, Transects, Traon, Trenberth, Unknown type, Upper ocean, Upper ocean warming, Variability, Vema channel, Warm bias, Warming, Warming rates, Water column, Water temperature, Water viscosity, Whoi, Wijffels, Woce, Wong, Woods hole, World ocean, World ocean circulation experiment, World ocean database, Xbts.
Abstract
The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr−1 with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/rog.20022
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:5A22EC856060E54D88C5F8B0308932272224986BLe document en format XML
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L." last="Bindoff">N. L. Bindoff</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMAS, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyer, T" sort="Boyer, T" uniqKey="Boyer T" first="T." last="Boyer">T. Boyer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, L J" sort="Cheng, L J" uniqKey="Cheng L" first="L. J." last="Cheng">L. J. 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Gouretski</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Klima Campus, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishii, M" sort="Ishii, M" uniqKey="Ishii M" first="M." last="Ishii">M. Ishii</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, G C" sort="Johnson, G C" uniqKey="Johnson G" first="G. C." last="Johnson">G. C. Johnson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Washington, Seattle, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kizu, S" sort="Kizu, S" uniqKey="Kizu S" first="S." last="Kizu">S. Kizu</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geophysics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyman, J M" sort="Lyman, J M" uniqKey="Lyman J" first="J. M." last="Lyman">J. M. Lyman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hawaii, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, A M" sort="Macdonald, A M" uniqKey="Macdonald A" first="A. M." last="Macdonald">A. M. Macdonald</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusettes, Woods Hole, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minkowycz, W J" sort="Minkowycz, W J" uniqKey="Minkowycz W" first="W. J." last="Minkowycz">W. J. Minkowycz</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moffitt, S E" sort="Moffitt, S E" uniqKey="Moffitt S" first="S. E." last="Moffitt">S. E. Moffitt</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, California, Davis, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, M D" sort="Palmer, M D" uniqKey="Palmer M" first="M. D." last="Palmer">M. D. Palmer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piola, A R" sort="Piola, A R" uniqKey="Piola A" first="A. R." last="Piola">A. R. Piola</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Departamento Oceanografia, Servicio de Hidrografia Naval and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmosfera y los Oceanos/UMI IFAECI, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reseghetti, F" sort="Reseghetti, F" uniqKey="Reseghetti F" first="F." last="Reseghetti">F. Reseghetti</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>ENEA–Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy Sustainable Economic Development, UTMAR‐OSS, La Spezia, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuckmann, K" sort="Schuckmann, K" uniqKey="Schuckmann K" first="K." last="Schuckmann">K. Schuckmann</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Ifremer, Toulon, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trenberth, K E" sort="Trenberth, K E" uniqKey="Trenberth K" first="K. E." last="Trenberth">K. E. Trenberth</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado, Boulder, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Velicogna, I" sort="Velicogna, I" uniqKey="Velicogna I" first="I." last="Velicogna">I. Velicogna</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, Pasadena, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willis, J K" sort="Willis, J K" uniqKey="Willis J" first="J. K." last="Willis">J. K. Willis</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, Pasadena, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:5A22EC856060E54D88C5F8B0308932272224986B</idno><date when="2013" year="2013">2013</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/rog.20022</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/5A22EC856060E54D88C5F8B0308932272224986B/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001106</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001106</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change</title><author><name sortKey="Abraham, J P" sort="Abraham, J P" uniqKey="Abraham J" first="J. P." last="Abraham">J. P. Abraham</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, St. Paul, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: jpabraham@stthomas.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baringer, M" sort="Baringer, M" uniqKey="Baringer M" first="M." last="Baringer">M. Baringer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Florida, Miami, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bindoff, N L" sort="Bindoff, N L" uniqKey="Bindoff N" first="N. L." last="Bindoff">N. L. Bindoff</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>IMAS, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boyer, T" sort="Boyer, T" uniqKey="Boyer T" first="T." last="Boyer">T. Boyer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, L J" sort="Cheng, L J" uniqKey="Cheng L" first="L. J." last="Cheng">L. J. Cheng</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Bejing, China</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Church, J A" sort="Church, J A" uniqKey="Church J" first="J. A." last="Church">J. A. Church</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Conroy, J L" sort="Conroy, J L" uniqKey="Conroy J" first="J. L." last="Conroy">J. L. Conroy</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, Atlanta, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Domingues, C M" sort="Domingues, C M" uniqKey="Domingues C" first="C. M." last="Domingues">C. M. Domingues</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fasullo, J T" sort="Fasullo, J T" uniqKey="Fasullo J" first="J. T." last="Fasullo">J. T. Fasullo</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado, Boulder, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilson, J" sort="Gilson, J" uniqKey="Gilson J" first="J." last="Gilson">J. Gilson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California, La Jolla, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goni, G" sort="Goni, G" uniqKey="Goni G" first="G." last="Goni">G. Goni</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Florida, Miami, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Good, S A" sort="Good, S A" uniqKey="Good S" first="S. A." last="Good">S. A. Good</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gorman, J M" sort="Gorman, J M" uniqKey="Gorman J" first="J. M." last="Gorman">J. M. Gorman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, St. Paul, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gouretski, V" sort="Gouretski, V" uniqKey="Gouretski V" first="V." last="Gouretski">V. Gouretski</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Klima Campus, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishii, M" sort="Ishii, M" uniqKey="Ishii M" first="M." last="Ishii">M. Ishii</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Climate Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, G C" sort="Johnson, G C" uniqKey="Johnson G" first="G. C." last="Johnson">G. C. Johnson</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Washington, Seattle, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kizu, S" sort="Kizu, S" uniqKey="Kizu S" first="S." last="Kizu">S. Kizu</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Geophysics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyman, J M" sort="Lyman, J M" uniqKey="Lyman J" first="J. M." last="Lyman">J. M. Lyman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hawaii, Honolulu, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Macdonald, A M" sort="Macdonald, A M" uniqKey="Macdonald A" first="A. M." last="Macdonald">A. M. Macdonald</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusettes, Woods Hole, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Minkowycz, W J" sort="Minkowycz, W J" uniqKey="Minkowycz W" first="W. J." last="Minkowycz">W. J. Minkowycz</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moffitt, S E" sort="Moffitt, S E" uniqKey="Moffitt S" first="S. E." last="Moffitt">S. E. Moffitt</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, California, Davis, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palmer, M D" sort="Palmer, M D" uniqKey="Palmer M" first="M. D." last="Palmer">M. D. Palmer</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piola, A R" sort="Piola, A R" uniqKey="Piola A" first="A. R." last="Piola">A. R. Piola</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Departamento Oceanografia, Servicio de Hidrografia Naval and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmosfera y los Oceanos/UMI IFAECI, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reseghetti, F" sort="Reseghetti, F" uniqKey="Reseghetti F" first="F." last="Reseghetti">F. Reseghetti</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>ENEA–Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy Sustainable Economic Development, UTMAR‐OSS, La Spezia, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuckmann, K" sort="Schuckmann, K" uniqKey="Schuckmann K" first="K." last="Schuckmann">K. Schuckmann</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Ifremer, Toulon, France</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Trenberth, K E" sort="Trenberth, K E" uniqKey="Trenberth K" first="K. E." last="Trenberth">K. E. Trenberth</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado, Boulder, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Velicogna, I" sort="Velicogna, I" uniqKey="Velicogna I" first="I." last="Velicogna">I. Velicogna</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, Pasadena, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willis, J K" sort="Willis, J K" uniqKey="Willis J" first="J. K." last="Willis">J. K. Willis</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, Pasadena, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Reviews of Geophysics</title><title level="j" type="alt">REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS</title><idno type="ISSN">8755-1209</idno><idno