Bio-Anthropological Studies on Human Skeletons from the 6th Century Tomb of Ancient Silla Kingdom in South Korea
Identifieur interne : 000049 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000048; suivant : 000050Bio-Anthropological Studies on Human Skeletons from the 6th Century Tomb of Ancient Silla Kingdom in South Korea
Auteurs : Won-Joon Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Eun Jin Woo [Corée du Sud] ; Chang Seok Oh [Corée du Sud] ; Jeong A. Yoo [Corée du Sud] ; Yi-Suk Kim [Corée du Sud] ; Jong Ha Hong [Corée du Sud] ; A. Young Yoon [Corée du Sud] ; Caroline M. Wilkinson [Royaume-Uni] ; Jin Og Ju [Corée du Sud] ; Soon Jo Choi [Corée du Sud] ; Soong Doek Lee [Corée du Sud] ; Dong Hoon Shin [Corée du Sud]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
In November and December 2013, unidentified human skeletal remains buried in a
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156632
PubMed: 27249220
PubMed Central: 4889107
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Yoo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Yi Suk" sort="Kim, Yi Suk" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yi-Suk" last="Kim">Yi-Suk Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Jong Ha" sort="Hong, Jong Ha" uniqKey="Hong J" first="Jong Ha" last="Hong">Jong Ha Hong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoon, A Young" sort="Yoon, A Young" uniqKey="Yoon A" first="A. 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Wilkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Face Lab, Liverpool Science Park IC1, 131 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Face Lab, Liverpool Science Park IC1, 131 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ju, Jin Og" sort="Ju, Jin Og" uniqKey="Ju J" first="Jin Og" last="Ju">Jin Og Ju</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Foundation of Silla Cultural Heritage Research Institute, Gyeongju, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Foundation of Silla Cultural Heritage Research Institute, Gyeongju</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Soon Jo" sort="Choi, Soon Jo" uniqKey="Choi S" first="Soon Jo" last="Choi">Soon Jo Choi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Foundation of Silla Cultural Heritage Research Institute, Gyeongju, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Foundation of Silla Cultural Heritage Research Institute, Gyeongju</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Soong Doek" sort="Lee, Soong Doek" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Soong Doek" last="Lee">Soong Doek Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dong Hoon" sort="Shin, Dong Hoon" uniqKey="Shin D" first="Dong Hoon" last="Shin">Dong Hoon Shin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff 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type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0156632</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000049</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000049</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000049</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000049</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Bio-Anthropological Studies on Human Skeletons from the 6th Century Tomb of Ancient Silla Kingdom in South Korea</title><author><name sortKey="Lee, Won Joon" sort="Lee, Won Joon" uniqKey="Lee W" first="Won-Joon" last="Lee">Won-Joon Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woo, Eun Jin" sort="Woo, Eun Jin" uniqKey="Woo E" first="Eun Jin" last="Woo">Eun Jin Woo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Division in Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Division in Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Chang Seok" sort="Oh, Chang Seok" uniqKey="Oh C" first="Chang Seok" last="Oh">Chang Seok Oh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoo, Jeong A" sort="Yoo, Jeong A" uniqKey="Yoo J" first="Jeong A." last="Yoo">Jeong A. Yoo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Yi Suk" sort="Kim, Yi Suk" uniqKey="Kim Y" first="Yi-Suk" last="Kim">Yi-Suk Kim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Jong Ha" sort="Hong, Jong Ha" uniqKey="Hong J" first="Jong Ha" last="Hong">Jong Ha Hong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoon, A Young" sort="Yoon, A Young" uniqKey="Yoon A" first="A. Young" last="Yoon">A. Young Yoon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Visual Communication Design, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Visual Communication Design, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wilkinson, Caroline M" sort="Wilkinson, Caroline M" uniqKey="Wilkinson C" first="Caroline M." last="Wilkinson">Caroline M. Wilkinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Face Lab, Liverpool Science Park IC1, 131 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Face Lab, Liverpool Science Park IC1, 131 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ju, Jin Og" sort="Ju, Jin Og" uniqKey="Ju J" first="Jin Og" last="Ju">Jin Og Ju</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Foundation of Silla Cultural Heritage Research Institute, Gyeongju, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Foundation of Silla Cultural Heritage Research Institute, Gyeongju</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Soon Jo" sort="Choi, Soon Jo" uniqKey="Choi S" first="Soon Jo" last="Choi">Soon Jo Choi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Foundation of Silla Cultural Heritage Research Institute, Gyeongju, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Foundation of Silla Cultural Heritage Research Institute, Gyeongju</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Soong Doek" sort="Lee, Soong Doek" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Soong Doek" last="Lee">Soong Doek Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dong Hoon" sort="Shin, Dong Hoon" uniqKey="Shin D" first="Dong Hoon" last="Shin">Dong Hoon Shin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>In November and December 2013, unidentified human skeletal remains buried in a <italic>mokgwakmyo</italic> (a traditional wooden coffin) were unearthed while conducting an archaeological investigation near Gyeongju, which was the capital of the Silla Kingdom (57 BCE– 660 CE) of ancient Korea. The human skeletal remains were preserved in relatively intact condition. In an attempt to obtain biological information on the skeleton, physical anthropological, mitochondrial DNA, stable isotope and craniofacial analyses were carried out. The results indicated that the individual was a female from the Silla period, of 155 ± 5 cm height, who died in her late thirties. The maternal lineage belonged to the haplogroup F1b1a, typical for East Asia, and the diet had been more C<sub>3</sub>- (wheat, rice and potatoes) than C<sub>4</sub>-based (maize, millet and other tropical grains). Finally, the face of the individual was reconstructed utilizing the skull (restored from osseous fragments) and three-dimensional computerized modeling system. This study, applying multi-dimensional approaches within an overall bio-anthropological analysis, was the first attempt to collect holistic biological information on human skeletal remains dating to the Silla Kingdom period of ancient Korea.