type="eISSN">1944-9208</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">51</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="450">450</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="483">483</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">34</biblScope><date type="published" when="2013-09">2013-09</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">8755-1209</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">8755-1209</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Abraham</term><term>Abyssal</term><term>Accuracy requirement</term><term>Altimetry</term><term>Anomaly</term><term>Antarctic</term><term>Antarctic bottom water</term><term>Anthropogenic</term><term>Antonov</term><term>Apparent temperature bias</term><term>Argo</term><term>Argo array</term><term>Argo data</term><term>Argo program</term><term>Atmos</term><term>Atmospheric research</term><term>Autonomous</term><term>Bathythermograph</term><term>Bias</term><term>Bias correction schemes</term><term>Bias values</term><term>Bindoff</term><term>Bottom waters</term><term>Boundary currents</term><term>Bourdon tube</term><term>Boyer</term><term>Cambridge univ</term><term>Clim</term><term>Climate change</term><term>Climate model simulations</term><term>Climate system</term><term>Climatological</term><term>Climatological reference</term><term>Correction</term><term>Corrections</term><term>Ctds</term><term>Data assembly centers</term><term>Data bias</term><term>Data center</term><term>Data sets</term><term>Database</term><term>Dbar</term><term>Decadal</term><term>Deep argo</term><term>Deep ocean</term><term>Deep ocean heat content</term><term>Deep xbts</term><term>Deployment</term><term>Depth biases</term><term>Depth corrections</term><term>Depth range</term><term>Different types</term><term>Domingues</term><term>Drop height</term><term>Druck</term><term>Dynamic model</term><term>Dynamic models</term><term>Energy imbalance</term><term>Enso</term><term>Error bars</term><term>Expendable</term><term>Expendable bathythermograph</term><term>Expendable bathythermographs</term><term>Fall rate</term><term>Fasullo</term><term>Fourth assessment report</term><term>Future directions</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Gilson</term><term>Gleckler</term><term>Glider</term><term>Global</term><term>Global energy</term><term>Global ocean</term><term>Global ocean heat content</term><term>Global temperature</term><term>Goni</term><term>Gouretski</term><term>Hamon</term><term>Hanawa</term><term>Heat content</term><term>Heat storage</term><term>Heat uptake</term><term>Hydrographic</term><term>Hydrographic observations</term><term>Imbalance</term><term>Instrumental biases</term><term>Interannual</term><term>Interannual variability</term><term>Intergovernmental panel</term><term>Ipcc</term><term>Ishii</term><term>Kimoto</term><term>Kizu</term><term>Lett</term><term>Level change</term><term>Level rise</term><term>Levitus</term><term>Linear trends</term><term>Lockheed martin sippican</term><term>Lyman</term><term>Marginal seas</term><term>Maximum depth</term><term>Mbts</term><term>Measure pressure</term><term>Mechanical bathythermograph</term><term>Median</term><term>Metadata</term><term>Modeling</term><term>Multidecadal</term><term>Multidecadal periods</term><term>Multidecadal timescales</term><term>Nansen</term><term>Nansen bottle</term><term>Noaa</term><term>Oat</term><term>Objective mapping</term><term>Observational estimates</term><term>Ocean</term><term>Ocean heat content</term><term>Ocean heat content estimates</term><term>Ocean heat uptake</term><term>Ocean observations</term><term>Ocean observations figure</term><term>Ocean surface</term><term>Ocean temperature</term><term>Ocean temperature measurements</term><term>Ocean temperatures</term><term>Ocean warming</term><term>Oceanic</term><term>Oceanic technol</term><term>Oceanogr</term><term>Oceanographic</term><term>Optimal interpolation</term><term>Phys</term><term>Physical oceanography</term><term>Physical science basis</term><term>Planetary energy imbalance</term><term>Planetary heat storage</term><term>Pressure bias</term><term>Pressure drift</term><term>Pressure sensor</term><term>Pressure values</term><term>Probe</term><term>Probe mass</term><term>Publication venice</term><term>Pure temperature</term><term>Purkey</term><term>Quality control</term><term>Reanalysis</term><term>Reference data</term><term>Reseghetti</term><term>Reverdin</term><term>Robust</term><term>Roemmich</term><term>Rossby</term><term>Salinity</term><term>Satellite altimeter</term><term>Satellite altimetry</term><term>Schuckmann</term><term>Sensor</term><term>Ship motion</term><term>Simple gridding</term><term>Solo whoi</term><term>Southern ocean</term><term>Spilhaus</term><term>Stammer</term><term>Standard errors</term><term>Strip chart recorders</term><term>Subsurface</term><term>Subsurface temperature</term><term>Surface temperature</term><term>Systematic errors</term><term>Technol</term><term>Technological advances</term><term>Temperature bias</term><term>Temperature drift</term><term>Temperature gradient</term><term>Temperature measurements</term><term>Temperature sensors</term><term>Thermal bias</term><term>Thermal energy</term><term>Thermal expansion</term><term>Thermistor</term><term>Thermosteric</term><term>Time period</term><term>Time series</term><term>Timescales</term><term>Tndp</term><term>Total bias</term><term>Total temperature bias</term><term>Transects</term><term>Traon</term><term>Trenberth</term><term>Unknown type</term><term>Upper ocean</term><term>Upper ocean warming</term><term>Variability</term><term>Vema channel</term><term>Warm bias</term><term>Warming</term><term>Warming rates</term><term>Water column</term><term>Water temperature</term><term>Water viscosity</term><term>Whoi</term><term>Wijffels</term><term>Woce</term><term>Wong</term><term>Woods hole</term><term>World ocean</term><term>World ocean circulation experiment</term><term>World ocean database</term><term>Xbts</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en"><term>Abraham</term><term>Abyssal</term><term>Accuracy requirement</term><term>Altimetry</term><term>Anomaly</term><term>Antarctic</term><term>Antarctic bottom water</term><term>Anthropogenic</term><term>Antonov</term><term>Apparent temperature bias</term><term>Argo</term><term>Argo array</term><term>Argo data</term><term>Argo program</term><term>Atmos</term><term>Atmospheric research</term><term>Autonomous</term><term>Bathythermograph</term><term>Bias</term><term>Bias correction schemes</term><term>Bias values</term><term>Bindoff</term><term>Bottom waters</term><term>Boundary currents</term><term>Bourdon tube</term><term>Boyer</term><term>Cambridge univ</term><term>Clim</term><term>Climate change</term><term>Climate model simulations</term><term>Climate system</term><term>Climatological</term><term>Climatological reference</term><term>Correction</term><term>Corrections</term><term>Ctds</term><term>Data assembly centers</term><term>Data bias</term><term>Data center</term><term>Data sets</term><term>Database</term><term>Dbar</term><term>Decadal</term><term>Deep argo</term><term>Deep ocean</term><term>Deep ocean heat content</term><term>Deep xbts</term><term>Deployment</term><term>Depth biases</term><term>Depth corrections</term><term>Depth range</term><term>Different types</term><term>Domingues</term><term>Drop height</term><term>Druck</term><term>Dynamic model</term><term>Dynamic models</term><term>Energy imbalance</term><term>Enso</term><term>Error bars</term><term>Expendable</term><term>Expendable bathythermograph</term><term>Expendable bathythermographs</term><term>Fall rate</term><term>Fasullo</term><term>Fourth assessment report</term><term>Future directions</term><term>Geophys</term><term>Gilson</term><term>Gleckler</term><term>Glider</term><term>Global</term><term>Global energy</term><term>Global ocean</term><term>Global ocean heat content</term><term>Global temperature</term><term>Goni</term><term>Gouretski</term><term>Hamon</term><term>Hanawa</term><term>Heat content</term><term>Heat storage</term><term>Heat uptake</term><term>Hydrographic</term><term>Hydrographic observations</term><term>Imbalance</term><term>Instrumental biases</term><term>Interannual</term><term>Interannual variability</term><term>Intergovernmental panel</term><term>Ipcc</term><term>Ishii</term><term>Kimoto</term><term>Kizu</term><term>Lett</term><term>Level change</term><term>Level rise</term><term>Levitus</term><term>Linear trends</term><term>Lockheed martin sippican</term><term>Lyman</term><term>Marginal seas</term><term>Maximum depth</term><term>Mbts</term><term>Measure pressure</term><term>Mechanical bathythermograph</term><term>Median</term><term>Metadata</term><term>Modeling</term><term>Multidecadal</term><term>Multidecadal periods</term><term>Multidecadal timescales</term><term>Nansen</term><term>Nansen bottle</term><term>Noaa</term><term>Oat</term><term>Objective mapping</term><term>Observational estimates</term><term>Ocean</term><term>Ocean heat content</term><term>Ocean heat content estimates</term><term>Ocean heat uptake</term><term>Ocean observations</term><term>Ocean observations figure</term><term>Ocean surface</term><term>Ocean temperature</term><term>Ocean temperature measurements</term><term>Ocean temperatures</term><term>Ocean warming</term><term>Oceanic</term><term>Oceanic technol</term><term>Oceanogr</term><term>Oceanographic</term><term>Optimal interpolation</term><term>Phys</term><term>Physical oceanography</term><term>Physical science basis</term><term>Planetary energy imbalance</term><term>Planetary heat storage</term><term>Pressure bias</term><term>Pressure drift</term><term>Pressure sensor</term><term>Pressure values</term><term>Probe</term><term>Probe mass</term><term>Publication venice</term><term>Pure temperature</term><term>Purkey</term><term>Quality control</term><term>Reanalysis</term><term>Reference data</term><term>Reseghetti</term><term>Reverdin</term><term>Robust</term><term>Roemmich</term><term>Rossby</term><term>Salinity</term><term>Satellite altimeter</term><term>Satellite altimetry</term><term>Schuckmann</term><term>Sensor</term><term>Ship motion</term><term>Simple gridding</term><term>Solo whoi</term><term>Southern ocean</term><term>Spilhaus</term><term>Stammer</term><term>Standard errors</term><term>Strip chart recorders</term><term>Subsurface</term><term>Subsurface temperature</term><term>Surface temperature</term><term>Systematic errors</term><term>Technol</term><term>Technological advances</term><term>Temperature bias</term><term>Temperature drift</term><term>Temperature gradient</term><term>Temperature measurements</term><term>Temperature sensors</term><term>Thermal bias</term><term>Thermal energy</term><term>Thermal expansion</term><term>Thermistor</term><term>Thermosteric</term><term>Time period</term><term>Time series</term><term>Timescales</term><term>Tndp</term><term>Total bias</term><term>Total temperature bias</term><term>Transects</term><term>Traon</term><term>Trenberth</term><term>Unknown type</term><term>Upper ocean</term><term>Upper ocean warming</term><term>Variability</term><term>Vema channel</term><term>Warm bias</term><term>Warming</term><term>Warming rates</term><term>Water column</term><term>Water temperature</term><term>Water viscosity</term><term>Whoi</term><term>Wijffels</term><term>Woce</term><term>Wong</term><term>Woods hole</term><term>World ocean</term><term>World ocean circulation experiment</term><term>World ocean database</term><term>Xbts</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr−1 with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>argo</json:string><json:string>oat</json:string><json:string>geophys</json:string><json:string>levitus</json:string><json:string>xbts</json:string><json:string>gouretski</json:string><json:string>oceanic</json:string><json:string>ocean observations</json:string><json:string>reseghetti</json:string><json:string>wijffels</json:string><json:string>lett</json:string><json:string>level rise</json:string><json:string>bathythermograph</json:string><json:string>technol</json:string><json:string>salinity</json:string><json:string>climate change</json:string><json:string>oceanic technol</json:string><json:string>atmos</json:string><json:string>dbar</json:string><json:string>hanawa</json:string><json:string>trenberth</json:string><json:string>kizu</json:string><json:string>clim</json:string><json:string>thermosteric</json:string><json:string>oceanogr</json:string><json:string>domingues</json:string><json:string>argo program</json:string><json:string>kimoto</json:string><json:string>multidecadal</json:string><json:string>hamon</json:string><json:string>lyman</json:string><json:string>database</json:string><json:string>transects</json:string><json:string>global ocean</json:string><json:string>antarctic</json:string><json:string>decadal</json:string><json:string>climate system</json:string><json:string>stammer</json:string><json:string>global</json:string><json:string>roemmich</json:string><json:string>wong</json:string><json:string>schuckmann</json:string><json:string>glider</json:string><json:string>expendable bathythermograph</json:string><json:string>ocean heat content</json:string><json:string>robust</json:string><json:string>interannual</json:string><json:string>traon</json:string><json:string>autonomous</json:string><json:string>purkey</json:string><json:string>ctds</json:string><json:string>ishii</json:string><json:string>subsurface</json:string><json:string>expendable</json:string><json:string>mbts</json:string><json:string>metadata</json:string><json:string>nansen</json:string><json:string>southern ocean</json:string><json:string>gilson</json:string><json:string>time series</json:string><json:string>argo array</json:string><json:string>climatological</json:string><json:string>upper ocean</json:string><json:string>quality control</json:string><json:string>gleckler</json:string><json:string>hydrographic</json:string><json:string>deep ocean</json:string><json:string>timescales</json:string><json:string>ipcc</json:string><json:string>reverdin</json:string><json:string>corrections</json:string><json:string>bias</json:string><json:string>spilhaus</json:string><json:string>goni</json:string><json:string>boundary currents</json:string><json:string>whoi</json:string><json:string>objective mapping</json:string><json:string>antonov</json:string><json:string>phys</json:string><json:string>tndp</json:string><json:string>altimetry</json:string><json:string>anthropogenic</json:string><json:string>thermal bias</json:string><json:string>enso</json:string><json:string>rossby</json:string><json:string>noaa</json:string><json:string>fall rate</json:string><json:string>fasullo</json:string><json:string>reanalysis</json:string><json:string>sensor</json:string><json:string>imbalance</json:string><json:string>bindoff</json:string><json:string>ocean observations figure</json:string><json:string>druck</json:string><json:string>abyssal</json:string><json:string>energy imbalance</json:string><json:string>woce</json:string><json:string>variability</json:string><json:string>deployment</json:string><json:string>thermistor</json:string><json:string>ocean temperature</json:string><json:string>woods hole</json:string><json:string>ocean temperature measurements</json:string><json:string>solo whoi</json:string><json:string>thermal expansion</json:string><json:string>subsurface temperature</json:string><json:string>water column</json:string><json:string>water temperature</json:string><json:string>temperature measurements</json:string><json:string>linear trends</json:string><json:string>anomaly</json:string><json:string>ocean</json:string><json:string>global ocean heat content</json:string><json:string>cambridge univ</json:string><json:string>heat content</json:string><json:string>total temperature bias</json:string><json:string>temperature bias</json:string><json:string>ocean warming</json:string><json:string>depth biases</json:string><json:string>ocean surface</json:string><json:string>satellite altimeter</json:string><json:string>pressure sensor</json:string><json:string>maximum depth</json:string><json:string>expendable bathythermographs</json:string><json:string>time period</json:string><json:string>argo data</json:string><json:string>pressure drift</json:string><json:string>reference data</json:string><json:string>surface temperature</json:string><json:string>depth range</json:string><json:string>temperature gradient</json:string><json:string>bourdon tube</json:string><json:string>warming rates</json:string><json:string>marginal seas</json:string><json:string>depth corrections</json:string><json:string>technological advances</json:string><json:string>dynamic models</json:string><json:string>temperature sensors</json:string><json:string>drop height</json:string><json:string>physical science basis</json:string><json:string>different types</json:string><json:string>deep ocean heat content</json:string><json:string>ocean heat content estimates</json:string><json:string>error bars</json:string><json:string>interannual variability</json:string><json:string>satellite altimetry</json:string><json:string>intergovernmental panel</json:string><json:string>future directions</json:string><json:string>thermal energy</json:string><json:string>bias correction schemes</json:string><json:string>strip chart recorders</json:string><json:string>antarctic bottom water</json:string><json:string>publication venice</json:string><json:string>probe mass</json:string><json:string>pure temperature</json:string><json:string>oceanographic</json:string><json:string>median</json:string><json:string>abraham</json:string><json:string>probe</json:string><json:string>modeling</json:string><json:string>warming</json:string><json:string>correction</json:string><json:string>world ocean database</json:string><json:string>deep argo</json:string><json:string>dynamic model</json:string><json:string>pressure values</json:string><json:string>ocean temperatures</json:string><json:string>unknown type</json:string><json:string>bias values</json:string><json:string>apparent temperature bias</json:string><json:string>observational estimates</json:string><json:string>climatological reference</json:string><json:string>total bias</json:string><json:string>accuracy requirement</json:string><json:string>fourth assessment report</json:string><json:string>instrumental biases</json:string><json:string>warm bias</json:string><json:string>water viscosity</json:string><json:string>ship motion</json:string><json:string>pressure bias</json:string><json:string>deep xbts</json:string><json:string>planetary heat storage</json:string><json:string>multidecadal timescales</json:string><json:string>heat uptake</json:string><json:string>multidecadal periods</json:string><json:string>upper ocean 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cycle</json:string><json:string>ocean circulation</json:string><json:string>climate research</json:string><json:string>general circulation models</json:string><json:string>important component</json:string><json:string>present oceanic earth</json:string><json:string>global ocean temperature observations</json:string><json:string>research vessels</json:string><json:string>anthropogenic warming</json:string><json:string>vertical resolution</json:string><json:string>energy storage</json:string><json:string>underwater gliders</json:string><json:string>geographic distribution</json:string><json:string>data results</json:string><json:string>weather center</json:string><json:string>salinity sensors</json:string><json:string>representative averagec</json:string><json:string>spot sampling</json:string><json:string>different pressure sensor models</json:string><json:string>pressure transducers</json:string><json:string>greenhouse gases</json:string><json:string>total energy imbalance</json:string><json:string>negative pressure drift</json:string><json:string>druck pressure sensor</json:string><json:string>salinity program</json:string><json:string>negative drift</json:string><json:string>personal communication</json:string><json:string>data need</json:string><json:string>argo gdac</json:string><json:string>median rates</json:string><json:string>challenger expedition</json:string><json:string>sampling uncertainty</json:string><json:string>report data</json:string><json:string>negative drift pressure</json:string><json:string>human emissions</json:string><json:string>microleak issue</json:string><json:string>dbar value</json:string><json:string>tndp apex</json:string><json:string>ocean monitoring</json:string><json:string>real time</json:string><json:string>temporal distribution</json:string><json:string>northern hemisphere</json:string><json:string>data quality</json:string><json:string>greater pressure</json:string><json:string>subsurface temperature data</json:string><json:string>climate variability</json:string><json:string>probe types</json:string><json:string>monsoon analysis</json:string><json:string>upper ocean heat content</json:string><json:string>indian ocean</json:string><json:string>ocean currents</json:string><json:string>recent studies</json:string><json:string>southern