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nelson, Ms" uniqKey="Nelson M">MS Nelson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kho, Ks" uniqKey="Kho K">KS Kho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shon, Hj" uniqKey="Shon H">HJ Shon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rhee, Ek" uniqKey="Rhee E">EK Rhee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Sj" uniqKey="Park S">SJ Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Hj" uniqKey="Kim H">HJ Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, Sh" uniqKey="Han S">SH Han</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lim, Ds" uniqKey="Lim D">DS 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27249220</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4889107</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0156632</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-48417</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Skeleton</subject><subj-group><subject>Skull</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Skeleton</subject><subj-group><subject>Skull</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Genetics</subject><subj-group><subject>DNA</subject><subj-group><subject>Forms of DNA</subject><subj-group><subject>Mitochondrial DNA</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subj-group><subject>Nucleic acids</subject><subj-group><subject>DNA</subject><subj-group><subject>Forms of DNA</subject><subj-group><subject>Mitochondrial DNA</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Archaeology</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Archaeology</subject><subj-group><subject>Archaeological Excavation</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Physics</subject><subj-group><subject>Particle Physics</subject><subj-group><subject>Composite Particles</subject><subj-group><subject>Atoms</subject><subj-group><subject>Isotopes</subject><subj-group><subject>Stable Isotopes</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Population Groupings</subject><subj-group><subject>Ethnicities</subject><subj-group><subject>Korean People</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Skeleton</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Anatomy</subject><subj-group><subject>Musculoskeletal System</subject><subj-group><subject>Skeleton</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Geographical Locations</subject><subj-group><subject>Asia</subject><subj-group><subject>Korea</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Bio-Anthropological Studies on Human Skeletons from the 6th Century Tomb of Ancient Silla Kingdom in South Korea</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Bio-Anthropological Studies on Ancient Human Skeletons</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Won-Joon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woo</surname><given-names>Eun Jin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>Chang Seok</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yoo</surname><given-names>Jeong A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Yi-Suk</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hong</surname><given-names>Jong Ha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yoon</surname><given-names>A. Young</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wilkinson</surname><given-names>Caroline M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ju</surname><given-names>Jin Og</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>Soon Jo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Soong Doek</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Dong Hoon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Division in Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Visual Communication Design, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff006"><label>6</label><addr-line>Face Lab, Liverpool Science Park IC1, 131 Mount Pleasant, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff007"><label>7</label><addr-line>Foundation of Silla Cultural Heritage Research Institute, Gyeongju, South Korea</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Spigelman</surname><given-names>Mark</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Hebrew University, ISRAEL</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: WJL EJW CSO JAY YSK JHH DHS. Performed the experiments: WJL EJW CSO JAY YSK JHH AYY SDL DHS. Analyzed the data: WJL EJW CSO JAY YSK JHH AYY DHS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WJL EJW CSO JAY YSK JHH AYY CMW JOJ SJC SDL DHS. Wrote the paper: WJL EJW CSO JAY YSK JHH CMW DHS.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>cuteminjae@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>1</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>6</issue><elocation-id>e0156632</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Lee et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Lee et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0156632.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>In November and December 2013, unidentified human skeletal remains buried in a <italic>mokgwakmyo</italic> (a traditional wooden coffin) were unearthed while conducting an archaeological investigation near Gyeongju, which was the capital of the Silla Kingdom (57 BCE– 660 CE) of ancient Korea. The human skeletal remains were preserved in relatively intact condition. In an attempt to obtain biological information on the skeleton, physical anthropological, mitochondrial DNA, stable isotope and craniofacial analyses were carried out. The results indicated that the individual was a female from the Silla period, of 155 ± 5 cm height, who died in her late thirties. The maternal lineage belonged to the haplogroup F1b1a, typical for East Asia, and the diet had been more C<sub>3</sub>- (wheat, rice and potatoes) than C<sub>4</sub>-based (maize, millet and other tropical grains). Finally, the face of the individual was reconstructed utilizing the skull (restored from osseous fragments) and three-dimensional computerized modeling system. This study, applying multi-dimensional approaches within an overall bio-anthropological analysis, was the first attempt to collect holistic biological information on human skeletal remains dating to the Silla Kingdom period of ancient Korea.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003621</institution-id><institution>Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>NRF-2015R1C1A1A02036740</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Won-Joon</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF-2015R1C1A1A02036740). WJL received the funding. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="9"></fig-count><table-count count="5"></table-count><page-count count="18"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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