hemispheres</json:string><json:string>scripps institute</json:string><json:string>spatiotemporal variability</json:string><json:string>original form</json:string><json:string>autonomous lagrangian circulation explorer</json:string><json:string>quality control procedures</json:string><json:string>recent discovery</json:string><json:string>better understanding</json:string><json:string>external bladder</json:string><json:string>physical characteristics</json:string><json:string>climate models</json:string><json:string>decadal variability</json:string><json:string>pressure measurements</json:string><json:string>argo science 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inertia</json:string><json:string>climatological references</json:string><json:string>multidecadal rates</json:string><json:string>spatial coverage</json:string><json:string>year period</json:string><json:string>argo programme</json:string><json:string>cultural organization</json:string><json:string>interannual rates</json:string><json:string>buenos aires</json:string><json:string>geographic coverage</json:string><json:string>large contribution</json:string><json:string>transient effects</json:string><json:string>upper ocean temperature</json:string><json:string>open ocean coverage</json:string><json:string>research ships</json:string><json:string>structural uncertainties</json:string><json:string>best practices</json:string><json:string>temperature biases</json:string><json:string>energy budget</json:string><json:string>surface temperatures</json:string><json:string>temperature differences</json:string><json:string>commercial production</json:string><json:string>oceanographic temperature measurements</json:string><json:string>oceanographic community</json:string><json:string>common types</json:string><json:string>bottom water</json:string><json:string>deep water</json:string><json:string>salinity data</json:string><json:string>deep ocean heat content changes</json:string><json:string>deep ocean observations</json:string><json:string>depth categories</json:string><json:string>separate corrections</json:string><json:string>ocean thermosteric rise</json:string><json:string>platinum resistance thermometers</json:string><json:string>ocean temperature observations</json:string><json:string>anthropogenic factors</json:string><json:string>alternative approach</json:string><json:string>bathymetry data</json:string><json:string>climate science</json:string><json:string>correction schemes</json:string><json:string>bottom panels</json:string><json:string>temperature values</json:string><json:string>qualitative agreement</json:string><json:string>printing washington</json:string><json:string>historical archives</json:string><json:string>solid line</json:string><json:string>simple ocean data assimilation</json:string><json:string>depth predictions</json:string><json:string>bottom water warming</json:string><json:string>global ocean warming</json:string><json:string>empirical correction</json:string><json:string>historical ocean</json:string><json:string>global oceans</json:string><json:string>shallow xbts</json:string><json:string>probe depths</json:string><json:string>geographical distribution</json:string><json:string>recent cooling</json:string><json:string>mechanical recorders</json:string><json:string>apex</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>J. P. Abraham</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, St. Paul, USA</json:string><json:string>E-mail: jpabraham@stthomas.edu</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Baringer</name><affiliations><json:string>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Florida, Miami, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>N. L. Bindoff</name><affiliations><json:string>IMAS, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</json:string><json:string>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</json:string><json:string>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>T. Boyer</name><affiliations><json:string>National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>L. J. Cheng</name><affiliations><json:string>Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Bejing, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. A. Church</name><affiliations><json:string>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. L. Conroy</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, Atlanta, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>C. M. Domingues</name><affiliations><json:string>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. T. Fasullo</name><affiliations><json:string>National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado, Boulder, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. Gilson</name><affiliations><json:string>Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California, La Jolla, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. Goni</name><affiliations><json:string>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Florida, Miami, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. A. Good</name><affiliations><json:string>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. M. Gorman</name><affiliations><json:string>School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, St. Paul, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>V. Gouretski</name><affiliations><json:string>Klima Campus, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. Ishii</name><affiliations><json:string>Climate Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>G. C. Johnson</name><affiliations><json:string>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Washington, Seattle, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. Kizu</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Geophysics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. M. Lyman</name><affiliations><json:string>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA</json:string><json:string>Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hawaii, Honolulu, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. M. Macdonald</name><affiliations><json:string>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusettes, Woods Hole, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>W. J. Minkowycz</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>S. E. Moffitt</name><affiliations><json:string>Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega, California, USA</json:string><json:string>Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, California, Davis, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>M. D. Palmer</name><affiliations><json:string>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>A. R. Piola</name><affiliations><json:string>Departamento Oceanografia, Servicio de Hidrografia Naval and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmosfera y los Oceanos/UMI IFAECI, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>F. Reseghetti</name><affiliations><json:string>ENEA–Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy Sustainable Economic Development, UTMAR‐OSS, La Spezia, Italy</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>K. Schuckmann</name><affiliations><json:string>Ifremer, Toulon, France</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>K. E. Trenberth</name><affiliations><json:string>National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado, Boulder, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>I. Velicogna</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA</json:string><json:string>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, Pasadena, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>J. K. Willis</name><affiliations><json:string>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, Pasadena, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>global warming</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>ocean heat content</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Argo float</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>thermosteric sea level rise</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>expendable bathythermograph</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Earth energy balance</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>ROG20022</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-SPFKMC61-6</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr−1 with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>9.544</score><pdfWordCount>25529</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>159060</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.4</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>34</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>612 x 792 pts (letter)</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>212</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1420</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>6</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>Reviews of Geophysics</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9208</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>8755-1209</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1944-9208</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>ROG</json:string></publisherId><volume>51</volume><issue>3</issue><pages><first>450</first><last>483</last><total>34</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>GEODESY AND GRAVITY</value></json:item><json:item><value>Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques</value></json:item><json:item><value>Global change from geodesy</value></json:item><json:item><value>GLOBAL CHANGE</value></json:item><json:item><value>Oceans</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sea level change</value></json:item><json:item><value>Climate variability</value></json:item><json:item><value>ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</value></json:item><json:item><value>Climate change and variability</value></json:item><json:item><value>Climatology</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Ocean observing systems</value></json:item><json:item><value>Instruments and techniques</value></json:item><json:item><value>Climate and interannual variability</value></json:item><json:item><value>NATURAL HAZARDS</value></json:item><json:item><value>Oceanic</value></json:item><json:item><value>OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</value></json:item><json:item><value>Decadal ocean variability</value></json:item><json:item><value>Sea level: variations and mean</value></json:item><json:item><value>Regular Article</value></json:item></subject></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2009</json:string><json:string>1772</json:string><json:string>2011</json:string><json:string>2000</json:string><json:string>1970, 1980, and 1993</json:string><json:string>1950s</json:string><json:string>1939</json:string><json:string>1979</json:string><json:string>1968</json:string><json:string>2005</json:string><json:string>1970</json:string><json:string>21st century</json:string><json:string>1957</json:string><json:string>1997</json:string><json:string>1990s</json:string><json:string>1946</json:string><json:string>1986</json:string><json:string>2012</json:string><json:string>1964</json:string><json:string>2001</json:string><json:string>1872</json:string><json:string>1982</json:string><json:string>1960s</json:string><json:string>1971</json:string><json:string>1998</json:string><json:string>2002</json:string><json:string>1930s</json:string><json:string>twentieth century</json:string><json:string>1994</json:string><json:string>2007</json:string><json:string>1972</json:string><json:string>1999</json:string><json:string>1970s</json:string><json:string>1950</json:string><json:string>1990</json:string><json:string>2003</json:string><json:string>1955</json:string><json:string>1995</json:string><json:string>2013-08-28</json:string><json:string>3000</json:string><json:string>1984</json:string><json:string>2000s</json:string><json:string>1978</json:string><json:string>1900</json:string><json:string>1980</json:string><json:string>1980s</json:string><json:string>1967</json:string><json:string>1985</json:string></date><geogName><json:string>Ocean Sections Study</json:string><json:string>Ocean Measurements</json:string><json:string>Ocean Warming</json:string><json:string>Ocean Heating</json:string><json:string>Averaged Upper Ocean</json:string><json:string>Thermosteric Sea</json:string><json:string>Ocean Temperature 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Research Program</json:string><json:string>World Meteorological Organization</json:string><json:string>University of Illinois</json:string><json:string>Ecosystems Research Cooperative Centre</json:string><json:string>Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research</json:string><json:string>Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega, California, USA</json:string><json:string>German Science Foundation</json:string><json:string>National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, NOAA</json:string><json:string>Druck Corporation</json:string><json:string>University of Hawai</json:string><json:string>Cultural Organization</json:string><json:string>University of Hamburg</json:string><json:string>JApan, NINJA</json:string><json:string>United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</json:string><json:string>Anonymous</json:string><json:string>SBE</json:string><json:string>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 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American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2013-09"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change</title><title level="a" type="short">REVIEW OF OCEAN OBSERVATIONS</title><author xml:id="author-0000" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">J. P.</forename><surname>Abraham</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>School of Engineering</orgName><orgName>University of St. Thomas</orgName><address><settlement type="city">St. Paul</settlement><region>Minneapolis</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation>Corresponding author: J. P. Abraham, School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave., St. Paul, MN 55105‐1079, USA. (jpabraham@stthomas.edu)</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Baringer</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory</orgName><orgName>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Miami</settlement><region>Florida</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">N. L.</forename><surname>Bindoff</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>IMAS</orgName><orgName>University of Tasmania</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hobart</settlement><region>Tasmania</region><country key="AU">Australia</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research</orgName><orgName>Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hobart</settlement><region>Tasmania</region><country key="AU">Australia</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre</orgName><orgName>University of Tasmania</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hobart</settlement><region>Tasmania</region><country key="AU">Australia</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">T.</forename><surname>Boyer</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>National Oceanographic Data Center</orgName><orgName>NOAA</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Silver Spring</settlement><region>Maryland</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">L. J.</forename><surname>Cheng</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Chinese Academy of Science</orgName><orgName>Institute of Atmospheric Physics</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Bejing</settlement><country key="CN">China</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0005"><persName><forename type="first">J. A.</forename><surname>Church</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research</orgName><orgName>Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hobart</settlement><region>Tasmania</region><country key="AU">Australia</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0006"><persName><forename type="first">J. L.</forename><surname>Conroy</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences</orgName><orgName>Georgia Institute of Technology</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Atlanta</settlement><region>Georgia</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0007"><persName><forename type="first">C. M.</forename><surname>Domingues</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre</orgName><orgName>University of Tasmania</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hobart</settlement><region>Tasmania</region><country key="AU">Australia</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0008"><persName><forename type="first">J. T.</forename><surname>Fasullo</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>National Center for Atmospheric Research</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Boulder</settlement><region>Colorado</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0009"><persName><forename type="first">J.</forename><surname>Gilson</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Scripps Institution of Oceanography</orgName><address><settlement type="city">La Jolla</settlement><region>California</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0010"><persName><forename type="first">G.</forename><surname>Goni</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory</orgName><orgName>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Miami</settlement><region>Florida</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0011"><persName><forename type="first">S. A.</forename><surname>Good</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Met Office Hadley Centre</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Exeter</settlement><country key="GB">UK</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0012"><persName><forename type="first">J. M.</forename><surname>Gorman</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>School of Engineering</orgName><orgName>University of St. Thomas</orgName><address><settlement type="city">St. Paul</settlement><region>Minneapolis</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0013"><persName><forename type="first">V.</forename><surname>Gouretski</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Klima Campus</orgName><orgName>Hamburg University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Hamburg</settlement><country key="DE">Germany</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0014"><persName><forename type="first">M.</forename><surname>Ishii</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Climate Research Department</orgName><orgName>Meteorological Research Institute</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Tsukuba</settlement><country key="JP">Japan</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0015"><persName><forename type="first">G. C.</forename><surname>Johnson</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</orgName><orgName>NOAA</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement><region>Washington</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0016"><persName><forename type="first">S.</forename><surname>Kizu</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Geophysics</orgName><orgName>Tohoku University</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Sendai</settlement><country key="JP">Japan</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0017"><persName><forename type="first">J. M.</forename><surname>Lyman</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</orgName><orgName>NOAA</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement><region>Washington</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName>Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research</orgName><orgName>University of Hawai'i at Manoa</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Honolulu</settlement><region>Hawaii</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0018"><persName><forename type="first">A. M.</forename><surname>Macdonald</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Woods Hole</settlement><region>Massachusettes</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0019"><persName><forename type="first">W. J.</forename><surname>Minkowycz</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering</orgName><orgName>University of Illinois at Chicago</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Chicago</settlement><region>Illinois</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0020"><persName><forename type="first">S. E.</forename><surname>Moffitt</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Bodega Marine Laboratory</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Bodega</settlement><region>California</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName>Graduate Group in Ecology</orgName><orgName>University of California</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Davis</settlement><region>California</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0021"><persName><forename type="first">M. D.</forename><surname>Palmer</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Met Office Hadley Centre</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Exeter</settlement><country key="GB">UK</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0022"><persName><forename type="first">A. R.</forename><surname>Piola</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Departamento Oceanografia, Servicio de Hidrografia Naval and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmosfera y los Oceanos/UMI IFAECI</orgName><orgName>Universidad de Buenos Aires</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Buenos Aires</settlement><country key="AR">Argentina</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0023"><persName><forename type="first">F.</forename><surname>Reseghetti</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>ENEA–Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy Sustainable Economic Development</orgName><orgName>UTMAR‐OSS</orgName><address><settlement type="city">La Spezia</settlement><country key="IT">Italy</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0024"><persName><forename type="first">K.</forename><surname>Schuckmann</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Ifremer</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Toulon</settlement><country key="FR">France</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0025"><persName><forename type="first">K. E.</forename><surname>Trenberth</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>National Center for Atmospheric Research</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Boulder</settlement><region>Colorado</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0026"><persName><forename type="first">I.</forename><surname>Velicogna</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Department of Earth System Science</orgName><orgName>University of California</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Irvine</settlement><region>California</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName>Jet Propulsion Laboratory</orgName><orgName>California Institute of Technology</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Pasadena</settlement><region>California</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0027"><persName><forename type="first">J. K.</forename><surname>Willis</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName>Jet Propulsion Laboratory</orgName><orgName>California Institute of Technology</orgName><address><settlement type="city">Pasadena</settlement><region>California</region><country key="US">USA</country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">5A22EC856060E54D88C5F8B0308932272224986B</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-SPFKMC61-6</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/rog.20022</idno><idno type="unit">ROG20022</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:ROG.ROG20022.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Reviews of Geophysics</title><title level="j" type="alt">REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS</title><idno type="pISSN">8755-1209</idno><idno type="eISSN">1944-9208</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9208</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/rog.v51.3</idno><idno type="product">ROG</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">51</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="450">450</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="483">483</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">34</biblScope><date type="published" when="2013-09"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><abstract style="main"><head>Abstract</head><p>The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr<hi rend="superscript">−1</hi> with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.</p></abstract><abstract style="short"><head>Key Points</head><p><list xml:id="rog20022-list-0001" style="bulleted"><item>Oceanographic techniques and analysis have improved over many decades</item><item>These improvements allow more accurate Earth‐energy balance estimates</item><item>Understanding of ocean heat content and sea‐level rise has also increased</item></list></p></abstract><textClass><keywords><term xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0001">global warming</term><term xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0002">ocean heat content</term><term xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0003">Argo float</term><term xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0004">thermosteric sea level rise</term><term xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0005">expendable bathythermograph</term><term xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0006">Earth energy balance</term></keywords><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1200">GEODESY AND GRAVITY</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</classCode><classCode scheme="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</classCode><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Regular Article</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Regular Articles</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/5A22EC856060E54D88C5F8B0308932272224986B/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component type="serialArticle" version="2.0" xml:lang="en" xml:id="rog20022"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><doi>10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9208</doi><issn type="print">8755-1209</issn><issn type="electronic">1944-9208</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="ROG"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS">Reviews of Geophysics</title><title type="short">Rev. Geophys.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="30"><doi>10.1002/rog.v51.3</doi><copyright>©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="51">51</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">3</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2013-09">September 2013</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="30" type="article" status="forIssue" accessType="open"><doi>10.1002/rog.20022</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="ROG20022"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="34"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Regular Article</title><title type="tocHeading1">Regular Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2013-04-24"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2013-08-09"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2013-08-13"></event><event type="xmlCreated" agent="SPi Global" date="2013-08-28"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAccepted" date="2013-08-19"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2013-09-23"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2013-10-09"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2013-09-23"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.6.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-10-02"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">450</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">483</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Corresponding author: J. P. Abraham, School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, 2115 Summit Ave., St. Paul, MN 55105‐1079, USA. (<email>jpabraham@stthomas.edu</email>)</correspondenceTo><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1200">GEODESY AND GRAVITY</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1222">Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1225">Global change from geodesy</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1635">Oceans</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1641">Sea level change</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1616">Climate variability</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3305">Climate change and variability</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3309">Climatology</subject></subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4262">Ocean observing systems</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4294">Instruments and techniques</subject><subject href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4215">Climate and interannual variability</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4304">Oceanic</subject></subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</subject><subjectInfo><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4513">Decadal ocean variability</subject><subject role="crossTerm" href="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4556">Sea level: variations and mean</subject></subjectInfo></subjectInfo><selfCitationGroup><citation type="self" xml:id="rog20022-cit-0000"><author><familyName>Abraham</familyName>,
<givenNames>J. P.</givenNames></author>, et al. (<pubYear year="2013">2013</pubYear>), <articleTitle>A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change</articleTitle>, <journalTitle>Rev. Geophys.</journalTitle>, <vol number="51">51</vol>, <pageFirst>450</pageFirst>–<pageLast>483</pageLast>, doi:<accessionId ref="info:doi/10.1002/rog.20022">10.1002/rog.20022</accessionId>.</citation></selfCitationGroup><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:ROG.ROG20022.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="main">A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change</title><title type="short">REVIEW OF OCEAN OBSERVATIONS</title><title type="shortAuthors">ABRAHAM ET AL.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0001" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0001" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>J. 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M.</givenNames><familyName>Gorman</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0014" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0012"><personName><givenNames>V.</givenNames><familyName>Gouretski</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0015" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0013"><personName><givenNames>M.</givenNames><familyName>Ishii</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0016" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0014"><personName><givenNames>G. C.</givenNames><familyName>Johnson</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0017" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0015"><personName><givenNames>S.</givenNames><familyName>Kizu</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0018" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0014 #rog20022-aff-0016"><personName><givenNames>J. M.</givenNames><familyName>Lyman</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0019" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0017"><personName><givenNames>A. M.</givenNames><familyName>Macdonald</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0020" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0018"><personName><givenNames>W. J.</givenNames><familyName>Minkowycz</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0021" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0019 #rog20022-aff-0020"><personName><givenNames>S. E.</givenNames><familyName>Moffitt</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0022" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0011"><personName><givenNames>M. D.</givenNames><familyName>Palmer</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0023" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0021"><personName><givenNames>A. R.</givenNames><familyName>Piola</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0024" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0022"><personName><givenNames>F.</givenNames><familyName>Reseghetti</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0025" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0023"><personName><givenNames>K.</givenNames><familyName>Schuckmann</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0026" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0009"><personName><givenNames>K. E.</givenNames><familyName>Trenberth</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0027" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0024 #rog20022-aff-0025"><personName><givenNames>I.</givenNames><familyName>Velicogna</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="rog20022-cr-0028" affiliationRef="#rog20022-aff-0025"><personName><givenNames>J. K.</givenNames><familyName>Willis</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0001"><orgDiv>School of Engineering</orgDiv><orgName>University of St. Thomas</orgName><address><city>St. Paul</city><countryPart>Minneapolis</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory</orgDiv><orgName>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</orgName><address><city>Miami</city><countryPart>Florida</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="AU" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0003"><orgDiv>IMAS</orgDiv><orgName>University of Tasmania</orgName><address><city>Hobart</city><countryPart>Tasmania</countryPart><country>Australia</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="AU" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0004"><orgName>Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research</orgName><orgDiv>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research</orgDiv><address><city>Hobart</city><countryPart>Tasmania</countryPart><country>Australia</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="AU" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0005"><orgDiv>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre</orgDiv><orgName>University of Tasmania</orgName><address><city>Hobart</city><countryPart>Tasmania</countryPart><country>Australia</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0006"><orgDiv>National Oceanographic Data Center</orgDiv><orgName>NOAA</orgName><address><city>Silver Spring</city><countryPart>Maryland</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="CN" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0007"><orgName>Institute of Atmospheric Physics</orgName><orgDiv>Chinese Academy of Science</orgDiv><address><city>Bejing</city><country>China</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0008"><orgDiv>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences</orgDiv><orgName>Georgia Institute of Technology</orgName><address><city>Atlanta</city><countryPart>Georgia</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0009"><orgName>National Center for Atmospheric Research</orgName><address><city>Boulder</city><countryPart>Colorado</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0010"><orgName>Scripps Institution of Oceanography</orgName><address><city>La Jolla</city><countryPart>California</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="GB" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0011"><orgName>Met Office Hadley Centre</orgName><address><city>Exeter</city><country>UK</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="DE" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0012"><orgDiv>Klima Campus</orgDiv><orgName>Hamburg University</orgName><address><city>Hamburg</city><country>Germany</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="JP" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0013"><orgDiv>Climate Research Department</orgDiv><orgName>Meteorological Research Institute</orgName><address><city>Tsukuba</city><country>Japan</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0014"><orgDiv>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory</orgDiv><orgName>NOAA</orgName><address><city>Seattle</city><countryPart>Washington</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="JP" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0015"><orgDiv>Department of Geophysics</orgDiv><orgName>Tohoku University</orgName><address><city>Sendai</city><country>Japan</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0016"><orgDiv>Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research</orgDiv><orgName>University of Hawai'i at Manoa</orgName><address><city>Honolulu</city><countryPart>Hawaii</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0017"><orgName>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</orgName><address><city>Woods Hole</city><countryPart>Massachusettes</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0018"><orgDiv>Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering</orgDiv><orgName>University of Illinois at Chicago</orgName><address><city>Chicago</city><countryPart>Illinois</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0019"><orgName>Bodega Marine Laboratory</orgName><address><city>Bodega</city><countryPart>California</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0020"><orgDiv>Graduate Group in Ecology</orgDiv><orgName>University of California</orgName><address><city>Davis</city><countryPart>California</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="AR" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0021"><orgDiv>Departamento Oceanografia, Servicio de Hidrografia Naval and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmosfera y los Oceanos/UMI IFAECI</orgDiv><orgName>Universidad de Buenos Aires</orgName><address><city>Buenos Aires</city><country>Argentina</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="IT" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0022"><orgName>ENEA–Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy Sustainable Economic Development</orgName><orgName>UTMAR‐OSS</orgName><address><city>La Spezia</city><country>Italy</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="FR" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0023"><orgName>Ifremer</orgName><address><city>Toulon</city><country>France</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0024"><orgDiv>Department of Earth System Science</orgDiv><orgName>University of California</orgName><address><city>Irvine</city><countryPart>California</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="rog20022-aff-0025"><orgDiv>Jet Propulsion Laboratory</orgDiv><orgName>California Institute of Technology</orgName><address><city>Pasadena</city><countryPart>California</countryPart><country>USA</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0001">global warming</keyword><keyword xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0002">ocean heat content</keyword><keyword xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0003">Argo float</keyword><keyword xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0004">thermosteric sea level rise</keyword><keyword xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0005">expendable bathythermograph</keyword><keyword xml:id="rog20022-kwd-0006">Earth energy balance</keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>MOST</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>2012CB417404</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Australian Antarctic and Ecosystems Research Cooperative Centre</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>NOAA</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>NA17RJ1231</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>GA01101</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Cluster of Excellence “CLISAP”</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>EXC177</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>US National Science Foundation</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>GEO‐0452325</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>NASA</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>NNX09AH89G</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr<sup>−1</sup> with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.</p></abstract><abstract type="short"><title type="main">Key Points</title><p><list style="bulleted" xml:id="rog20022-list-0001"><listItem xml:id="rog20022-li-0001">Oceanographic techniques and analysis have improved over many decades</listItem><listItem xml:id="rog20022-li-0002">These improvements allow more accurate Earth‐energy balance estimates</listItem><listItem xml:id="rog20022-li-0003">Understanding of ocean heat content and sea‐level rise has also increased</listItem></list></p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>REVIEW OF OCEAN OBSERVATIONS</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Abraham</namePart><affiliation>School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, St. Paul, USA</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: jpabraham@stthomas.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Baringer</namePart><affiliation>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Florida, Miami, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">N. L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Bindoff</namePart><affiliation>IMAS, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</affiliation><affiliation>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia</affiliation><affiliation>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Boyer</namePart><affiliation>National Oceanographic Data Center, NOAA, Maryland, Silver Spring, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">L. J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Cheng</namePart><affiliation>Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Bejing, China</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Church</namePart><affiliation>CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. L.</namePart><namePart type="family">Conroy</namePart><affiliation>School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, Atlanta, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Domingues</namePart><affiliation>Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. T.</namePart><namePart type="family">Fasullo</namePart><affiliation>National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado, Boulder, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Gilson</namePart><affiliation>Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California, La Jolla, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G.</namePart><namePart type="family">Goni</namePart><affiliation>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Florida, Miami, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S. A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Good</namePart><affiliation>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Gorman</namePart><affiliation>School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, St. Paul, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">V.</namePart><namePart type="family">Gouretski</namePart><affiliation>Klima Campus, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Ishii</namePart><affiliation>Climate Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">G. C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Johnson</namePart><affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Washington, Seattle, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Kizu</namePart><affiliation>Department of Geophysics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lyman</namePart><affiliation>Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA, Seattle, Washington, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Hawaii, Honolulu, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Macdonald</namePart><affiliation>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusettes, Woods Hole, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">W. J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Minkowycz</namePart><affiliation>Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">S. E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Moffitt</namePart><affiliation>Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega, California, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Graduate Group in Ecology, University of California, California, Davis, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">M. D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Palmer</namePart><affiliation>Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">A. R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Piola</namePart><affiliation>Departamento Oceanografia, Servicio de Hidrografia Naval and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmosfera y los Oceanos/UMI IFAECI, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">F.</namePart><namePart type="family">Reseghetti</namePart><affiliation>ENEA–Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy Sustainable Economic Development, UTMAR‐OSS, La Spezia, Italy</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Schuckmann</namePart><affiliation>Ifremer, Toulon, France</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">K. E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Trenberth</namePart><affiliation>National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado, Boulder, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">I.</namePart><namePart type="family">Velicogna</namePart><affiliation>Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA</affiliation><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, Pasadena, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">J. K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Willis</namePart><affiliation>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, California, Pasadena, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2013-09</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2013-08-28</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2013-04-24</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2013-08-13</dateValid><edition>Abraham, J. P., et al. (2013), A review of global ocean temperature observations: Implications for ocean heat content estimates and climate change, Rev. Geophys., 51, 450–483, doi:10.1002/rog.20022.</edition><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2013</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><abstract>The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable bathythermographs and conductivity‐temperature‐depth instruments used on Argo floats). A detailed discussion of the accuracy of these devices and a projection of the future of ocean temperature measurements are provided. The accuracy of ocean temperature measurements is discussed in detail in the context of ocean heat content, Earth's energy imbalance, and thermosteric sea level rise. Up‐to‐date estimates are provided for these three important quantities. The total energy imbalance at the top of atmosphere is best assessed by taking an inventory of changes in energy storage. The main storage is in the ocean, the latest values of which are presented. Furthermore, despite differences in measurement methods and analysis techniques, multiple studies show that there has been a multidecadal increase in the heat content of both the upper and deep ocean regions, which reflects the impact of anthropogenic warming. With respect to sea level rise, mutually reinforcing information from tide gauges and radar altimetry shows that presently, sea level is rising at approximately 3 mm yr−1 with contributions from both thermal expansion and mass accumulation from ice melt. The latest data for thermal expansion sea level rise are included here and analyzed.</abstract><abstract type="short">Oceanographic techniques and analysis have improved over many decades These improvements allow more accurate Earth‐energy balance estimates Understanding of ocean heat content and sea‐level rise has also increased</abstract><note type="funding">MOST - No. 2012CB417404; </note><note type="funding">Australian Antarctic and Ecosystems Research Cooperative Centre</note><note type="funding">NOAA - No. NA17RJ1231; </note><note type="funding">Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme - No. GA01101; </note><note type="funding">Cluster of Excellence “CLISAP” - No. EXC177; </note><note type="funding">US National Science Foundation - No. GEO‐0452325; </note><note type="funding">NASA - No. NNX09AH89G; </note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>global warming</topic><topic>ocean heat content</topic><topic>Argo float</topic><topic>thermosteric sea level rise</topic><topic>expendable bathythermograph</topic><topic>Earth energy balance</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Reviews of Geophysics</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Rev. Geophys.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>index-terms</genre><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1200">GEODESY AND GRAVITY</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1222">Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1225">Global change from geodesy</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1600">GLOBAL CHANGE</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1635">Oceans</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1641">Sea level change</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/1616">Climate variability</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3300">ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3305">Climate change and variability</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/3309">Climatology</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4200">OCEANOGRAPHY: GENERAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4262">Ocean observing systems</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4294">Instruments and techniques</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4215">Climate and interannual variability</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4300">NATURAL HAZARDS</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4304">Oceanic</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4500">OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4513">Decadal ocean variability</topic><topic authorityURI="http://psi.agu.org/taxonomy5/4556">Sea level: variations and mean</topic></subject><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Regular Article</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">8755-1209</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1944-9208</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1944-9208</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">ROG</identifier><part><date>2013</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>51</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>3</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>450</start><end>483</end><total>34</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">5A22EC856060E54D88C5F8B0308932272224986B</identifier><identifier type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-SPFKMC61-6</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/rog.20022</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">ROG20022</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-L0C46X92-X">wiley</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods><json:item><extension>json</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/json</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/5A22EC856060E54D88C5F8B0308932272224986B/metadata/json</uri></json:item></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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